tapfin quarterly market report european contingent workforce · united kingdom: uk executives call...
TRANSCRIPT
Q4, 2018
TAPFIN Quarterly Market Report
European Contingent Workforce
2
Table of Contents
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The Purpose of this Quarterly Market Report is to give an European overview of key trends and metrics
around the European Workforce, from both the overall Employment numbers, and the Employment Outlook,
based upon research and analysis conducted within ManpowerGroup.
It should not be interpreted as legal advice. Please consult with legal counsel to ensure that you are in
compliance with all applicable laws.
4
Europe Q4, 2018 Overview
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
Eastern Europe
• Mass migration from Hungary has resulted in ~5% of
the country’s working-age population immigrate to
other European Union countries, creating a growing
labor shortage. In response, the Hungarian
Parliament passed amendments to the country’s labor
code that raise the yearly cap on overtime from 250 to
400 hours per year and permit companies to defer
overtime payments to employees for up to three years.
• In Poland, minimum wages increased on January 1,
2019. The minimum monthly remuneration for work is
now PLN 2,250 gross while the minimum hourly rate
for contractors is PLN 14,70 gross.
• Czech Republic government policies remain
business-friendly and continue to encourage foreign
capital inflows.
Western Europe
• The German legislature increased the nationwide
minimum wage effective January 1, 2019, from EUR 8.84
to EUR 9.19 per hour.
• In the United Kingdom, both the National Living Wage
(NLW) and National Minimum Wage (NMW) rates will
increase in April 2019. Under the new NLW, the minimum
hourly rate that workers aged 25 and over are entitled to
will increase from £7.83 to £8.21. At the same time, the
NMW rate for workers aged between 21-24 will increase
from £7.38 to £7.70 an hour; the rate for 18-20 year olds
will increase from £5.90 to £6.15 an hour and those over
compulsory school age but not yet 18 will experience an
hourly increase from £4.20 to £4.35. The minimum rate for
apprentices will also increase from £3.70 an hour to £3.90
an hour.
• Starting January 1, 2019, employers in France became
responsible for withholding tax from employee salaries
(also pensions and French property income). Employers
are required to make the deduction based on the
employees’ individual levy rate and reflect it in monthly
employee pay checks.
6ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
Turnover Competition
Training Costs High
Employment
Costs
Lack of
Engagement
Skills
Shortage
4
6
5 2
1
3
Job Retention
Market Saturation
Core Skills
Escalating Wages
Candidate Driven
Workforce
Investment
Industries are no longer segregated and many core hiring
needs transcend many or all sectors.
When you are hiring, EVERYONE is a competitor.
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
NORTH AMERICA
77% of job
openings require
an Associate's
degree or greater,
while 35% of
workforce only a
Highschool
diploma/GED
EUROPE*
48% of all IT openings require degree,
while 26% of candidates have one:
• JAVA (37% require Bachelors, 29%
have Bachelors)
• SW Developer (43% require
Bachelors, 29% have Bachelors)
• PYTHON (46% require Bachelors,
27% have Bachelors)
• CLOUD (49% require Bachelors, 31%
have Bachelors)
ASIA
Educational requirements vary, but remain above attainment levels of candidates
• Singapore – only 51% of IT jobs require degree
• Philippines – 64% of IT jobs require a degree
• Malaysia – 53% of IT jobs require a degree
*France is an exception as 79% of IT jobs require a degree, and 63% of candidates have oneManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
9
Q4, 2018 Legal Overview
Legal Q4 OverviewUnited Kingdom: Government consultation on mandatory ethnicity pay reporting (Source: DLA)
A consultation has been launched asking employers to contribute their views on implementing mandatory ethnicity pay reporting. It sets out options and asks questions on what ethnicity pay information should be reported
by employers to allow for meaningful action, who should be expected to report, and the next steps to be taken.
https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/viewContent.action?key=Ec8teaJ9Vaof1lEpr8d9CMxgHJMKLFEppVpbbVX%2B3OXcP3PYxlq7sZUjdbSm5FIeKWFPxYAeu73dzoxprWhI6w%3D%3D&nav=FRbANEucS95NMLRN
47z%2BeeOgEFCt8EGQ0qFfoEM4UR4%3D&emailtofriendview=true&freeviewlink=true
Germany: Germany is the world’s most innovative economy (Source: World Economic Forum)
Germany is currently in the driving seat when it comes to innovation - thanks in part to the speed it’s developing new technologies like driverless cars. In the World Economic Forum’s latest Global Competitiveness Report, Germany came top as the world’s most innovative economy, with a score of 87.5 out of 100 in the Innovation capability pillar - one of the 12 drivers of a country’s productivity.
It outperformed the US, the world’s most competitive economy, which came second for innovation (86.5), with Switzerland in third place (82.1).According to the new index, the speed at which countries can adopt new ideas, methods and products will give them a competitive edge as the Fourth Industrial Revolution continues apace.
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/10/germany-is-the-worlds-most-innovative-economy/
United Kingdom: UK executives call for second Brexit vote, 180,000 employees get a pay rise (Source: BBC / The Guardian)
Britons who work for one of the 4,700 companies that signed up to the real Living Wage will be getting a 2.8% pay rise this week. The rate - not to be confused with the National Living Wage, which is £7.83 per hour - has risen to £9 per hour, £10.55 in London. The BBC reported that some 180,000 workers will qualify. Google, Aviva and IKEA are among the firms that agreed to pay the higher rate - devised by the Real Living Wage Foundation - to staff.
The National Living Wage is the legally binding hourly rate for workers aged 25 and over. It was set at £7.83 an hour in April 2018 and is reviewed every year just like the National Minimum Wage (for under 25s). The real living wage was devised by charity the Living Wage Foundation. It argues the government's National Living Wage is not high enough to meet workers' needs and encourages employers to adopt to its more generous, independently calculated rate.
"Employers that pay the real living wage enable their workers to live a life of dignity, supporting them to pay off debts and meet the pressures of rising bills," said Living Wage Foundation director Tess Lanning.
"We want to see local councils, universities, football clubs, bus companies and the other major public and private sector employers in every city commit to become real living wage employers."
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-46077189
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | QMR Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
United Kingdom: UK employers hire staff at fastest pace in five months - REC (Source: Reuters)
British employers hired permanent staff at the fastest rate in five months in August, a recruiters’ body said on Friday, but it questioned how long this would continue in the face of uncertainty about Brexit.
The Recruitment and Employment Confederation (REC) report also showed starting salaries for permanent staff picked up last month at the second-fastest pace in more than three years.
Overall the monthly survey, produced with data firm IHS Markit, added to signs of a tightening labour market in Britain, with companies struggling to find the workers they need. Net migration of European Union nationals into Britain
has fallen markedly since British voters opted to leave the bloc in a June 2016 referendum.
But employment has continued to grow strongly and the unemployment rate has fallen to its lowest levels since the mid-1970s.
https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-economy-employment/uk-employers-hire-staff-at-fastest-pace-in-five-months-rec-idUKKCN1LN00C
Spain: Spain Jobless Rate Lowest Since 2008 (Source: Trading Economics)
The unemployment rate in Spain declined to 14.55 in the third quarter of 2018 from 15.28 percent in the previous period and below market expectations of 14.9 percent. It was the lowest jobless rate since the last quarter of 2008.
Among regions, the highest rates were recorded in Ceuta (30.8 percent), Melilla (24 percent) Andalucía (22.9 percent) and Extremadura (21.7 percent) and the lowest in Balears Illes (7.2 percent), Cantabria (9 percent) and País Vasco
(9.4 percent). In Catalonia, jobless rate was 10.6 percent and in Madrid 11.9 percent.
The number of unemployed people dropped by 164,100 to 3.326 million, with the highest declines seen in Catalonia (-28,300), Balears Illes (-24,600) and Castilla-La Mancha (-23,800). By age, most decreases were seen for those aged
25-54 (-121,600); those with more than 55 (-48,600) and those aged 16-24 (-1,900). Meanwhile, unemployment among people aged 20-24 rose by 8,000. https://tradingeconomics.com/spain/unemployment-rate
Global: Global leaders and companies pledge to reduce the gender pay gap by 2030 (Source: OECD)
Global leaders from governments, private sector companies, trade unions and civil society pledged to take concrete action towards closing the gender pay gap by 2030. The global commitments – to ensure women in every sector of
the workforce are paid equally to men for doing work of equal value – were made at the Equal Pay International Coalition (EPIC) Pledging event held during the United Nations General Assembly in New York.
Globally, and in every sector of the workforce, women are paid less than men for doing work of equal value. Unequal pay is one of the most persistent barriers to women’s success at work and to economic growth, and is a critical
problem that has been prioritized in the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), in particular SDG 8.5 and 5. Equal pay, in addition to empowering women, can have a significant impact on achieving other key goals, such as
promoting inclusive societies, reducing poverty, and creating conditions for decent work and gender equality.
Secretary-General of the OECD, Angel Gurría, said, “Gender pay gaps are not only unfair for those who suffer them, but they are also detrimental to our economies. If you do not have equal pay productivity suffers, competitiveness
suffers and the economy at large suffers.” He asserts that “it is in our power to make an immediate improvement in the quality of life of hundreds of millions of women and their families if we succeed in delivering equal pay for men and
women.”
Governments from Peru to Jordan to Switzerland to Canada demonstrated their shared vision to accelerate progress to achieve equal pay by pledging to:
• Implement legislation that prohibits unequal remuneration in the public and private sectors
• Establish National Commissions that monitor the compliance of equal remuneration laws
• Launch national awareness campaigns on the importance of equal pay
http://www.oecd.org/newsroom/global-leaders-and-companies-pledge-to-reduce-the-gender-pay-gap-by-2030.htm
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | QMR Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
Legal Q4 Overview
UK: ECJ rules that a worker cannot automatically lose his acquired rights to paid annual leave because he did not apply for leave (Source: DLA Piper)
The European Court of Justice (Henceforth ECJ) has handed down judgment on 6 November 2018 in Kreuziger v Land-Berlin and Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, a case concerning the circumstances in which the right to compensation in lieu of annual leave on termination of employment may be lost. The ECJ concluded that a worker cannot automatically lose his acquired right to paid annual leave because he did not apply for leave.
This decision has significant implications for UK employers as it indicates that the ‘use it or lose it’ provisions of the Working Time Regulations 1998 may be incompatible with the WTD in situations where employers have not provided sufficient information to workers to enable them to actually exercise their right to leave. Employers should consider whether to issue reminders prior to the end of the leave year encouraging employees to take their leave and informing them that unused leave will be lost. The alternative may be that accrued untaken leave may be carried over indefinitely. This is particularly a risk where the employees may be able to claim that the culture of the workplace or the workload discourages the taking of leave.https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments/uk-ecj-rules-that-a-worker-cannot-automatically-lose-his-acquired-rights-to-paid-annual-leave-because-he-did-not-apply-for-leave
United Kingdom: Government response to consultation on parental bereavement leave and pay regulations (Source: DLA Piper)
The Parental Bereavement (Leave and Pay) Bill received Royal Assent on 13 September 2018. The Act will come into force in April 2020 and will create a statutory right to time off work for employed parents, with pay where eligibility requirements are met, following the loss of a child. The Act will be supported by Regulations which will implement the key details of the Government’s policy on parental bereavement leave and pay. The Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) launched a public consultation on what the Regulations will need to cover on 28 March 2018. The public consultation closed on 8th June 2018. On 2nd November, the Government published their response to the consultation. Summarized below are the governments decisions:
Under the Act, the question of who qualifies as a ‘bereaved parent’ for the purposes of accessing parental bereavement leave and pay must be defined in the Regulations. The Government has stated that the specification of who is eligible should be someone who is a ‘primary carer’, and whose relationship with the child is ‘parental’ in nature. This definition will include all legal parents, people who are not the child’s legal parents but who have a ‘parental’ relationship with the child which is recognized in law and individuals such as foster parents, kinship carers and others who are acting as the child’s ‘parent’.
The Act provides for parents to take a minimum of two weeks of parental bereavement leave and pay within a period of at least 56 days (8 weeks), beginning with the date of the death of a child, and enables the Secretary of State to make provision for a longer period of time over which the leave and pay can be taken in the Regulations. The Government has decided to extend the period within which leave can be taken to 56 weeks.
The Government intends to take a two-tiered approach in the Regulations regarding the requirement to provide notice. No notice will be required for leave taken ‘very soon’ after the date of the child’s death. This will apply for a set period of weeks after the death, in order to allow employees to choose whether they want to take the leave or remain at work. If an employee chooses to take the leave after the initial period following the death, notice will be required. The Government proposes that the employee will be required to give at least one week’s notice to their employer before taking parental bereavement leave.
The Government has stated that the evidence requirements will mirror, where appropriate, the evidence requirements used in other family leave and pay rights, recognizing the special circumstances that apply to bereaved parents. They have proposed that a declaration of eligibility will only be required when the employer requests it, as far as is practicable, to minimize the burden on the employee. The Government has not made it clear whether it would be appropriate to request a written declaration in all circumstances, but are clear that an employee who needs to take time off work to grieve in the initial period after the death of their child will not need to provide a written declaration confirming their entitlement before taking time off work.
For existing family leave pay rights, the employee is required to provide their employer with a written declaration confirming that they meet the eligibility requirements for the pay, irrespective of whether the employer asks for it. The Government also intends to mirror this arrangement for parental bereavement pay, giving a reasonable time frame for the employee to provide the declaration. This will not interfere with the employee’s right to take parental bereavement leave.
The Regulations are due to be released before the Act comes into force in April 2020.https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments/uk-government-response-to-consultation-on-parental-bereavement-leave-and-pay-regulations
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | QMR Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
Legal Q4 Overview
Poland: Possible substantial increase in social security contributions (Source: DLA Piper)
In December 2017, the Polish parliament passed a bill amending the Social Security System Act. The new law is set to come into force on 5 January 2019.
Under current laws in Poland, the basis for calculating certain social security contributions (składki na ubezpieczenia emerytalne i rentowe - retirement and disability contributions) cannot be higher in a given calendar year than 30 times the estimated average monthly remuneration for that year (in 2018 - PLN 133,000/€31,000). In practice this means that after a certain total remuneration is exceeded by a given individual in a given calendar year, pension and disability contributions are no longer payable.
In December 2017, the Polish parliament passed a bill amending the Social Security System Act. According to the bill, the annual limit on the base for the calculation of pension and disability contributions will be removed. Under the new law, pension and disability contributions will be payable on the entire income of a person who is subject to compulsory pension and disability insurance, including employees.
The new law is due to come into force on 1 January 2019. However, some doubts have arisen regarding the compliance of the legislative process relating to the bill with the Polish Constitution (the doubts relate to whether the draft bill was properly consulted with the Social Dialogue Council, trade unions and employers' organisations). On 5 January 2018, the Polish President referred the bill to the Constitutional Tribunal for examination. The Tribunal is to issue a ruling on October 30, 2018. If the Constitutional Tribunal confirms that the legislative process was compliant with the Constitution, the President will sign the bill and the bill will come into force.
Consequently, with respect to employees with a monthly gross salary higher than approximately PLN 11,000. the new law will result in (i) a significant increase in employment costs and (ii) reduction of net salary.
https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments/poland-possible-substantial-increase-in-social-security-contributions
UK: UK Unemployment Rate Rises to 4.1% (Source: Trading Economics)
The unemployment rate in the UK came in at 4.1 percent in the third quarter of 2018, slightly higher than market expectations of 4 percent. The number of unemployed rose by 21,000 from the April to June period while employment rose by 23,000 and the number of job vacancies hit a fresh record high. Average weekly earnings including bonuses rose 3 percent in the third quarter, the most since Q3 2015; excluding bonuses, wages grew 3.2 percent, the most since Q4 2008.
There were 1.38 million unemployed people, 21,000 more than for April to June 2018 but 43,000 fewer than for a year earlier. The unemployment rate was 4.1 percent, slightly higher than for April to June 2018 but lower than for a year earlier (4.3 percent).
There were 32.41 million people in work, 23,000 more compared with April to June 2018 and 350,000 more than for a year earlier. The employment rate was 75.5 percent, little changed compared with April to June 2018 but higher than for a year earlier (75 percent).
There were 8.74 million people aged from 16 to 64 years who were economically inactive, little changed compared with April to June 2018 but 147,000 fewer than for a year earlier. The economic inactivity rate was 21.2 percent, unchanged compared with April to June 2018 but lower than for a year earlier (21.6 percent).
https://tradingeconomics.com/united-kingdom/unemployment-rate
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | QMR Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
Legal Q4 Overview
EU: Annual inflation up to 2.1% in the euro area (Source: Eurostat)
The Euro area annual inflation rate was 2.1% in September 2018, up from 2.0% in August. A year earlier, the rate was 1.5%. European Union annual inflation was 2.2% in September 2018, stable compared to August. A year
earlier, the rate was 1.8%. These figures are published by Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union.
The lowest annual rates were registered in Denmark (0.5%), Greece (1.1%) and Ireland (1.2%). The highest annual rates were recorded in Romania (4.7%), Hungary (3.7%) and Bulgaria (3.6%). Compared with August 2018, annual
inflation fell in nine Member States, remained stable in four and rose in fourteen. In September 2018, the highest contribution to the annual euro area inflation rate came from energy (+0.90 percentage points, pp), followed by
services (+0.57 pp), food, alcohol & tobacco (+0.51 pp) and non-energy industrial goods (+0.08 pp).
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/9307203/2-17102018-AP-EN.pdf/6567cead-7e9b-45e4-a814-e39226c197b2
EU: Euro area unemployment at 8.1% (Source: Eurostat)
The euro area (EA19) seasonally-adjusted unemployment rate was 8.1% in September 2018, stable compared with August 2018 and down from 8.9% in September 2017. This remains the lowest rate recorded in the euro area
since November 2008. The EU28 unemployment rate was 6.7% in September 2018, stable compared with August 2018 and down from 7.5% in September 2017. This is the lowest rate recorded in the EU28 since the start of the
EU monthly unemployment series in January 2000. These figures are published by Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union.
Eurostat estimates that 16.574 million men and women in the EU28, of whom 13.153 million in the euro area, were unemployed in September 2018. Compared with August 2018, the number of persons unemployed decreased
by 35 000 in the EU28 and increased by 2 000 in the euro area. Compared with September 2017, unemployment fell by 1.793 million in the EU28 and by 1.309 million in the euro area.
Among the Member States, the lowest unemployment rates in September 2018 were recorded in Czechia (2.3%), Germany and Poland (both 3.4%). The highest unemployment rates were observed in Greece (19.0% in July 2018)
and Spain (14.9%). Compared with a year ago, the unemployment rate fell in 27 Member States and remained stable in Estonia. The largest decreases were registered in Cyprus (from 10.2% to 7.4%), Croatia (from 10.5% to
8.2%), Greece (from 20.9% to 19.0% between July 2017 and July 2018), Portugal (from 8.5% to 6.6%) and Spain (from 16.7% to 14.9%).
In September 2018, the unemployment rate in the United States was 3.7%, down from 3.9% in August 2018 and from 4.2% in September 2017.
Youth unemployment
In September 2018, 3.333 million young persons (under 25) were unemployed in the EU28, of whom 2.403 million were in the euro area. Compared with September 2017, youth unemployment decreased by 385 000 in the
EU28 and by 212 000 in the euro area. In September 2018, the youth unemployment rate was 14.9% in the EU28 and 16.8% in the euro area, compared with 16.5% and 18.3% respectively in September 2017. In September
2018, the lowest rates were observed in Czechia and Germany (both 6.3%) as well as the Netherlands (7.5%), while the highest were recorded in Greece (37.9% in July 2018), Spain (34.3%) and Italy (31.6%).
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/9350663/3-31102018-BP-EN.pdf/64eda794-2c0a-434e-952f-ded23f894d48
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | QMR Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
Legal Q4 Overview
15
Regional Q4, 2018 Breakdowns
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Total Workforce
450.4mFull Time Employees
346.3mContingent Workforce
69.1mUnemployed
35.0m
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | CWI Data| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
CONTINGENT WORKFORCE UNEMPLOYED WORKFORCE
-0.10%UW% Change to PQ
14.52%CW% of TWF
0.01%CW% Change to PQ
7.30%UW% of TWF
Europe, Middle East, and Africa Q4 2018
17
South Africa Employment Outlook, Q4 2018
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
18
Total Workforce
14.4mFull Time Employees
11.5mContingent Workforce
2.2mUnemployed
668.5k
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | CWI Data| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
CONTINGENT WORKFORCE UNEMPLOYED WORKFORCE
0.03%UW% Change to PQ
15.24%CW% of TWF
0.00%CW% Change to PQ
4.64%UW% of TWF
Benelux Q4 2018
19
Belgium Employment Outlook, Q4 2018
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
20ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | CWI Data| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
CONTINGENT WORKFORCE UNEMPLOYED WORKFORCE
-0.40%UW% Change to PQ
12.91%CW% of TWF
0.10%CW% Change to PQ
5.19%UW% of TWF
Eastern Europe Q4 2018
Total Workforce
162.1mFull Time Employees
132.7mContingent Workforce
20.9mUnemployed
8.4m
21
Slovenia Employment Outlook, Q4 2018
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
22ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | CWI Data| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
CONTINGENT WORKFORCE UNEMPLOYED WORKFORCE
0.00%UW% Change to PQ
10.73%CW% of TWF
0.00%CW% Change to PQ
9.1%UW% of TWF
France Q4 2018
Total Workforce
29.7mFull Time Employees
23.9mContingent Workforce
3.2mUnemployed
2.6m
23
France Employment Outlook, Q4 2018
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
24ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | CWI Data| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
CONTINGENT WORKFORCE UNEMPLOYED WORKFORCE
0.04%UW% Change to PQ
10.62%CW% of TWF
0.00%CW% Change to PQ
3.64%UW% of TWF
Germany Q4 2018
Total Workforce
52.4mFull Time Employees
45.2mContingent Workforce
5.6mUnemployed
1.9m
25
Germany Employment Outlook, Q4 2018
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
26ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | CWI Data| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
CONTINGENT WORKFORCE UNEMPLOYED WORKFORCE
0.76%UW% Change to PQ
23.68%CW% of TWF
-0.22%CW% Change to PQ
14.37%UW% of TWF
Middle East Q4 2018
Total Workforce
82.5mFull Time Employees
51.1mContingent Workforce
19.5mUnemployed
11.8m
27
Turkey Employment Outlook, Q4 2018
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
28ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | CWI Data| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
CONTINGENT WORKFORCE UNEMPLOYED WORKFORCE
-0.65%UW% Change to PQ
9.51%CW% of TWF
0.08%CW% Change to PQ
5.02%UW% of TWF
Nordics Q4 2018
Total Workforce
14.1mFull Time Employees
12.1mContingent Workforce
1.3mUnemployed
708k
29
Finland Employment Outlook, Q4 2018
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
30ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | CWI Data| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
CONTINGENT WORKFORCE UNEMPLOYED WORKFORCE
-0.70%UW% Change to PQ
18.7%CW% of TWF
0.16%CW% Change to PQ
12.23%UW% of TWF
Southern Europe Q4 2018
Total Workforce
59.2mFull Time Employees
40.9mContingent Workforce
11.0mUnemployed
7.2m
31
Italy Employment Outlook, Q4 2018
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
32ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | CWI Data| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
CONTINGENT WORKFORCE UNEMPLOYED WORKFORCE
0.11%UW% Change to PQ
14.82%CW% of TWF
-0.02%CW% Change to PQ
4.18%UW% of TWF
UK and Ireland Q4 2018
Total Workforce
35.9mFull Time Employees
29.1mContingent Workforce
5.3mUnemployed
1.5m
33
UK Employment Outlook, Q4 2018
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
34
Global Q4, 2018 Overview
35Source: ManpowerGroup Solutions 2018 Total Workforce IndexManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | QMR Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
Flexibility in labor law, but these
countries require dedicated programs
More innovative models not restricted
to contingent labor are necessary
Flexible legislation and abundant
workers enable MSP delivery in these
markets – usually leveraged on price
An established partner is required in
these markets to manage labor legislation and
achieve flexibility and efficiency
1 Relative rank calculated based on
active regulations related to contractual
terms, costs or labor and termination,
hiring and firing restrictions, and
enforced consequences
2 Relative rank determined by MSP
awareness, knowledge, and adoption
36ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential Source: ManpowerGroup Solutions 2018 Total Workforce Index
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | QMR Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
Argentina
Austria
Belgium
Brazil
Bulgaria
China
Croatia
Czech Rep.
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Honduras
Hungary
India
Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Korea (South)
Latvia
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Netherlands
Nicaragua
Norway
Peru
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Taiwan
United Kingdom
Uruguay
Venezuela
Colombia
Croatia
India
Lithuania
Romania
Russia
Switzerland
Turkey
Vietnam
Canada
Hong Kong
Japan
Mexico
Australia
Bahrain
Belarus
Bolivia
Chile
Costa Rica
Dominican Rep.
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Israel
Macau
Monaco
Morocco
New Zealand
Panama
Paraguay
Philippines
Puerto Rico
Serbia
Singapore
Thailand
Tunisia
UAE
Ukraine
No Parity Required
Just Benefit Parity
Just Pay Parity
Full Pay & Benefit Parity
USA*
USA* Full benefit parity is not required but the Healthcare Reform Bill is moving the USA in this direction
37ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | QMR Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
38
Austria Agriculture 4% Services 70% Industry 26%
Total Workforce 4,521,900
Permanent Employees 3,667,826
Non Standard Workforce 523,975
Unemployed Workers 330,099
41%
51%
8%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce8% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
13%
9%
11%
50%
55%
52%
37%
36%
37%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
7%
9%
9%
9%
7%
71%
57%
47%
54%
30%
22%
34%
43%
37%
63%
Low Medium High
342
667
53
1,784
1,246
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality / Bus &Admin Serv.
Public Admin/ Community/Social& Other Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of
WorkersSkill Level of Occupation Group
49%
68%77%
68%
30%
59%
79%
56%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
N/A
2% 3% 3%
81% 81% 87%
18% 16% 10%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
6.5% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
39
Bahrain Agriculture 1% Services 64% Industry 35%
Total Workforce 865,078
Permanent Employees 807,245
Non Standard Workforce 25,825
Unemployed Workers 32,008
25%
50%
25%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce17% of Total Employment is Informal.
37%
37%
37%
16%
24%
21%
31%
29%
27%
16%
10%
12%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
166
152
15
277
67
Construction
Trade
Finance
Other
Public Sector
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers
56%
96%
69%
41%
87%
29%
54%
24%7%
44%
0%
50%
100%
150%
15-24 25-54 55-64 65 years+
Total
Male Female
15%24% 26%
66% 54%
25%
17%13%
10%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
15.3% of Youth (15-24 years) are Unemployed.
Distribution of Population (including
not in labor force) by Educational
Attainment (25 years and older)
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
40
Belarus Agriculture 10% Services 59% Industry 31%
Total Workforce 5,066,858
Permanent Employees 4,875,006
Non Standard Workforce 171,584
Unemployed Workers 20,267
40%
52%
8%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
8% of Total Employment is Informal.
1%
2%
1%
35%
54%
44%
64%
45%
55%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
8%
8%
9%
6%
8%
71%
66%
75%
52%
27%
22%
26%
16%
42%
65%
Low Medium High
389
1,022
144
1,223
1,078
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
48%
94%
63%
3%
71%
44%
95%
39%
59%
0%
50%
100%
15-24 25-54 55-64 65 years+
Total
Male Female
9% 7%
37% 42%
53% 50%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25 years +Female
25 years + TotalPopulation
Primary Secondary Tertiary
10.7% of Youth (15-24 years) unemployed
Highest Level of Education
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
41
Total Workforce 5,002,100
Permanent Employees 3,993,296
Non Standard Workforce 693,671
Unemployed Workers 315,132
Belgium Agriculture 1% Services 78% Industry 21%
47%
43%
10%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce10% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
11%
16%
14%
34%
40%
37%
54%
42%
48%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
3%
4%
11%
12%
10%
73%
59%
44%
44%
27%
24%
36%
44%
44%
62%
Low Medium High
318
574
70
1,864
1,756
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality / Bus &Admin Serv.
Public Admin/ Community/Social &Other Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
27%
43%
70%78%
64%
13%23%
56%
77%
52%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
9%17%
35%
52%
56%
47%
39%28%
19%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
9.3% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
42
234
602
106
1,312
675
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Total Workforce 3,339,300
Permanent Employees 2,783,480
Non Standard Workforce 368,819
Unemployed Workers 187,001
Bulgaria Agriculture 6% Services 65% Industry 29%
33%
56%
11%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce13% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
9%
12%
10%
50%
63%
57%
41%
25%
32%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
27%
14%
13%
6%
6%
57%
70%
58%
62%
34%
16%
16%
29%
31%
60%
Low Medium High
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
27%
41%
72%77%
66%
19% 22%
56%
73%
53%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
4% 4% 10%
68% 72%71%
27% 24% 17%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
15.3% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
43
Total Workforce 1,807,600
Permanent Employees 1,427,266
Non Standard Workforce 228,495
Unemployed Workers 151,838
Croatia Agriculture 8% Services 65% Industry 27%
37%
56%
7%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce11% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
9%
9%
9%
55%
66%
61%
36%
25%
30%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
16%
5%
22%
5%
7%
65%
69%
44%
59%
33%
19%
26%
33%
35%
60%
Low Medium High
107
276
45
675
406
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
34%
66%72%
61%
16%
57%
74%
48%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
15%29%
47%
70%
60%
40%
14% 11% 8%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
15.4% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
44
Czech Republic Agriculture 3% Services 59% Industry 38%
Total Workforce 5,407,500
Permanent Employees 4,346,786
Non Standard Workforce 909,304
Unemployed Workers 151,410
39%
55%
6%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce9% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
5%
3%
4%
68%
73%
71%
28%
24%
26%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
3%
7%
9%
4%
5%
71%
67%
58%
57%
37%
26%
26%
33%
39%
58%
Low Medium High
391
1,455
139
1,805
1,283
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
9%
51%
72%
82%73%
21%
57%
73%
55%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
8% 14%24%
77%72%
66%
15% 13% 9%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
6.3% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
45
Denmark Agriculture 3% Services 79% Industry 19%
Total Workforce 3,026,400
Permanent Employees 2,643,709
Non Standard Workforce 264,662
Unemployed Workers 118,030
46%
44%
10%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce4% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
12%
18%
15%
39%
46%
43%
49%
36%
42%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
13%
11%
16%
15%
6%
67%
46%
34%
42%
35%
21%
43%
50%
44%
59%
Low Medium High
168
325
32
1,166
1,037
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
52%
67%
78%
67%
28%
60%
75%
57%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
70% 72%79%
30% 28%20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
7% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
46
Estonia Agriculture 4% Services 66% Industry 30%
Total Workforce 702,300
Permanent Employees 601,200
Non Standard Workforce 64,581
Unemployed Workers 36,520
44%
48%
8%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce5% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
6%
13%
9%
41%
54%
48%
53%
33%
43%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
57
125
14
272
165
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
7%
8%
7%
11%
7%
63%
64%
50%
42%
25%
30%
28%
43%
48%
67%
Low Medium High
66%
82%88%
75%
45%
69%78%
59%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
11%
78% 77%71%
21% 22% 17%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
9.4% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
47
Finland Agriculture 4% Services 74% Industry 22%
Total Workforce 2,801,900
Permanent Employees 2,257,827
Non Standard Workforce 367,553
Unemployed Workers 176,520
46%
48%
6%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce5% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
5%
12%
9%
38%
48%
43%
57%
41%
48%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
5%
4%
6%
9%
4%
71%
53%
41%
46%
34%
25%
43%
53%
45%
62%
Low Medium High
187
326
34
975
853
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
36%
70%75%
64%
16%
58%
73%
55%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
2%8%
56%64%
66%
44%35%
26%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
9.4% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
48
France Agriculture 3% Services 77% Industry 20%
Total Workforce 29,764,600
Permanent Employees 23,863,411
Non Standard Workforce 3,192,611
Unemployed Workers 2,708,579
45%
45%
10%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce5% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
14%
15%
15%
40%
46%
43%
45%
38%
41%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
4%
4%
16%
9%
16%
63%
53%
27%
47%
32%
33%
43%
58%
44%
53%
Low Medium High
1,740
3,291
408
10,631
9,783
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
38%43%
67%
79%
64%
24% 27%
60%
76%
54%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
5%12%
35%
58%
66%
49%
37%21% 14%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
11.5% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
49
Germany Agriculture 1% Services 71% Industry 28%
Total Workforce 43,009,400
Permanent Employees 37,226,184
Non Standard Workforce 4,320,896
Unemployed Workers 1,462,320
44%
48%
8%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce10% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
10%
10%
10%
61%
56%
58%
28%
34%
32%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
6%
7%
8%
10%
6%
68%
59%
51%
55%
23%
26%
34%
41%
35%
70%
Low Medium High
2,838
7,932
649
16,738
12,976
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
60%69%
73%69%
30%
60%
74%
57%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
3% 3% 1%
70% 72% 79%
26% 25% 19%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
6.3% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
50
Greece Agriculture 12% Services 73% Industry 15%
Total Workforce 4,766,400
Permanent Employees 2,570,591
Non Standard Workforce 1,294,959
Unemployed Workers 900,850
32%
61%
7%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce25% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
19%
25%
23%
38%
42%
41%
43%
32%
37%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
5%
11%
24%
6%
7%
82%
71%
59%
67%
34%
13%
18%
17%
27%
59%
Low Medium High
150
358
70
1,697
1,025
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
11%
48%
76% 76%
65%
4%
26%
57%
75%
47%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
14%
35%
59%
58%
44%
25%
26%19% 11%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
15.3% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
51
Hungary Agriculture 5% Services 65% Industry 30 %
Total Workforce 4,639,700
Permanent Employees 3,967,955
Non Standard Workforce 495,436
Unemployed Workers 176,309
37%
53%
10%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce10% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
12%
11%
11%
56%
66%
61%
32%
23%
27%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
13%
5%
17%
9%
15%
71%
74%
53%
57%
29%
16%
21%
30%
34%
56%
Low Medium High
303
990
100
1,582
1,223
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
8%
46%
75% 77%70%
21%
25%
57%
70%
51%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
2% 2%11%
80% 82%75%
18% 15% 12%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
11% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
52
Ireland Agriculture 5% Services 75% Industry 19%
Total Workforce 2,399,300
Permanent Employees 1,899,507
Non Standard Workforce 372,630
Unemployed Workers 127,163
40%
51%
9%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce9% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
8%
18%
13%
33%
37%
35%
58%
46%
51%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
14%
8%
10%
10%
4%
71%
54%
45%
47%
40%
15%
38%
45%
44%
56%
Low Medium High
128
252
31
1,009
656
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
25%
50%
80%87%
73%
6% 22%
60%
79%
57%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
10% 16%
39%
49%
59%
44%
41%
24%17%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
10.9% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
53
Israel Agriculture 1% Services 82% Industry 17%
Total Workforce 4,031,592
Permanent Employees 3,258,816
Non Standard Workforce 611,512
Unemployed Workers 161,264
52%
42%
6%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce26% of Total Employment is Informal.
6%
13%
10%
32%
39%
36%
61%
48%
54%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
8%
7%
10%
7%
5%
75%
50%
39%
44%
32%
17%
43%
52%
50%
64%
Low Medium High
195
423
31
1,545
1,495
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
23%
57%
75%83%
75%
10% 25%
63%
75%
61%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
13%21%
27%
54% 44% 35%
31% 30%21%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
14.9% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
54
Italy Agriculture 4% Services 70% Industry 26%
Total Workforce 26,280,500
Permanent Employees 18,026,767
Non Standard Workforce 5,599,402
Unemployed Workers 2,654,331
36%
53%
11%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce15% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
24%
36%
31%
46%
45%
45%
30%
18%
23%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
5%
6%
25%
11%
13%
81%
65%
41%
53%
36%
14%
29%
34%
36%
51%
Low Medium High
1,416
4,188
383
9,618
6,548
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
17%
52%
76% 78%
63%
4%24%
59%
75%
43%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
6%15%
44%
78%71%
39%
15% 12%8%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
20% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
55
Kazakhstan Agriculture 18% Services 61% Industry 21 %
Total Workforce 9,230,422
Permanent Employees 6,441,136
Non Standard Workforce 2,346,226
Unemployed Workers 443,060
34%
47%
19%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce33% of Total Employment is Informal.
23%
28%
25%
42%
44%
43%
36%
28%
32%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
610
591
487
3,378
2,295
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality / Bus & AdminServ.
Public Admin/ Community/Social & OtherServ.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers
48%
96%
75%
6%
83%
41%
90%
46%
4%
74%
0%
50%
100%
150%
15-24years
25-54years
55-64years
65 years+
Total
Male Female
1%12%
77% 78%
70%
23% 21% 16%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
9.5% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
http://stat.gov.kz
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Age GroupEmployment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
56
Latvia Agriculture 8% Services 68% Industry 24%
Total Workforce 985,000
Permanent Employees 794,215
Non Standard Workforce 121,835
Unemployed Workers 68,950
41%
46%
13%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce9% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
5%
10%
7%
47%
61%
54%
49%
29%
39%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
14%
20%
20%
10%
10%
56%
57%
44%
48%
26%
30%
23%
36%
42%
64%
Low Medium High
63
121
25
376
249
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality / Bus& Admin Serv.
Public Admin/ Community/Social& Other Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
20%
64%
78%86%
72%
42%
63%
83%
57%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
2% 1% 5%
76% 81% 77%
22% 18% 19%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
10.3% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
57
Lithuania Agriculture 8% Services 68% Industry 24%
Total Workforce 1,456,800
Permanent Employees 1,167,564
Non Standard Workforce 168,322
Unemployed Workers 120,914
43%
48%
9%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce6% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
2%
4%
3%
44%
58%
51%
54%
38%
46%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
7%
9%
15%
9%
9%
68%
69%
45%
50%
22%
25%
22%
39%
42%
68%
Low Medium High
99
209
33
539
370
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
8%
35%
72%
84%
72%
2% 11%
56%
82%
59%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
2% 1%
23%
77% 78%
61%
21% 21% 16%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
9.2% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
58
Luxembourg Agriculture 1% Services 87% Industry 12%
Total Workforce 292,200
Permanent Employees 248,779
Non Standard Workforce 27,642
Unemployed Workers 15,779
64%
30%
6%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce1% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
17%
19%
18%
35%
37%
36%
48%
44%
46%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
8%
8%
12%
77%
67%
32%
20%
15%
33%
100%
60%
68%
Low Medium High
13
9
1
103
96
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
40%
54%64%
84%
69%
54%
36%
61%
80%
59%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
21% 27%
42%
55%54%
44%
24% 19%13%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
5.9% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
59
Morocco Agriculture 39% Services 43% Industry 20%
Total Workforce 12,714,484
Permanent Employees 5,309,569
Non Standard Workforce 6,133,467
Unemployed Workers 1,271,448
8%
76%
16%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce53% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
63%
30%
39%
17%
48%
39%
20%
23%
22%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
11.3%
9.8%
13.8%
4.6%
9.7%
12.7%
Industry
Buildings / Public Works
Commerce
Transport / Communciation
Public Services
Other Services
% of Employed
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers
74%
89% 86% 83%
27%19%
48%
27%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
27%21%
13%
32%
16%
10%
11%
7%
3%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
23.3% of Youth (15-24 years) are unemployed
39% of the Working Population are
involved in Fishing, Agriculture and
Forestry
https://www.hcp.ma/downloads/Activite-emploi-et-chomage-premiers-resultats-
annuel_t13036.html
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
60
Netherlands Agriculture 2% Services 81% Industry 17%
Total Workforce 9,124,100
Permanent Employees 7,310,375
Non Standard Workforce 1,476,133
Unemployed Workers 337,592
48%
43%
9%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce8% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
15%
18%
17%
41%
42%
41%
44%
40%
41%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
4%
10%
10%
12%
4%
72%
56%
43%
46%
29%
24%
35%
47%
42%
67%
Low Medium High
408
800
74
3,619
2,683
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
36%
53%
73%81%
70%
17%
28%
64%
80%
57%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
8% 13%22%
64%63%
60%
28% 24% 18%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
4% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
61
Norway Agriculture 2% Services 79% Industry 19%
Total Workforce 2,795,500
Permanent Employees 2,487,771
Non Standard Workforce 195,909
Unemployed Workers 111,820
51%45%
4%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce7% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
12%
15%
13%
35%
43%
39%
54%
42%
48%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
4%
2%
6%
5%
2%
74%
55%
36%
45%
32%
22%
43%
58%
50%
66%
Low Medium High
214
213
86
1,015
1,056
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
57%63%
75%84%
68%
28%
48%
64%
84%
63%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
64%71%
79%
36%28%
21%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
4.6% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
62
Poland Agriculture 11% Services 58% Industry 31%
Total Workforce 17,182,500
Permanent Employees 12,784,244
Non Standard Workforce 3,418,854
Unemployed Workers 979,403
38%
55%
7%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce12% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
4%
5%
5%
51%
66%
59%
45%
29%
36%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
8%
7%
9%
6%
7%
71%
66%
53%
55%
22%
21%
27%
38%
39%
71%
Low Medium High
1,223
3,420
539
5,699
3,808
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
4%
36%
70%
85%
69%
1%13%
48%
78%
51%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
8%15%
36%
69%
73%
50%
22%12% 11%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
9.5% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
63
Portugal Agriculture 7% Services 68% Industry 25%
Total Workforce 5,255,500
Permanent Employees 4,040,386
Non Standard Workforce 862,995
Unemployed Workers 352,119
36%
53%
11%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce10% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
40%
54%
47%
25%
24%
25%
33%
20%
26%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
7%
6%
17%
10%
16%
72%
71%
45%
51%
33%
20%
22%
38%
39%
51%
Low Medium High
308
803
66
1,860
1,416
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
24%
63%
85% 85%
69%
9%
47%
83% 83%
57%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
36%
62% 66%
38%
23% 14%
25%12%
7%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
9.3% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
64
Romania Agriculture 23% Services 48% Industry 29%
Total Workforce 9,211,900
Permanent Employees 6,448,975
Non Standard Workforce 2,385,237
Unemployed Workers 377,688
24%
66%
10%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce9% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
18%
19%
19%
56%
63%
60%
25%
18%
21%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
15%
9%
20%
6%
9%
71%
76%
58%
66%
31%
15%
15%
22%
28%
60%
Low Medium High
696
1,667
248
2,642
1,441
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
31%
50%
75%84%
69%
9%25%
58%
82%
49%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
4% 5%
25%
80% 83%
62%
14% 11% 8%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
15.2% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
65
Russia Agriculture 7% Services 66% Industry 27%
Total Workforce 75,638,703
Permanent Employees 66,672,869
Non Standard Workforce 5,562,092
Unemployed Workers 3,403,742
44%
46%
10%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce24% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
3%
4%
3%
44%
46%
45%
54%
50%
52%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
10%
10%
6%
7%
8%
60%
58%
60%
54%
24%
30%
33%
35%
39%
68%
Low Medium High
5,263
10,253
3,987
27,626
20,918
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
46%
79% 80% 77%
17%
61%65%
59%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
2% 1%12%
69% 73%66%
30% 26% 22%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
12.6% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
66
Serbia Agriculture 19% Services 57% Industry 24%
Total Workforce 3,138,980
Permanent Employees 1,891,562
Non Standard Workforce 873,879
Unemployed Workers 373,539
29%
62%
9%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce4% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
33%
45%
40%
35%
33%
34%
32%
22%
26%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
21%
10%
14%
7%
8%
59%
72%
58%
62%
42%
20%
18%
28%
31%
50%
Low Medium High
116
477
114
871
735
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
25%
62%71% 72%
66%
7%36%
58%
73%
49%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
18%
35% 32%
68%
52%
23%
12% 11%
6%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
17.6% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
67
Slovakia Agriculture 3% Services 61% Industry 36%
Total Workforce 2,737,600
Permanent Employees 2,195,577
Non Standard Workforce 399,668
Unemployed Workers 142,355
33%
59%
8%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce16% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
5%
4%
5%
65%
74%
70%
30%
22%
26%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
11%
5%
11%
7%
13%
69%
77%
52%
61%
37%
20%
18%
37%
33%
50%
Low Medium High
244
624
73
849
674
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
45%
74%79%
72%
21%
60%
74%
56%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
8%16%
35%
75%70%
54%
17% 14% 11%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
12.1% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
68
Slovenia Agriculture 5% Services 62% Industry 33%
Total Workforce 1,038,000
Permanent Employees 817,446
Non Standard Workforce 137,514
Unemployed Workers 83,040
44%
47%
9%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce4% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
8%
9%
8%
45%
62%
54%
47%
29%
38%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
4%
5%
14%
6%
6%
72%
67%
45%
49%
23%
25%
28%
41%
45%
71%
Low Medium High
53
243
22
339
245
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
47%
65%
78%
66%
22%
55%
82%
56%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
1% 3%9%
75%79%
76%
23%17% 14%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
6.5% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
69
South Africa Agriculture 6% Services 71% Industry 23%
Total Workforce 22,041,176
Permanent Employees 13,582,875
Non Standard Workforce 2,396,978
Unemployed Workers 6,061,323
24%
51%
25%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce21% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
37%
41%
39%
30%
32%
31%
24%
18%
20%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
24%
18%
22%
22%
39%
65%
61%
58%
54%
30%
11%
20%
20%
24%
31%
Low Medium High
1,424
1,804
583
6,727
4,968
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
48%
75%84%
89%
75%
28%
54%
68%
81%
57%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
29%44% 41%
51% 27%21%
14%
10%
7%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
31.2% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
70
Spain Agriculture 4% Services 77% Industry 19%
Total Workforce 22,854,000
Permanent Employees 16,247,914
Non Standard Workforce 3,280,829
Unemployed Workers 3,325,257
34%
53%
13%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce16% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
27%
37%
32%
23%
23%
23%
49%
39%
43%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
8%
7%
15%
12%
13%
76%
67%
47%
58%
37%
17%
26%
38%
30%
50%
Low Medium High
1,128
2,393
254
8,640
5,590
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
18%
62%
79% 81%
68%
8%
41%
70%
81%
55%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
13%23%
34%
68%59% 36%
15% 9%
4%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
13.3% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
71
Sweden Agriculture 2% Services 80% Industry 18%
Total Workforce 5,497,600
Permanent Employees 4,680,904
Non Standard Workforce 514,328
Unemployed Workers 302,368
50%45%
5%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce3% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
10%
13%
12%
38%
50%
44%
52%
37%
44%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
1%
3%
7%
8%
2%
74%
53%
33%
40%
35%
24%
44%
60%
52%
62%
Low Medium High
342
508
58
2,061
1,936
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
64%
80%87%
79%
46%
74%83%
73%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
1% 4%
27%
71% 70%
52%
28% 26% 21%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
6.2% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
72
Switzerland Agriculture 3% Services 76% Industry 21%
Total Workforce 4,897,900
Permanent Employees 4,058,517
Non Standard Workforce 721,833
Unemployed Workers 117,550
52%44%
4%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce4% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
11%
9%
10%
49%
42%
45%
40%
49%
45%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
4%
4%
10%
4%
4%
70%
52%
48%
43%
30%
26%
44%
43%
53%
66%
Low Medium High
311
576
42
1,983
1,474
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
44%
64%72%
82%75%
38% 37%
60%
80%
62%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
5% 4% 4%
67% 73% 79%
28% 23% 18%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
6.5% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
73
Tunisia Agriculture 14% Services 44% Industry 43%
Total Workforce 4,109,734
Permanent Employees 2,527,659
Non Standard Workforce 949,176
Unemployed Workers 632,899
22%
56%
22%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce48% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
13%
8%
9%
25%
41%
37%
34%
36%
36%
27%
14%
18%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
59%
12%
18%
9%
15%
36%
75%
41%
54%
32%
5%
13%
41%
37%
54%
Low Medium High
440
598
34
826
734
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
43%
81%86% 86%
78%
8% 19%
37%
80%
27%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
39%
24%10%
20%
13%
3%
10%
4%
1%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
25.2% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) (2010)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
74
Turkey Agriculture 19% Services 54% Industry 27%
Total Workforce 32,248,300
Permanent Employees 19,466,074
Non Standard Workforce 9,202,665
Unemployed Workers 3,579,561
21%
64%
15%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce19% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
15%
4%
7%
43%
53%
50%
14%
22%
19%
29%
22%
24%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
18%
14%
36%
13%
8%
70%
72%
43%
66%
40%
13%
14%
21%
21%
52%
Low Medium High
2,097
4,971
415
9,953
5,294
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
42%
75%85% 87%
77%
18%
31%40%
72%
34%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
42%52%
43%
37% 20%
11%
12%
9%
6%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
24.2% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
75
Ukraine Agriculture 15% Services 60% Industry 25%
Total Workforce 20,535,444
Permanent Employees 15,554,408
Non Standard Workforce 3,276,594
Unemployed Workers 1,704,442
37%
44%
19%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce43% of Total Employment is Informal.
2%
43%
23%
37%
10%
23%
62%
47%
54%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
22%
16%
6%
8%
9%
61%
57%
61%
57%
24%
17%
28%
32%
35%
67%
Low Medium High
1,061
1,996
869
5,485
4,258
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
18%
49%
72%81%
75%
11%
30%
53%
67%60%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
1% 1%12%
77% 79%
73%
22% 20% 16%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
16.5% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
76
United Arab Emirates Agriculture <1% Services 61% Industry 39%
Total Workforce 6,447,142
Permanent Employees 6,133,491
Non Standard Workforce 202,760
Unemployed Workers 110,891
37%
53%
10%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce24% of Total Employment is Informal.
18%
14%
14%
21%
34%
32%
13%
18%
17%
48%
34%
37%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
11%
3%
6%
9%
42%
55%
55%
27%
51%
26%
34%
43%
67%
40%
32%
Low Medium High
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
657
356
134
1,135
1,285
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
96% 98% 97% 98% 98%
67%55%
48%57% 57%
0%
50%
100%
150%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
28%21%
12%
38%
32%
19%
11%
16%
11%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
11.3% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
77
United Kingdom Agriculture 1% Services 81% Industry 18%
Total Workforce 33,544,500
Permanent Employees 27,215,122
Non Standard Workforce 4,954,053
Unemployed Workers 1,375,325
48%
43%
9%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce13% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
15%
17%
16%
36%
39%
38%
49%
43%
46%
Female
Male
Total
Low Basic Intermediate Advanced
11%
9%
12%
11%
5%
57%
47%
37%
43%
38%
33%
44%
51%
46%
58%
Low Medium High
2,336
2,920
540
14,299
11,317
Construction
Manufacturing
Mining / Utilities
Trade/ Trans. / Hospitality /Bus & Admin Serv.
Public Admin/Community/Social & Other
Serv.
Employment in 000's
Size of Occupation Group in Thousands of Workers Skill Level of Occupation Group
74% 72%
83%88%
70%
35%
52%
72%80%
58%
0%
50%
100%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced Total
Male Female
14%27%
53%
54%
47%
28%
33%26% 20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years +
Primary Secondary Tertiary
10.3% of Youth (15-24 years) are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET)
Highest Level of Education by Age Group
Labor Force Participation Rates by
Gender and Education Level (25 yrs +)
Employment Distribution by Education
Level and Gender (25 yrs +)
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q4, 2018| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential