tarawneh 2013 - rural capitalist development in the jordan valley - ebook

8/13/2019 Tarawneh 2013 - Rural Capitalist Development in the Jordan Valley - eBook

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_nmkstfek TrkssJ ekw ckekrjtnfe fa Tubins`nec

^fu jrk rkjmnec j auii vkrsnfe fa t`ns bffg, afr arkk!

]`ns bffg ns pjrt fa t`k _nmkstfek k-inbrjry w`krk hfst fa fur

pubinojtnfes jrk auiiy jookssnbik afr arkk. Afr jookss tf hfrk

arkk bffgs vnsnt< www.snmkstfek.ofh/inbrjry

Mfweifjm Auii TMA

Qnsnt t`k _nmkstfek k-inbrjry tf brfwsk fur k-bffgs. Afr j hnenhji

akk yfu oje puro`jsk j auiiy aueotnfeji TMA jem by mfnec sf, yfu

`kip tf gkkp fur inbrjry rueenec.

www.snmkstfek.ofh/inbrjry


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_nmkstfek Trkss

Rurji Ojpntjinst Mkvkifphketne t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky


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Rurji Ojpntjinst Mkvkifphketne t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky

]`k ojsk fa Mknr Jiij ]`k Rnsk jem Mkhnsk fa _fonji Crfups

Hf`jhkm A. ]jrjwek`


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24:? Hf`jhkm A. jrjwek`

Aneji kmntnec< Kvj Gjptnle & Ckrrnt vje mkr Gffnl

Tubins`km by _nmkstfek Trkss, Iknmkewww.snmkstfek.ofh

N_BE >30->4-00>4-40>-:

T`ftfcrjp` ofvkr< Mknr Jiij ne :>30 by Ckrrnt vje mkr GffnlOfvkr mksnce & Ijy-fut< _nmkstfek Trkss

]ns pubinojtnfe `js bkke pubins`km wnt` t`k ejeonji jnm fa t`k prflkot _kttinec t`k _tkppk. ]k

jro`jkfifcy fa o`jecnec sfonktnks ne _yrf-Tjikstnenje mryijems murnec t`k Brfezk jem Nrfe Jcks,(Ekt`krijems Frcjensjtnfe afr _onketno Rkskjro` jem Ajouity fa Jro`jkfifcy, Iknmke [envkrsnty)

Mkmnojtkm tf t`k hkhfry fa Ji-@jl Ajrns Lfumk`


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Ofetkets

Trkajok >

: Netrfmuotnfe ::

:.: `k Trfbikh ::

:.2 _fhk `kfrktnoji Ofesnmkrjtnfes :2

:.? `k _tumy Ifojtnfe :1

:.?.: Ckfcrjp`noji jem Kofifcnoji _kttnec :0

:.= Jnhs jem Fblkotnvks :0

:.; @nstfrnoji Bjogcrfuem 24

:.1 Ankimwfrg 22

:.1.: Rkskjro` Hkt`fms 2?

2 Tjttkres fa Ijem Fwekrs`np ne t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky 2;2.: Netrfmuotnfe 2;

2.2 rjes-Lfrmje uemkr Fttfhje Ruik 21

2.2.: Ijem Mnstrnbutnfe 21

2.2.2 Ijem Ofeoketrjtnfe ne t`k Tkrnfm :0;0-:>?4s ne Mknr Jiij 2>

2.? `k Mnssfiutnfe fa t`khus`jo_ystkh< `k Khkrckeokfa Trnvjtk Trfpkrty< ?4

2.?.: `k Ijem _kttikhket fa :>?? ?4

2.= `k rjesntnfe Tkrnfm< `k Ijem Rkafrh Trfcrjhhk fa t`k :>14s ?:

? ]`k@jrrjt` Kofefhy J _ubsnstkeok Kofefhy ?3?.: Netrfmuotnfe ?3

?.2 `k Fim Nrrncjtnfe _ystkh ?0

?.? @jrrjt` js j _fonji Rkijtnfe fa Trfmuotnfe =4

?.?.: Oije js j _fonji [ent< _fonji _trjtnanojtnfe bktwkke

Mnaakrket Oijes =4

?.= _fonji Mnaakrketnjtnfe wnt`ne t`k krrntfry ==

?.=.: `k Trfokss fa Ijbfur ==

?.=.2 @jrrjt` _fonji Rkijtnfe fa Trfmuotnfe< J Ofhhfe Tkrspkotnvk =1

?.; Ofeoiusnfe =3

= ]`k Mkhnsk fa t`k @jrrjt` Kofefhy =>

=.: Netrfmuotnfe =>

=.2 `k Rnsk fa j Ekw Crfup fa Ijemfwekrs =>

=.? `k Tjikstnenje Kxfmus ;4

=.= [_JNM Nevfivkhket ne t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky ;:

=.; Orkmnt Hko`jenshs ;?

=.;.: `k rjesntnfe ne Orkmnt _furoks ;=

=.;.2 Nestntutnfeji _furoks fa Orkmnt ;=

=.;.? `k Mkbt rjp ;1


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=.1 Cfvkrehket Jcrnouiturji Tfinonks ;0

=.1.: Ji-Ejhjt ji-\krjoy ;0

=.1.2 Jcrf-Nemustry ;0

=.3 Lfrmje Qjiiky Jut`frnty (LQJ) ;>

=.0 Ofeoiusnfe 14

; ]`k _fonji Frcjenzjtnfes fa Trfmuotnfe 1:

;.: Netrfmuotnfe 1:

;.2 `k Frcjenzjtnfe fa Sjck Ijbfur 1:

;.2.: Akhjik Sjck Ijbfur 12

;.2.2 Jrjb Hncrjet Sjck Ijbfur Frcjenzjtnfe 1=

;.? Jbsketkk-kejeoy< _`jrkorfppnec-kejeoy Rkijtnfes 11

;.= _hjii Fwekr Netkesnvk-Ojpntji Frcjenzjtnfe 1>

;.; _`jrkorfppnec Frcjenzjtnfe< Netkrejtnfeji Hncrjet Ijbfur 32

;.1 Ajhniy-Ijbfur Frcjenzjtnfe 3=;.1.: Eftks fe t`k Ofst/Bkekant Jejiysks 30

;.3 Jbsketkk Ijemifrmnsh (TyrjhnmBjyjrj` typk fa Frcjenzjtnfe) 30

;.0 Hkro`jets 0:

;.0.: Hkro`jets fa t`k Bjsno Trfmuotnfe Neputs 0:

;.0.2 Ofhhnssnfekrs 02

1 _yet`ksns 0;

3 Mknr Jiij, :: ykjrs jatkr >:

3.: kejeoy >:

3.2 Bjyjrj` >23.? Ajhniy-Ijbfur Ajrhs >2

3.= Tjgnstjen >?

3.; Kcyptnjes >=

3.1 Jcrnouiturji Kecnekkrs Offpkrjtnvks >=

3.0 Ekw Mktkrnfrjtnfe >;

3.> Trkmnotnfes >;

Jppkemnoks >3

Bnbinfcrjp`y :4?

Jbfut t`k jut`fr :4>

Jrjbno _uhhjry :::


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Trkajok

`k Mknr Jiij jrkj js bkke t`k afous fa j mnvkrsk rjeck fa so`fijriy kxpifrjtnfes,

neoiumnec jro`jkfifcy, ckfhfrp`fifcy, hktkrkfifcy, `ymrfifcy, jem pijet

kofifcy. `k rkskjro` mksornbkm by jrjwek` ne t`ns bffg jmms jet`rfpfifcy

jem hfrk spkonanojiiy rurji pkjsjet kofefhnos tf t`ns inst. `ns rkskjro` ns eft

feiy nhpfrtjet ne nts fwe rnc`t, but jisf `fims nhpfrtjet neafrhjtnfe afr

t`k mnsonpineks hketnfekm. `k `nstfrnoji mnhkesnfe fa t`k rkskjro`, bft` t`k

rkofestruotnfe fa t`k prk-hfmkre jcrnouiturji systkh jem nts mkvkifphket netf

t`k prksket-mjy sntujtnfe js wkii js t`k kvjiujtnfe fa t`k rkskjro` j mkojmk ijtkr,jmms j vjiujbik ofhpfeket tf t`ns stumy.

`k frncneji ankim rkskjro` `js bkke ofemuotkm js kjriy js t`k suhhkr fa

:>01. _uppikhketkm wnt` bnbinfcrjp`no jem stjtnstnoji mjtj j anrst rkpfrt wjs

prksketkm ne :>0>, w`no` rkhjnekm uepubins`km. `k rjpnm mkvkifphkets t`jt

foourrkm ne t`k sfonji jem kofefhno sntujtnfe fa t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky murnec t`k

afiifwnec mkojmk hjmk j pkrnfm fa jmmntnfeji ankimwfrg murnec t`k jutuhe fa

:>>3 ekokssjry. `ns rkskjro` `js bkke mfouhketkm js j skpjrjtk o`jptkr ne t`ns

bffg. Frncnejiiy, je kjrinkr vkrsnfe fa t`k prksket bffg wjs hkjet tf jppkjr ne

t`k kjriy 2444s, but j skrnks fa sktbjogs ueafrtuejtkiy prkvketkm pubinojtnfe.

Iuogniy, j skofem fppfrtuenty prksketkm ntskia ne t`k afrh fa t`k prflkot _kttinect`k _tkppk. `k jro`jkfifcy fa o`jecnec sfonktnks ne _yrf-Tjikstnenje mryijems murnec

t`k Brfezk jem Nrfe Jcks, auemkm by t`k Ekt`krijems Frcjensjtnfe afr _onketnano

Rkskjro` jem t`k Ajouity fa Jro`jkfifcy fa Iknmke [envkrsnty, t`jt anejeonjiiy

suppfrts t`ns pubinojtnfe.

Ne jii, wk jrk vkry cijm t`jt wk jrk anejiiy jbik tf prksket t`ns rkskjro` tf j

wnmkr jumnkeok js wk ofesnmkr nt tf ofetjne vjiujbik neafrhjtnfe eft feiy afr t`k

stumy fa t`k Mknr Jiij jrkj fr t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky, but afr pkjsjet kofefhnos jem

sfonji jet`rfpfifcy wfrimwnmk.

Iknmke/Rffskemjji, Mkokhbkr 24:?Kvj Gjptnle

Ckrrnt vje mkr Gffnl


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::

O`jptkr :

Netrfmuotnfe

:.: ]`k Trfbikh

Kxnstnec kofefhno mjtj jbfut Lfrmje, neoiumnec t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky, ofhprnsk inttik

hfrk t`je qujetntjtnvk neafrhjtnfe jem ofhhketjry fe prfmuotnfe, prnoks,

nevksthket, kto., wnt`fut jey t`kfrktnoji fr khpnrnoji nevkstncjtnfe fa t`k sfonji

rkijtnfes fa prfmuotnfe. ns rkskjro` ns je jttkhpt tf anii t`ns cjp.

`krk `jvk bkke twf hjne t`kfrktnoji jpprfjo`ks js tf t`k pkektrjtnfe faojpntjinsh ne `nrm Sfrim jcrnouiturk< Inqunmjtnfe jem _urvnvji. `k inqunmjtnfe

jpprfjo` jrcuks t`jt ojpntjinsh pijys j prfcrkssnvk rfik ne `nrm Sfrim jcrnouiturk,

mkstrfynec prk-ojpntjinst rkijtnfes jem orkjtnec ekw ojpntjinst feks, jem turenec

pkjsjets netf prfiktjrnjes. `k survnvji jpprfjo`, ne ofetrjst, jrcuks t`jt prk-

ojpntjinst rkijtnfes jrk stnii jotnvk jem jrk ofetneukm jifecsnmk t`k mkvkifphket

fa ojpntjinsh ne `nrm Sfrim jcrnouiturk. `ksk twf jpprfjo`ks, `fwkvkr, ajni tf

faakr je jmkqujtk kxpijejtnfe afr t`k vjrnkty fa afrhs fa ijbfur-usk jem rkijtnfes

t`jt oje bk afuem tf kxnst.

Hy stumy ne t`k Mknr Jiij jrkj ne t`k suhhkr fa :>01 jem t`k jutuhe fa

:>>3 succksts j huo` hfrk ofhpikx jcrjrnje struoturk t`je t`jt succkstkm by t`kinqunmjtnfe jem survnvji jpprfjo`ks7 nevfivnec j vjrnkty fa prfmuotnfe rkijtnfes

kehks`km ne vjrnfus afrhs fa ijbfur, suo` js wjck ijbfur, ajhniy ijbfur, jem

rkcnfeji jem netkrejtnfeji hncrjet ijbfur.

`k sncenanojeok fa t`ns mnvkrsnty fa ijbfur afrhs ne t`k aueotnfenec fa t`k

rurji kofefhy fa Mknr Jiij jem fa t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky ns fek fa t`k hjne nssuks

jmmrksskm ne t`ns stumy.

Jeft`kr hjlfr ofeokre ns tf s`fw t`k ckeksns fa t`ksk ijbfur afrhs. `k

kvfiutnfe fa suo` frcjenzjtnfes fa prfmuotnfe ns je `nstfrnoji prfokss. `krkafrk

t`k `nstfrnoji jejiysns fa rkijtnfes fa prfmuotnfe jem fa ijem fwekrs`np pjttkres

ns cnvke muk nhpfrtjeok. `k pkrnfm kxjhnekm ns t`jt arfh :0;0 uetni t`k tnhkfa ankimwfrg (:>01 jem :>>3). `k skikotnfe fa :0;0 ns muk tf t`k ajot t`jt t`k

Fttfhje Ijem Ijw fa :0;0 wjs ne afrok arfh :0;0 uetni :>?1 w`ke t`k Lfrmjenje

_tjtk (kstjbins`km ne :>2:) anrst netrfmuokm prnvjtk fwekrs`np fa ijem ne t`k Mknr

Jiij jrkj. `us uetni t`k :>=4s jcrjrnje rkijtnfes wkrk hfrk fr ikss ueo`jeckm,

sneok t`k fwekrs`np fa t`k hjne hkjes fa prfmuotnfe, ijem jem wjtkr, rkhjnekm

t`k sjhk.

`k skikotnfe fa twf pkrnfms tf t`k ankim wfrg ns muk tf t`k ajot t`jt mrjhjtno

o`jecks `jvk tjgke pijok jatkr t`k anrst ankim wfrg7 t`ksk o`jecks wnii bk prksketkm

ne t`k aneji o`jptkr.


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:2

:.2 _fhk ]`kfrktnoji Ofesnmkrjtnfes

Jet`rfpfifcy ns fek fa t`k mnsonpineks wnt`ne t`k sfonji sonkeoks w`no` jrk ofeokrekm

wnt` t`k pkjsjet qukstnfe. Tkjsjet stumnks ne jet`rfpfifcy jrk ojrrnkm fut ne

t`k afrh fa shjii ofhhuenty stumnks. `k prfbikh wnt` t`ksk jet`rfpfifcnoji

stumnks ns t`jt t`ky tkem tf ofesnmkr t`k pkjsjetry js j `fhfckefus ojtkcfry fr

js j ofhhfe kvfiutnfejry typk prksket jt j okrtjne `nstfrnoji kpfo`, bktwkke

prnhntnvk trnbks jem t`k ne`jbntjets fa tfwes fr ontnks. J hkt`fmfifcnoji prfbikh

wnt` suo` stumnks ns t`jt t`ky bjsk t`knr ckekrjinzjtnfes fe t`k stumnks fa shjii

pkjsjet ofhhuentnks wnt`fut jmkqujtkiy mkjinec wnt` t`k sfonji, pfintnoji jem

kofefhno ofetkxt ne w`no` t`ky kxnst.

Ne jet`rfpfifcy, Hjinefwsgn (:>1:< 1) afrhuijtkm j ekw rkskjro` hkt`fmfifcy,

efw ojiikm pjrtnonpjet fbskrvjtnfe. `k aueotnfejinst so`ffi wjs t`k anrst tf usk

t`ns rkskjro` strjtkcy, jem bkcje tf stumy trnbji ofhhuentnks, bkojusk t`ns rkskjro`

strjtkcy ns feiy prjotnojbik ne t`k stumy fa shjii ofhhuentnks. Ne t`knr stumnks

fa t`k inak fa shjii nsfijtkm ofhhuentnks, jet`rfpfifcnsts uskm ofeokpts suo` js

ouiturk jem sfonji struoturk, bfrrfwkm arfh Hjinefwsgn jem Rjmoinaak-Brfwe

rkspkotnvkiy. Jt anrst, stumnks fa t`k pkjsjetry wkrk rkstrnotkm tf stumnks fa vniijck

ofhhuentnks. Afr nestjeok, Rkmankim jem Sfia stumnkm t`k ejturk fa t`k vniijck

arfh j ouiturji pkrspkotnvk. `ky trkjtkm t`k pkjsjetry js j ofhhfe `uhje typk,

pijonec nt bktwkke prnhntnvk trnbks jem tfwe fr onty-mwkiikrs (Rkmankim :>;17 Sfia

:>11). `knr mkanentnfes fa t`k pkjsjetry wkrk snhnijr. Sfia jookptkm Rkmankims

mkanentnfe, t`jt pkjsjets jrk jcrnouiturji prfmuokrs w`f ofetrfi t`knr ijem jem

prfmuok afr t`knr subsnstkeok (Rkmankim :>;1< =7 Sfia :>11< ?). But ne ofesnmkrnec

t`k ejturk fa t`k pkjsjetry Rkmankim sjw t`k prfokss fa ouitnvjtnfe prjotnokmne pkjsjet ofhhuentnks js pjrt fa t`k ofhhuentys wjy fa inak, w`krkjs Sfia

jrcukm t`jt suo` pkjsjet ofhhuentnks wkrk je futofhk fa ofifenjinsh. Sfia

o`jrjotkrnzkm pkjsjet ofhhuentnks ne tkrhs fa t`k jhfuet fa jcrnouiturji surpius

kxprfprnjtkm arfh t`kh by futsnmkr afroks (Sfia :>11< ?). `ns mnsjcrkkhket

jrfsk bkojusk Sfias nmkjs jrk bjskm fe `ns stumnks fa Ijtne Jhkrnoje pkjsjetrnks

jem t`knr rkijtnfes tf _pjens` ofifenzjtnfe. Rkmankim fe t`k ft`kr `jem, jit`fuc`

`k uskm ofeokpts neoiumnec rurji-urbje ofetneuuh jem inttik jem crkjt trjmntnfe,

rkprksketkm pkjsjetrnks js oifskm ofhhuentnks wnt`fut mnsoussnec t`k ofhpikxnty

fa t`knr rkijtnfes wnt` t`k wnmkr sfonf-kofefhno struoturk.

Sfia wjs ofeokrekm wnt` t`k wjy ne w`no` t`k pkjsjetry netkcrjtkm netf t`kijrckr w`fik. @k t`krkafrk kstjbins`km j typfifcy fa pkjsjet ofhhuentnks t`jt

mkpkemkm fe t`k struoturk fa suo` ofhhuentnks, js wkii js fe t`k jhfuet fa

surpius kxprfprnjtkm arfh t`kh by je kxtkreji pfwkr. `ns typfifcy rjecks arfh

t`k ofhhuenty t`jt usks hfst fa nts prfmuotnfe afr ifoji ofesuhptnfe, tf t`k typk

ne w`no` hfst fa prfmuotnfe ns frnketkm tfwjrms je kxtkreji hjrgkt. Okrtjneiy

Sfia s jttkhpt ns j stkp afrwjrm arfh Rkmankims jpprfjo` ne ofetkxtujinznec pkjsjet

ofhhuentnks. @fwkvkr, mkspntk `ns ofeokre wnt` t`k ijrckr ofetkxts wnt`ne w`no`

pkjsjet sfonktnks kxnst, Sfia mfks eft ksojpk kvfiutnfejry jssuhptnfes w`ke `k

pijoks suo` sfonktnks sfhkw`krk bktwkke prnhntnvk trnbks jem nemustrnji sfonkty ne

`ns bffg Tkjsjets(:>11). @krk, pkjsjets jrk ofesnmkrkm tf bk j uenvkrsji `uhje


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:?

typk. Je fbvnfus s`frtofhnec fa t`ns mkanentnfe ns t`jt nt jssuhks t`jt jii t`k rurji

pkfpik fa uemkrmkvkifpkm ofuetrnks ajii netf j `fhfckefus ojtkcfry.

Hjey jet`rfpfifcnoji wrntkrs `jvk jttkhptkm tf afrhuijtk j ckekrji mkanentnfe

fa t`k pkjsjetry, w`no` wfuim bk jppinojbik tf hjey sfonktnks jem jt vjrnfus tnhks

ne `nstfry. Afr nestjeok ne w`jt ofuim bk ojiikm j Rkmankimnje jpprfjo`, pkjsjetsjrk o`jrjotkrnzkm anrstiy by okrtjne ouiturji kikhkets suo` js jttntumks, vjiuks kto.,

skofemiy, by t`knr inak ne ofhhuenty-ingk frcjenzjtnfes, fr vniijcks jem t`nrmiy by

t`k mkcrkk fa t`knr trjmntnfejinsh js fppfskm tf hfmkrensh (Jymne :>01).

_`jenes mkanentnfe fa t`k pkjsjetry, afr kxjhpik, spkonanks afur bjsno kikhkets

t`jt ofestntutk j ckekrji typk (_`jene :>3:< :=-:;)11). @ns jpprfjo` `js bkofhk vkry ajs`nfejbik, kspkonjiiy jhfecst

t`k netkrejtnfeji jckeonks w`no` prksornbk pfinonks bjskm fe shjii pkjsjet

prfmuotnfe.

O`jyjefv prkskets t`rkk bjsno kikhkets fe w`no` `ns t`kfry fa t`k pkjsjetry

rksts (O`jyjefv :>11< =:). Anrstiy, pkjsjets wfrg js j ajhniy, frcjenznec t`knr wfrgwnt`ne ajhniy-ijbfur ajrh. _kofemiy, t`ky `jvk feiy fek snecik ijbfur neofhk.

`nrmiy, t`k prneonpik t`jt cfvkres t`k wfrg fa t`ns sfonji frcjenzjtnfe ns t`k

ijbfur-ofesuhkr bjijeok. Ne t`ns kofefhy t`k ajhniy-ijbfur ajrh ns t`k prfmuotnfe

uent fa t`k pkjsjetry. @k trkjts t`k pkjsjet kofefhy js j ejturji kofefhy,

t`jt ns, fek ne w`no` prfmuotnfe ns eft afr t`k hjrgkt (O`jyjefv :>11< 2:).

Joofrmnec tf O`jyjefv, prnok, ojpntji, wjck, jem netkrkst jrk neskpjrjbik kofefhno

ojtkcfrnks rkijtkm tf ojpntjinsh. Ne ft`kr wfrms, t`k pkjsjets neofhk ofestntutks

j snecik tftjinty jem ojtkcfrnks fa t`k ojpntjinst kofefhy ojeeft bk jppinkm. Fe

t`k bjsks fa t`ksk t`rkk kikhkets, O`jyjefv jrcuks t`jt t`krk ns j spkonano pkjsjet

kofefhy ne w`no` t`k feiy mnaakrketnjtnfe ns fe j mkhfcrjp`no jem eft j oijss

:.

2.

?.

=.


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:=

bjsns (O`jyjefv :>11< 13). `k pkjsjet ajhniys wkjit` neorkjsks jem mkorkjsks

ne pjrjiiki wnt` t`k snzk fa t`k ajhniy jem wnt` t`k rjtnf fa nts wfrgnec tf nts efe-

wfrgnec hkhbkrs.

Ne rkoket ykjrs wrntkrs suo` js @jrrnsfe (:>33), neaiukeokm by O`jyjefvs

wfrg, `jvk trkjtkm t`k pkjsjetry js j hfmk fa prfmuotnfe. Afr Bkrestkne (:>3>)`fwkvkr, t`k ajhniy-ijbfur ajrh ojeeft ofestntutk j hfmk fa prfmuotnfe. `k

rkijtnfes fa prfmuotnfe mksornbkm by t`k jmvfojtks fa t`k pkjsjet hfmk fa

prfmuotnfe jrk netkreji rkijtnfes fa t`k prfmuotnfe uent jem ojeeft hkkt t`k

ofemntnfes fa j hfmk fa prfmuotnfe. Bkrestkne jrcukm t`jt t`k sfonji rkijtnfes

fa prfmuotnfe jrk t`k hfst nhpfrtjet kikhket ne t`k ofeokptujinzjtnfe fa j

hfmk fa prfmuotnfe. _fonji rkijtnfes fa prfmuotnfe jrk rkijtkm tf t`k rkijtnfes

fa prfmuotnfe, jpprfprnjtnfe, mnstrnbutnfe jem utninzjtnfe fa t`k sfonji prfmuot7

t`ky neoiumk rkijtnfes bktwkke mnaakrket uents fa prfmuotnfe jem rkijtnfes fa sfonji

rkprfmuotnfe. Bkrestkne nesnsts t`jt suo` rkijtnfes jrk kxtkreji tf t`k myejhnos fa

pkjsjet `fusk`fim. `krkafrk, rkijtnfe netkreji tf t`k pkjsjet `fusk`fim ojeeftofestntutk j hfmk fa prfmuotnfe (Bkrestkne :>3>< =22).

Jeft`kr jpprfjo` trkjts ofetkhpfrjry pkjsjets js snhpik ofhhfmnty

prfmuokrs. But t`krk ns j t`kfrktnoji mnaanouity `krk, bkojusk t`k pkektrjtnfe fa

ojpntjinsh netf rurji jrkjs `js tjgke hjey s`jpks< ne sfhk ojsks kjrinkr afrhs fa

prfmuotnfe `jvk bkke ofhpiktkiy mkstrfykm, ne ft`krs, t`ky `jvk bkke prkskrvkm.

Jit`fuc` ofhhfmntnks hnc`t bk prfmuokm afr j hjrgkt, vjrnfus ofhpiktkiy

mnaakrket afrhs fa ijbfur frcjenzjtnfe hjy `jvk prfmuokm t`kh. `krkafrk, nt

wfuim bk hnsikjmnec tf iuhp tfckt`kr hjey jem vjrnkcjtkm ijbfur afrhs uemkr

t`k bijegkt mkanentnfe fa snhpik ofhhfmnty prfmuotnfe. S`jt `js tf bk mfek

ns tf ofeoketrjtk fe ofeorktk ofemntnfes jem try tf kxpijne w`y t`krk kxnsthjey afrhs fa ijbfur usk. Inqunmjtnfe t`kfrnks ingk t`jt fa Gjutsgy `jvk uskm

t`k ofeokpt fa pktty ofhhfmnty prfmuotnfe tf rkakr tf `ktkrfckekfus crfups

invnec ne rurji jrkjs. Kvke t`fuc` suo` stumnks jrk fa je khpnrnoji ejturk, t`ky

hjgk ckekrjinzjtnfes jbfut t`k pkektrjtnfe fa ojpntjinsh ne rurji jrkjs fa t`k

`nrm Sfrim. Inqunmjtnfe t`kfrnks mf eft stumy pkjsjets pkr sk, but rjt`kr t`k

ofemntnfes fa kxnstkeok fa snhpik ofhhfmnty prfmuotnfe ne je neorkjsneciy

ojpntjinst kofefhy. Gjutsgy afuem t`jt kvke t`fuc` ojpntji pkektrjtks jem

mfhnejtks jcrnouiturk, shjii pkjsjet prfmuotnfe uents stnii fpkrjtk jem survnvk.

`k rkjsfe afr t`ns ns t`k skia-kxpifntjtnfe fa ajhniy uemkr t`k ofemntnfes afrokm

fe t`kh by t`k pkektrjtnfe fa ojpntjinsh ne jcrnouiturk (Keekw kt ji. :>33< ?4?).Ckekrjiiy spkjgnec, jit`fuc` inqunmjtnfe t`kfrnks prfvnmk okrtjne nesnc`ts netf

rurji myejhnsh, t`knr prkmnotnfes t`jt ojpntjinsh wnii mkstrfy jii prk-ojpntjinst

afrhs fa prfmuotnfe jem kstjbins` ojpntji-wjck ijbfur rkijtnfes `jvk eft bkke

auianiikm. Fe t`k ofetrjry, ojpntjinsh `js pkektrjtkm `nrm Sfrim jcrnouiturk ne

vjrnfus ofhpinojtkm wjys. J hjlfr ofeokre fa t`ns t`ksns ns tf nevkstncjtk t`ksk wjys

ne rkijtnfe tf t`k jrkj fa stumy. But t`ns mfks eft hkje t`jt wk ojeeft hjgk usk fa

okrtjne nesnc`ts prfvnmkm by inqunmjtnfe t`kfrnks. Afr kxjhpik, Gjutsgys ofeokpt

fa skia-kxpifntjtnfe by pkjsjetry ns j uskaui jejiytnoji tffi afr t`k uemkrstjemnec

fa jcrjrnje trjesafrhjtnfe ne t`k `nrm Sfrim.


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Ofetrjry tf w`jt inqunmjtnfe t`kfrnks succkst, jeft`kr jpprfjo` jrcuks t`jt

t`k pkektrjtnfe fa ojpntjinsh netf `nrm Sfrim jcrnouiturk wnii eftmkstrfy t`k prk-

ojpntjinst rkijtnfe fa prfmuotnfe (suo` js t`k pkjsjetry) but sustjne jem rkprfmuok

nt. Hkniijssfux ns fek fa t`k bkst kxjhpiks fa t`fsk w`f `jvk afrhuijtkm suo` je

jrcuhket.Ne `ns wfrg Hjnmke, Hkji jem Hfeky, Hkniijssfux mkvkifpkm t`k ofeokpt

fa mfhkstno hfmk fa prfmuotnfe. Ne t`ns hfmk fa prfmuotnfe t`k inekjck jem

`fusk`fim jrk t`k bjsno uents fa prfmuotnfe jem rkprfmuotnfe (Hkniijssfux :>0:).

`ns mfhkstno ofhhfmnty ns skia-sustjnenec (Hkniijssfux :>0:< ?3). `k sfonji

rkijtnfes fa prfmuotnfe oje bk uemkrstffm t`rfuc` t`k ofetrfi fvkr t`k hkjes

fa `uhje rkprfmuotnfe rjt`kr t`je t`k ofetrfi fvkr t`k hkjes fa prfmuotnfe

(Hkniijssfux :>0:< ;:). Ne t`ns mfhkstno hfmk fa prfmuotnfe prnvjtk fwekrs`np

mfks eft kxnst7 fek fa t`k hjne rkjsfes afr t`ns ns t`jt t`k mfhkstno ofhhuenty

ns j stjtkikss sfonkty. But w`ke t`ns typk fa kofefhy bkofhks subfrmnejtkm tf

t`k ojpntjinst hfmk fa prfmuotnfe t`rfuc` t`k jrtnouijtnfe fa t`k twf hfmks,nts rkprfmuotnfe bkofhks mnstfrtkm. [eingk Hjrx jem Ikene, w`f jrcukm t`jt

ojpntjinsh wfuim ofhpiktkiy mkstrfy prk-ojpntjinst rkijtnfes fa prfmuotnfe,

Hkniijssfux jrcuks t`jt ojpntjinsh wnii prkskrvk jem sustjne t`k rkijtnfe fa

prfmuotnfe fa t`k mfhkstno ofhhuenty afr nts fwe bkekant. `k kssketnji rfik fa

t`k mfhkstno ofhhuenty afr ojpntjinsh wnii bk t`k prfmuotnfe fa o`kjp ijbfur-

pfwkr jem ofhhfmntnks (Hkniijssfux :>0:< >;). `krkafrk, afr Hkniijssfux t`k

prfokss fa prnhntnvk joouhuijtnfe stnii ofetneuks tfmjy jem ns je kssketnji kikhket

fa t`k prfokss fa jrtnouijtnfe bktwkke ojpntjinsh jem prk-ojpntjinst hfmks fa

prfmuotnfe. `ns ns ofhpiktkiy fppfsntk tf w`jt Hjrx sjnm jbfut t`k prfokss

fa prnhntnvk joouhuijtnfe. Hjrx jrcukm t`jt prnhntnvk joouhuijtnfe kstjbins`kmt`k `nstfrnoji ofemntnfes fa ojpntjinst ofhhfmnty prfmuotnfe by hfektnzjtnfe fa

jii t`k ajotfrs fa prfmuotnfe jem mnspfsskssnfe fa t`k mnrkot prfmuokrs arfh t`knr

hkjes fa prfmuotnfe (O`kvjinkr :>0?< :1:).

Fe t`k bjsns fa `ns stumnks ne Jarnoj, Hkniijssfux jrcuks t`jt t`k pkrsnstkeok

jem rkprfmuotnfe fa t`k prk-ojpntjinst pkjsjetry wnt`ne t`k ojpntjinst wfrim systkh

ns muk tf t`k ofetneunty fa t`k prfokss fa prnhntnvk joouhuijtnfe, w`no` ns ne`krket

ne t`k ijw fa ojpntjinsh (Hkniijssfux :>0:< :43).

Bkrestknes orntnonsh fa t`k pkjsjet hfmk fa prfmuotnfe hfmki ofuim bk jppinkm

tf Hkniijssfuxs hfmk fa prfmuotnfe ne t`k skesk t`jt sfonji rkijtnfes fa prfmuotnfe

jrk eft netkreji tf t`k mfhkstno ofhhuenty but kxtkreji tf nt. Hkniijssfuxsofeokpt fa t`k mfhkstno hfmk fa prfmuotnfe ns bjskm fe j hkt`fmfifcnoji

jssuhptnfe, ejhkiy t`k ekokssnty tf pijok prk-ojpntjinst rkijtnfes ne j okrtjne hfmk

fa prfmuotnfe, sf t`jt rkijtnfes fa subfrmnejtnfe jem mfhnejtnfe bktwkke t`ksk

prk-ojpntjinst rkijtnfes jem ojpntjinsh oje bk kxpifrkm. But nt ns pfssnbik tf kxjhnek

rkijtnfes fa subfrmnejtnfe jem mfhnejtnfe wnt`fut nhpfsnec t`k arjhkwfrg fa j

hfmk fa prfmuotnfe fe t`k sfonkty uemkr stumy. Jeft`kr prfbikh khkrcks arfh

t`k ofeokpt fa rkprfmuotnfe fa t`k mfhkstno ofhhuenty ne jrtnouijtnfe wnt`

ojpntjinsh ne Hkniijssfuxs wfrg. `k ofeokpt fa rkprfmuotnfe jem hjnetkejeok

fa t`k kxnstnec afrhs ns ne`krketiy stjtno (Bkrestkne :>31< 0). Jeft`kr orntnonsh,


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w`no` ns jisf jppinojbik tf hfst jet`rfpfifcnoji jem sfonfifcnoji stumnks, ns t`jt

Hkniijssfux stumnkm feiy j shjii ofhhuenty but hjmk ckekrjinzjtnfes jbfut

jii sf-ojiikm efe-ojpntjinst sfonktnks. Hkniijssfux kxpijnekm kvkryt`nec ne tkrhs

fa t`k ifcno fa ojpntjinsh. S`jt ekkms tf bk mfek ns tf s`fw t`k ofhpikxnty fa

t`k rkijtnfes ne rurji jrkjs by trynec tf s`fw t`k myejhnos stkhhnec arfh t`kspkonanonty fa ofeorktk ojsks, jit`fuc` wnt`fut ofhpiktkiy ncefrnec t`k nhpjot fa

ojpntjinsh fe suo` sntujtnfes.

`kfrktnojiiy jem khpnrnojiiy hfst fa t`k prkokmnec t`kfrnks jem jttkhpts tf

jejiyzk pkjsjets jem ojpntjinsh jem `nrm Sfrim jcrnouiturk rkhjne tff ckekrji.

`ky cnvk okrtjne oiuks `fwkvkr, suo` js t`k uemkrmfc pfsntnfe, skia-kxpifntjtnfe,

ajhniy-ijbfur ajrh jem snhpik ofhhfmnty prfmuotnfe w`no` hnc`t bk uskaui ne

stumynec t`k rurji trjesafrhjtnfe fa `nrm Sfrim jcrnouiturk.

fmjy, ne t`k hjlfrnty fa `nrm Sfrim ofuetrnks ajhniy-bjskm prfmuotnfe

uents prkmfhnejtk ne rurji jrkjs, j ajot w`no` wnii jisf bk s`fwe ne t`ns wfrg.

Sk `jvk jrcukm t`jt eknt`kr t`k inqunmjtnfe efr t`k pkrsnstkeok fr rkprfmuotnfet`ksks `jvk bkke jbik tf kxpijne t`ns p`kefhkefe sjtnsajotfrniy. Fek s`fuim eft

bk hnsikm by t`k afrhji jppkjrjeok fa ajhniy-ijbfur ajrhs, bkojusk t`k rkijtnfes

fa prfmuotnfe ne w`no` t`k ajhniy ns kecjckm hnc`t `jvk o`jeckm ofhpiktkiy,

nhpiynec t`jt t`k ajhniy ajrh ne t`k akumji krj mnaakrs arfh t`k ajhniy ajrh ne

ojpntjinsh. `krkafrk, t`k prfbikhjtno jrkj `js tf bk s`natkm arfh t`k ofeokpt

fa rkprfmuotnfe fa prk-ojpntjinst afrhs. N oje jrcuk tketjtnvkiy t`jt t`k prfbikh

s`fuim bk pfskm ne tkrhs fa jmjptjtnfes fa ajhniy ajrhs tf o`jecnec kxtkreji

struoturks, jem t`ns jmjptjtnfe oje tjgk hjey afrhs mkpkemnec fe ofeorktk ojsks.

`krkafrk nt ns ekokssjry afr jet`rfpfifcnsts tf try tf jejiyzk t`k ofhpikxnty fa

ofeorktk ojsks wnt`ne t`k o`jecnec ijrckr struoturks.

:.? ]`k _tumy Ifojtnfe

N skikotkm t`k Mknr Jiij jrkj afr hy ojsk stumy bkojusk fa t`k kxnstkeok fa vjrnfus

afrhs fa ijem fwekrs`np, vjrnfus orfp pjttkres, vjrnfus afrhs fa ijbfur usk,

mnaakrket sfonji prfmuotnfe uents, mnaakrket sfonji jem kt`eno crfups (bksnmks t`k

ifoji pkfpik, t`krk jrk Kcyptnjes jem Tjgnstjens) `ksk ajotfrs hjgk nt je jrkj t`jt

rkprkskets t`k ofhpinojtkm ejturk fa rkijtnfes jt mnaakrket ikvkis. `k ofeoiusnfes

tf bk mrjwe arfh j stumy fa t`k jrkj jrk jisf kxtkemkm tf t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky js j

w`fik, js t`k jrkj rkprkskets hjlfr sojttkrkm kikhkets ne mnaakrket pjrts fa t`kQjiiky.

Js afr t`k uent fa stumy, nt wjs ofesnmkrkm nejmvnsjbik tf skikot snhpiy j skttikhket

(vniijck fr tfwe), bkojusk skttikhkets mf eft jiwjys rkaikot t`k ofhpikxnty fa t`k

jcrjrnje struoturk fa t`k jrkj. Ne t`k jrkj fa Mknr Jiij j ijrck pfrtnfe fa t`k

ajrhkrs jrk invnec fe t`knr ajrhs. `ky jrk s`jrkorfppkrs, fwekr ajhniy-ijbfur

ajrhkrs fr ifoji hjejckrs fa t`k bnc Bjyjrj`(ontrus prfmuotnfe frcjenzjtnfe).`krkafrk, ne frmkr tf anii t`ns cjp, N o`fsk t`k mkvkifphketji orntkrnj fa t`k Lfrmje

Qjiiky Jut`frnty (LQJ). `ksk orntkrnj jrk uskm tf mnvnmk t`k w`fik nrrncjtkm jrkj

fa t`k Qjiiky netf mnaakrket bjsnes. `k Mknr Jiij jrkj ofesnsts fa skvkrji bjsnes


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(js s`fwe fe hjp :)7 t`k euhbkrs fa t`ksk bjsnes jrk 2:, 22, 2?, 2=, 2;, 2> jem

?4. Arfh t`ksk N skikotkm ef. 2?, t`k ijrckst bjsne ne t`k w`fik Qjiiky. Nt ofesnsts

fa 344 jcrnouiturji uents, wnt` je jrkj fa jpprfxnhjtkiy 20,444 mueuh (2,044

`kotjrks).

Hjp : Mknr Jiij jrkj wnt` bjsne euhbkrs js rkakrrkm tf ne t`k tkxt.


20/116

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:.?.: Ckfcrjp`noji jem Kofifcnoji _kttnec

`k Mknr Jiij jrkj ns ifojtkm ne t`k hnmmik fa t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky. `k kofifcnoji jem

ckfcrjp`noji akjturks fa t`k jrkj jrk rkprksketjtnvk fa t`jt fa t`k Qjiiky js j w`fik.

`k Lfrmje Qjiiky ns sntujtkm ne t`k wkstkre pjrt fa Lfrmje. Nt kxtkems arfh Ijgk

nbkrnjs, w`no` inks 244 hktkrs bkifw skj ikvki, tf t`k Mkjm _kj, w`no`, js t`k

ifwkst pfnet fe kjrt`, ns jbfut =44 hktkrs bkifw skj ikvki. `k wnmt` fa t`k Qjiiky

rjecks arfh = tf :1 gh. `k oinhjtk fa t`k Qjiiky ns uenquk< nt ns `ft ne suhhkr

(jvkrjck tkhpkrjturk ?2 O), jem hfmkrjtk ne wnetkr (jvkrjck tkhpkrjturk :;-:0

O), jaakotkm by t`k `uhnmnty fa t`k Hkmntkrrjekje wnem jem by t`k mry Kjstkre

wnems. Nt ns t`ns `ft tf hfmkrjtk oinhjtk jii ykjr rfuem w`no` tfckt`kr wnt` t`k

jvjnijbik wjtkr suppiy hjgks t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky nmkji afr jcrnouiturk.

:.= Jnhs jem Fblkotnvks

Js N `jvk stjtkm kjrinkr, twf oruonji qukstnfes jrk jmmrksskm< anrst, w`jt wjs t`kspkonanonty fa t`k fim jcrjrnje struoturk fa t`k jrkj (w`no` N wnii ojii t`k @jrrjt`

kofefhy) ne t`k aueotnfenec jem hjnetkejeok fa rurji struoturks prnfr tf t`k

:>;4s6 _kofemiy, `fw `jvk rkoket sfonji frcjenzjtnfes fa prfmuotnfe kvfivkm arfh

kjrinkr afrhs, jem w`jt ajotfrs `jvk bkke neaiuketnji ne t`knr mkvkifphket jem

`fw jrk t`ksk ekw afrhs netkcrjtkm wnt`ne t`k ijrckr w`fik6

Ne pursunec t`ksk prfbikhs t`k rkijtnfes fa mnstrnbutnfe, kxo`jeck jem

ofesuhptnfe jrk kxpifrkm. _uo` rkijtnfes ojeeft bk uemkrstffm wnt`fut stumynec

jem mktkrhnenec rkoket rkijtnfes fa prfmuotnfe, but bkojusk fa t`k ofhpikxnty fa

t`k sfonji struoturk fa t`k jrkj nt ns vkry mnaanouit tf mktkrhnek t`k jbfvk rkijtnfes

wnt`fut rkakrrnec tf t`knr `nstfry. `krkafrk, t`k stumy ns j `nstfrnojiiy neafrhkmkhpnrnoji rkskjro` jttkhpt.

Ne o`jptkr 2, ijem fwekrs`np ns mnsousskm. `k `nstfrnoji kvfiutnfe fa kxnstnec

ijem fwekrs`np pjttkres jem fa mnaakrket ijem ijws ns tjgke netf ofesnmkrjtnfe.

Anrstiy, t`k ijtkst Fttfhje ijem ijw t`jt wjs ne fpkrjtnfe (t`jt fa :0;0) ns

kxjhnekm. _kofemiy, t`k ijem rkcnstrjtnfe fa :>?1 wnt` w`no` prnvjtk prfpkrty

fa ijem wjs netrfmuokm ns jisf stumnkm. Anejiiy, t`k ijem rkafrh prfcrjhhk fa t`k

:>14s jem nts rfik ne t`k ourrket ijem fwekrs`np pjttkre ns jejiyzkm.

O`jptkr ? mnsoussks t`k fim sfonji rkijtnfes fa prfmuotnfe fa t`k @jrrjt`

kofefhy, w`no` wjs aueotnfenec ne t`k Mknr Jiij rkcnfe prnfr tf t`k :>;4s. `krk

ns jisf je jttkhpt tf ckekrjinzk t`k @jrrjt` kofefhy afr Lfrmje js j w`fik.`k fim nrrncjtnfe systkh t`jt wjs ne fpkrjtnfe prnfr tf t`k :>;4s ns kxpifrkm

ne t`ns o`jptkr js wkii, w`nik t`k prksket nrrncjtnfe systkh ns mnsousskm t`rfuc`fut

t`k wfrg. `k fim systkh wjs ofetrfiikm by t`k s`kng`s fa t`k mnaakrket oijes t`jt

invkm ne t`k Mknr Jiij jrkj. Je jttkhpt ns hjmk tf s`fw `fw wjtkr wjs mnstrnbutkm

jem `fw t`ns jaakotkm prfmuotnfe jem nts sfonji rkijtnfes ne t`k jrkj fa stumy.

Ne o`jptkr =, t`k kvfiutnfe fa orkmnt jem orkmnt nestntutnfes jem hko`jensh

wnii bk mnsousskm. Hjrgkt frnketkm ofhhkronji ajrhnec (bk nt fe ajhniy ajrhs

fr `nc`iy hko`jenzkm ajrhs) `js neorkjsneciy bkofhk mkpkemket fe orkmnts.

@fwkvkr, prfmuokrs ne t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky `jvk mnaakrketnji jem uekquji jookss tf

orkmnts faakrkm t`rfuc` afrhji jem neafrhji o`jeekis. Fek fa t`k `ypft`ksks fa


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t`k rkskjro` wnii bk t`jt t`ns uekquji jookss ns rkijtkm tf uekquji mnstrnbutnfe fa

ijem jem ne ture neorkjsks nekqujinty jhfecst rurji prfmuokrs.

`k Tjikstnenje hncrjtnfe tf t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky ne t`k bkcneenec fa t`k :>;4s

pijykm je nhpfrtjet rfik ne t`k rurji mkvkifphket fa t`k Mknr Jiij jrkj jem ne t`k

Lfrmje Qjiiky js j w`fik. `ns ns brfuc`t netf ofesnmkrjtnfe bft` ne t`k skofemjem afurt` o`jptkrs.

`k stjtk tffg rurji mkvkifphket fe nts s`fuimkrs kjriy ne t`k :>;4s. _tjtk

pfinonks fe rurji mkvkifphket `jm mnaakrketnji kaakots fe vjrnfus skchkets fa t`k

rurji sfonkty. `ns o`jptkr wnii ofeoketrjtk fe okrtjne stjtk pfinonks tf niiuhnejtk

t`k wjys ne w`no` t`ky `jvk bkke neaiuketnji ne t`k khkrckeok fa vjrnfus ajrhnec

systkhs ne t`k Qjiiky. `k stjtk ns rkprksketkm ne t`k jrkj fa stumy t`rfuc` t`k LQJ

jem t`k Hnenstry fa Jcrnouiturk js ajr js jcrnouiturk ns ofeokrekm.

_neok t`k stjtk js bkke nevfivkm ne mkvkifpnec t`k nearjstruoturk ne rurji jrkjs,

netrfmuonec ekw orfp vjrnktnks jem ekw tko`efifcy wnt` t`k kip jem offpkrjtnfe

fa netkrejtnfeji jckeonks ingk t`k NBRM (Netkrejtnfeji Bjeg afr Rkofestruotnfejem Mkvkifphket) jem [_JNM ([entkm _tjtks Jckeoy afr Netkrejtnfeji

Mkvkifphket), t`k kxtket fa t`k nevfivkhket fa vjrnfus netkrejtnfeji jckeonks ne

t`k vjiiky ns kvjiujtkm. Jisf je jttkhpt wnii bk hjmk tf skk w`kt`kr fr eft t`ksk

jckeonks `jvk bkke neaiuketnji ne t`k mktkrhnejtnfe fa t`k ourrket ajrhnec systkh.

@fwkvkr, N rkjinzk t`jt N hjy eft bk jbik tf afrhuijtk sjtnsajotfry kxpijejtnfes

afr t`k rfik jem nhpjot fa t`k stjtk jem netkrejtnfeji jckeonks ne t`k ourrket rurji

prfmuotnfe systkhs ne t`k jrkj. But na N oje mkvkifp okrtjne `ypft`ksks jem rjnsk

sfhk qukstnfes N bkinkvk t`ns pjrt fa hy rkskjro` wnii `jvk suookkmkm ne nts jnh.

Ne o`jptkr ; t`k prksket jcrjrnje struoturk fa t`k Mknr Jiij jrkj ns tjgke netf

ofesnmkrjtnfe. @krk t`k sfonji frcjenzjtnfe fa prfmuotnfe ns mnsousskm ne mkpt` tfanem fut `fw t`k mnaakrket frcjenzjtnfes aueotnfe jem jisf tf mkanek t`k spkonano

rkijtnfes bktwkke vjrnfus crfups fa pkfpik ne mnaakrket prfmuotnfe uents. Ne

frmkr tf s`fw t`k jmjptjtnfe prfokss jem t`k ajrhnec prjotnoks fa t`k mnaakrket

frcjenzjtnfes N `jvk hjmk ofst/bkekant jejiysks fa t`k ijttkr, jpjrt arfh t`k sfonji

crfups fa mnaakrket frcjenzjtnfes fa prfmuotnfe. Hkro`jets js j sfonji crfup jrk

brfuc`t netf t`k jejiysns. Jisf t`rfuc`fut t`ns o`jptkr t`k struoturk fa hjrgkt

rkijtnfes ns tjgke netf ofesnmkrjtnfe.

O`jptkr 1 wnii s`fw t`k rksuit fa rurji trjesafrhjtnfe uetni t`k hnm fa :>04s.

Ne t`ns o`jptkr t`krk ns je jttkhpt tf prkmnot okrtjne o`jecks ofeokrenec spkonano

sfonji rkijtnfes fa prfmuotnfe.O`jptkr 3 prkskets t`k futofhk fa t`k rkskjro` ofemuotkm ne :>>3 tf kxjhnek

spkonanojiiy t`k prkmnotnfes t`jt `jvk bkke wrnttke jihfst tke ykjrs bkafrk, jem

ckekrjiiy tf upmjtk t`k neafrhjtnfe jbfut okrtjne oruonji trjesafrhjtnfes,

kspkonjiiy ne t`k krj fa sf-ojiikm cifbjinzjtnfe.


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:.; @nstfrnoji Bjogcrfuem

Ne frmkr tf kvjiujtk t`k mnrkotnfe jem ejturk fa t`k hfmkre o`jecks, nt ns ekokssjry

tf iffg jt t`k prkvnfus struoturks. `k afiifwnec ns je joofuet fa t`k `nstfrnoji

prfokssks t`jt `jvk pijykm je nhpfrtjet rfik ne mktkrhnenec t`k rkoket struoturk

fa t`k Mknr Jiij jrkj jem fa t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky js j w`fik. J mktjnikm survky fa t`k

intkrjturk wnii faakr j bkttkr uemkrstjemnec fa t`ns prfokss.

[etni t`k :>=4s t`k Mknr Jiij jrkj wjs jihfst j trfpnoji afrkst, ofesnstnec fa

ùck okmjr trkks jem fa ifec mkesk bus`ks ojiikm Bftfh. `k prkskeok fa wjtkr

ofursks jem t`k `nc` tkhpkrjturk hjmk t`k jrkj j suntjbik brkkmnec crfuem afr

neskots suo` js hfsquntf7 hjijrnj wjs t`krkafrk kemkhno. `ksk ofemntnfes kipkm

tf mktkrhnek t`k mkhfcrjp`y fa t`k jrkj. [eafrtuejtkiy t`krk jrk ef stjtnstnos fe

pfpuijtnfe afr t`k jrkj, but fek oje neakr arfh t`k sntujtnfe ne t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky

js j w`fik. Joofrmnec tf Jhkrnoje rkpfrts t`krk wkrk feiy jbfut 0,444 pkfpik ne

t`k w`fik Lfrmje Qjiiky (Bfkgkr :>00< ;). `ns ancurk, `fwkvkr, hnc`t eft rkaikot

t`k mkhfcrjp`no rkjinty, bkojusk hfst fa t`k pkfpik ne t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky wkrk

invnec ne tkets, jem eft ne hum-brnog fusks, uetni t`k :>=4s. `krkafrk t`ns ancurk

prfbjbiy jppinks tf t`k pkfpik ne skttikm vniijcks, w`nik ne t`k ojsk fa t`k Mknr

Jiij jrkj (joofrmnec tf hfst neafrhjets) jii pkfpik wkrk invnec ne tkets. Ckekrjiiy

spkjgnec, t`k kofifcnoji ofemntnfes inhntkm pfpuijtnfe neorkjsk ne t`k jrkj jem ne

t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky.

`k jcrjrnje struoturk ne Mknr Jiij s`fwkm j hfrk fr ikss stjtno o`jrjotkr

bktwkke :0;0 jem t`k :>?4s. Ijem jem wjtkr wkrk uemkr t`k ofetrfi fa oije

ikjmkrs (_`kng`s) w`f `jm spkonano sfonji rkijtnfes wnt` t`k mnrkot prfmuokrs, t`k

@jrrjt`kke(pifuc`hke). `k ijttkr wkrk knt`kr hkhbkrs fa ft`kr oijes (ne t`k ojskfa @urroijes) fr hkhbkrs fa t`k sjhk oije (ne t`k ojsk fa C`jwjrekòijes). `k

ijem ne t`k Mknr Jiij rkcnfe wjs mnvnmkm jhfec vjrnfus oijes w`nik `fusk`fims fa

t`k ijemikss ijbfurkrs, t`k @jrrjt`kke, `jm usuaruotujry rnc`ts tf t`k oije ijems.

`k rkijtnfes`np bktwkke t`k _`kng`jem t`k @jrrjt`wjs kxpifntjtnvk< t`k _`kng`jpprfprnjtkm t`rkk qujrtkrs fa t`k @jrrjt`s prfmuotnfe js rket7 t`k rkhjnemkr wjs

ikat afr ofesuhptnfe by t`k @jrrjt`s `fusk`fim.

`k hjne orfps wkrk okrkjis, neoiumnec w`kjt jem bjriky, w`ntk hjnzk jem

sksjhk. J hjlfr pjrt fa t`k jpprfprnjtkm jhfuet wjs kxo`jeckm by t`k _`kng`sne

mnaakrket hjrgkts, hjneiy ne _jit ne t`k kjstkre ncìjems jem ne Ejbius ne Tjikstnek.

Ne t`ns typk fa kofefhy t`k @jrrjt`s `fusk`fim jem t`k oije ofestntutkm t`k bjsnosfonji uents. Jenhji usbjemry (hjneiy cfjts jem ofws) wjs t`k skofemjry sfurok

fa subsnstkeok afr t`k @jrrjt` `fusk`fim, w`nik mfegkys jem ojhkis wkrk uskm js

wfrgnec jenhjis.

Murnec t`k Fttfhje pkrnfm jem t`k anrst anatkke ykjrs fa t`k Hjemjtk pkrnfm,

t`k stjtk jpprfprnjtkm pjrt fa t`k surpius ne gnem arfh t`k _`kng`sfa t`k oijes. Ne

:>?? prnvjtk ijem fwekrs`np wjs netrfmuokm tf t`k jrkj, jem hfeky tjxks bkojhk

t`k hjne afrh fa surpius jpprfprnjtnfe arfh t`k ajrhkrs uetni :>12 w`ke t`k

stjtk nhpikhketkm j ijem rkafrh pfinoy. `k ijem fa bnc ijem fwekrs wjs mnvnmkm

jem mnstrnbutkm jhfec mnaakrket pkfpik, neoiumnec ifoji pkfpik, w`kt`kr t`ky wkrk

C`jwjrek`,o

bkkm fr @urr, hncrjet Tjikstnenjes jem ft`kr pkfpik arfh futsnmkfa t`k Mknr Jiij jrkj jem kvke arfh futsnmk t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky. `k ijttkr crfup


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2:

sffe ofetrfiikm hfst fa t`k ijem pifts. `ns crfup wjs hjneiy invnec ne Jhhje

js jbsketkk ijemifrms.

Ofupikm wnt` t`k prnvjtnzjtnfe fa t`k ijem, t`k ijem rkafrh pfinoy crjmujiiy

pjvkm t`k wjy afr t`k mkvkifphket fa ojpntjinst rkijtnfes ne t`k Lfrmjenje

ofuetrysnmk, pjrtnouijriy ne t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky. Jt anrst t`k netrfmuotnfe faprnvjtk fwekrs`np fa ijem ne :>?? mnm eft o`jeck t`k kxnstnec sfonji rkijtnfes fa

prfmuotnfe, snhpiy bkojusk wnt` prnvjtnzjtnfe fa t`k ijem t`k mk ajotfofetrfiikrs

fa t`k ijem jem wjtkr rksfuroks bkojhk mk lurkfwekrs fvkrenc`t. But prfmuotnvkafroks mnm eft mkvkifp jt j snhnijr pjok, n.k., t`k tko`efifcnoji ikvki rkhjnekm t`k

sjhk bkafrk jem jatkr :>??, t`krkafrk t`k @jrrjt` kofefhy ofetneukm tf fpkrjtk

uetni t`k kem fa t`k :>=4s. Ekw kikhkets bkcje tf jppkjr jem fpkrjtk ne t`k jrkj

ne t`k bkcneenec fa t`k :>;4s. Anrstiy, pfpuijtnfe mkesnty neorkjskm mrjhjtnojiiy

js j rksuit fa t`k Tjikstnenje kxfmus jatkr :>=0 wjr jem t`k orkjtnfe fa Nsrjki7 t`ns

ne ture neorkjskm t`k mkhjem afr ijem. _kofemiy, Lfrmjes neofrpfrjtnfe netf t`k

wfrim systkh wjs netkesnankm t`rfuc` t`k fpkrjtnfe fa netkrejtnfeji jckeonks net`k jrkj. Je netkrejtnfeji jcrnouiturk rkskjro` stjtnfe wjs kstjbins`km ne Mknr Jiij

ne :>;2, w`no` netrfmuokm ekw orfp pjttkres, hjneiy vkcktjbiks wnt` t`k usk fa

hjo`neks, o`khnoji akrtninzkrs jem pkstnonmks.

Ne :>;3 t`k stjtk mkstrfykm t`k fim nrrncjtnfe systkh jem kstjbins`km j ekw

fek. `k ekw systkh ns gefwe js t`k Kjst C`fr Ojeji. `k ofetrfi fa wjtkr

rksfuroks jem t`k nrrncjtnfe systkh wjs gkpt ne t`k `jems fa t`k stjtk nestkjm fa

bknec ikat tf nemnvnmujis. `k nrrncjtnfe so`khk wjs anejeokm wnt` t`k `kip fa

[_JNM. `k ijttkr hjnetjnekm j vkry strfec neaiukeok fe t`k stjtks jcrnouiturji

pfinonks. Afr nestjeok, jifec wnt` [_JNM, t`k stjtk nhpikhketkm j ijem rkafrh

ne :>12 mnvnmnec jii t`k ijem fa t`k vjiiky nrrncjtkm by t`k Kjst C`fr Ojeji netfshjii pifts rjecnec arfh 20-=4 mueuhs jem mnstrnbutnec t`kh tf ekkmy ajrhkrs.

Js j ofeskqukeok fa stjtk pfinonks, okrkji prfmuotnfe mkoinekm mrjhjtnojiiy jem

rjpnmiy, w`krkjs vkcktjbiks wkrk netrfmuokm js ekw ojs` orfp. Ajrhkrs bkcje

tf usk hjo`neks, o`khnoji akrtninzkrs jem pkstnonmks7 t`krkafrk prfmuotnvnty wjs

neorkjskm.

Ne t`k ;4s jem 14s, s`jrkorfppnec bkojhk t`k mfhnejet akjturk fa jcrjrnje

rkijtnfes ne t`k Mknr Jiij jrkj. _neok t`k prfmuotnfe fa ekw orfps `jm mnaakrket

ijbfur rkqunrkhkets, wjck ijbfur jisf kstjbins`km ntskia js fek fa t`k bjsno ijbfur

afrhs ne t`k jrkj. Jem ne t`k :>34s Kcyptnje hncrjet ijbfurkrs hkt t`k ekkms fa

t`ns ekw orfp prfmuotnfe afr wjck ijbfur. kejeoy jppkjrs ne t`ns ijst pkrnfm js jrksuit fa t`ns o`kjp hncrjet ijbfur afrh. Ne t`k ijtk :>34s t`k usk fa crkke`fusks

rjpnmiy kxpjemkm ne t`k jrkj. Ontrus fro`jrms jisf kxpjemkm ne t`ns pkrnfm. Ne t`k

:>04s Tjgnstjen ajrhkrs bkcje tf jppkjr js s`jrkorfppkrs jem ne t`k :>>4s bkcje

tf afrh t`knr fwe ofhhuenty. Ne t`ns ijst pkrnfm Kcyptnje ijbfurkrs bkcje tf

kstjbins` shjii neafrhji offpkrjtnvks jhfec t`khskivks rketnec fek fr twf pifts

js tkejets.

Je nhpfrtjet kikhket ofhhfe t`rfuc`fut t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky ns t`jt t`k

stjtk, rkprksketkm by t`k LQJ, ns t`k rkji fwekr fa t`k ijem jem wjtkr suppinks,

w`nik nemnvnmujis jrk t`k ikcji pfsskssfrs. `k buynec jem skiinec fa ijem `js tf

bk ojrrnkm fut t`rfuc` t`k LQJ. `jt hkjes, na je nemnvnmuji fwekr wjets tf


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skii `ns pift fa ijem, t`k LQJ buys nt arfh `nh jt t`k fim prnok afr w`no` `k

bfuc`t t`k ijem, jem skiis nt tf jeft`kr nemnvnmuji jt t`k ourrket prnok. `ns prnok

ns mktkrhnekm joofrmnec tf ijem hjrgkt afroks js mkonmkm by t`k LQJ. `us netkr-

pkrsfeji ijem trjesakrs jrk eft jiifwkm jem t`k LQJ hfefpfinzks t`k ijem hjrgkt.

`k stjtk, rkprksketkm by t`k Hnenstry fa Jcrnouiturk, jisf mktkrhneks t`k typk,jhfuet jem qujinty fa prfmuotnfe t`rfuc` jppiynec t`k Ejhjt ji-\krjypfinoy

(jcrnouiturji pjttkrenec< t`k prfvnsnfes fa w`no` ajrhkrs jrk fbinckm tf afiifw, fr

ajok pkejinzjtnfe).

Orkmnt nestntutnfes, w`kt`kr pkrsfeji, prnvjtk fr cfvkrehketji wkrk kstjbins`km

t`rfuc`fut t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky arfh t`k bkcneenec fa t`k :>14s. _uo` nestntutnfes

cnvk orkmnts tf t`k ajrhkrs uekqujiiy. `ns nekqujinty fa orkmnts ns rkijtkm tf t`k

nekqujinty fa ijem `fimnec, je nssuk w`no` wnii bk mnsousskm ne o`jptkr afur.

Bkojusk fa t`k orkmnt systkh jem t`k mfhnejtnfe fa hjrgkt rkijtnfes by

hkro`jets, t`k shjii ajrhkrs sffe akii ne t`k mkbt trjp tf t`k kxtket t`jt hfrk

t`je 04% ofuim eft rkpjy t`k frncneji jhfuet fa t`k ifje efr t`k jhfuet fa t`knetkrkst fa t`k ifje. `k orkmnt nestntutnfes, kspkonjiiy t`k afrhji feks, jisf akii ne

t`k mkbt trjp sneok t`ky ojeeft ckt t`knr hfeky bjog jem bkojusk t`ky ofuim eft

tjgk t`k ijem arfh t`k nemnvnmuji js hketnfekm kjrinkr. Murnec t`k ijtk :>04s, t`k

cfvkrehket wfrgkm fe ekw jrrjeckhkets tf inbkrjinzk t`k ijem hjrgkt, sf t`jt

t`k orkmnt nestntutnfes oje kxprfprnjtk t`k ijem arfh t`k ajrhkrs.

`ns brnka joofuet fa t`k `nstfrnoji prfokss cnvks j oikjr nemnojtnfe fa t`k

ofhpikxnty fa t`k jcrjrnje struoturk ne t`k jrkj jem `fw nt ns ne j ofetneufus

prfokss fa o`jeck. `ns ofhpikxnty ns mnaanouit tf hjto` wnt` t`k hjlfr t`kfrktnoji

jpprfjo`ks fa inqunmjtnfe jem survnvji, js hketnfekm kjrinkr, ne tkrhs fa t`k

prfiktjrnjenzjtnfe fa t`k ajrhkrs fr fa t`knr survnvji wnt`ne je neorkjsneciyofhhkronjinzkm jcrnouiturk.

:.1 Ankimwfrg

Hy rksnmkeok murnec ankim wfrg wjs ne Mknr Jiij vniijck jt t`k Mknr Jiij _tjtnfe

afr Jro`jkfifcnoji _tumnks.

Kjriy murnec t`k ankim rkskjro` N hkt je fim pkrsfe (t`k cujrm fa t`k stjtnfe)7

wk bkojhk oifsk arnkems jem `k bkojhk hy gky neafrhjet murnec hy tnhk ne t`k

jrkj, w`no` ofesnstkm fa jbfut tke mjys survky jem t`rkk hfet`s ankim rkskjro`. Ne

t`k skofem pkrnfm fa ankim stumy ne :>>3 N spket jihfst fek hfet`.Murnec ankimwfrg jem wnt` t`k jnm fa hy gky neafrhjet N wjs jbik tf oijssnay

t`k 344 uents netf skvkrji typks fa prfmuotnfe frcjenzjtnfe, suo` js shjii ojpntjinst

ajrhs, fwekr-ajhniy ajrhs, s`jrkorfppnec bjskm ajrhs, tkejeoy bjskm ajrhs jem

ontrus arunt frcjenzjtnfes (Bjyjrj). _uo` frcjenzjtnfes nevfivkm vjrnfus ijbfur

afrhs suo` js ajhniy ijbfur, rkcnfeji hncrjet wjck ijbfur (skjsfeji, nrrkcuijr jem

mjniy ijbfur), ifoji akhjik wjck ijbfur (t`krk ns ef ifoji hjik wjck ijbfur), jem

netkrejtnfeji ijbfur ne t`k afrh fa s`jrkorfppnec jem tkejeoy. `ksk mnaakrket

typks fa frcjenzjtnfe prfmuok mnaakrket typks fa orfps suo` js vkcktjbiks, ontrus

arunts jem okrkjis.


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N o`fsk fek uent js kxjhpik rkprksketnec j typk fa frcjenzjtnfe fr j typk

fa ijbfur afrh. Hy gky neafrhjet netrfmuokm hk tf t`k ajrhkrs uemkr stumy,

bkojusk `k wjs wkii gefwe ne t`k jrkj jem N wjs iuogy tf cjne t`knr ofeanmkeok.

Snt`ne j rkijtnvkiy s`frt pkrnfm, N bkojhk ajhninjr wnt` t`kh, pjrtnjiiy s`jrnec

sfhk fa t`knr mjniy jotnvntnks ne t`k ankim jem jt enc`t instkenec tf t`knr fim jemhfrk rkoket stfrnks.

:.1.: Rkskjro` Hkt`fms

Tjrtnonpjet fbskrvjtnfe ns t`k hjne strjtkcy N uskm ne ofiikotnec ankim neafrhjtnfe.

Nt ns eft j fek snecik hkt`fm but j ofiikotnfe fa hkt`fms, suo` js fbskrvnec

wnt`fut jsgnec but t`rfuc` s`jrnec jotnvntnks, fr fbskrvnec t`rfuc` jsgnec, fr

afrhji jem neafrhji netkrvnkws, kto. `jt ns w`y nt ns j rkskjro` strjtkcy (Bkrejrm

:>00< :;4).

`ns strjtkcy ekokssntjtkm invnec jhfec t`k ajrhkrs fa bjsne ef.2?, fbskrvnec

t`knr mjniy jotnvntnks, jttntumks jem rkofrmnec t`knr fbskrvjtnfes jem fpnenfes

ofeokrenec t`k futkr wfrim. Ejturjiiy fbskrvnec t`rfuc` pjrtnonpjtnfe ns feiy

aruntaui ne t`k kxpifrjtnfe jem stumy fa t`k ofetkhpfrjry jcrjrnje struoturk fa

Mknr Jiij7 nt ojeeft rkvkji huo` jbfut t`k `nstfrnoji kvfiutnfe fa t`ns struoturk

efr jbfut rkcnfeji systkhs t`jt ajrhkrs jrk kecjckm ne. `ns mnaanouity nhpfskm

by t`k inhntjtnfes fa pjrtnonpjet fbskrvjtnfe tjgke js j hkt`fm ns jiikvnjtkm by

usnec jeft`kr hkt`fm, ejhkiy rkofrmnec frji `nstfry fa t`k pkfpik ne t`k jrkj fa

stumy. `k ifec-tkrh prkskeok fa pkfpik ne t`knr fwe ifojinty ns quntk vjiujbik ne

kxpifrnec t`k prkvnfus inak fa t`k jrkj. Ne jmmntnfe tf frji `nstfrnks ofiikotkm arfh

t`k fim pkfpik, j euhbkr fa mktjnikm ne-mkpt` netkrvnkws wjs ojrrnkm fut, jisffutsnmk t`k jrkj fa stumy, hjneiy ne Nrbnm, Gjrjg jem Hjmjbj. `ns wjs mfek ne

frmkr tf cjne ofhpjrjtnvk nesnc`ts netf sfonji rkijtnfes, w`no` wfuim put pjrt fa

hy hjtkrnji arfh t`k vjiiky netf j wnmkr ofetkxt.

Je jmmntnfeji inbrjry stumy fa mfouhketjry sfuroks wjs uskm tf ofiikot hjtkrnji

t`jt ojeeft bk fbtjnekm t`rfuc` t`k jbfvk hketnfekm rkskjro` hkt`fms. Sfrg fe

t`k wrnttke hjtkrnji jnhkm tf ofvkr pubinojtnfes fa nestntutnfes neoiumnec?1 murnec t`k Brntns` Hjemjtk pkrnfm, w`krk fwekrs`np

o`jeck arfh t`k stjtk tf prnvjtk nemnvnmujis but t`k sfonji rkijtnfes fa prfmuotnfemnm eft o`jeck. `krkafrk, t`k o`jeck ne ijem ijws mfks eft rkaikot o`jeck ne t`k

sfonji struoturk fe w`no` t`k ijws wkrk nhpfskm. Ne t`k ijem rkafrh fa t`k :>14s,

`fwkvkr, t`k sfonji rkijtnfes fa prfmuotnfe ketnrkiy o`jeckm, but eft bkojusk

fa t`k ijem rkafrh. Jcrjrnje prfmuotnfe rkijtnfes bkcje tf o`jeck, js wk wnii

skk ijtkr, by t`k ijtk :>=4s, jem by t`k :>14s t`k w`fik jcrjrnje struoturk `js

bkke trjesafrhkm. `k ijem rkafrh wjs j rksuit fa t`k ekw stjtks ekkms t`jt ne

ture wkrk muk hjneiy tf t`k Tjikstnenje kxfmus, jem fa netkrejtnfeji ekkms fa

neofrpfrjtnec t`k jrkj netf t`k wfrim kofefhy t`rfuc` prfmuotnfe afr bft` t`k

netkreji jem kxtkreji hjrgkts. `jt ns, sfonji rkijtnfes fa ijem fwekrs`np ne t`k

jrkj jrk strfeciy rkijtkm tf t`k stjtk. Ofetrfiikrs fa t`k ijem ne t`k Mknr Jiij jrkjjem ne t`k w`fik Lfrmje Qjiiky wkrk jiwjys pfsskssfrs, eft fwekrs, kxokpt afr j

s`frt tnhk bktwkke t`k hnm-:>?4s jem hnm-:>14s. `ns hkjes t`jt ijem ijws

bkojhk supkrstruoturji rkaikotnfes.

`krkafrk nt ns nhpfrtjet tf kxjhnek okrtjne ijem ijws, suo` js t`k ijst Fttfhje

ijem ijw w`no` wjs neaiuketnji fe t`k prksket ijem fwekrs`np pjttkre ne Lfrmje

(ejhkiy t`jt fa :0;0), t`k ijem skttikhket prfokss bkcue ne :>?? jem t`k ijem

rkafrh prfcrjhhk fa t`k :>14s. `k kxjhnejtnfe fa suo` ijws wnii tjgk pijok ne

t`k inc`t fa t`k jcrjrnje rkijtnfes jem fa t`k stjtks pfintnoji pfwkr.


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2.2 ]rjes-Lfrmje uemkr Fttfhje Ruik

`k jrkj ofvkrkm by prksket mjy Lfrmje wjs uemkr Fttfhje ruik afr jpprfxnhjtkiy

afur oketurnks, murnec w`no` tnhk t`k sfonf-kofefhno struoturk rkhjnekm bjogwjrm

rkijtnvk tf ft`kr Jrjb ijems. `ns bjogwjrmekss wjs j rksuit fa t`k ejturk fa t`k

Fttfhje stjtk. `k Fttfhje burkjuorjoy squjemkrkm t`k jvjnijbik surpius fe

ueprfmuotnvk jotnvntnks, pjrtnouijriy fe hnintjry kxpjesnfe (Nsijhfciu jem Gkmkr

:>33< ;4). `k stjtk wjs eft netkrkstkm ne mkvkifpnec t`k jrkj7 nts rfik wjs ofeanekm

tf tjx ofiikotnfe, fe tjgnec fut t`k jvjnijbik surpius.

Js j rksuit, t`k jrkj ofvkrkm by prksket mjy Lfrmje rkhjnekm t`k hfst bjogwjrm

jrkj ne t`k Jrjb Sfrim (@furjen :>30< :=). Bksnmks t`k pfintnoji ajotfr, kofifcy

jisf ofetrnbutkm tf t`ns bjogwjrmekss. J ijrck pfrtnfe fa Lfrmje ns mkskrt jem ijrck

skchkets fa t`k pfpuijtnfe wkrk bkmfune prjotnsnec ojhki `krmnec. _neok t`ns

typk fa krmnec js je kofefhno jotnvnty wjs eft jbik tf prfmuok suaanonket surpius,

t`k Bkmfune rjnmkm t`k ojrjvjes jem vniijcks tf hjnetjne rkprfmuotnfe, j sntujtnfe

t`jt ojuskm t`k Fttfhje stjtk fe t`k fek `jem tf mkpify arfh tnhk tf tnhk ijrck

euhbkr fa nts trffps ne t`k jrkj, jem fe t`k ft`kr `jem tf pjy faa t`k bkmfune afr

eft jttjognec ojrjvjes. Js j rksuit, vniijcks jem jcrnouiturji ofhhuentnks wkrk eft

feiy jt t`k hkroy fa t`k Bkmfune, but jisf jt t`jt fa t`k stjtks hnintjry jppjrjtus.

Jeft`kr nssuk jaakotnec t`k mkvkifphket fa jcrnouiturk ne t`k jrkj wjs t`k tjxks.

`k tnt`k (:4%) wjs t`k ikcji tjx pjnm tf t`k Fttfhje faanonjis, but ne rkjinty

t`k rjtk fa tjx kxokkmkm 22%. `ksk ofemntnfes afrokm t`k mnrkot prfmuokrs ne

hjey jcrnouiturji ofhhuentnks tf ikjvk t`knr ijem. `ns nestjbninty rksuitkm ne t`k

bjogwjrmekss fa t`k jcrnouiturji prfmuotnvk afroks.

Arfh t`k jbfvk jrcuhket fek eftnoks t`jt bft` t`k ejturk fa t`k stjtk jembkmfune jccrkssnvkekss wkrk inegkm kofefhnojiiy, w`no` inegjck ofetrnbutkm tf

t`k rktjrmjtnfe fa t`k jcrjrnje struoturk ne Lfrmje. Murnec t`k Fttfhje pkrnfm

t`k kofefhno struoturk fa Lfrmje wjs o`jrjotkrnzkm by twf hjne kofefhno

systkhs< efhjmno pjstfrjinsh jem jcrnouiturk ofhbnekm wnt` pjstfrjinsh. Fur

hjne ofeokre wnii bk t`k skofem typk. Murnec t`k ifec pkrnfm fa Fttfhje ruik,

mnaakrket ijem ijws wkrk nhpikhketkm jem nhpfskm jaakotnec t`k jcrnouiturji

ofhhuentnks, t`k hfst nhpfrtjet fa w`no` wjs t`jt fa :0;0.

2.2.: Ijem Mnstrnbutnfe

Ofhprk`kesnvk mjtj fe t`k mnstrnbutnfe fa ijem fwekrs`np afr t`k w`fik faLfrmje, t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky jem t`k jrkj fa Mknr Jiij murnec t`k enektkket` oketury

jrk eft jvjnijbik. @fwkvkr, fek oje mkrnvk j ckekrji nmkj fa t`k mnstrnbutnfe arfh

j euhbkr fa sojttkrkm sfuroks.

`k Fttfhje ijem ijw fa :0;0 mnvnmkm ijem netf vjrnfus ikcji ojtkcfrnks7 t`k

hfst nhpfrtjet w`no` ns rkikvjet tf fur stumy ns t`k ojtkcfry faHnrnIjem.Hnrn

wjs stjtk ijem jem t`k prfpkrty fa t`k ofhhuenty (hus`jo) (jrjwek` :>>;< ?;),but pfsskssnfe wjs ne t`k `jems fa mnrkot prfmuokrs. `k ijem bkifeckm faanonjiiy

tf t`k stjtk7 nt wjs feiy by oustfh t`jt ouitnvjtnfe pjsskm arfh ajt`krs tf sfe,

but t`k sfe mnm eft `jvk t`k rnc`t tf ne`krnt t`k ijem t`knr ajt`kr `jm ouitnvjtkm

(Bjkr :>0:< ;>>).Hnrnijem wjs mnvnmkm netf twf sub-ojtkcfrnks< j)Hj`iuiijem,ejhkiy ijem t`jt ns ikat ueouitnvjtkm by t`k `fimkr afr t`rkk suookssnvk ykjrs jem


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ns t`krkafrk tjgke fvkr by t`k stjtk (Huiqn :>00< :-2)7 b) Humjwjrjijem, w`no`

ns ijem t`jt ns subskquketiy trjesakrrkm tf bkofhk t`k _uitjes prfpkrty7 jatkr t`k

:>40 rkvfiutnfe t`ns bkojhk t`k prfpkrty fa t`k urgns` cfvkrehket (Jrurn :>32=4s.


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20

`k _`kng`s, js `kjms fa t`k oijes invnec ne t`k ofhhuenty, jotkm ne kofefhno

hjttkrs js fwekrs fa t`knr oije ijem. Js `kjm fa t`k oije t`k _`kng` wjs rkspfesnbik

afr ijem mnstrnbutnfe jhfec t`k mnrkot prfmuokrs jem jpprfprnjtkm t`k surpius

arfh t`k ijttkr. Ne Mknr Jiij hfst fa t`k mnrkot prfmuokrs mnm eft fwe ijem. Nt wjs

knt`kr t`k stjtk fr t`k `kjms fa t`k ofhhuentnks w`f ofetrfiikm t`k ijem, w`nikt`k mnrkot prfmuokrs jm feiy usuaruotujry rnc`ts. `k ijem ijw fa :0;0 pkrhnttkm

t`k jpprfprnjtnfe jem kxprfprnjtnfe fa ijem by t`k `kjms fa t`k ofhhuentnks,

by stjtnec t`jt ijem t`jt wjs eft ouitnvjtkm afr t`rkk suookssnvk ykjrs wjs tjgke

jwjy by t`k stjtk. `k _`kng`s (w`f wkrk kecjckm ne t`k systkh fa Nitnzjh -tjx

ofiikotnfe-, jotnec js Huitjznhs:) uskm t`ns sntujtnfe tf mfhnejtk t`k ijem jem

kxpifnt t`k @jrrjt`kke.Ne t`k Mknr Jiij jrkj, murnec t`k Fttfhje pkrnfm uetni t`k :>=4s t`k oije2wjs

t`k mfhnejet sfonf-kofefhno jem pfintnoji uent. Ne Lfrmje jii jcrnouiturji, skhn-

jcrnouiturji fr mkskrt ijem wkrk mnvnmkm jem ofetrfiikm fe j oije bjsns7 kjo` oije

`jm nts fwe tkrrntfry (@furjen :>30< :37 jisf skk hjp 2).Ijem fwekrs`np wjs ofhhueji wnt`ne t`k jcrnouiturji ofhhuentnks. Ne hfst

fa Lfrmje t`k mnstrnbutnfe faHus`j ijem wjs strfeciy neaiukeokm by t`k pfwkr fat`k oije fr oije jiinjeok. `k tkrrntfry wjs mnvnmkm hfrk fr ikss kqujiiy bktwkke

t`k jiinkm oijes. Ne kjo` pjrt fa t`k tkrrntfry fa jey fek oije t`k ijem wjs mnvnmkm

kqujiiy jhfec t`k hjrrnkm hjiks w`f wkrk hkhbkrs fa t`k oije (@jhjrek`

:>0;< 31).

Ne t`k Mknr Jiij jrkj t`krk wkrk skpjrjtk tkrrntfrnks7 mnaakrket oijes ofetrfiinec

mnaakrket snzkm tkrrntfrnks. `k mnstrnbutnfe fa ijem wnt`ne t`k oije tkrrntfry wjs

eft jbsfiutkiy kcjintjrnje, mkpkemnec hjneiy fe t`k mnstjeok fa t`k pift (ojiikm

ajmje) arfh t`k hjne ojeji.Kvkry twf ykjrs (jt ikjst), t`k `kjm fa t`k oije jiifojtkm fek ajmje tf kjo`

`fusk`fim `kjm. `ns jiifojtnfe mkpkemkm fe twf ajotfrs< anrstiy, na t`k ajmje fa

t`k ijst mnstrnbutnfe wjs ekjr t`k ojeji, t`k @jrrjt` wfuim ckt j ekw ajmje ajrjwjy arfh t`k ojeji. _kofemiy, jajmje ns cnvke feiy tf t`k @jrrjt` `fusk`fim fa

uehjrrnkm hkhbkrs7 na t`krk wjs j hjrrnkm hjik k ofuim eft s`jrk t`k ouitnvjtnfe

fa t`kajmje fa `ns ajt`kr, but `k oje jsg afr j ajmje tf ouitnvjtk `nhskia. Sk wniikxjhnek t`ns prfokss ne t`k skotnfe fe @jrrjt`kke.

Ne t`ns typk fa kofefhy t`k mnrkot prfmuokrs ojiikm @jrrjt`kkewkrk sublkot

tf skvkr kxpifntjtnfe by t`k `kjm fa t`k oije, w`f pijykm j oruonji rfik ne t`k

kxtrjotnfe fa surpius arfh t`kh._neok t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky wjs eft skpjrjtkm arfh t`k Kjstkre pjrts fa Lfrmje,

pfwkraui bkmfune, suo` js ji-Kmwje, ofetneukm tf rjnm skttikm ofhhuentnks ne

t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky (t`k hnmmik jem sfut`kre C`fr) uetni t`k bkcneenec fa t`k

twketnkt` oketury. Ne t`k enektkket` oketury t`k bkmfune fa Jliue jem nts kevnrfes

wkrk rjnmnec t`k Mknr Jiij jrkj. f stfp suo` rjnms t`k pkfpik fa t`ksk jrkjs fa t`k

: ]k Fttfhje stjtk kstjbins`km j tjx ofiikotnfe systkh jatkr t`k ijem ijw fa :0;0 ojiikm Nitnzjh.

]fsk w`f jrk jppfnetkm by t`k stjtk tf ofiikot tjxks arfh t`k ajrhkrs jrk ojiikm Huitjznhs(Bjkr:>0:< ;>>).

2 Jet`rfpfifcnsts `jvk uskm vjrnfus tkrhs (suo` js inekjck, oije, trnbk, kto.) tf nemnojtk @jhfuij,Js`kkrj, Zjbyij. N wnii usk t`k tkrh oije t`rfuc`fut.


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Lfrmje Qjiiky trjesakrrkm t`knr ijem tf t`k _uitjes prfpkrty ne t`k skofem `jia fa

t`k enektkket` oketury. Nt bkojhk hnrn-humjwjrjijem (@jhjmj :>?>< :4?). `ns

hkjet t`jt t`k ijem wjs uemkr t`k prftkotnfe fa t`k Fttfhje jrhy.

Humjwjrjijem wjs vkry akrtnik?jem mnrkot prfmuokrs fe suo` ijem rkhjnekm

wfrgnec js @jrrjt` jatkr :>40 (t`k ykjr w`ke jii t`k _uitjes prfpkrty bkojhkt`jt fa t`k ekw urgns` cfvkrehket) pjynec j tnt`k jem j rketji tnt`k, j tftji fa

jpprfxnhjtkiy 22.;% fa t`k tftji ynkim (@jhjrek` :>0;< :3:). `ns humjwjrj

ijem ne t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky jhfuetkm tf jbfut 2?2,==4 mueuhs (Jhnrn :>3=< 10).

`ns trjesakr put t`k ouitnvjtfrs uemkr trnpik kxpifntjtnfe, by t`k stjtk (j tnt`k jem

j rketji tnt`k) jem by t`k _`kng`s.

2.2.2 Ijem Ofeoketrjtnfe ne t`k Tkrnfm :0;0-:>?4s ne Mknr Jiij

Ne t`k Mknr Jiij jrkj ijem ofeoketrjtnfe tffg vjrnfus afrhs< knt`kr t`rfuc`

Huitjznhfr t`rfuc` hfeky ikemkrs.By t`k kem fa t`k enektkket` oketury, t`k Fttfhje Khpnrk `jm bkofhk wkjg,

w`no` cjvk t`kHuitjznhj crkjtkr fppfrtuenty tf kxpifnt t`k mnrkot prfmuokrs jem

tf neorkjsk t`knr ijem `fimnecs. `k Nitnzjh systkh put t`k tjxpjykr ketnrkiy jtt`k hkroy fa t`k tjx ofiikotfrs (_iuciktt :>0=< =::). `krkafrk, t`k khkrckeok fa

ijrck `fimnecs, kspkonjiiy ne t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky, wjs j mnrkot rksuit fa t`k kxtkesnfe

fa cfvkrehket ofetrfi t`rfuc` t`k Nitnzjhsystkh jem t`k nhpfsntnfe fa tjxjtnfene jmmntnfe tf t`k crfwt` fa hfeky-ikemnec jem trjmk (@jhjrek` :>0;< 0?).

Nsijhfciu jem Gkmkr (:>33< ;:) jrcukm t`jt t`ns systkh orkjtkm ekw rkijtnfes`nps

ne t`k jcrjrnje struoturk, ejhkiy usury rkijtnfes, jit`fuc` eft ne t`k Mknr Jiij

jrkj w`krk t`k Nitnzjhsystkh `kipkm ne t`k afrhjtnfe fa j sfonkty bjskm fe oijestrjtnanojtnfe. `k rkjsfe bk`nem t`ns sntujtnfe wjs t`jt t`k huitjznhsfa t`k jrkj

wkrk eft futsnmkrs js wjs t`k ojsk kiskw`krk7 t`ky wkrk, tf t`k ofetrjry, oije

ikjmkrs arfh t`k jrkj.

Js wk wnii skk ijtkr ne t`k skotnfe fe @jrrjt` kofefhy, t`k jrkj fa Mknr Jiijwjs mnvnmkm netf mnaakrket tkrrntfrnks joofrmnec tf mnaakrket strjtnankm oijes, suo`

js t`k @urr, obkkm, jem C`jwjrek` oijes. `jt ns, t`k oije supkrstruoturk jisf

aueotnfekm js pjrt fa t`k sfonji rkijtnfe systkh fa prfmuotnfe by rkcuijtnec jookss

tf ijem, wjtkr, kto. `k @urr oije ikjmkrs wkrk t`k Huitjznhs ne t`k jrkj. Js j

rksuit, t`ky jrk jisf ojiikm ji-bjb ji-Jin oijes, j tkrh t`jt rkprkskets t`k Fttfhje

jmhnenstrjtnfe ne Nstjebui. `rfuc` t`ns pfsntnfe t`ky jpprfprnjtkm j ijrckpfrtnfe fa ijem ne t`k jrkj.

Hfekyikemkrs bkojhk je nhpfrtjet ajotfr ne t`k kjriy :>?4s. Feiy jt t`jt

tnhk mnm hkro`jet ojpntji bkcne tf neaiukeok t`k jrkj. Ne t`k ojsk fa Mknr Jiij,

hkro`jets wkrk t`khskivks t`k hfekyikemkrs. Afr nestjeok, t`k hfst pfwkraui

hkro`jet, ojiikm Kinjs,w`f ojhk arfh _jit ne t`k :>24s, uskm tf ikem (joofrmnec

tf neafrhjets) hfeky, hjneiy tf oije ikjmkrs, bkojusk t`k ijttkr mfhnejtkm j ijrck

? Trkvnfusiy, N sjnm t`jt joofrmnec tf hy neafrhjets t`k ijem wjs j gnem fa trfpnoji afrkst7 joofrmnectf t`k wrnttke `nstfry, nt ns j vkry akrtnik. ]krk ns ef ofetrjmnotnfe bktwkke t`k twf sfuroks, t`k

kxpijejtnfe ns t`jt t`k jrkj wjs jbjemfekm afr j ifec tnhk. ]k Lfrmje Qjiiky wjs ajhfus ne t`kouitnvjtnfe fa sucjr ojek afr oketurnks.


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jrkj, but jisf tf t`k ijemikss mnrkot prfmuokrs jem t`k s`kng`s. `k rkijtnfes`np

bktwkke t`k @jrrjt`jem Kinjswjs hjnetjnekm t`rfuc` t`k ekkm fa bjsno affmstuaa

suo` js w`kjt. Neafrhjets oijnhkm t`jt w`kekvkr t`k @jrrjt` ofuim eft pjy bjogne gnem, t`k hkro`jet knt`kr wfuim afrok t`k @jrrjt` tf wfrg afr `nh ne t`k

ofhnec ykjr, fr (hfrk ofhhfeiy) t`k @jrrjt`wfuim snce j ofetrjot stnpuijtnect`k nemkbtkmekss. ns hkjes t`jt t`krk wkrk twf hjne typks fa usury prjotnokm ne

Mknr Jiij< rjè jem sjejm. Js j rksuit neafrhjets oijnhkm, Kinjsw`f nentnjiiy ojhk

tf Mknr Jiij wnt`fut j snecik mueuh, bkojhk j bnc ijemfwekr.

`ksk hko`jenshs fa usury ojpntji (rjè jem sjejm) wkrk ofhhfe ne hfst

pjrts fa Lfrmje. @jhjrek` (:>0;) skt fut `fw suo` hko`jenshs wfrgkm ne

prjotnok. Anrstiy, pikmck (rjè) ikemkrs (w`f wkrk hkro`jets arfh ekjrby tfwesjem ontnks) kim spkonano pifts fa ijem js cujrjetkks sf t`jt t`k shjii fwekr bkojhk

j s`jrkorfppkr wfrgnec fe `ns fwe ijem.=Ne hfst ojsks t`k ijem wjs jpprfprnjtkm

by t`k hfekyikemkrs. _kofemiy, t`k hfekyikemkr w`f wjs usujiiy j hkro`jet

wfuim ikem hfeky ne rkture afr j ofetrjot (sjejm) afr rkpjyhket fa t`k ifje wnt`netkrkst, w`no` sfhktnhks rkjo`km ?4% jeeujiiy (@jhjrek` :>0;< 00).

2.? ]`k Mnssfiutnfe fa t`k hus`jo_ystkh< ]`k Khkrckeok faTrnvjtk Trfpkrty

Jcrnouiturji trjesafrhjtnfe wket t`rfuc` vjrnfus stjcks jifec wnt` t`k pfintnoji

o`jecks ne t`k jrkj. Afiifwnec t`k kem fa t`k Fttfhje pkrnfm jatkr Sfrim Sjr

N, t`k jrkj ojhk uemkr t`k Brntns` Hjemjtk. Murnec t`k Hjemjtk pkrnfm ef

sncenanojet struoturji jcrjrnje o`jecks tffg pijok, bkojusk fa t`k Brntns` ofifenji

pfinoy fa bifognec jey mkvkifphket ne nts ofifenks.;

`k anrst o`jeck murnec t`k Hjemjtk pkrnfm wjs t`k mnssfiutnfe fa t`k hus`j

systkh, but js N jrcukm kjrinkr ne t`ns o`jptkr, o`jecks ne ijw mf eft hkje o`jecks

ne t`k sfonji rkijtnfes fa prfmuotnfe.

`k Mktjo`hket Ijw fa :>2? wjs bjskm fe t`k jrcuhket t`jt t`k bjogwjrmekss

fa Lfrmjenje jcrnouiturk wjs j rksuit fa t`k hus`jo systkh, jem t`k feiy wjy tf

mkvkifp jcrnouiturk wjs by mktjo`hket fa t`k hus`joijems (Huiqn :>00< =).

2.?.: ]`k Ijem _kttikhket fa :>??

Nt wjs feiy t`rfuc` t`k :>?? ijem skttikhket t`jt t`k hus`jo systkh anejiiy

brfgk mfwe jem prnvjtk ijem fwekrs`np wjs netrfmuokm. Ne :>?? jbfut 2=?,444

mueuhs wkrk rkcnstkrkm js prnvjtk prfpkrty t`rfuc`fut Lfrmje (Gfengfaa :>=1?4 t`k Brntns` Hjemjtk cfvkrehket hjmk j survky fa ijem fwekrs`np

ne t`k jrkj fa Tjikstnek jem Lfrmje. Js j rksuit nt wjs kstnhjtkm t`jt t`k jhfuet

fa ijem ekokssjry tf suppfrt j ajhniy wjs :?4 mueuhs ne rjne-akm jrkjs, jem =4

mueuhs ne nrrncjtkm jrkjs (Jhnrn :>3=< 14).

= Nt ns netkrkstnec tf eftk t`jt snhnijr hko`jenshs wkrk jt wfrg ne ft`kr pjrts fa t`k afrhkr Fttfhje

ijems. Afr sfut`kjstkre urgky skk Jymne :>01.; Afr hfrk neafrhjtnfe skk (@jhjrek` :>0;7 @furjen :>30< 3:-3>).


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Ne t`k nrrncjtkm jrkjs fa t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky t`k euhbkr fa fwekrs w`f fwekm

hfrk t`je afrty mueuhs ne :>;; wjs :,??: `fimnec je jrkj fa ?0=,;=? mueuhs,

w`nik, afr t`k sjhk ykjr, t`k euhbkr fa fwekrs wnt` ikss t`je afrty mueuhs wjs

?,?:; `fimnec je jrkj fa =>,0== mueuhs (@jziktfe :>3=< 21). `ksk ancurks

o`jeckm ne t`k :>14s w`ke t`k euhbkr fa fwekrs w`fsk `fimnecs wkrk ne kxokssfa afrty mueuhs rfsk tf :,=>: fwenec j tftji jrkj fa :34,1=4 mueuhs. Afr t`k

sjhk ykjr t`k euhbkr fa fwekrs fimnec ikss t`je afrty mueuhs wjs :,0;4 fwenec

?3,2>> mueuhs (@jziktfe :>3=< 20). Ne Mknr Jiij t`kHjhmu`, j pfwkraui @urroije, fwekm jpprfxnhjtkiy 24,444 mueuhs.

`k feiy o`jeck wjs t`jt t`k mk ajotfofetrfiikrs fa t`k hkjes fa prfmuotnfe

bkojhk mk lurk fwekrs. Ne ft`kr wfrms, Hnrn ijem bkojhk prnvjtk ijem, jem t`k

tkrh fwekr rjt`kr t`je rnc`t `fimkr wjs uskm ne faanonji mfouhkets (NBRM :>;3;4s. `k prfokss fa trjesntnfe arfh j @jrrjt` kofefhy tf jhfrk mkvkifpkm ofhhkronjinzkm jcrnouiturji systkh wnii bk mnsousskm ne jeft`kr

o`jptkr.

Ne t`k :>?4s, t`k ckekrji pfinoy fa t`k cfvkrehket wjs eft t`k netrfmuotnfe

fa tko`efifcnoji nhprfvkhkets jem jcrnouiturji mkvkifphket, but rjt`kr t`k

ofiikotnfe fa rkvkeuk. `krkafrk t`k netrfmuotnfe fa prnvjtk fwekrs`np mnm eft

o`jeck t`k kxnstnec sfonji rkijtnfes fa prfmuotnfe, w`no` wkrk rkprksketkm by t`k

@jrrjt` afrh fa ijbfur.

2.= ]`k ]rjesntnfe Tkrnfm< ]`k Ijem Rkafrh Trfcrjhhk fat`k :>14s

Jatkr Sfrim Sjr NN Lfrmje bkojhk nemkpkemket. Ne t`ns pkrnfm netkrejtnfeji

netkrksts bkojhk neaiuketnji kspkonjiiy t`rfuc` t`k NBRM (Netkrejtnfeji Bjeg afr

Rkofestruotnfe jem Mkvkifphket) jem [_JNM.1`ksk jckeonks tfckt`kr wnt` t`k

stjtk pijykm je nhpfrtjet rfik ne o`jecnec t`k ifoji jcrjrnje struoturk.

`k anrst prnfrnty fa t`k netkrejtnfeji jckeonks wjs t`k mkvkifphket fa

jcrnouiturk, by w`no` t`ky hkjet t`k ofhhkronjinzjtnfe fa jcrnouiturk, kspkonjiiy

ne t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky. Ckekrjiiy spkjgnec t`knr hjlfr neefvjtnfes wkrk t`k

ofestruotnfe fa t`k Kjst C`fr Ojeji jem t`k ijem rkafrh prfcrjhhk fa t`k :>14s

(skk t`k futinek ne tjbik N ne t`k jppkemnx). `k hfst nhpfrtjet kikhket khkrcnecarfh t`k jmfptnfe fa t`ksk rkafrhs wjs t`k rkture fa t`k ijem jem wjtkr tf t`k

mnrkot ofetrfi fa t`k stjtk.

Js j rksuit fa t`k ijem rkafrh prfcrjhhk fa t`k :>14s t`k stjtks rkprksketjtnvk,

t`k LQJ, ofetrfis t`k ijems fa t`k Qjiiky, 3w`no` jrk nrrncjtkm by t`k Kjst C`fr

Ojeji, jem t`k wjtkr rksfuroks. Joofrmnec tf t`ns sntujtnfe t`k LQJ `js okrtjne

1 Afr t`k kstjbins`hket, struoturji frcjenzjtnfe jem aueotnfe fa NRBNM jem [_JNM skk @jytkr jemSjtsfe :>0; jem _jinh, H. :>0=.

3 Hfst fa t`k mnsoussnfe fa ofetkhpfrjry ijem fwekrs`np ne t`k Lfrmje vjiiky ns bjskm fe Ijem IjwEf. :> fa t`k LQJ7 t`k ijw ns ojiikm ]k Lfrmje Qjiiky Mkvkifphket Ijw fa :>00. N `jvk uskm t`ns

ijw kvke t`fuc` nt wjs nssukm jatkr t`k tnhk fa t`k kim wfrg. Jii LQJs ijem ijws wkrk je kxtkesnfefa t`k bjsno ijem ijws fa t`k ijem rkafrh fa t`k :>14s.


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rnc`ts tf t`k ijem fa t`k Qjiiky, rnc`ts w`no`, ne kaakot, hjgk t`k stjtk t`k fwekr

fa ijem jem wjtkr t`krk wnt` nemnvnmujis bkofhnec rnc`t `fimkrs. `k sntujtnfe

ns ofhpikx jem tkrhs uskm skkh jhbncufus. Nt ns stjtkm oikjriy ne t`k ijem ijws

ofeokrenec t`k ijem fa t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky t`jt t`fsk pkrsfes w`f `jvk faanonji

mkkms jrk hutjsjrna (`fimkrs). `ns @jq ji-tjsjrua(rnc`t fa pfsskssnfe) ns sublkottf vjrnfus ofestrjnets. @fimkrs mf eft `jvk t`k rnc`t tf buy fr skii t`k ijem

nemnvnmujiiy7 t`k LQJ ns t`k frcjenzjtnfe t`rfuc` w`no` t`k buynec jem skiinec

fa ijem ns pkrafrhkm. `k LQJ mktkrhneks t`k skiinec jem buynec prnok. Na twf

nemnvnmujis jcrkkm bktwkke t`khskivks tf buy jem skii, t`k fpkrjtnfe ns pkrafrhkm

t`rfuc` t`k supkrvnsnfe jem uemkr t`k ofemntnfes fa t`k LQJ. `k LQJ pkrhnts

t`k trjesakr fa ijem tf t`k buykr uemkr w`jt ofuim bk ojiikm ikjsk fimnec7 t`k ekw

`fimkr `js t`k rnc`t tf pfsskss t`k ijem afr j okrtjne pkrnfm w`no` ns efrhjiiy ??

ykjrs but w`no` ofuim bk rkekwkm. Jisf t`k jcrnouiturji uent s`fuim eft bk ikat

ueouitnvjtkm fr nt wnii bk tjgke jwjy arfh t`k `fimkr. Jem na t`k ijttkr kxpifnts

t`k uent ne j wjy mnaakrket arfh t`jt stnpuijtkm by t`k LQJ, t`k Jut`frnty wniiout faa t`k wjtkr. Anejiiy na t`k jcrnouiturji uent ns ne`krntkm nt ojeeft bk mnvnmkm

jhfec t`k `knrs. `krkafrk t`k tkrh arkk`fim mfks eft jppiy. Na wk ofhpjrk t`ksk

ofestrjnets wnt` t`fsk fa t`k Fttfhje ijem ijw fa :0;0 fek wfuim anem t`jt

t`k prksket ofemntnfe fa ijem`fimnec ne t`k Qjiiky ns jotujiiy j afrh fa Hnrn.

`krkafrk nt wjs feiy ne t`k :>?4s t`jt pkfpik wkrk arkk`fimkrs.

`us, ijem fwekrs`np pjttkres ne t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky `jvk s`natkm< murnec t`k

Fttfhje pkrnfm t`k stjtk wjs t`k fwekr fa t`k ijem, murnec t`k Brntns` Hjemjtk

pkrnfm jbsfiutk prnvjtk fwekrs`np wjs netrfmuokm, w`krkjs t`k pfst-ijem rkafrh

sntujtnfe ns j rkture tf trjmntnfeji afrhs fa fwekrs`np.

Ne t`k jppinojtnfe fa t`k ijem ijws fa t`k rkafrh prfcrjhhk fek ofuim anemt`jt t`k prnfrnty frmkr fa ijemfwekrs,0 joofrmnec tf t`ksk ijws, o`jeckm jifec wnt`

o`jecks ne t`k ijem ijws. Afr kxjhpik, jbsketkk ijemfwekrs wkrk cnvke skofem,

jem t`ke joofrmnec tf t`k :>12 Ijem Ijw, anat` prnfrnty (@jziktfe :>3=< 2:). But

nt ns nhpfrtjet tf eftk t`jt j rkikcjtnfe (jhkemhket) tffg pijok jatkr o`jecnec

t`k mkanentnfe fa `fimkr.> `k Jut`frnty (LQJ), joofrmnec tf t`ns o`jeck, js skke

ne t`k ijem ijws fa :>14 jem :>12, `jm t`k ikcji rnc`t tf o`jeck t`k mkanentnfe

fa t`k `fimkr arfh bknec tntik `fimkr tf ajhniy `fimkr. `k stjtk `jm tf hjgk

jmlusthkets tf ofeoninjtk t`k ekw rnsnec ijrck ijem `fimkrs w`f wkrk suppfrtnec

nt, jit`fuc` t`ky wkrk ckekrjiiy eknt`kr ajrhkrs efr rksnmkets fa t`k jrkj, jem t`k

jnhs fa t`k NBRM jisf ofetrjmnotkm wnt` t`k netkreji struoturji sntujtnfe (t`kekw rnsnec ijemfwekrs oijss ne rurji jrkjs, hjneiy ne t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky) .`k stjtk

afuem nt suntjbik tf o`jeck t`k mkanentnfe fa `fimkr jem t`ke tf jssnce ijemfwekr

prnfrnty joofrmnec tf t`k NBRMs rkcuijtnfe. `k NBRM netkemkm tf kstjbins` j

systkh fa shjii ajrhs t`jt wfuim bk fwekr-fpkrjtkm. But t`k gnes`np ofeokpt

0 N usk `krk t`k tkrh fwekrs`np intkrjiiy.

> @fimkr wjs mkekm js t`k pkrsfe(s) ne w`fsk ejhk(s) t`k ijem fr wjtkr fr bft` ns/jrk rkcnstkrkmne joofrmjeok wnt` j rkcnstrjtnfe mkkm (@jziktfe :>3=< 22). ]ke t`k ofeokpt fa `fimkr bkojhk

rkmkekm js< skpjrjtk jiifthkets fa jcrnouiturji uents tf nemnvnmuji hkhbkrs fa j snecik ajhniy(nbnm


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jem nts rkijtnfe tf ofetrfi fvkr ijem, w`no` wjs suppfrtkm by t`k stjtk ntskia js

wk `jvk skke bkafrk, n.k. o`jecnec t`k mkanentnfe fa `fimkr, cjvk t`k fppfrtuenty

tf mnaakrket ajhninks tf fwe j ijrck euhbkr fa jcrnouiturji uents, t`rfuc` usnec

ajhniy hkhbkrs (hjiks, akhjiks, o`nimrke jem sfhktnhks ofusnes) js rkcnstkrkm

Hjp ? Tjkres fa ijemfwekrs`np< fwekrs`np struoturk ne :>01.


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`fimkrs. Tkfpik invnec futsnmk t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky bkojhk ijrck `fimkrs, w`no` ikm

tf t`k orkjtnfe fa jbsketkk ijemifrmnsh.

`k ajot t`jt frcjenzjtnfes suo` js t`k NBRM mnm eft tjgk huo` eftnok fa t`k

ajot t`jt `nrm Sfrim ofuetrnks neoiumnec Lfrmje mf eft fbky t`knr stnpuijtnfe

(t`k kstjbins`hket fa j shjii ajrh systkh wnt` fwekr-fpkrjtkm ajrhs) niiustrjtkmt`jt t`knr pubins`km jnhs rkhjnekm prnhjrniy r`ktfrnoji.

Ne t`k Mknr Jiij jrkj sfhk fa t`k fim bnc ijem fwekrs (hjneiy fa hkrojetnik

frncne) bkekantkm. Afr kxjhpik afur Kinjs brft`krs jem t`knr `fusk`fim hkhbkrsfwe ?,444 mueuhs ne t`k afrh fa skpjrjtk pifts, kjo` fek rjecnec bktwkke ?4

jem =4 mueuhs. Hfst fa t`knr ijem wjs ne bjsne ef. 22 wnt` j akw pifts ne bjsne

ef. 2?. @fwkvkr, sfhk ft`kr fim bnc ijemfwekrs suo` js t`k Hjhmu` ifst hfstfa t`knr ijems.

Ne bjsne ef. 2? fa Mknr Jiij, t`k ckekrji pjttkre fa ijem fwekrs`np rkhjnekm js

nt `jm bkke bkafrk t`k netrfmuotnfe fa t`k ijem rkafrh prfcrjhhk fa t`k :>14s.

Iffgnec jt hjp ? wk anem t`jt jpprfxnhjtkiy :/; fa t`k tntiks wkrk cnvke tf ekw`fimkrs arfh futsnmk t`k jrkj fa Mknr Jiij (suo` js t`k Bjs`jrjem :44 uegefwe

`fimkrs), t`k rkhjnenec =/; wkrk cnvke tf frncneji rksnmkets fa t`k jrkj, hjneiy

arfh t`k C`jwjrek`oijes suo` js t`kHu`sne, t`k\jyjt, t`kLjbkr, jem t`k Ejskr

w`f tfckt`kr fwe t`k ijrckst pjrt fa t`k bjsne. `ns hkjes t`jt t`k ijem ns stnii

ofeoketrjtkm wnt`ne t`k ajhniy7 nt ns stnii mnvnmkm netf tkrrntfrnks js nt wjs prnfr

tf t`k ijem rkafrh. `k afrhji jppkjrjeok fa fwekrs`np ne t`k bjsne ofeanrhs

t`k vnkw fa t`fsk ingk Mjljen, w`f jrcuk t`jt t`k ijem rkafrh orkjtkm feiy ;44

ekw tntiks ne t`k w`fik Lfrmje Qjiiky (Mjljen :>04). But iffgnec ojrkauiiy jt t`k

struoturk fa t`k fwekrs`np tntiks, fek anems t`jt bkafrk t`k :>14s t`k tkrrntfrnks

hjneiy fa t`k @urrjem fa t`k hkro`jets wkrk fwekm by j snecik pkrsfe fr by jvkry inhntkm euhbkr fa pkrsfes, but efw nt ns feiy t`rfuc` hjey hkhbkrs fa t`k

ajhniy t`jt t`ky oje gkkp t`k tkrrntfry.

Jeft`kr nhpfrtjet nssuk khkrcks arfh j ofhpjrnsfe fa hjps 2 jem ?, w`no`

rkvkjis t`jt j ijrck tkrrntfry wjs cnvke tf t`k C`jwjrek`. `k rkjsfe bk`nem t`ns

ns t`jt suo` oijes uskm tf `jvk hjeyakiij`kke(skk o`jptkr ?) ne t`knr tkrrntfrnks.

`k akiij`wjs gne (usujiiy j ofusne) tf t`k s`kng` fa suo` oijes, t`krkafrk t`ky`jm t`k rnc`t tf fwe j pift fa ijem murnec t`k ijem skttikhket fa :>??-:>?1.

`ns hkjet t`jt t`krk wkrk hjey `fimkrs afr t`k tkrrntfry, j sntujtnfe t`jt `kipkm

t`k hkhbkrs fa t`k oijes tf kjo` fwe j akw pifts joofrmnec tf t`k tkrhs fa t`k

ijem rkafrh prfcrjhhk fa t`k :>14s. Ft`kr oijes suo` js t`k @urr kemkm upwnt` ikss tntiks t`je t`k C`jwjrek` oijes (skk hjp ?), kvke t`fuc` t`k afrhkrprkvnfusiy mfhnejtkm j ijrck tkrrntfry fa jpprfxnhjtkiy 24,444 mueuhs (ne t`k

ojsk fa t`k Hjhmu` oije). _neok suo` oijes wkrk akw ne hkhbkrs`np, jem `jvk

ef pfwkr ne t`k prksket cfvkrehket, t`ky ifst j ijrck pjrt fa t`knr ijem. `k ijem

tjgke arfh t`kh wjs knt`kr mnstrnbutkm tf t`k pkfpik skttikm ne t`k jrkj (hjneiy

hncrjet Tjikstnenjes) fr cnvke tf futsnmkrs (hjneiy pkfpik invnec ne t`k ontnks).

`k cfvkrehket tffg jpprfxnhjtkiy :,244 mueuhs arfh t`k ijem fa t`kHjhmu`

jem jbfut =44 mueuhs arfh ft`krs ne t`k Mknr Jiij jrkj (t`k :,244 mueuhs ns

t`k sntk fa t`k Mknr Jiij Jcrnouiturji _tjtnfe). `ksk ekw jiifthkets kstjbins`km

w`jt ofuim bk ojiikm shjii jbsketkk ijem fwekrs`np ne t`k bjsne. `k snzk fa t`ns


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shjii jbsketkk ijemifrmnsh ns kstnhjtkm jt jpprfxnhjtkiy :;.=% (skk tjbik 2)7

j pkroketjck mkrnvkm arfh t`k ajot t`jt tkejeoy ne t`k bjsne ns jpprfxnhjtkiy

:;.=%. `krk jrk ef ifoji ijemfwekrs w`f cnvk ijem ne tkejeoy tf ft`krs. But

bnc ijemifrmnsh ns jisf prkvjiket, js wk `jvk jrcukm bkafrk. Afr kxjhpik, t`krk jrk

?,444 mueuhs mnvnmkm jhfec feiy afur brft`krs jem t`knr `fusk`fims (but hfstfa t`knr ijem ns ne bjsne ef. 22 ne t`k jrkj fa Mknr Jiij). Na wk kxoiumk t`k ajot t`jt

afr vkcktjbik prfmuotnfe ne bjsne 2? bnc jbsketkk ijemifrmnsh mfks eft kxnst, nt ns

truk t`jt jbsketkk ijemifrmnsh kxnsts ne ontrus arunt prfmuotnfe, ejhkiy t`fsk w`f

fwe j Bjyjrj`typk fa frcjenzjtnfe, eft feiy ne t`k bjsne but ne t`k w`fik fa t`k

Mknr Jiij rkcnfe.

Jt t`k ikvki fa t`k Mknr Jiij rkcnfe, fek ofuim ofeoiumk t`jt t`k ijem rkafrh

`js ajnikm tf orkjtk fwekr-fpkrjtkm ajrhs. Ckekrjiiy spkjgnec nt orkjtkm shjiikr

`fimnecs t`je bkafrk. _neok nt pkrhnttkm futsnmkrs tf bk `fimkrs nt `kipkm t`k

kstjbins`hket fa jbsketkk ijemifrmnsh. Nt jisf `kipkm tf kstjbins` tkejeoy ne t`k

jrkj bkojusk nt pkrhnttkm t`k ikcji pfsskssfrs tf ikjsk t`knr jcrnouiturji uents afrt`rkk tf tke ykjrs (Ijem Ijw Ef. :> fa t`k LQJ). `k ajot t`jt mnrkot pkrsfe

tf pkrsfe sjik fa ijem ns eft pfssnbik ns j aurt`kr ofetrnbutnec ajotfr ne t`k

mkvkifphket fa tkejeoy.


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O`jptkr ?

`k @jrrjt` Kofefhy J

_ubsnstkeok Kofefhy

?.: Netrfmuotnfe

S`nik t`krk ns j ijrck euhbkr fa stumnks: jbfut t`k bkmfunes ne Lfrmje, t`krk

jrk feiy akw t`jt mnsouss t`k pkjsjetry. N s`jii ofeoketrjtk fe t`k stumy fa t`k

Lfrmjenje jcrjrnje rkijtnfes ne je jttkhpt tf rkofestruot t`k sfonf-kofefhno`nstfry fa t`k pkjsjetry, w`no` ns stnii neofhpiktk jem ueoikjr. Ne t`ns pjrt fa

t`k stumy N s`jii kxpifrk t`k sfonf-kofefhno struoturk prnfr tf :>;4 ne frmkr tf

uemkrstjem t`k kvfiutnfe fa t`k prksket struoturk. N o`fsk t`k :>;4s bkojusk t`k

kjriy anatnks hjrg t`k bkcneenec fa hjlfr o`jecks.

`k akw kxnstnec stumnks fa rurji sfonkty ne Lfrmje jrk hfstiy fa twf typks0:), w`nik ft`krs jrcukm t`jt akumjinsh wjs t`k mfhnejet hfmk faprfmuotnfe ne t`k Lfrmjenje ofuetrysnmk (@furjen :>30).?

_uo` stumnks ajni tf nmketnay jem mktkrhnek t`k frcjenzjtnfe fa t`k ijbfur

prfokss, t`k prfokss fa sfonji prfmuotnfe jem rkprfmuotnfe. `knr hfst oruonji

ajniurk ns t`jt t`ky mf eft nmketnay w`kt`kr t`krk kxnstkm mnstneot sfonji rkijtnfes

fa prfmuotnfe ne t`k Lfrmjenje ofuetrysnmk. `ns ns ne hy fpnenfe j oketrji

qukstnfe, bkojusk kvkry sfonkty `js nts spkonano sfonji rkijtnfe fa prfmuotnfe t`jt

ekkms tf bk jejiyzkm ne frmkr tf uemkrstjem t`k sfonkty. Ne t`ns jttkhpt, bksnmks

t`k neafrhjtnfe ofeokrenec ijem fwekrs`np, N rkcnstkrkm neafrhjtnfe jbfut t`k

fim nrrncjtnfe systkh t`jt wjs ne fpkrjtnfe ne t`k jrkj fa Mknr Jiij uetni t`k kem

fa t`k :>;4s. Sjtkr rksfuroks wkrk je nhpfrtjet hkjes fa prfmuotnfe, t`rfuc`t`k ofetrfi fa w`no` mnaakrket oijes hjnetjnekm mfhnejtnfe. `ky orkjtkm j

: Afr kxjhpik skk Sknr :>31 jem Jbjmn :>31, :>0=.2 _kk Finp`jet :0047 Hkrrnii :00:7 Ofemkr :00? jem _o`uhjo`kr :001.? ]krk jrk hjey t`kfrktnoji mkbjtks w`no` khp`jsnzk t`jt t`k w`fiksjik jmfptnfe fa t`kfrktnoji

ofeokpts bfrrfwkm arfh t`k wkst ikjms t`k sfonji sonketnsts fa t`k ]nrm Sfrim tf fvkriffg hjeyajots fa t`k netkreji struoturks. _kk afr kxjhpik t`k akumji-ojpntjinst mkbjtk fa Mfbb jem ft`krs

(Mfbb :>=17 @nitfe :>02). ]k mkbjtk sffe trjesakrrkm tf t`k ]nrm Sfrims sfonji sonketnsts7 t`kNemnje, (@jrrnss :>047 Jijvn :>3;7 Bjejln :>32, :>3?) jem t`k urgns` (Jymne :>01) mkbjtks jrk

oikjr kxjhpiks. Nt ns nhpfrtjet tf eftk t`jt t`krk ns jeft`kr typk fa mkbjtk t`jt ns jisf rkikvjet tf furstumy, ejhkiy t`k Jsnjtno-akumji mkbjtk (Jemkrsfe :>3> jem jrjbns`n :>30, :>3>).


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sfonji systkh fa nrrncjtnfe t`jt pijykm je nhpfrtjet rfik ne t`k sfonji rkijtnfes fa

prfmuotnfe ne t`k @jrrjt` kofefhy.

`k afiifwnec mnsoussnfe ns bjskm fe mjtj mkrnvkm arfh neafrhji netkrvnkws

wnt` j euhbkr fa pkfpik w`f wkrk fim kefuc` tf rkhkhbkr t`k :>24s jem :>?4s.

`ksk neafrhjets ojhk eft feiy arfh Mknr Jiij, but jisf arfh Nrbnm, Hjmjbjjem Gjrjg. `k rkjsfe afr neoiumnec neafrhjets arfh futsnmk t`k rkcnfe fa Mknr

Jiij, ns tf rjnsk t`k ofhpjrjtnvk mnhkesnfe jem jsg t`k qukstnfe w`kt`kr t`krk

wjs j mnstneot typk fa sfonji rkijtnfe fa prfmuotnfe ne t`k w`fik fa t`k Lfrmjenje

ofuetrysnmk. `k neafrhjets frncnejiiy bkifeckm tf twf crfups< t`k mnrkot

prfmuokrs, jem ijemfwekrs (fr s`kng`s) .

?.2 ]`k Fim Nrrncjtnfe _ystkh

Snt` t`k ofestruotnfe ne :>;3 fa t`k Kjst C`fr Ojeji Trflkot t`k fim nrrncjtnfe

systkh bkojhk mkaueot jem mnsjppkjrkm wnt`fut jey mfouhketjtnfe. _neok nt nsnhpfrtjet tf fur stumy tf uemkrstjem t`k fim jcrjrnje struoturk nt ns ekokssjry tf

kxpifrk t`ns nrrncjtnfe systkh. `k feiy rkhjnenec sfurok fa neafrhjtnfe ns t`k

hkhfry fa fimkr ifoji neafrhjets.

Mknr Jiij ns je jcrnouiturji jrkj w`krk t`k vjiikys mrjnenec netf nt brnec skjsfeji

tfrrkets, hjneiy ne wnetkr. `k hfst nhpfrtjet sfurok fa suo` wjtkr ns t`k \jrqj

rnvkr. Ne frmkr tf utninsk t`k wjtkr rksfuroks tf t`k auii j wjtkr ojeji ektwfrg wjs

ofestruotkm ofesnstnec fa hjne jem hnefr ojejis rkjo`nec t`k ajrt`kst pfssnbik

pnkok fa ijem. `rkk hjne ojejis (ejhkm Hutjrkmj`, _`qjq jem Hjymje) wkrk

kstjbins`km. `ksk jisf jotkm js bfuemjrnks bktwkke t`k mnaakrket oijes tkrrntfrnks

(skk hjp 2).Neafrhjets arfh Mknr Jiij oijnh t`jt t`k fim nrrncjtnfe systkh wjs sfp`nstnojtkm

jem prkonsk jem t`jt nt wjs ne ajot hfrk joourjtk ne tkrhs fa t`k wjtkr mnstrnbutnfe

jhfec t`k mnaakrket oijes jem bktwkke t`k mnrkot prfmuokrs t`je ns t`k hfmkre

systkh. `ns jrcuhket ns mkrnvkm arfh t`k ajot t`jt ne t`k ijst akw ykjrs, wjtkr

suppiy `js bkofhk nrrkcuijr bkojusk fa t`k LQJ pfinoy fa kxpjemnec t`k snzk fa t`k

jrkj tf bk nrrncjtkm ne t`k Lfrmje Qjiiky, hjneiy ne t`k sfut`kre C`fr (skk tjbik

:?). _neok t`krk jrk ef hjps fa t`k fim nrrncjtnfe systkh ikat, N `jvk hjmk j pije

bjskm fe t`k mjtj cnvke by t`k neafrhjets (skk hjp ?).

Jt sfhk tnhk ne t`k pjst akw oketurnks j mjh wjs ofestruotkm fa `uck rfogs

jem hum t`jt ofetrfiikm t`k \jrqj rnvkr jt t`k `kjm fa t`k vjiiky. Hjne ojejisbrjeo`km faa arfh t`k mjh, kjo` ojeji nrrncjtnec t`k ijem fa fek fr hfrk fa t`k

oijes. `k oije ikjmkrs cjt`krkm kvkry mjy tf mnstrnbutk t`k wjtkr, stjrtnec wnt`

t`jt w`no` ofhks arfh t`k mjh jem kemnec wnt` t`k s`jrk fa t`k @jrrjt` fr Akiij`arfh t`k sub-ojejis.

`k wjtkr mnstrnbutnfe wjs bjskm fe t`k prneonpik fa t`kHjfsnh. `kHjfsnh

ns j uent fa hkjsurk w`no` rkprkskets twkivk `furs fa nrrncjtnfe. `k tffi t`jt

wjs uskm afr hkjsurnec t`k Hjfsnhwjs j ifec wffmke stnog hjrgkm netf pjrts,

kjo` pjrt rkprksketnec fek Hjfsnh, n.k. twkivk `furs. `k euhbkr fa Hjfsnh

ofesuhkm mkpkemkm fe t`k snzk fa t`k ijem. Neafrhjets stjtk t`jt fek Hjfsnh

wjs suaanonket tf nrrncjtk jpprfxnhjtkiy :44 mueuhs. `ns rkhnems us fa sfhk


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fa t`k LQJ ijws ofeokrenec wjtkr mnstrnbutnfe. `k LQJ cnvks = `furs kvkry mjy

afr kjo` jcrnouiturji uent rjecnec arfh ?4-=4 mueuhs. `ns hkjes t`jt t`krk ns j

snhnijrnty bktwkke t`k fim jem ekw systkh ne t`k wjtkr qujetntnks mnstrnbutkm.

Ne t`ns nrrncjtnfe systkh t`krk wjs j spkonjinzkm pkrsfe ne o`jrck fa wjtkr

mnstrnbutnfe t`rfuc` t`k hjne ojejis w`f pijokm j hkjsurnec stnog jt t`k bfttfhfa je khpty ojeji. `ns ojeji nrrncjtkm j anxkm jhfuet fa ijem t`jt bkifeckm tf

j okrtjne oije fr oijes, js hjp 2 s`fws. Jatkr t`jt, j mrjne wjs fpkekm ikjmnec tf

t`k ojeji uetni t`k wjtkr rkjo`km t`k mktkrhnekm hjrg fe t`k hkjsurnec stnog. Jt

t`jt pfnet t`k mrjne wjs bifogkm. Feok t`k wjtkr ne t`k ojeji rkjo`km t`k ajrt`kst

pfnet fa ijem tf bk nrrncjtkm, t`k wjtkr ne t`k hjne ojeji `jm mrfppkm tf t`k zkrf

pfnet fe t`k hkjsurnec stnog. `ns wjs j mjniy prfokmurk.

But t`k prfokmurk wjs eft jiwjys js snhpik js t`jt, bkojusk usujiiy t`k hjne

ojeji aifwkm netf ijem fwekm by mnaakrket oijes. Afr kxjhpik, js ns s`fwe ne hjp

2, t`k _`qjq ojeji rje t`rfuc` ijem fwekm by t`k Hjhmu` jem t`k Kinjs. `k

Hjhmu`fwekm jbfut 2444 jem t`k Kinjs jbfut :444 mueuhs. J mjniy ofhhnttkkfa bft` oijes wjs usujiiy afrhkm tf supkrvnsk t`k wjtkr mnstrnbutnfe arfh t`k

hjne ojeji. Joofrmnec tf t`k Hjfsnh prneonpik, t`k Hjhmu` wfuim bk cnvketwkety jem t`k Kinjs tkeHjfsnh.

`k sjhk prfokss wjs rkpkjtkm nesnmk kjo` oijes tkrrntfry. `k wjtkr wjs

mnstrnbutkm t`rfuc` j ektwfrg fa sub-ojejis. `k sjhk prfokmurks wkrk afiifwkm

tf kesurk t`jt wjtkr rkjo`km kvkry ouitnvjtkm ajmje (t`ns tkrh wnii bk mnsousskm

ijtkr ne t`k o`jptkr).

`k hjne ojeji wjs bunit fa stfeks jem hum hnxkm wnt` strjw tf prkvket wjtkr

ikjgnec. `k mrjnes wkrk bifogkm ne t`k sjhk wjy wnt` shjiikr mjhs. `ns typk

fa nrrncjtnfe systkh mkpkemkm fe t`k kxnstkeok fa oifsk sfonji rkijtnfes bktwkkemnaakrket oijes jem wnt`ne t`kh. Kjo` oije `jm nts fwe tkrrntfry ouitnvjtkm by

t`k hkhbkrs fa t`k @jrrjt` `fusk`fim, wnt` ef kofefhno ofeekotnfes bktwkke

mnaakrket oije tkrrntfrnks, but t`k nrrncjtnfe ekokssntjtkm mjniy ofetjots bktwkke

mnaakrket oijes jem t`krkby netkcrjtkm mnaakrket ofhhuentnks netf je fvkrjii sfonji

struoturk. Nts hjnetkejeok rkqunrkm offpkrjtnfe< na js j rksuit fa t`k joouhuijtnfe

fa hum jem pijets t`k wjtkr aifw bkojhk wkjg ne t`k hjne ojeji, fr na t`k ojeji

wjs mjhjckm, hkhbkrs fa mnaakrket oijes `jm tf offpkrjtk tf oikje nt up fr

rkpjnr t`k mjhjck. `ky wkrk suhhfekm afr t`ns arfh j mnstjeok by t`k sfuem

fa cues`ft. Oijes jisf afrhkm pjtrfis tf cujrm t`k ektwfrg jem prkvket t`k t`kat

fa wjtkr. @urr oijes `jm t`knr jppfnetkm oBkkm cujrms w`nik C`jwjrek` oijesjssncekm pjtrfis arfh wnt`ne t`knr ajhniy. `k ajot t`jt wjtkr ofuim bk stfike

nhpinks j ofeokpt fa fwekrs`np fa wjtkr7 afr kxjhpik, prnfr tf t`k :>?4s t`krk

wkrk pkejitnks t`jt tffg t`k afrh fa ofhpkesjtnfe tf t`k _`kng` fa t`k oije

w`fsk wjtkr wjs stfike. `k hfst ofhhfe hkt`fm jt t`jt tnhk wjs tf mkprnvk

t`k t`nka fa `ns fwe wjtkr s`jrk t`k ekxt mjy jem tf cnvk nt tf t`k fek w`fsk wjtkr

wjs stfike. Jatkr t`k :>24s, t`k t`nka wjs rkakrrkm tf t`k cfvkrehket jut`frntnks

jem ljnikm uetni sfhkbfmy (usujiiy t`k _`kng`s nevfivkm ne t`k hjttkr) sfivkm

t`k prfbikh jem cujrjetkkm t`jt t`k t`nka wfuim eft rkpkjt `ns mkkm. `ns wjs

ne jmmntnfe tf tjgnec t`k ijttkrs wjtkr s`jrk jem cnvnec nt tf t`k fek w`fsk wjtkr

wjs stfike.


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=4

?.? @jrrjt` js j _fonji Rkijtnfe fa Trfmuotnfe

`k jcrjrnje struoturk ne Lfrmje rkhjnekm bjogwjrm= tf vjrnfus mkcrkks arfh

:0;0 tf t`k :>=4s snhpiy bkojusk sfonji rkijtnfes fa prfmuotnfe mnm eft o`jeck

t`rfuc`fut t`ns pkrnfm. [etni t`k :>=4s, ijem jem wjtkr, t`k twf hfst nhpfrtjet

hkjes fa prfmuotnfe ne t`k @jrrjt` kofefhy, wkrk uemkr t`k ofetrfi fa oije

ikjmkrs. `fsk ikjmkrs wkrk ueprfmuotnvk, kxpifntnec t`k mnrkot prfmuokrs w`f wkrk

t`k @jrrjt`kkefr pifuc`hke. Ne t`ns typk fa kofefhy t`k @jrrjt`s `fusk`fim

jem t`k oije ofestntutkm t`k bjsno sfonji uents.

Ne t`k Mknr Jiij jrkj, t`k @jrrjt` kofefhy prfmuokm hjneiy okrkji orfps suo`js w`kjt, bjriky, w`ntk hjnzk jem sksjhk. Jenhji rjnsnec wjs t`k skofemjry hkjes

fa invkin`ffm afr t`k ofhhuenty js j w`fik, but nt wjs t`k prnhjry sfurok afr t`k

efhjmno pjstfrjinsts (tjbik ? s`fws t`k nhpfrtjeok fa bft` jotnvntnks). @fwkvkr,

js N `jvk jrcukm kjrinkr, t`ns jotnvnty wjs eft kefuc` afr t`k bkmfune, jem t`ky jisf

rjnmkm t`k jcrnouiturji ofhhuentnks.

Ne t`k :>t` oketury t`k oijes fa Mknr Jiij uskm tf cnvk j hjlfr pjrt fa t`knr

surpius tf t`k bkmfune fa Jliue js g`jwj.Jeft`kr pjrt fa t`k surpius wjs cnvke tf

t`k stjtk js tjx. `k rkst wjs mnvnmkm bktwkke t`k @jrrjt`kkejem t`k s`kng`s. `kafrhkr tjgnec fek anat` fa t`ns jhfuet kvke t`fuc` t`k jcrkkhket wjs t`jt t`k

@jrrjt` s`fuim `jvk j qujrtkr7 t`k s`kng` subtrjotkm t`k jhfuet fa skkms `k cjvk

tf t`k @jrrjt` jt t`k bkcneenec fa t`k ykjr. `k rkhjnenec surpius fa afur anat`swfuim knt`kr bk ofesuhkm fr kxo`jeckm by t`k oije ikjmkr(s) ne mnaakrket hjrgkts,

hjneiy ne _jit fe t`k kjstkre `nc`ijems jem ne Ejbius ne Tjikstnek.

?.?.: Oije js j _fonji [ent< _fonji _trjtnojtnfe bktwkke MnfflkrketOijes

Nmkfifcy pijykm j vkry nhpfrtjet rfik ne t`k aueotnfenec fa t`k mnaakrket

ofhhuentnks ne t`k Mknr Jiij jrkj. Bkafrk t`k :>;4s t`krk wjs j fek-tf-fek rkijtnfe

bktwkke t`k prfmuotnvk bjsk fa t`k sfonkty jem okrtjne sfonji tkrhs ingk @urr,oBkkm, jem C`jwjrek`, but sneok t`k prfmuotnvk bjsk fa t`k sfonkty o`jeckm, suo`

tkrhs jvk ifst t`knr sfonf-kofefhno ofetket jem t`knr hkjenec js jisf o`jeckm.

`jt ns, prkvnfusiy, oije nmkfifcy aueotnfekm js pjrt fa t`k sfonji rkijtnfes fa

prfmuotnfe, but efw t`k oije ef ifeckr aueotnfes ne t`ns wjy7 oije strjtnanojtnfe

`js bkofhk je nmkfifcnoji supkr

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