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Marie Therese Abi Saab and Musa Nimah
(1) Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute
(2) National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean
(3) Association of the Friends of Ibrahim Abdel Al
ACLIMAS 2nd Annual Meeting, Morocco 23-24 October 2013
Project funded by the European Union
SWIM (Sustainable Water Integrated Management) - Demonstration Project
Target area: Bekaa valley, Lebanon
Mediterranean agricultural systems are vulnerable to climate change
Introduction
Climate change in Lebanon Temperature increase: By 2040 around 1oC to 2oC By 2090 around 3.5oC to 5oC Rainfall decrease: 10-20 % by 2040, 25-45 % by 2090 Snow cover decrease: With a rise of 2C°, decrease by 50 %
Second National Communication to the UNFCCC (2011)
• Constraints to cereal growth and yield
WATER
TEMPERATURE
Unfavorable distribution
Year-to-year fluctuations of rain
Highly vulnerable area in Lebanon Bekaa region
ACLIMAS Achievements in the Bekaa
Season 2012-2013
1. Set up of ACLIMAS initial conditions 2. Demonstration work, season 2012-2013 3. Implementation work, season 2012-2013 4. Technical visits 5. Dissemination activities, season 2012-2013
ACLIMAS Achievements in the Bekaa
Season 2012-2013
1. Set up of ACLIMAS initial conditions 2. Demonstration work, season 2012-2013 3. Implementation work, season 2012-2013 4. Technical visits 5. Dissemination activities, season 2012-2013
• Improving actual conditions of agro-meteorological station
- Present at LARI (Pessl type, The Netherlands)
- Displacement of the station
- Fences
- Automated irrigation system
- Grass maintenance
- etc.
• Zero tillage machine
- Present at LARI
• Research equipment
- LA meter-Sunscan (EU made), pressure chamber (EU made) and TDR assembly (US made)
- Tender (5 and 26 Novembre 2012, 19 March 2013 and 27 April 2013)
1. Set up of ACLIMAS initial conditions
ACLIMAS Achievements in the Bekaa
Season 2012-2013
1. Set up of ACLIMAS initial conditions 2. Demonstration work, season 2012-2013 3. Implementation work, season 2012-2013 4. Technical visits 5. Dissemination activities, season 2012-2013
Experimental site and climate
• Location
Central Bekaa Valley
Tal Amara, LARI
33o51’44’’N lat., 35o59’32’’E long
905m above sea level
• Soil
high clay content
total available water within the top 90 cm of soil profile is 170 mm
• Climate
Main average rainfall is 592 mm
Treatments and agronomic management
• Two demonstration experiments at LARI’s field
Demonstration 1
Wheat varieties: Mickey 3 and Icarasha 2
Demonstration 2
Barley varieties: Rihane 03 and Assi
• 16 combinations of wheat/barley varieties x management practices
- One sowing time: Early sowing + 50 mm of water
- Two irrigation regimes: with and without supplemental irrigation
- Two agronomical practices: Conventional and conservation tillage.
Treatments and agronomic
management
• Experimental design: split split plot design
• N° of treatments: 8
• N° of replicates/ treatment: 3
• N° of plots: 24
• Period of demonstration: 2 seasons and more…
Soil water monitoring
Installation of 128 TDR probes in the different treatments
• Phenology was recorded according to Zadoks et al. (1974)
• Biomass, yield and yield components sampling
• Irrigation water use efficiency (expressed in kg.m-3) was calculated as the ratio of dry aboveground biomass to the seasonal rain + irrigation (WUEb) and as the ratio of dry grain yield to the seasonal rain + irrigation (WUEy)
Biomass, yield and water use efficiency
Weather conditions and crop phenology
732 mm of rain during the growing season
0 50 100 150 200 250
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
Rainfall (mm)
Growing season 2012-2013
Long-run average
WHEAT
BARLEY
6 Nov
6 Nov
24 Nov (19)
23 Nov (18) 26 March (141)
30 March (145) 29 May (205)
24 May (200)
Main phenological stages for durum wheat and barley during the growing season
Irrigation seasonal amount = 95 mm
Soil water content
a a b
a a b
a a a a a a
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
CV CA O SI W1 W2
Tillage practice (Till) Water (W) Variety(V)
(T.h
a-1)
WHEAT Biomass
Grain Yield
Biomass and yield
Biomass and yield
b
a
b a
a a
b a
a a a a
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
CV CA O SI B1 B2
Tillage practice (Till) Water (W) Variety(V)
(T.h
a-1)
BARLEY Biomass
Grain Yield
WHEAT
Source of Variation Biomass (t.ha-1) Grain Yield (t.ha-1) Plant height (cm) Number of seeds/spike Harvest index (%)
Pr. Means Pr. Means Pr. Means Pr. Means Pr. Means
Tillage practice (Till) 0.94 0.189 0.6 0,03 * 0.25
CV 11,73 a 5,35 a 84,11 a 26,88 a 46,11 a
CA 11,71 a 5,05 a 83,49 a 26,60 a 43,60 a
Water (W) 0.04* 0.676 0.873 0.995 0.62
O 10,74 b 4,82 a 82,13 a 25,90 a 46,07 a
SI 12,67 a 5,55 a 85,35 a 27,52 a 43,87 a
Variety(V) 0.03* 0.184 0,033 * 0.431 0.32
W1 12,61 a 5,50 a 84,59 a 26,82 a 42,92 a
W2 10,82 b 4,94 a 83,11 a 26,68 a 46,74 a
Till* W 0.94 0.885 0.304 0.992 0.5
Till *V 0.15 0.258 0.492 0.37 0.58
W* V 0.84 0.764 0,009** 0.835 0.45
Till*W*V 0.37 0.541 0,04 * 0.618 0.59
Means followed by the same letter in each column are not significantly different according to the Duncan multiple range test (P<0.05)
Note that CV = conventional tillage; CA = conservation tillage; 0 = rainfed; SI = supplemental irrigation; W1 = Icarasha; W2 = Miki
Biomass and yield
BARLEY
Source of Variation Biomass (t.ha-1) Grain Yield (t.ha-1) Plant height (cm) Number of seeds/spike Harvest index (%)
Pr. Means Pr. Means Pr. Means Pr. Means Pr. Means
Tillage practice (Till) 0,03 * 0,014 * 0.145 0.055 1
CV 11,73 b 5,25 b 69,25 a 37,26 a 44,36 a
CA 14,46 a 6,37 a 78,49 a 46,67 a 44,19 a
Water (W) 0.04* 0.09 0.07 0.605 0.54
O 11,85 b 5,30 a 68,78 a 41,77 a 44,15 a
SI 14,34 a 6,32 a 78,96 a 42,16 a 43,39 a
Variety(V) 0.31 0.98 0.988 0.629 0.11
B1 12,38 a 5,65 a 73,07 a 40,36 a 46,12 a
B2 13,81 a 5,97 a 74,66 a 43,58 a 42,42 a
Till* W 0.49 0.777 0.583 0.779 0.36
Till *V 0.56 0.678 0.825 0.123 0.45
W* V 0.81 0.695 0.879 0.432 0.89
Till*W*V 0.71 0.747 0.977 0.29 0.66
Means followed by the same letter in each column are not significantly different according to the Duncan multiple range test (P<0.05)
Note that CV = conventional tillage; CA = conservation tillage; 0 = rainfed; SI = supplemental irrigation; W1 = Assi; W2 = Rihane
Biomass and yield
a a b
a a
b
a a a a a
a
0
0,4
0,8
1,2
1,6
CV CA O SI W1 W2
Tillage practice (Till) Water (W) Variety(V)
WHEAT WUEb
WUEy
Water use efficiency
Water use efficiency
b
a
b
a a
a
b a
a a
a a
0
0,4
0,8
1,2
1,6
CV CA O SI B1 B2
Tillage practice (Till) Water (W) Variety(V)
BARLEY WUEbWUEy
• The obtained results in the first year of measurements can give only a preliminary indication….experiment to be repeated for several years
• Farming practices such as early sowing, supplemental irrigation and conservation tillage can assure the sustainability of agriculture, particularly under the challenges of climate change.
• Farmers are encouraged to adopt the techniques, which are productive and relatively simple. The techniques can stabilize cereal yields, which is important issue that will gain prominence in the region as the implications of climate change unfold.
Marie Therese Abi Saab (1), Rossella Albrizio (2), Musa Nimah (3), Pasquale Giorio (2) Mohamed Houssemeddine Sellami (2) , Suzi Rouphael (1), Ihab Jomaa (1) , Randa Massaad (1) , Salim Fahed (1) , Rabih Kabalan (1) , Chafic Stephan (1) , Marica Abi Nader (3)
(1) Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute
(2) National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean
(3) Association of the Friends of Ibrahim Abdel Al
Adapting to climate change: testing possible measures to stabilize wheat
and barley yields in a Mediterranean environment
ACLIMAS Achievements in the Bekaa
Season 2012-2013
1. Set up of ACLIMAS initial conditions 2. Demonstration work, season 2012-2013 3. Implementation work, season 2012-2013 4. Technical visits 5. Dissemination activities, season 2012-2013
3. Implementation work, season 2012-2013
• Implementation area: Central, Northen and Western Bekaa
• Number of selected farmers: 8
• Implemented land: 20 ha
• ACLIMAS Suggested varieties/management practices versus varieties/practices usually used
- 2 farmers will test: variety x supplemental irrigation x conservation agriculture
- 1 farmers will test: variety x supplemental irrigation x early sowing
- 5 farmers will test: variety x supplemental irrigation
3. Implementation work, season 2012-2013
3. Implementation work, season 2012-2013
• Preparation of a soil database
- Soil sampling and analysis from the different farms
- Irrigation will be managed using an Excel-based irrigation tool (Todorovic, 2006) that employs meteorological, soil, and crop data for a day-by-day estimation of the soil water balance in the effective root zone.
0-20 cm 20-40 cm 40-60 cm 0-60 cm 0-20 cm 20-40 cm 40-60 cm 0-60 cm 0-20 cm 20-40 cm 40-60 cm 0-60 cm 0-20 cm 20-40 cm 40-60 cm 0-60 cm 0-20 cm 20-40 cm 40-60 cm 0-60 cm 0-20 cm 20-40 cm 40-60 cm 0-60 cm
Texture
Coarse sand (%) 5 5 4 4.7 9 11 10 10.0 8 5 2 5.0 2 3 2 2.3 24 24 24.0 7 7.0
Fine sand (%) 5 5 5 5.0 7 7 8 7.3 7 5 2 4.7 3 3 3 3.0 11 11 11.0 4 4.0
Coarse silt (%) 20 22 22 21.3 20 18 22 20.0 16 22 20 19.3 26 26 24 25.3 8 6 7.0 20 20.0
Fine silt (%) 14 12 12 12.7 18 18 12 16.0 12 12 6 10.0 12 14 14 13.3 6 8 7.0 8 8.0
Clay (%) 55 56 56 55.7 64 46 48 52.7 55 55 70 60.0 55 54 57 55.3 51 50 50.5 58 58.0
Organic matter %) 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.3 2.1 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.1 1.8 2.1 2.0 2.4 1.9 1.8 2.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8
pH (2:5) 7.5 7.7 7.4 7.5 7.7 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.8 8.2 8.1 8.0 8.1 7.8 8.2 8.0 8.2 8.2 8.2 8 8.0
Electrical conductivity (2:5) 0.13 0.11 0.16 0.13 0.23 0.18 0.16 0.2 0.19 0.17 0.18 0.2 0.58 0.61 0.23 0.5 0.18 0.15 0.2 0.56 0.6
Total carbonate(%) 9 7 8 8.0 10 10 9 9.7 25 24 24 24.3 41 41 41 41.0 4 5 4.5 14 14.0
Active calcium (%) 3 2 3 2.7 3 3 3 3.0 10 10 10 10.0 14 14 14 14.0 1 2 1.5 3 3.0
Available nitrogen (kg/ha) 38 37 32 35.7 57 46 46 49.7 55 47 56 52.7 64 50 47 53.7 25 25 25.0 21 21.0
Available phosphorus (ppm) 30.1 32.5 31.6 31.4 121.6 76.7 61.4 86.6 7.6 6.9 9.3 7.9 64.1 61.9 21.1 49.0 37 24.6 30.8 49.5 49.5
Available potassium (ppm) 720 720 590 676.7 480 440 350 423.3 260 240 290 263.3 440 370 280 363.3 220 200 210.0 770 770.0
Exchangeable sodium (ppm) 80 80 100 86.7 80 50 50 60.0 210 160 170 180.0 100 90 80 90.0 90 80 85.0 100 100.0
Exchangeable magnesium (ppm) 643 620 670 644.3 233 234 279 248.7 766 815 1116 899.0 980 976 1037 997.7 278 269 273.5 735 735.0
Exchangeable calcium (ppm) 9402 9083 9987 9490.7 8431 7746 8338 8171.7 9582 8810 8511 8967.7 9909 8998 9384 9430.3 5686 5686 5686.0 10744 10744.0
Available iron (ppm) 0.01 0.14 0.01 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0 0.14 1.13 0.5 0.6 0.01 0.13 1.2 0.4 0.4 0.06 0.2 0.01 0.0
Mohammad El Lakkis Ihab Dahdouh Khaled Araji Ghaleb El Meiss Zeki El Tarchichi Georges El Saker
Farmer 1: Ali El Attar Variety x Supplemental irrigation x Conservation tillage
Barley: Baladi variety Barley: Rihane variety
0
2
4
Existing practices ACLIMAS
practices
Grain Yield (T.ha-1)
Y-WUE (kg.m-3)
Yield: 1.4 versus 3.3 t/ha Y-WUE: 0.36 versus 0.75 kg.m-3 Water from I and P: 387 versus 437 mm Irrigation: 0 versus 50 mm
Farmer 2: Abbas El Tarchichi Variety x Supplemental irrigation x Conservation tillage
Wheat: Chami variety
Wheat: Icarasha variety
0
2
4
6
8
Existing practices ACLIMAS practices
Grain Yield (T.ha-1)
Y-WUE (kg.m-3)
Yield: 3.8 versus 6.5 t/ha Y-WUE: 0.75 versus 1.45 kg.m-3 Water from I and P: 507 versus 447 mm Irrigation: 120 versus 60 mm
Farmer 3: Zeki El Tarchichi Variety x Supplemental irrigation x early sowing
Wheat: Lahn variety
Wheat: Icarasha variety
0
2
4
6
8
10
Existing practices ACLIMAS
practices
Grain Yield (T.ha-1)
Y-WUE (kg.m-3)
Yield: 7.6 versus 8 t/ha Y-WUE: 0.68 versus 0.95 kg.m-3 Water from I and P: 1120 versus 840 mm Irrigation: 400 versus 120 mm
Farmer 4: Ghaleb El Meiss Variety x Supplemental irrigation
Wheat: Lahn variety
Wheat: Icarasha variety
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Existing practices ACLIMAS practices
Grain Yield (T.ha-1)
Y-WUE (kg.m-3)
Yield: 6 versus 7 t/ha Y-WUE: 0.52 versus 0.62 kg.m-3 Water from I and P: 1161 versus 1124 mm Irrigation: 75 versus 38 mm
Farmer 5: Khaled Araji Variety x Supplemental irrigation
Barley: Rihane variety
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Existing practices ACLIMAS practices
Grain Yield (T.ha-1)
Y-WUE (kg.m-3)
Yield: 6.5 t/ha Y-WUE: 0.59 kg.m-3 Water from I and P:1086 mm Irrigation: 0 mm
Farmer 6: Mohamed El Lakkis/Sobhi El Sadek Variety x Supplemental irrigation
Wheat: Lahn variety
Wheat: Icarasha and Miki varieties
0
2
4
6
8
Existing practices ACLIMAS practices
Grain Yield (T.ha-1)
Y-WUE (kg.m-3)
Yield: 5.8 versus 7.1 t/ha Y-WUE: 0.99 versus 1.42 kg.m-3 Water from I and P: 587 versus 500 mm Irrigation: 200 versus 113 mm
Farmer 7: Georges El Saker Variety x Supplemental irrigation
Wheat: Lahn variety Barley: Baladi variety
Wheat: Icarasha variety Barley: Rihane variety
0
1
2
3
4
5
Existing practices ACLIMAS practices
Wheat Grain Yield…
Y-WUE (kg.m-3)
0
2
4
6
8
Existing practices ACLIMAS practices
Barley Grain Yield (T.ha-1)
Y-WUE (kg.m-3)
Yield: 3.8 versus 4 t/ha Y-WUE: 0.72 versus 0.87 kg.m-3 Water from I and P: 531 versus 462 mm Irrigation: 144 versus 75 mm
Yield: 3.2 versus 6 t/ha Y-WUE: 0.61 versus 1.3 kg.m-3 Water from I and P: 524 versus 462 mm Irrigation: 137 versus 75 mm
Farmer 8: Ibrahim Bou Souwan Variety x Supplemental irrigation
Wheat: Lahn variety
Wheat: Miki variety
0
2
4
6
8
10
Existing practices ACLIMAS practices
Grain Yield (T.ha-1)
Y-WUE (kg.m-3)
Yield: 6.5 versus 7.9 t/ha Y-WUE: 0.6 versus 0.73 kg.m-3 Water from I and P: 1086 mm Irrigation: 0 mm
• Average Grain yield was increased from 4.9 to 6.2 T.ha-1 (26% increase)
• Average Y-WUE was increased from 0.64 to 0.96 kg.m-3 (49% increase)
ACLIMAS Achievements in the Bekaa
Season 2012-2013
1. Set up of ACLIMAS initial conditions 2. Demonstration work, season 2012-2013 3. Implementation work, season 2012-2013 4. Technical visits 5. Dissemination activities, season 2012-2013
4. Technical visits
• EU partner visits:
29 July-10 August 2012 1-15 November 2012 21-5 April 2013 1-15 June 2013 • Applicant visit:
13-17 November 2012 9-11 May 2013 July 2013 • EU monitoring mission:
EU Expert: Karel Amejie 9-11 May 2013
ACLIMAS Achievements in the Bekaa
Season 2012-2013
1. Set up of ACLIMAS initial conditions 2. Demonstration work, season 2012-2013 3. Implementation work, season 2012-2013 4. Technical visits 5. Dissemination activities, season 2012-2013
Training activities
• Training 1
Location: Beirut
Period: 20-22 March 2013
Title: Climate smart agriculture
Target group: Extension service staff and university students
Number of participants: 25
• Field day 1:
Location: Farm of “Zeki Tarchichi”, Sariin region
Period: 18 June 2013
Title: ACLIMAS first year results
Target group: farmers
Number of participants: 19
Field day 2:
Location: Farm of “Sobhi El Sadek”, Baalbeck region
Period: 4 July 2013
Title: ACLIMAS first year results
Target group: farmers
Number of participants: 20
• Field day 3:
Location: Bekaa region
Period: 26 September 2013
Title: Farming practices
Target group: farmers
Number of participants: 10
• Brochure 1: Future farming (english and arabic)
• Brochure 2 (Poster): Description of ACLIMAS first year demonstration activities.
• 16 combinations of wheat/barley varieties and management practices
• 3 field days (49 participants)
• 1 training course (25 participants)
• 2 brochures
• 8 farmers participated to ACLIMAS implementation activities
• 20 ha of implemented land
• Improved yield by 26%
• Improved Y-WUE by 49%
Indicators
ACLIMAS future work
Season 2013-2014
Demonstration activities
• Follow-up experiments at LARI station….
• 13 farmers • Implemented land size: 60 ha • CA x SI x variety
Farmer Region Land size (dunum) Variety
Ali Hamdo Hajj Hassan Shaat 50 Rihane
Ali Zalfo Harb alhamrat 60 Icarasha
Ali Mustafa Hajj Hassan Shaat 30 Rihane
10 Icarasha
Naji Hajj Hassan Shaat 30 Rihane
Sobhi El Sadeck Doures/Baalbeck 100 Icarasha
Bilal Mustafa El Darwish Houchet El Safia/Baalbeck 40 Icarasha
Zeki El Tarchichi Ryak 50 Icarasha
Ibrahim Ahmed Tarchichi Al Nasriya 20 Icarasha
Issa Fahed Mohamed Hawchet el Safia 60 Icarasha
Khalil Mustafa Majdaloun 30 Rihane
Ghaleb El Meiss Bar Elias 60 Icarasha
Abbas El Attar Talet El Hadas 50 Icarasha
Michel Maacaroun Ryak 30 Icarasha
Implementation activities
Impact of first year ACLIMAS activities……………..
Implementation work, season 2012-2013
Implementation work, season 2013-2014
• Training 1
Location: Tal Amara – LARI Station
Period: March 2014
Title: Farming practices to adapt to climate change
Target group: Farmers
Expected number of participants: 25
• Training 2
Location: Tal Amara – LARI Station
Period: May 2014
Title: Supplemental irrigation
Target group: farmers
Expected number of participants: 25
Dissemination activities
Dissemination activities
• Brochure 1: Supplemental irrigation
• Brochure 2: Climate change
Dissemination activities
• Field day 1:
Title: conservation tillage
Target group: farmers
• Field day 2:
Title: Conservation tillage
Target group: farmers
• Field day 3:
Title: Supplemental irrigation
Target group: farmers
• Field day 4:
Title: Farming practices and climate change
Target group: farmers
• Field day 5:
Title: Support of the local communities to market quality durum wheat products
Target group: Women cooperatives
Working team
• Association of The Friends of Ibrahim Abd El Al – AFIAL
Pr Musa Nimah
Eng. Marica Abi Nader
• Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute – LARI
Dr. Marie Therese Abi Saab
Dr. Suzi Rouphael
Eng. Chafic Stephan
Dr. Ihab Jomaa
Eng. Rabih Kabalan
Eng. Randa Massaad
• Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo - CNR-ISAFoM
Dr. Rossella Albrizio
Dr. Pasquale Giorio
Dr. Mohamed Houssemeddine Sellami
Thank you www.aclimas.eu