Classroom Management

Teaching

1. Systematic presentation of facts, ideas, skills, and techniques to students

2. The act or profession of a person who teaches something that is taught closely related to lesson.

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Common Methods of Teaching

1. Lecture2. Lecture With Discussion3. Panel of Experts4. Brainstorming5. Videotapes6. Class Discussion7. Small Group Discussion8. Case Studies9. Role Playing10.Report-Back Sessions11.Worksheets/Surveys12.Index Card Exercise13.Guest Speaker

Order & Discipline

Discipline

1. Training to ensure proper behavior:

• the practice or methods of teaching and enforcing acceptable patterns of behavior

2. Order and control:

• a controlled orderly state, especially in a class of school children.

3. Calm controlled behavior:

• the ability to behave in a controlled and calm way even in a difficult or stressful situation.

Order

1. instruction:

• an instruction to do something.

• E.g: You must finish your homework.

2. arrangement of items:

• the way in which several items are arranged, as an indication of their relative importance or size or when each will be dealt with.

• E.g: “I will announce the winners in reverse order.”

3. neatness:

• an organized condition, with items arranged properly, neatly, or harmoniously.

• E.g: We all need a little order in our lives.

Classroom Management

What is classroom management?

“The actions taken by the teachers to create and maintain a learning environment conducive for

successful instruction”(Evertson & Weinstein, 2006).

Cont.

• 3major types of classroom management includes:

1. Content Management2. Conduct Management3. Covenant Management

1. Content Management

• "Content management occurs when teachers manage space, materials, equipment, the movement of people, and lessons that are part of a curriculum or program of studies" (Froyen & Iverson, 1999, p. 128).

• E.g. Management of individual/group work, assignment of homework, discussion session.

2. Conduct Management

2. Conduct Management

• "Conduct management refers to the set of procedural skills that teachers employ in their attempt to address and resolve discipline problems in the classroom" (Froyen & Iverson, 1999, p. 181).

• E.g. Acknowledgment of responsible behaviours, correction of irresponsible and inappropriate behaviour, notification of parents/guardians.

3. Covenant Management

• "Covenant management focuses on the classroom group as a social system that has its own features that teachers have to take into account when managing interpersonal relationships in the classroom" (Froyen & Iverson, 1999).

• E.g. Get involved with the student, get a commitment from the student to stick to the plan, do not accept excuses for a failed plan.

Classroom

Order

• Classroom order holds a great significance in teachers lesson conduct. “Teachers use a variety of strategies to maintain order in the classroom” (Taynor, 2003).

• Classroom order includes the teacher’s teaching methodology, time management, choice of teaching materials and activities.

Cont.

• Teachers divide class time into four overlapping categories, namely allocated time, instructional time, engaged time, and academic learning time.

Cont.

1. Corporal Punishment• In Malaysia: Legal corporal punishment of

school students for misbehaviour involves striking the student on the buttocks or the palm of the hand in a premeditated ceremony with an implement specially kept for the purpose such as a rattan cane or spanking paddle, or with the open hand.

Cont.

2. Preventative approach• Involves creating a positive classroom community

with mutual respect between teacher and student. • Teachers using the preventative approach offer

warmth, acceptance, and support unconditionally - not based on a student’s behaviour.

• Fair rules and consequences are established and students are given frequent and consistent feedback regarding their behaviour (Bear, 2008).

Cont.

• Also involves the use of praise and rewards to inform students about their behaviour rather than as a means of controlling them.

• Teachers must emphasize the value of the behaviour that is rewarded and also explain to them the specific skills they demonstrated to earn the reward (Bear, 2005).

References

1. Evertson, C.M. & Weinstein, C.S. (2006). Handbook of Classroom Management: Research, Practice, and Contemporary Issues. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

2. Froyen, L. A., & Iverson, A. M. (1999). Schoolwide and classroom management:

3. Traynor, P.L. (2003). Factors contributing to teacher choice of classroom order strategies. Retrieved June 29, 2010, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3673/is_3_123/ai_n28998156/

Classroom Management • The orchestration of the learning environment of a group of individuals

within a classroom setting.

• The process of setting up an activity in class, monitoring it, and following it up.

• Different activities require very different types of classroom management. For example, getting students to do a fill-in exercise in their books is very different to setting up a team game.

• A key concept in classroom management is classroom dynamics. This is the type of interaction going on in a class:

Example: Teacher to group – Here you must ensure that all the students are paying attention to you, and that you are addressing all of them – not just the keen students at the front, or the student who is always daydreaming at the back.

Other types of dynamic – Student to Student, Student to Teacher, Group to Teacher, and so on, require different management.

• Know what you want and what you don't want.

• Show and tell your students what you want.

• When you get what you want, acknowledge (not praise) it.

• When you get something else, act quickly and appropriately.

Effective Classroom Management Contexts

Instruction

• The purposeful direction of the learning process

• Should consider individual differences the students

• Marzano, Pickering, and Pollock (2001) suggested nine instructional strategies that are most likely to improve student achievement

Nine Instructional Strategies

1) Identifying similarities and differences - the ability to break a concept into its similar

and dissimilar characteristics allows students to understand (and often solve) complex problems by analyzing them in a simpler way.

- either the teacher present, or the students identify them on their own.

2) Summarizing and note taking - promote greater comprehension by asking

students to analyze a subject to expose what's essential and then put it in their own words

3) Reinforcing effort and providing recognition - teachers must show the connection between

effort and achievement - Pause, Prompt, Praise

4) Homework and practise - provides students with the opportunity to

extend their learning outside the classroom - explain the purpose of the homework and

always give feedback on the homework

5) Nonlinguistic representation - incorporate words and images using symbols

to represent relationships. - can increase brain activity

6) Cooperative learning - when grouping students, consider a variety of

criteria, such as common experiences or interests.

7) Setting objectives and provide feedback - provide students with a direction for their

learning - make sure feedback is corrective in nature

8) Generating and testing hypothesis - ask students to predict what would happen if

a certain aspect were changed - whether it is induced or deduced, students

should clearly explain their hypotheses and conclusions

9) Cues, questions, and advance organizers - help students use what they already know

about a topic to enhance further learning