Santa Ignacia, TarlacFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Santa Ignacia

Municipality

Seal

Map of Tarlac showing the location of Santa Ignacia

Santa Ignacia

Location within the Philippines

Coordinates:  15°37′N 120°26′ECoordinates:  15°37′N 120°26′E

Country Philippines

Region Central Luzon (Region III)

Province Tarlac

District 1st District

Barangays 24

Area[1]

 • Total 146.07 km2 (56.40 sq mi)

Population (2010)[2]

 • Total 43,787

 • Density 300/km2 (780/sq mi)

Time zone PST (UTC+8)

ZIP code 2303

Dialing code 45

Income class 2nd class

Website santaignaciatarlac.gov.ph

Demographics[edit]

Population census of Sta. Ignacia

Year Pop. ±% p.a.

1990 30,470 —

1995 34,658 +2.44%

2000 38,301 +2.17%

2007 43,560 +1.79%

2010 43,787 +0.19%

Source: National Statistics Office[2][4]

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Larval mosquito fauna (Family Culicidae) of Sta. Ignacia,Tarlac Province, Philippines

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帯広畜産大学学術情報リポジトリ OAK:Obihiro

university Archives of Knowledge' ' 

TitleLarval mosquito fau

na (Family Culicidae) of Sta.Ignacia,Tarlac,Province,Philippines

 Author(s)

Santiago, A. T. A., Claveria, Florencia G.

Citation

The Journal of Protozoology Research, 18(1): 17-25

Issue Date

2008-06

URLhttp://ir.obihiro.ac.jp/ds

pace/handle/10322/1834

Rights

National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases

 

 J. Protozool. Res. 18, 17-25 (2008)Copyright©2008, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases

Larval mosquito

fauna (Family Culicidae) of Sta. Ignacia, Tarlac,Province, Philippines

Santiago, A.T.A.1, 2

and Claveria, F.G.1

 1

Biology Department, College of

Science, De La Salle University-Manila, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila,Philippines;2

Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, University of the Philippines Manila,Padre Faura St.,

Ermita, Manila 1000, Philippines*Corresponding author: Claveria, F.G., E-mail:

claveriaf@dlsu.edu.ph

ABSTRACT

Surveillance of the presence of larval mosquitoes was performed in

the suburban municipality of Sta. Ignacia,Tarlac Province, Philippines, with approximately 94.0% of the

land area still devoted to agriculture. Fivedistricts were covered, namely: Macageuing, San Francisco,

San Vicente, Sta. Ines Centro, and Sta. Ines East.

 The standard dipping method was used to

collect mosquito larvae from rice fields, ponds, creeks, streamsand used tires and larvae were

identified at the genus level.

Culex

sp. was the most abundant with acalculated mean breeding

index of 22 larvae per dip.

 Anopheles

sp. and

 Aedes

sp. were likewise identifiedwith

mean breeding indices of five and two larvae per dip, respectively. In two samplings,

Culex

sp. had thehighest mean larval breeding index (MLBI) of 9 larvae/dip in Sta. Ines Centro (West); while

Sta. Vicenteregistered higher MLBI of 

 Anopheles

sp. and

 Aedes

sp. relative to sites in other districts. Considering theendemicity of malaria, lymphatic filariasis and

dengue in the country, present findings are valuable in theformulation of control measures specifically

targeting presently identified breeding sites that revealedconsiderable mosquito population. To

arrive at a comprehensive picture, we highly recommend a validationof current data in similar

sampling sites in the other districts of Sta. Ignacia, concurrent with a species-specific surveillance of

culicidae mosquitoes.

Key words:

mosquito larval surveillance; breeding index;

 

Sta. Ignacia; Tarlac Province; Philippines

INTRODUCTION

In tropical countries like the Philippines

where many viral and parasitic infections are endemic,mosquito surveillance is an integral part in the

prevention and control of vector-borne diseases and in theevaluation of pest control strategies. Agroecosystem

s, rice fields, coastal areas and artificial water-holdingcontainers provide suitable breeding places

of adult mosquitoes (Lichtenberg and Getz, 1985; Mutero

et al 

.,2000; Sunahara

et al 

., 2002; Caglar 

et al 

., 2003; Muturi

et al 

., 2006; Blaustein and

Chase, 2007). Mosquitovectors rely on vertebrate blood meals for egg development partly utilized

for yolk-protein and renewed lipidsynthesis and storage synthesis, and on sugars from plants essential for flight and

energy reserves (Scott

et al 

., 1997; Ziegler and Ibrahim, 2001; Briegel, 2003).In the Philippines,

mosquitoes (family Culicidae) are widely distributed (Delfinado, 1966; Basio,1971). In

Northern Luzon, Palawan and Mindanao,

 Anopheles

spp.,

 Aedeomyia

spp.,

 Aedes

spp., and

Culex

 spp. commonly inhabit paddy fields, shaded pools, streams and artificial

water holding-containers (Miyagi

et al 

., 1985). Several

Culex

spp. and

 Aedes

spp. transmit viral pathogens (Rudnick 

et al 

., 1962; Doherty

et al 

.,1963; Chow

et al 

., 1998; Kay

et al 

., 2002); while

 Anopheles

spp. and

 Aedes

spp. are important vectors of malaria and lymphatic filaria (Ishii

et al 

., 1983; Belizario, 1993; Lansang

et al 

., 1997; Espino and Manderson,2000; Bell

et al 

., 2001 and 2005). In view of the importance of data on mosquito fauna in the

developmentand execution of appropriate programs for the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases

likemalaria, dengue and lymphatic filariasis, all of which are endemic in the country, the

present surveillance

17 

Larval mosquito fauna of Sta. Ignaciawas carried out in

Sta. Ignacia, Tarlac Province, Philippines, a suburban municipality with approximately94.0% of the

land area still devoted to agriculture.

MATERIALS AND METHODSStudy Area

Sta. Ignacia is a suburban municipality of Tarlac Province divided into 24 districts (NationalStatistical Coordination

Board, 2007). It covers a 14,607-hectares land area, of which only approximately6.5% are used for

residential, commercial and industrial purposes. Its 2007 projected population is 44,742with a population

density of three persons per hectare. Currently, there are 8,054 households (averagehousehold size: 6

persons). The mosquito surveillance study covered three rural (Macagueing, San Vicenteand Sta. Ines East)

and two urban (San Francisco and Sta. Ines West) districts (Fig. 1).

Larval Mosquito

Sampling and Identification

Mosquito surveillance consisted of three collections period in June,

2007, which were scheduledone-week apart. The specific sites surveyed in the rural districts were stagnant

creeks to streams(Macagueing), rice fields and streams (San Vicente) and rice fields and old/unused tires

(Sta. Ines East),while the sites surveyed in the urban districts of San Francisco and Sta. Ines Centro (West) were

rice fieldsand shallow ponds, respectively (Fig. 2). Mosquito larvae were collected using the standard

dipping method(O’Malley, 1989). Sampling sites were first observed for the presence of larvae which

were collected using awhite plastic dipper, then larvae were placed in hot water and preserved in 80% ethyl

alcohol. Larvae wereidentified at the genus level based on established morphological characteristics (Pratt, 1993;

DagnallTeaching Laboratory, 1998). Larvae of 

 Anopheles

sp. were distinguished based on the

absence of a breathingtube at the 8th abdominal segment and presence of ventral palmate hairs; and the

presence of a breathingtube with more than one pair of hair tufts for 

Culex

sp. contrasted with the

presence of single pair of hair tufts in

 Aedes

sp. (Fig. 3).Figure 1. Five districts covered by

mosquito larval survey, Sta. Ignacia, Tarlac Province, 2007.

18

 

Larval mosquito fauna of Sta. IgnaciaABC DEFigure 2. Sample

sites from the five districts covered in the study: (A) Macagueing creek,(B) San Francisco rice

field, (C) San Vicente rice field, (D) Sta. Ines East rice field, and(E) Sta. Ines Centro pond, Sta.

Ignacia, Tarlac, 2007.

19

 

Larval mosquito fauna of Sta. IgnaciaA B CD E

Figure 3. Larval mosquitoes. A and B.

 Anopheles

sp. Absence of a breathing tube (BT) (arrow) and presence of ventral palmate hairs. C and D.

Culex

sp. E.

 Aedes

sp. Note presence of BT (arrow) with morethan

one pair of hair tufts in

Culex

sp., and presence of single pair of hair tufts only in

 Aedes

sp.

Data Analysis

The first larval collections for the five districts were pooled to serve as baseline data

for themunicipality. In the second and third sampling, the number of larvae per genus per

district was recorded, andthe data were compared across the five districts. To determine the total density of

mosquito larvae per genusin the municipality and for each of the five districts, the breeding index (Belkin, 1954)

was used calculatedas: BI = TLP/ ND x BP, where BI = breeding index; TLP = total number of larvae

collected; ND = number of dips; and BP = number of sampling stations/ breeding places.

a

RESULTS AND 

DISCUSSION

A total of 226 mosquito larvae were collected from 36

sampling stations (Table 1). Of the total 137larvae collected during the second and third sampling, 56 (40.9%)

were from Sta. Ines Centro (West),followed by 48 (35.1%) from San Vicente (Table 2).The larvae

identified were predominantly

Culex

sp. (176: ~78%), followed by

 Anopheles

sp. (39:~17.0%) and

 Aedes

sp. (11: ~5.0 %). Variation in the larval breeding indices between

sampling periodsrevealed significantly higher density of 

Culex

sp. (Fig. 4). The mean larval

breeding index (MLBI) wascomputed as follows:

Culex

sp. (22±

5.7 larvae/dip);

 Anopheles

sp. (5±

3.0 larvae/ dip); and

 Aedes

sp. (2±

 

20

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Larval mosquito fauna (Family Culicidae) of Sta. Ignacia,Tarlac Province, Philippines

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リ OAK:Obihiro university Archives of Knowledge' ' 

TitleLarval mosquito fauna

(Family Culicidae) of Sta.Ignacia,Tarlac,Province,Philippines Author(s)

Santiago, A. T. A., Claveria, Florencia G.CitationThe Journal of Protozoology 

Research, 18(1): 17-25Issue Date2008-06URLhttp://ir.obihiro.ac.j

p/dspace/handle/10322/1834RightsNational Research Center for

Protozoan Diseases

 

 J. Protozool. Res. 18, 17-25 (2008)Copyright©2008, National Research Center for Protozoan DiseasesLarval mosquito fauna (Family

Culicidae) of Sta. Ignacia, Tarlac,Province, PhilippinesSantiago, A.T.A.1, 2

and Claveria, F.G.1

 

1

Biology Department, College of Science, De La Salle University-Manila, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila,Philippines;

2

Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, University of the Philippines Manila,Padre Faura St., Ermita, Manila

1000, Philippines*Corresponding author: Claveria, F.G., E-mail: claveriaf@dlsu.edu.phABSTRACT

Surveillance of the presence of larval mosquitoes was performed in the suburban municipality of Sta. Ignacia,Tarlac

Province, Philippines, with approximately 94.0% of the land area still devoted to agriculture. Fivedistricts were covered,

namely: Macageuing, San Francisco, San Vicente, Sta. Ines Centro, and Sta. Ines East. 

The standard dipping method was used to collect mosquito larvae from rice fields, ponds, creeks, streamsand used tires and

larvae were identified at the genus level.Culexsp. was the most abundant with acalculated mean breeding

index of 22 larvae per dip. Anophelessp. and Aedessp. were likewise identifiedwith mean breeding

indices of five and two larvae per dip, respectively. In two samplings,Culexsp. had thehighest mean larval

breeding index (MLBI) of 9 larvae/dip in Sta. Ines Centro (West); while Sta. Vicenteregistered higher MLBI of 

 Anophelessp. and Aedessp. relative to sites in other districts. Considering theendemicity of malaria,

lymphatic filariasis and dengue in the country, present findings are valuable in theformulation of control measures

specifically targeting presently identified breeding sites that revealedconsiderable mosquito population. To

arrive at a comprehensive picture, we highly recommend a validationof current data in similar sampling sites

in the other districts of Sta. Ignacia, concurrent with a species-specific surveillance of culicidae mosquitoes.

Key words:mosquito larval surveillance; breeding index; Sta. Ignacia; Tarlac Province; Philippines

INTRODUCTIONIn tropical countries like the Philippines where many viral and parasitic infections are

endemic,mosquito surveillance is an integral part in the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases and in theevaluation of

pest control strategies. Agroecosystems, rice fields, coastal areas and artificial water-holdingcontainers provide

suitable breeding places of adult mosquitoes (Lichtenberg and Getz, 1985; Muteroet al 

.,2000; Sunaharaet al ., 2002; Caglar et al ., 2003; Muturiet al ., 2006; Blaustein and

Chase, 2007). Mosquitovectors rely on vertebrate blood meals for egg development partly utilized for yolk-protein

and renewed lipidsynthesis and storage synthesis, and on sugars from plants essential for flight and energy reserves (Scott

et al ., 1997; Ziegler and Ibrahim, 2001; Briegel, 2003).In the Philippines, mosquitoes (family Culicidae) are

widely distributed (Delfinado, 1966; Basio,1971). In Northern Luzon, Palawan and Mindanao, Anopheles

spp., Aedeomyiaspp., Aedesspp., andCulex spp. commonly inhabit paddy fields, shaded

pools, streams and artificial water holding-containers (Miyagiet al ., 1985). SeveralCulex

spp. and Aedesspp. transmit viral pathogens (Rudnick et al ., 1962; Dohertyet al .,1963; Chow

et al ., 1998; Kayet al ., 2002); while Anophelesspp. and Aedesspp. are important

vectors of malaria and lymphatic filaria (Ishiiet al ., 1983; Belizario, 1993; Lansanget al 

., 1997; Espino and Manderson,2000; Bellet al ., 2001 and 2005). In view of the importance of

data on mosquito fauna in the developmentand execution of appropriate programs for the prevention and control of

mosquito-borne diseases likemalaria, dengue and lymphatic filariasis, all of which are endemic in the country, the

present surveillance17 

Larval mosquito fauna of Sta. Ignaciawas carried out in Sta. Ignacia, Tarlac Province,

Philippines, a suburban municipality with approximately94.0% of the land area still devoted to agriculture.

MATERIALS AND METHODSStudy AreaSta. Ignacia is a suburban municipality of Tarlac Province divided into 24

districts (NationalStatistical Coordination Board, 2007). It covers a 14,607-hectares land area, of which only

approximately6.5% are used for residential, commercial and industrial purposes. Its 2007 projected population is 44,742with a

population density of three persons per hectare. Currently, there are 8,054 households (averagehousehold size: 6

persons). The mosquito surveillance study covered three rural (Macagueing, San Vicenteand Sta. Ines East) and two urban

(San Francisco and Sta. Ines West) districts (Fig. 1).Larval Mosquito Sampling and Identification

Mosquito surveillance consisted of three collections period in June, 2007, which were scheduledone-

week apart. The specific sites surveyed in the rural districts were stagnant creeks to streams(Macagueing), rice fields and

streams (San Vicente) and rice fields and old/unused tires (Sta. Ines East),while the sites surveyed in the urban districts of San

Francisco and Sta. Ines Centro (West) were rice fieldsand shallow ponds, respectively (Fig. 2). Mosquito larvae were collected

using the standard dipping method(O’Malley, 1989). Sampling sites were first observed for the presence of

larvae which were collected using awhite plastic dipper, then larvae were placed in hot water and preserved in 80% ethyl

alcohol. Larvae wereidentified at the genus level based on established morphological characteristics (Pratt, 1993; DagnallTeachin

g Laboratory, 1998). Larvae of  Anophelessp. were distinguished based on the absence of a breathingtube

at the 8th abdominal segment and presence of ventral palmate hairs; and the presence of a breathingtube with more than

one pair of hair tufts for Culexsp. contrasted with the presence of single pair of hair tufts in Aedes

sp. (Fig. 3).Figure 1. Five districts covered by mosquito larval survey, Sta. Ignacia, Tarlac Province, 2007.18

 

Larval mosquito fauna of Sta. IgnaciaABC DEFigure 2. Sample

sites from the five districts covered in the study: (A) Macagueing creek,(B) San Francisco rice field, (C) San

Vicente rice field, (D) Sta. Ines East rice field, and(E) Sta. Ines Centro pond, Sta. Ignacia, Tarlac, 2007.19

 

Larval mosquito fauna of Sta. IgnaciaA B CD E

Figure 3. Larval mosquitoes. A and B. Anophelessp. Absence of a breathing tube (BT) (arrow) and presence

of ventral palmate hairs. C and D.Culexsp. E. Aedessp. Note presence of BT (arrow)

with morethan one pair of hair tufts inCulexsp., and presence of single pair of hair tufts only in Aedes

sp.Data AnalysisThe first larval collections for the five districts were pooled to serve as baseline data for

themunicipality. In the second and third sampling, the number of larvae per genus per district was recorded,

andthe data were compared across the five districts. To determine the total density of mosquito larvae per genusin the municipality

and for each of the five districts, the breeding index (Belkin, 1954) was used calculatedas: BI = TLP/ ND x BP, where BI =

breeding index; TLP = total number of larvae collected; ND = number of dips; and BP = number of sampling

stations/ breeding places.a

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA total of 226 mosquito larvae were collected

from 36 sampling stations (Table 1). Of the total 137larvae collected during the second and third sampling, 56 (40.9%)

were from Sta. Ines Centro (West),followed by 48 (35.1%) from San Vicente (Table 2).The larvae identified were predominantly

Culexsp. (176: ~78%), followed by Anophelessp. (39:~17.0%) and Aedes

sp. (11: ~5.0 %). Variation in the larval breeding indices between sampling periodsrevealed significantly

higher density of Culexsp. (Fig. 4). The mean larval breeding index (MLBI) wascomputed as follows:

Culexsp. (22±

5.7 larvae/dip); Anophelessp. (5±

3.0 larvae/ dip); and Aedes

sp. (2±

 20

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Harvest City would be a place for Haitians to live and start their lives again, but it would also be a place for agriculture and jobs to thrive. Two thirds of the city would be dedicated to farming and one third to light industry. The city would be composed of a collection of tethered, floating modules that span a diameter of 2 miles. Divided into four zones interconnected by a linear canal system, neighborhoods would be made up of four story housing complexes. The outer perimeter of the city would be composed of crop circles with secondary feeder canals, while the city center with schools, offices, and public space would be located in the inner harbor area.

The floating islands of Harvest City will be secured to the sea bed by a cable and were designed to weather hurricanes and typhoons. A low profile, low draft dead weight capacity and perimeter wave attenuators are some factors that Schopfer incorporated into the city to ensure it would be safe from storms. A breakwater using the concrete rubble debris from the earthquake would also be constructed to add to the city’s stability.

In addition to being a new beginning for the people of Haiti, it is Schopfer’s hope that Harvest City will be established as a “charter city” to be used as an example of a new and advanced economic model specifically developed for struggling nations.

+ Tangram3ds

Read more: Harvest City: Floating Islands to Bring Agriculture and Industry to Haiti Harvest City Haiti – Inhabitat - Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building 

 

Stunning Harvest City as Floating Agricultural and Industrial City for Haiti

January 13, 2011 by admin Leave a Comment

harvest-city-agricultural-infrastructure

It’s been almost a year now since Haiti was ravaged by a horrific earthquake, and while its citizens are

still picking up the pieces, the good news is that there is no shortage of creative ideas about how to

rebuild an even better, more sustainable infrastructure for the country. Boston based architect E. Kevin

Schopfer in collaboration with Tangram 3DS (visualization) envisioned Harvest City in Haiti as a floating

agricultural/light industrial city off the shores of the island. Harvest City would be a vibrant fully functioning

city of 30,000 residents which embraces three major concepts.

Harvest City would be a place for Haitians to live and start their lives again, but it would also be a place

for agriculture and jobs to thrive. Two thirds of the city would be dedicated to farming and one third to light

industry. The city would be composed of a collection of tethered, floating modules that span a diameter of

2 miles. Divided into four zones interconnected by a linear canal system, neighborhoods would be made

up of four story housing complexes. The outer perimeter of the city would be composed of crop circles

with secondary feeder canals, while the city center with schools, offices, and public space would be

located in the inner harbor area.

The floating islands of Harvest City will be secured to the sea bed by a cable and were designed to

weather hurricanes and typhoons. A low profile, low draft dead weight capacity and perimeter wave

attenuators are some factors that Schopfer incorporated into the city to ensure it would be safe from

storms. A breakwater using the concrete rubble debris from the earthquake would also be constructed to

add to the city’s stability.

harvest-city-water-canal

harvest-city-rain-water-collect

harvest-city-night-view

harvest-city-industrial-area

harvest-city-design-view

source: evolo, schopferassociate, tangram3ds

Harvest City by Tangram 3DSAfter the tragic earthquake of 2010 which destroyed Port-au-Prince and a large part of the country, a certain number of architects and urban planners decided to intervene to help the country for its reconstruction. A series of Haitian issues have raised that we summarize in few points: a strong concentration in the capital Port-au-Prince, a serious lack of infrastructure, a disruption of agriculture and fishing, so forth.

Harvest City — Render, Tangram 3DS, Republic of Haiti, © Tangram 3DS

A set of solutions have been formulated such as:

1. Redistribution of population

2. Establish stable population zones

3. Restructure agriculture/Fishing growth

4. Generate new economic growth generation

For Tangram 3DS, in collaboration with Boston-based Schopfer Associates LLC, which just unveil their proposal, a fifth solution should be added to this list: innovation insofar as "in the midst of the turmoil, Haiti has a unique opportunity to explore not only conventional (and necessary) rebuilding models, but also to embrace innovation."

Harvest City — Render, Tangram 3DS, Republic of Haiti, © Tangram 3DS

Their proposal consists of building a floating agricultural and light industrial city off the shores of Haiti. Their Harvest City is envisioned as a vibrant fully functioning city of 30,000 residents which embrces three major concepts.

1. The creation of an artificial, floating, productive and livable land desperately needed for Haiti

2. A city designed based on the principle of Arcology (Architecture and Ecology) which embodies an ecologically sustainable and practical urban platform

3. That harvest City should be established as a "Charter City". Charter City is a relatively new and advanced economic model specifically developed for struggling nations. In addition to accommodating city services, Harvest City has been designed with an integral program of economic capabilities. This mixture is two thirds agriculture and one third light industrial.

Harvest City — Render, Tangram 3DS, Republic of Haiti, © Tangram 3DS

Tangram 3DS outlooks the master plan as following:

Harvest City is envisioned a 2 mile diameter complex of tethered floating modules. Four zones or communities will be interconnected by a linear canal system. The four major canals will focus built neighborhoods consisting of four story housing complexes. The outer perimeter of the design is predominately "one acre" crop circles with secondary feeder canals. The inner "harbor will house the city center with schools, administrative, community activities and general marketplace. The entire complex will float and be cable secured to the sea bed. Because of its low profile, low draft dead weight capacity and perimeter wave attenuators, hurricanes and typhoon will have little effect other than collection of much needed water harvesting. A breakwater will be constructed to add to the city's stability. (It should be noted, this proposal suggests using all the concrete rubble debris from the earthquake as the breakwater filler). Harvest City is seen as the first floating city for Haiti. The system of floating platforms allows for a master plan to grow and link to other future cities within the harbor.

Harvest City — Render, Tangram 3DS, Republic of Haiti, © Tangram 3DS

Specifically, the design must be easily constructed and practical. As the firm follows, Harvest City design will be articulated onto nine points:

1. Concrete Hulls: Concrete is the ideal material and method of construction for this project. Concrete hulls have a long successful history of use, particularly in salt water. Life cycles range from 60 to 100 years. These hulls are easily manufactured in a staging area on land and then towed into place. The process and materials is very low tech, economical, and can assume many shapes. The manufacturing of concrete hulls is in itself a new industry for Haiti.

2. Crop Circles: The basic crop circle is one acre in size, (US). The "crop circles" can be imagined as floating "pie pans" filled with top soil (any shape is possible). The circle was chosen to deflect waves and for its use of rotation irrigation systems. Circle walls remain high to stop wave penetration. A series of wide floating walkways interconnect ones of crop circles allowing movement of crops. Crop circles are a generic term focused on cash crop production. However it should not rule out other uses including livestock, etc.

3. Residential Neighborhoods: Basic construction is simple "tilt wall", 4 stories, concrete wall and floor systems. These hurricane resistant materials also provide insulation. For estimating purposes we are assuming an average of 3 persons per unit. The typical unit size is 490 square feet and is an enlarged studio apartment. Though 90% of all units are studios, design provisions have been made for one or two bedrooms types with light and air shafts. There are 560 units per neighborhood averaging 1,500 residents per neighborhood. These are minimal units, providing a pre-fabricated kitchenette and two dividing walls. Roofs slope to water fill tanks and are supplemented by limited single unit portable desalination units. Window placement allows cross ventilation and air is further cooled by large passive bamboo shades. Initially, all bathrooms/ showers will be dormitory style. Four such areas (men and women) will be located on each floor. These locations will centralize sewage and waste water / gray water collection.

4. Color and color design pallets are initially proposed to suggest individuality and a vibrant vitality.

5. Processing Warehouses are simple Quonset hut structures, secured to concrete hulls. Long airport hanger doors allow air flow for use and protection from heavy winds. These Quonset structures are also ideal for light industrial and assembly types of usage.

6. Crops: In addition to the crop circle agriculture, all plantings are cash crops. This includes neighborhood plantings and all other designated vegetative areas.

7. Power Current electrical power for Haiti is sporadic and not totally dependable. Their best solution is to refurbish its existing land based hydro electric dam. Harvest City must look to a more sustainable energy source, in this case, a combination of solar collection roof panels, and proportioned perimeter wind turbine arrangement.

8. Water Floating aquifers have been proposed as water tanks, secured to concrete hulls with gravity fed piping to specific neighborhoods. These facilities will use covered tops to collect water and protect it. This proposal recommends that some water be piped from land to these aquifers to protect the land based aquifers to protect the land based aquifer supply. (Another earthquake could rupture the land aquifers and allow saltwater to contaminate them) As a supplement, compact desalination units could add additional water sources. These units would be solar panel electric sources.

9. Waste: There is no central sewerage treatment plant. In its place are a series of compact treatment plants requiring little energy consumption. In addition, central bathroom facilities would recycle all gray water and use newly developed compost toilets.

Harvest City — Render, Tangram 3DS, Republic of Haiti, © Tangram 3DS

Harvest City — Render, Tangram 3DS, Republic of Haiti, © Tangram 3DS

Harvest City — Render, Tangram 3DS, Republic of Haiti, © Tangram 3DS

The Harvest City will be a model of sustained and functioning city with the aim of providing its inhabitants a best conditions of living.

Harvest City — Render, Tangram 3DS, Republic of Haiti, © Tangram 3DS

As the architects conclude, "Harvest City attempts to bridge both short and long term objectives for Haiti's ongoing recovery." This proposal should be considered as "conceptual only and can easily accommodate whatever program is determined".Innovation as the key element, should be a "tool which can solve problems and provide refocused hope on seemingly unsolvable situations."