tauiliili - mahuka course handbook

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English 151 & 251– Freshmen & Sophomore Composition

Tauiliili - Mahuka Course Handbook

This handbook accompanies all composition courses taught by Ruta’ Tauiliili-Mahuka and contains facts sheets, worksheets, rubrics, templates, and graphic organizers used in

her courses.

By: Ruta’ Tauiliili-Mahuka

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CONTENTS Academic Essay Prompts

1. Expository essay 2. Persuasive essay 3. Research paper 4. Personal narrative 5. Comparison contrast essay - handout and graphic organizer 6. Classification essay - handout and graphic organizer

Voice Essay Prompt Composition RUBRIC Journal Log Process of Writing Outlining Template Debate Handouts

• Debate to Ethical Reasoning Table • Counter Argument Sentence Stems

11 Fallacies of Logic Fact Sheet Grammar Reflection Template Portfolio Cover Template Sample - Portfolio Contents Page Template Journal Peer Assessment Rubric Portfolio Peer Assessment Rubric Resume’ Template APA Formatting Quick Guide MLA Format Cheat Sheet

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ExpositoryPaper-WritingPromptBackgroundTheexpositorypaperisyourintroductiontothewritingexpectationsofthiscourse.Youwilllearntheprocessofwritingasitrelatestoanywritingassignmentandhowtoplanandfinalizethestandardfive-paragraphessay.Youwillalsolearnhowtocreateanoutlineandthesisstatementrequiredfortheexpositoryessay.Notethat,youwilllearnhowtotellthedifferencebetweenthethesisstatementoftheexpositorypaperfromthatofthepersuasivepaper.Thethesisfortheexpositorypaperwhiledescribedasathesisstatementismoreofamainideaorexplanationofthetopicandismorefact-based.Itissupposedtoinformandexplain,whilethethesisforapersuasiveorargumentativepaperissupposedtoproveaclaimbasedonthewriter’sopinion.Whatisanexpositorypaper?Thebestwaytodefineanexpositorypaperisthatitisagenreofwritingthattendstoinform,illustrate,clarify,orexplainsomethinginawaythatitbecomesclearforreaders.Therefore,itcouldbeapresentation,investigation,orevenanevaluationofanideaforclarification.Howtowriteanexpositorypaper?Withyourgoaltodescribeorexplainsomethingtoyourreader,itisveryimportantthatyoufollowthestepsinthe“processofwriting”inordertoexplore,developandformalizeyourtopic.First,youfollowthroughwiththeapprovedtopicprovidedtoyoubyme.Next,drawfromyourownexperiences,yourstudiesinschool,andcurrenteventstobrainstormandbuildinformationonyourtopic.ThenextstepistobuildanoutlinefromthisbrainstormingthatfollowsthetemplateandformatIhaveprovidedtoyou.Then,youfinalizeathesisstatementthatexpressesthemainideaofyourpaper.Finally,youwillwritethefirstdraftofyourpaper.ThepaperisnotcompleteuntilI,apeerorifrequired,youhaveeditedandproofedit.Notethat,sincethisisthefirstformalpaperinourclass,Iwillbeeditingandprovidingfeedbacktoyouforyourfinaldraftorpaperrewrite.ExpositorypaperframeworkTheformatoftheexpositorypaperwillbethestandardfive-paragraphessaywithintroduction,bodyandconclusion.Yourintroductionisyouropeningandanopportunitytomakeanimpressiononthereader.Itmustconsistofthehooksentence,backgroundinformationandcontext,andendwithyourthesisstatement.Yourbodyparagraphsarethecentralpartofthepaper.Fortheexpositorypaper,youwillwritethreebodyparagraphs.Eachoneshouldcontainatopicsentencewithsupportingdetailsthatsupportthemainideaorthesisstatementfromtheintroductionparagraph.Theconclusionsummarizesthepaper.Itshouldstartwithafreshrestatementofthethesisstatement;followedbyasummaryofthemainpointsfromthebodyparagraphs.Youwillendtheconclusionwithastatementthatprovidesabroaderapplicationofyourtopicsothatitleavesthereaderthinkingaboutthevalueofyourtopicnotjustinthecontextofyourpaperbutalsointhecontextoftheworldatlarge.PaperformatThepapermustbeaminimumof500words(2pages)inlength,typed/doubledspace,usingTimesNewRoman12inchfontandusingstandardAPAformatforshortpapersasdiscussedinclass.UsetheRubricasyourguidetoensureyouhaveincludedeachofthefeaturesthatIwilllookingfor.FirstDraftDue:____________________ FinalDraftDue:_______________________

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PersuasivePaperPromptWhoistheaudienceandwhatistheauthor’spurposeforthepersuasivepaper? Whenwritingpersuasively,alwaysremembertheinteractionbetweenthewriterandthereader.Thewriteristryingtopersuadeareaderwhomaybeenthusiasticorresistantorsimplydisinterested.Persuasivewritingmustbewellorganized,butitmustalsohookthereader,andthenkeephimorherengagedwithcreativeandauthenticwordchoice.Howtowriteapersuasivepaper?

• Withyourgoaltopersuadethereader,itisvitalthatyoufollowthestepsinthe“processofwriting”inordertoexplore,developandformalizeyourtopic.First,youfollowthroughwiththeapprovedtopicprovidedtoyoubyme.

• Next,drawfromyourownexperiences,yourstudiesinschool,andcurrenteventstobrainstormandbuildinformationonyourtopic.

• ThefollowingstepistobuildanoutlinefromthisbrainstormingthatadherestothetemplateandformatIhaveprovidedtoyou.Then,youfinalizeathesisstatementthatexpressesthemainargumentofyourpaperwith3supportingfactsandideas.

• Finally,youwillwritethefirstdraftofyourpaper.ThepaperisnotcompleteuntilI,apeerorifrequired,youhaveeditedandproofedit.

PersuasiveEssayOutlineexplanationStructureofafiveparagraphpersuasiveessay• Introduction(3-5sentences)

o Hook:Grabthereader’sattentionwithaquote,scenario,question,vividdescription,etc.Mustberelatedtoyourtopic.(1-2sentences)

o Backgroundinformationonyourargument(issue)o Thesisstatement:Simplyandclearlystateyourpositionontheissue(1sentence).

§ (Ibelieve)____________________becauseofargument1,argument2,andargument3.o *Reminder:Choosethreeargumentsyoucanusetoconvinceyourreaderofyourposition.Brieflyincludetheseargumentsin

yourthesisstatement.• Paragraph2–Argument1(5-8sentences)

o Gobacktoparagraphoneandfindyourfirstargument.Thenwriteaparagraphaboutit.o Use3specificexamplestosupportyourargumento Writeatransitionsentence.

• Paragraph3–Argument2(5-8sentences)o Gobacktoparagraphoneandfindyoursecondargument.Writeaparagraphaboutit.o Use3specificexamplestosupportyourargument.o Writeatransitionsentence.

• Paragraph4–Argument3(5-8sentences)o Gobacktoparagraphoneandfindyourthirdargument.Writeaparagraphaboutit.o Use3specificexamplestosupportyourargumento Writeatransitionsentence.

• Paragraph5–Opposingview(5-8sentences)o Acknowledgeanopposingviewo Rebutthispointofview(seexamplesatthebottomofp.538ofthetext)o Writeatransitionsentence.

• Conclusion(3-5sentences)o Summarize—restateyourthesisstatement(claim)andsummarizeyourthreesupportingo Makeaclosingstatement(appealtoneedsorvalues,ormakeacalltoaction).o Tieyourclosingstatementbacktoyouropeninghook.

PaperformatThepapermustbeaminimumof500words(2pages)inlength,typed/doubledspace,usingTimesNewRoman12inchfontandusingstandardAPAformatforshortpapersasdiscussedinclass.Youwilluseaminimumof2sourcestosupportyourclaimandargument(refertoAPAquickreferencesheetonourwebsite).UsetheoutlineexplanationaboveasyourguidetoensureyouhaveincludedeachofthefeaturesthatIwilllookfor.FirstDraftDue:____________________ FinalDraftDue:_______________________

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ResearchPaperPromptWhatistheresearchpaper?Theresearchpaperwillallowyoutodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingofthespecificareathatyouhavechosentoexploreandwriteabout.Althoughthewaythatyoudecidetoconveytheinformationisuptoyou,rememberthatthesepaperswillbegradedontheyourabilitytoarticulateyourtopicandtosupportitwithresearch.Otherareastoconsiderarethoroughnessofyourresearch,abilitytosynthesisandanalyzeyoursources,correctAPAstyle,andofcoursespellingandgrammar,and—sobyfollowingtheinstructionbelowyouwillsaveyourselfalotoffrustration.Pleasehavesomeoneproofreadyourpaperbeforehandingitin.Thiswillsaveyoutimeandpoints.Thisiscollegelevelcourseandyouwillbeexpectedtowritewell.Ifyouhaveanyquestionsregardingtheresearchpaperpleaseseemeaheadoftime.Comingtomeatthelastminutewithproblemsisnotagoodidea.Whatisthewritingprocessfortheresearchpaper?1. Choosingandnarrowingyourtopic(needstobeexaminedfromalocalperspectiveandbecurrent)2. Brainstorming3. Researching–basedonlecture/lessononhowtofindcredibleandtrustworthysources4. Outliningandfinalizingthesisstatement5. LearningAPAformattingandhownottoplagiarize6. CreatinganAPAannotatedbibliographybasedonaminimumof6sourcesthatyouwilluseinyourpaper7. Writingyourfirstdraft8. Peerorinstructorediting9. WritingyourfinaldraftResearchpaperframework• Abstract(1-2blockparagraphs)Nomorethan250wordsinlength• Placedonitsownpage,immediatelyfollowingthetitlepage• Labeledwithcenter-justified“Abstract”atthetop• Shortsummaryofyourcompletedresearch• Self-containedandconcise,explainingyourworkasbrieflyandclearlyaspossibleIntroduction(1-2paragraphs)• Descriptionofthetopic

Clearlystatedissue(orquestion)• Ideasandfactsthat(4-5)thatsupporttheissue• ThesisstatementthatcombinesissueandsupportideasBody–relevantsupportideasbasedonresearchandanalysis(5-6pages)• Between4–5subsections• Eachoneprovidesasinglesupportingsubtopicwithyouranalysis• Incorporateyourresearchhere(paraphraseordirectquotes,makesuretousecorrectAPAcitation)Summary(1paragraph)• Concludebyreiteratingyourthesisandhowyouhaveexploredandanalyzedit• DiscusshowyourtopicrelatestocurrentandfutureissuesReferencesCited(AnnotatedBibliography)Paperformat• Thepapermustbeaminimumof1750words(7pages)inlength.Itmustbedouble-spaced,usingTimesNewRoman12inchfontand

standardAPAformatasdiscussedinclasslectures.Aminimumofsix(anduptoeight)credibleandreliablesourcesarerequiredforthepaperandmustbeproperlyAPAcitedinthepaperandtheannotatedbibliographysection.Papersectionsincludeacoverpage,shortabstract,introduction,bodysubsections,summaryorconclusion,andannotatedbibliography(servesasreferencesection).

• An“F”gradewillbegiveninthecourseifthesemesterresearchpaperisnotsubmitted.An“F”gradewillbegiveninthecourseifthesemesterresearchpaperisplagiarized.

• Givensufficienttime,youmayalsoberequiredtopresentyourresearchfindingstotheclass.Gradingforthepresentationwillbebasedonthe“IndividualPresentationRubric.”

Firstdraftdue:_______________________FinalDraftDue:_____________________

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PersonalNarrativePaper–WritingPrompt Background Thepersonalnarrativeisapaperthatwillprovideyoutheopportunitytowriteaboutasignificanteventinyourlifeusingstrongdescriptivelanguageandsensorydetails.Theeventneedstobecrucialandaturningpointinyourlifeandyouwilllearnhowtoportraytheemotionsrelatedtothisevent.Aswedidintheexpositorypaper,youwillcontinuetopracticeandplanaccordingtothestepsintheprocessofwritingasitrelatestoanywritingassignment,andhowtoplanandfinalizethestandardessay(introduction,body,conclusion).Youwillalsoberequiredtowriteanoutlineforyourpaper.Notethat,forthepersonalnarrativethatinsteadofathesisstatement,youwilllearnhowtowriteathematicpurpose.Thethematicpurposeisthejudgmentderivedfromthepersonalexperience;itreferstowhatwaslearned,whyitwasimportant. Whatisapersonalnarrativepaper? Thebestwaytodescribeapersonalnarrativeisthatitfocusesonstrongdescriptionsandchronologicalorganizationtodescribeasignificanteventorexperienceinyourlife.Theeventwillbesignificantforyou,thewriterandthepotentialreader.Thepersonalnarrativefocusesonstrongdescriptionandchronologicalorganization.Itistoldinthefirstperson(thewriteruses“I”)andthereadershouldbeabletolearnfromit.Thisiswherethethematicpurposecomesin,asmentionedbefore,the“thematicpurpose”isthelessonlearnedfromthepersonalexperience.Thereaderwillgaininsightintowhatthewriterlearnedfromtheexperienceandwhyitwasimportant. Howtowriteapersonalnarrativepaper? Withyourgoaltodescribeapersonaleventorexperiencetoyourreader,itisvitalthatyoufollowthestepsinthe“processofwriting”inordertoexplore,developandformalizeyourtopic.First,youfollowthroughassoonasIhaveapprovedyourpersonalnarrativetopic.Next,drawfromyourmemories,photographs,socialmediaposts,journalsordiariestobrainstormandbuildinformationonyourtopic.ThenextstepistobuildanoutlinefromthisbrainstormingthatadherestothetemplateandformatIhaveprovidedtoyou.Then,youfinalizeathematicpurposethatwrapsupthemainideaofyourpaper. Finally,youwillwritethefirstdraftofyourpaper.ThepaperisnotcompleteuntilI,apeerorifrequired,youhaveeditedandproofedit.Notethat,sincethisisonlythesecondformalpaperinourclass,Iwillbeeditingandprovidingfeedbacktoyouforyourfinaldraftorpaperrewrite. KeystoaneffectivePersonalNarrative Keepthefollowingcriteriainmindasyouworkonyourpersonalnarrative. 1. Significantexperience-wastheevent/experiencetrulyimportant?Canitbeconsideredaturningpoint?Wasitcrucial?2. Content-didyou,thewriterapplyeffectiveinsighttoyourexperience?Howmuchanalysiscanbeseen?3. Description-Howdescriptivewereyou?Sensorydetails?Howeffectivelydidyou,thewriterrecreatetheevent/experience?Didyou

effectivelydescribetheassociatedemotions(i.e.,triumph,grief,happiness,disappointment,jealousy,anger,relief,etc.)4. Organization-Didyou,thewriterfollowtheguidelinesassociatedwithwritingthepersonalnarrative?5. Structure-Isthereproperparagraphing?Areeventsdescribedinawell-arranged,chronologicalorder?6. Thematicpurpose–howeffectivelydidyou,thewriterexpressthethemeofthenarrative?Whatisthelessonassociatedwiththe

experience?7. Grammarerrors–sentencestructure,spelling,usage,capitalization,andpunctuationwillbeevaluatedhere.Personalnarrativepaperframework Theformatofthepersonalnarrativepaperwillbethestandardessaywithanintroduction,abodyandaconclusion.Yourintroductionisyouropeningandanopportunitytocreateasettingforyourevent.Youwillstartwithadescriptionofthetimeandplaceoftheeventorexperience,andmakesuretointroducethemainindividualsthatareapartoftheexperience.(i.e.,abestfriend,abelovedrelative,arespectedrolemodel,etc.)Yourbodyparagraphsarethecentralpartofthepaper.Forthepersonalnarrativetherecanbeuptofourbodyparagraphsdependingonhowmanyyouwillneedtocompletelydescribeyoursignificantexperience.Eachbodyparagraphprovidesadescriptionoftheeventinchronologicalorder.Thefinalparagraphmustwrapuptheendingofthedescriptionofyoureventorexperienceandcontainyourthematicpurpose.Itanswersthequestion,“Whatwillareaderlearnfromreadingaboutthiseventinyourlife?” Paperformat Thepapermustbeaminimumof500words(2pages)inlength,typed/doubledspace,usingTimesNewRoman12inchfontandusingstandardAPAformatforshortpapersasdiscussedinclass.UsetheRubricasyourguidetoensureyouhaveincludedeachofthefeaturesthatIwilllookingfor. FirstDraftDue:_______________________FinalDraftDue:___________________

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Comparison and Contrast Essay Prompt Background The comparison and contrast paper is your introduction to the writing expectations of this course. You will learn the process of writing as it relates to any writing assignment and how to plan and finalize the standard five-six paragraph essay. You will also learn how to create an outline and thesis statement required for the comparison and contrast essay. Note that, you will learn how to tell the difference between the thesis statement of the comparison and contrast paper from that of the any other kind of paper. The thesis for the comparison and contrast paper is a focused argument gives your reader a road map so she/he doesn’t get lost in the many points you are about to make. What is a Comparison and Contrast paper? The compare-and-contrast essays often follows two basic structures. The first offers an analysis of individual topics (point by point) and then notes where those topics agree and disagree. An alternate structural method would introduce the topic; have separate paragraphs (subject by subject) for all the subjects’ similarities and differences, and then a concluding paragraph. Use the outline format (point by point or subject by subject) that I assign for your paper. How to write a Comparison and Contrast paper? First, you follow through with the approved topic provided to you by me. Next, draw from your own experiences, your studies in school, and current events to brainstorm and build information on your topic. The next step is to build an outline from this brainstorming that follows the template and format I have provided to you. Then, you finalize a thesis statement that expresses the main idea of your paper. Answer the questions, “Why is this important” or “So what” to create a thesis statement that both summarizes and provides an analysis of your two subjects. The paper is not complete until I, a peer or if required, you have edited and proofed it. Note that, since this is the first formal paper in our class, I will be editing and providing feedback to you for your final draft or paper rewrite. Comparison and Contrast paper framework The format of the comparison paper will be the standard five to six paragraph essay with introduction, body and conclusion. Your introduction is your opening and an opportunity to make an impression on the reader. It must consist of the hook sentence, background information and context, and end with your thesis statement. Your body paragraphs are the central part of the paper. For the compare-and-contrast essay, you will write three to four body paragraphs. Each one should contain a topic sentence with supporting details that support the main idea or thesis statement from the introduction paragraph. The conclusion summarizes the paper. It should start with a fresh restatement of the thesis statement; followed by a summary of the main points from the body paragraphs. You will end the conclusion with a statement that provides a broader application of your topic so that it leaves the reader thinking about the value of your topic not just in the context of your paper but also in the context of the world at large. Paper format The paper must be a minimum of 375 words (1 ½ pages) in length. It must be typed/double spaced, using Times New Roman 12inch font and standard APA format as discussed in class lectures. First Draft Due: _______________ Final Draft Due: _________________

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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________

Comparison & Contrast Essay – Thesis Statement The thesis of your comparison/contrast paper is very important: it can help you create a focused argument and give your reader a road map so she/he doesn’t get lost in the sea of points you are about to make. 1). Change non-specific and vague statements on your general topic. Example, • “This paper will compare and contrast two pizza places,” or • “Paradise and Tropical Pizza restaurants are similar in some ways and different in others,” or • “Paradise and Tropical Pizza restaurants similar in many ways, but they have one major difference” 2). Replace with statements that are more detailed and specific Example, • “Paradise and Tropical Pizza restaurants have similar prices and ingredients in their pizzas, but their atmospheres and willingness to

deliver set them apart.” 3). Add even more details Be careful, though—although this thesis is fairly specific and does propose a simple argument (that atmosphere and delivery make the two pizza places different), your instructor will often be looking for a bit more analysis. How to make your thesis even more specific Ask the question • “So what? Why should anyone care that “Paradise and Tropical Pizza are different in this way?” Also • “Why the writer chose those two particular pizza places to compare—why not Manu and CostULess Pizza?” Again, thinking about the context the teacher provides may help you answer such questions and make a stronger argument. 5). Best final thesis statement example “Paradise and Tropical Pizza restaurants both offer a greater variety of ingredients in their pizzas than other American Samoa pizza places (and than any of the national chains), but the relaxing seaside atmosphere at Paradise Pizza makes it a better place to give visiting friends

and family a taste of local culture.”

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Classification and Division Essay Prompt Background The classification and division paper is a formal piece of writing designed to showcase your skills in categorizing and generalization. The purpose of classification is to break a subject into smaller, more manageable, more specific parts. The way smaller subcategories are created helps us make sense of world around us. The thesis for the classification and division essay is based on a focused organization pattern that gives your reader a road map so she/he doesn’t get lost in the many points you are about to make. What is a Classification and Division paper? Classification and division essays often follow two basic structures. The first offers an analysis of an individual topic (single criterion method) and rationale for classification that naturally divides and classifies subcategories for this topic. An alternate structural method would introduce the topic; have more than one justification for classification (multiple criterion method) to subdivide the topic, and then a concluding paragraph. Use the outline format that I assign for your paper. How to write a Classification and Division paper? First, you follow through with the approved topic provided to you by me. Then, draw from your own experiences, your studies in school, and current events to brainstorm and build information on your topic. The next step is to build an outline (see line diagram) from this brainstorming that follows the template and format I have provided to you. Then, you finalize a thesis statement that expresses the main idea of your paper. Remember that for this essay your thesis statement is - the topic + subgroups + rationale (criterion used for classification) = thesis.

Example “In order to better understand and appreciate the diversity of areas in American Samoa, it is helpful to categorize it into these four separate regions: Manu’a, Swains Island, Tutuila and Aunu’u.”

Classification and Division paper framework The format of this paper will be the standard five to six paragraph essay with introduction, body and conclusion. Your introduction is your opening and an opportunity to make an impression on the reader. It must consist of the hook sentence, background information and context, and end with your thesis statement. Your body paragraphs are the central part of the paper. For the classification essay, you will write three to four body paragraphs. Each one should contain a topic sentence with supporting details that support the main idea or thesis statement from the introduction paragraph. The conclusion summarizes the paper. It should start with a fresh restatement of the thesis statement; followed by a summary of the main points from the body paragraphs. You will end the conclusion with a statement that provides a broader application of your topic so that it leaves the reader thinking about the value of your topic not just in the context of your paper but also in the context of the world at large. Paper format The paper must be a minimum of 375 words (1 ½ pages) in length. It must be typed/double spaced, using Times New Roman 12inch font and standard APA format as discussed in class lectures.

First Draft Due: _________________ Final Draft Due: _________________

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Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Classification essay Background – A formal piece of writing to showcase your skills in organizing and categorizing. You will organize parts of a main topic or subject into smaller more manageable groups and offer examples of things in each group. Example –

• Cell phones can be classified as; feature phones, media phones, and smart phones. Introduction – Introduce the broader topic. The thesis should then explain how that topic is divided into subcategories and why. Example - When people think of American Samoa, they often think of only Pago Pago on the island of Tutuila. But American Samoa is actually a diverse US Territory with a full range of activities to do, sights to see, and cultural attractions. In order to better understand the diversity of American Samoa, it is helpful to break it into these 3 separate regions: Manua, Swains Island, Tutuila and Aunuu. Thesis statement – Topic + Sub-groups + Rationale (justification) = Thesis Above thesis statement

1. Topic – American Samoa 2. Subgroups – Manua, Swains Isalnd, Tutuila and Anuu 3. Rationale for classification – to better understand the diversity of American Samoa

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VoiceEssayPromptOriginalEssaysbasedonPersonalJournal-FOCUS:DevelopingaVoiceinWriting BackgroundThewriter’svoiceisacriticalelementincomposition.Inyouroriginaljournalessays,youwillbedevelopinganessaybasedonthejournalentriesthatIwillassignforyou.Youwillbeassignedtwo–threejournalentriestodevelopintoformalessaysforthisassignment.Thesewillbechosenbasedonhoweffectivelyyoudeveloporiginalideasandapersonalizedvoiceinyourwriting.Youwillmodel“writer’svoice”intheseessaysandwritewithastrongwritingvoicedevelopedfromour“elementsofvoice”exercises. WhatisVoiceinwriting?Avoiceinwriting(andliterature)istheformthroughwhichnarratorstelltheirstories.Itisprominentwhenawritereffectivelyexpresseshimself/herselfinwordsandconveysaspecificmessageinhis/herwriting.Insimplewords,itisanauthor’sindividualwritingstyleorpointofview. Whatisan(journalprompt)essaywithafocusonvoice? Thebestwaytodefinethisessayisthatitisdevelopedfromyourjournalwritingandthatitwillshowcaseyouruniquewritingvoiceandstyle.Thesearespecificthingstoconsiderasyouplanandwriteyourpaper:(drawnfromour“elementsofvoice”exercises)

ü Whatisyourtruepersonality?Whatare3wordsthatsuccinctlydescribewhoyouare? ü Howdoyoucommunicateinconversations? ü Doyouwritethesamewaythatyoutalk? ü Whatdoyouobserveaboutthewayyourfavoritewritersfromourclasswrite? ü Whatareyourlifepassions? ü Whatemotionsdoyoufeelthemost? ü Howwouldfamilyandfriendsdescribeyou

Voiceessayformat Similartonearlyallothertypesofpapers,thevoiceessayshouldhaveanintroduction,abody,andaconclusion.Doyourbesttowrite4–5paragraphsforyourpaper.Useyourjournalentryasaspringboardforyourfirstdraft;addsupportdetailsandexamplesifyouressayisnotlongenough.NotedowndatesforfirstandfinaldraftthatIprovide. Paperformat Thepapermustbeaminimumof375words(11⁄2pages)inlength,typed/doubledspace,usingTimesNewRoman12inchfontandusingstandardMLAformatforshortpapersasdiscussedinclass. FirstDraftDue:__________________FinalDraftDue:___________________

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JournalPrompts/Titlesfor: ________________________________________LastName _______________________________________FirstName

(Optional)DiagnosticEssayDate:_____________Title:______________________________________________________________________

Comments Initials

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*Note:Youhavetoturninyourrewrittenessays(originalsandrewritestogetfullpoints).

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PROCESSOFWRITINGBrainstorming, Outlining, and Organizing Your Paper

(Adapted from NC State Writing and Speaking Tutorial Services)

Sometimes it can be difficult to get the ideas you have in your head out into the world. Brainstorming, outlining, and organizing your paper are three different methods to help you start your writing process.

BrainstormingThis step involves gathering inspiration for your writing and generating ideas.

1. Freewriting: Freewriting allows a writer to continuously write without stopping, generating many ideas without censoring or editing thoughts. This can help writers explore ideas they may not have thought of yet.

● To begin, simply open a document or grab a sheet of paper. Set a timer for ten minutes and write continuously without stopping or editing your ideas.

● Afterward, sort through your ideas to figure out what is important. These ideas can form abeginning or “jumping-off point” for your paper. If this does not work the first time, try freewriting multiple times.

2. Looping: This is an extended form of freewriting, where the writer freewrites, then reflects and analyzes his or her freewrite, then freewrites again. This allows the writer to get to the heart of ideas.

● Like freewriting, time yourself for ten minutes and write continuously.● After writing, reflect on the main ideas of your freewrite. What idea is most compelling? What

idea do you seem to keep coming back to? What idea is the most productive? What seems to be at the center?

● After reflecting, freewrite again, starting with your central or main idea to generate more ideas.● Repeat the process to create multiple loops until you get to the center of what you want to write about.

3. Listing or Bulleting: Here the writer lists all the thoughts on a subject, including any important details.

Similar to freewriting, this allows the writer to generate several ideas.● Look at a research question and write down what you currently know about the topic.● Creating more than one list can help generate ideas about what to write in your paper, including

what you might need for various sections like your methods, literature review, conclusion, etc.

4. Webmaps or Clustering: This is a great strategy for visual learners to make connections between ideas. Similar to listing or looping, this allows the writer to draw relationships between ideas.

● Start with the central idea in the middle of the paper and circle it.

● Once you have the center, fill therest of the page with connected ideas or phrases.

● Circle key ideas and connect them with lines.

● Shapes represent the type of idea and lines represent connections (see example to the right).

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5. Journalistic Questioning: This technique allows the writer to ask journalistic questions, such as who, what, where, when, why and how. This provides context for ideas and helps create a framework for the paper. Notice below how these questions can be asked in any order and often answers lead to the next question.

● Consider who is doing the action, such as the researchers.● What action are they performing? For example, a scientific experiment.● How did they do the experiment? You might consider what methods were used.● Where was it done? In a lab?● Why was it done? Here you might think about the research question/purpose.● When was it completed? This allows you to consider how recent the results are.

OutliningThis step follows brainstorming and involves grouping ideas into similar topics or themes. There are two types of outlines: an outline for prewriting and a formal outline. An outline for prewriting is a way to consider all your ideas, particularly those that you came up with during brainstorming, and begin to group them into various categories. A formal outline lays out main points for readers and can serve as a final product, so it should follow specific conventions of the genre.Outlining for Prewriting

1. Let’s say you need to write an argumentative essay which convinces the reader that a dog is a great pet.Your first step might be to formulate a working thesis. (See our handout Thesis Statements and Topic Sentences) With your topic and thesis in mind look at all the information you have (see the brainstorming section above for more thoughts on how to generate ideas). For the paper about dogs being great pets, you generated a list of the following information:

● A dog is a great pet● Friendly, exercise buddy, pet exposure lowers allergies in kids, companionship, various sizes and

colors and breeds● Behavioral qualities (friendly and companionship), health benefits (exercise buddy and lowers

allergies in kids), and lifestyle adaptability (various sizes, colors, and breeds)

2. Now you need to sort the ideas into similar categories or topics. Choose an outline structure that makes sense for the paper. For example:

· Behavioral Qualities:o friendlyo companionship

· Health Benefits:o exercise buddyo pet exposure lowers allergies in kids

· Lifestyle Adaptability:o various sizes, colors, and breeds

3. With ideas sorted, the next step is to evaluate. Do your current categories support your thesis? Do you see

areas that need more or less information than what you currently have? Use this evaluation to rework your thesis statement, guide further research, or reorganize the structure, if necessary. Continue to add information to the outline in order to organize and simplify your thoughts as you move into the drafting stage.

4. As you begin to write your paper, you might continue thinking about your outline by reverse outlining your paper. Reverse outlining is a revision process that allows you to organize what you’ve already

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written and identify areas that need more or less information. After you have completed a draft, identify the main point of each paragraph and condense it into one sentence. (e.g., “This paragraph is about…”).

Once you’ve made notes on the main point of your paper’s paragraphs, evaluate them for revision. Here are some questions to help you think critically:

· Is your thesis statement the main point of your introduction?· Does the main point of each paragraph build on your thesis statement?· Is your organization of ideas (paragraph order) clear and logical? Would another organizational

style be more effective?· Are your topic sentences clear? Do you make use of transitional phrases? (See handout on

Transition Words and Phrases)· Do you need to cut out extra information?· Are there weak places (or holes) in your argument?· Are there paragraphs with similar ideas that could be combined? Are there paragraphs with too

many ideas that need to be separated?Formal OutlineSometimes your professor will require a formal outline. A formal outline serves as an overview for your readers and allows them to understand the main points of your paper before they get into the details. There are two typesof formal outlines: topic outlines, which use keywords and phrases and rely heavily on the concept of parallelism, and sentence outlines, which express each point as a complete sentence.Regardless of the type of formal outline, each one should start with your thesis statement listed in its entirety and follow these three traits:

1. Coordination: Each point should have the same relationship to your main point. For example, if your first point is “Best water parks in the US” your second point should not be “Best roller coasters in the US” since this is a completely different topic.

2. Subordination: Make sure that each point in your outline goes from general headings to more specific subpoints. For example, if your first point is “Things you will need at the pool,” use the subpoints to give examples like “Sunscreen,” “Water,” and “Snack Money.”

3. Division: Each main point (or heading) on your outline must have at least two subpoints.Once you have determined whether you will be using a topic or sentence outline, you will need to choose between the alphanumeric and decimal outline form. Both styles will have the thesis statement listed in its entirety.

Alphanumeric Outline: Thesis: List your thesis in its entirety here.

I. Main PointA. Subpoint B. Subpoint C. Subpoint

II. Main PointA. SubpointB. Subpoint

1. Supporting Detail2. Supporting Detail3. Supporting Detail

III. Main PointA. Subpoint

18

1. Supporting Detail2. Supporting Detail

B. Subpoint Decimal Outline: Thesis: List your thesis in its entirety here.

1.0 Main Point 1.1 Subpoint

1.2 Subpoint1.3 Subpoint

2.0 Main Point2.1 Subpoint

2.2 Subpoint 2.2.1 Supporting Detail 2.2.2 Supporting Detail 2.2.3 Supporting Detail

3.0 Main Point3.1 Subpoint

3.1.1 Supporting Detail3.1.2 Supporting Detail

3.2 Subpoint

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OrganizingThis step follows outlining. Organizing and structuring your paper is different for every academic style of writing and even for each individual paper depending on the topic.

General OrganizationMost papers follow a traditional style with necessary variations:

Introduction → Body Paragraphs (main ideas) → ConclusionVariations might include an abstract, several paragraphs to elaborate one point, results from a study with discussion/analysis of the results, and a methods section to set up the study itself.Specific Methods of OrganizationBeyond the general organization format, there are three basic methods.

1. Chronological: With this method, the paper starts at the beginning of the event and moves through each consecutive event in the order in which it occurs.

For example, in a biography you might organize the paper in the following way:

birth → childhood → adulthood → final years → lasting legacy

2. Spatial: In this organizational method, the paper starts with an initial description and then continues in a logical manner. This form of organization can be applied to many different situations. Consider the following three examples.

Description of a family:

paternal grandfather → paternal grandmother → father → mother → first child → second child

Description of a bicycle:

handlebars → gear shifts → body frame →seat → bike chain → wheels

Description of government bodies:

executive branch → legislative branch → judicial branch

3. Persuasive Structures: Papers that use this type of organization are geared toward a specific climax or ending. There are several specific persuasive structures discussed below.

a. Support structure: These papers begin with the central idea/climax and use the rest of the paper as

support.

Consider the example of slavery.

slavery is still a modern issue and there are currently 30 million slaves worldwide (central idea) → types of slavery → history of slavery → countries with slavery → impacts of slavery

b. Discovery structure: These types of papers build to the climax/central idea, which is near the end of

the paper.

20

types of slavery → history of slavery → countries with slavery → impacts of slavery → slavery is still a modern issue and there are currently 30 million slaves worldwide (central idea)

c. Pros and Cons structure (Compare and Contrast): Papers in this category consider the strengths and weaknesses (positives and negatives) of an issue/argument.

Consider the differences between various types of exercise.

benefits of running → disadvantages of running → benefits of yoga → disadvantages ofyoga

Here’s an example where you want one side to dominate.

(multiple) benefits of running → (few) disadvantages of running → (few) benefits of yoga→ (multiple) disadvantages of yoga

Compare and Contrast also falls under the pro and con structure. Here you are looking at the similarities and differences between two or more different topics/issues.

health benefits of both running and yoga → health benefits only running possesses →health benefits only yoga possesses

Certain genres and paper types fit better into one organizational style. See the chart below to see if there is a particular organizational style that might work best for your paper type.

Chronological Spatial Persuasive Structures

· Description of an event or series of events

· Grant proposals· Literature review· Memo (depending on content)· Personal narrative/statement· Scientific lab report· Speeches (depending on content)

· Definition· Description of an item or place· Literature review· Speeches (depending on

content)

· Cause and effect (support or discovery)

· Definition· Literature analysis (support,

discovery, or compare and contrast)

· Memo (depending on content)· Personal narrative/statement

(support, discovery)· Problem solving· Research/persuasive argument· Rhetorical analysis (support,

discovery, or compare and contrast)

· Speeches (depending on content

21

Tauiliili-Mahuka English 151 & 251 Handbook

Name:___________________________________ Date:_______________

DebatetoEthicalReasoningPaper

TemplateClaim(yourclaimfororagainsttheissue)

“Basedonthestudyof______________webelievethat(claim)basedon1,2,3”1.2.3.

Counterargument(anticipatetheargumentthatothergroupwillhaveagainstyou)

Rebuttal“Youcouldarguethat…(acknowledgingtheircounterargument)“However,…..(rebuttalagainsttheircounterargument)

Conclusion(finalstatement) “Therefore….“

Paragraphform:

22


COUNTERARGUMENT&REFUTATIONÜ What’saCounterArgument?

Itiswhenyourecognizetheothersideofthedebateinordertostrengthenyourownargument.Inotherwords,it’sthethesismakingtheOPPOSITE(aka:counter)point.

Ü What’saRefutation?Refutemeanstoprovewrong.Refutationssayingwhythecounterargumentiswrong(ornotasrightasyourthesis).

SampleCounterArgumentandRefutationArgument:HumanTraffickingisamajorproblemintheworldtoday.Wecanallhelptoendthisproblembyavoidingthepurchaseofproductsmadebyslaves.Forexample,Iwillchallengemyaudiencetoexclusivelypurchasefair-tradechocolateandboycottallchocolateproducersthatcannotguaranteetheirproductsareslave-free.Counter-argument:Onepersonisnotenoughtomakeadifference.Changingmypersonalpurchasinghabitswillnotbeenoughtoaffecttheprofitsofmajorcompanies.Thus,thereisnoreasonformetopaymoreformychocolatesinceitwon’tmakeadifference.Rebuttal:Whileitistruethatoneindividualalonewillonlyhaveaminorimpactontheprofitsofmajorchocolatecompanies,weshouldneverunderestimatethepowerofanindividual.Yourpurchasesmakeonlyasmalldifference,buttheystillmakeadifference.Furthermore,wecannotforgettheimpactouractionshaveonothers.Yourdedicationtobecomingpartofthesolutionwillinspireotherstodothesame.Togetherwecanmakeadifference.Butbeforewecanbecomeagroup,wemustbededicatedindividuals.AsMargaretMeadoncesaid:“Neverdoubtthatasmallgroupofthoughtful,committedcitizenscanchangetheworld.Indeed,it’stheonlythingthateverhas.”

SENTENCESTARTERSUsethefollowingphrasestohelpyougetstartedwritingcounterargumentsandrefutations…StandardFormat-Somepeoplemaysaythat(mythesis)isnottruebecause…However,thisiswrongbecause…

CounterArgumentSentenceStarters…

RebuttalSentenceStarters…

ü Somewillsaythat(mythesis)isnottruebecause…

ü Somepeoplemightsaythat…ü Somewillargue…ü Thoseontheothersideofthe

issuemaysaythat.ü It’struethat…ü Whileitistruethat…ü Admittedly…

ü Thatisnotthecase.Aswesee(bringupnewevidence)…

ü Whilethatmaybethecase,(mythesis)isstilltruebecause…

ü Thatpointistrue,butitisunimportantbecause…

ü Nevertheless,mypointstillstandsbecause…

ü However,thatpointisnotimportantbecause…

ü Transitionwords:but,yet,however,nevertheless,still

NOWYOUTRY!

23


11 Fallacies in LOGIC Logical Fallacies - Fallacies are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument. Fallacies can be either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points, and are often identified because they lack evidence that supports their claim. Avoid these common fallacies in your own arguments and watch for them in the arguments of others.

Slippery Slope: This is a conclusion based on the premise that if A happens, then eventually through a series of small steps, through B, C,..., X, Y, Z will happen, too, basically equating A and Z. So, if we don't want Z to occur, A must not be allowed to occur either.

Example: “If we ban Hummers because they are bad for the environment eventually the government will ban all cars, so we should not ban Hummers.” In this example, the author is equating banning Hummers with banning all cars, which is not the same thing.

Hasty Generalization: This is a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence. In other words, you are rushing to a conclusion before you have all the relevant facts.

Example: “Even though it's only the first day, I can tell this is going to be a boring course.” In this example, the author is basing his evaluation of the entire course on only the first day, which is notoriously boring and full of housekeeping tasks for most courses. To make a fair and reasonable evaluation the author must attend not one but several classes, and possibly even examine the textbook, talk to the professor, or talk to others who have previously finished the course in order to have sufficient evidence to base a conclusion on.

Post hoc ergo propter hoc: This is a conclusion that assumes that if 'A' occurred after 'B' then 'B' must have caused 'A.'

Example: “I drank bottled water and now I am sick, so the water must have made me sick.” In this example, the author assumes that if one event chronologically follows another the first event must have caused the second. But the illness could have been caused by the burrito the night before, a flu bug that had been working on the body for days, or a chemical spill across campus. There is no reason, without more evidence, to assume the water caused the person to be sick.

Genetic Fallacy: This conclusion is based on an argument that the origins of a person, idea, institute, or theory determine its character, nature, or worth.

Example: “The Volkswagen Beetle is an evil car because it was originally designed by Hitler's army.” In this example the author is equating the character of a car with the character of the people who built the car. However, the two are not inherently related.

Begging the Claim: The conclusion that the writer should prove is validated within the claim. Example:

“Filthy and polluting coal should be banned.”

24


Arguing that coal pollutes the earth and thus should be banned would be logical. But the very conclusion that should be proved, that coal causes enough pollution to warrant banning its use, is already assumed in the claim by referring to it as "filthy and polluting."

Circular Argument: This restates the argument rather than actually proving it.

Example: “George Bush is a good communicator because he speaks effectively.” In this example, the conclusion that Bush is a "good communicator" and the evidence used to prove it "he speaks effectively" are basically the same idea. Specific evidence such as using everyday language, breaking down complex problems, or illustrating his points with humorous stories would be needed to prove either half of the sentence.

Either/or: This is a conclusion that oversimplifies the argument by reducing it to only two sides or choices.

Example: “We can either stop using cars or destroy the earth.” In this example, the two choices are presented as the only options, yet the author ignores a range of choices in between such as developing cleaner technology, car-sharing systems for necessities and emergencies, or better community planning to discourage daily driving.

Ad hominem: This is an attack on the character of a person rather than his or her opinions or arguments.

Example: “Green Peace's strategies aren't effective because they are all dirty, lazy hippies.” In this example, the author doesn't even name particular strategies Green Peace has suggested, much less evaluate those strategies on their merits. Instead, the author attacks the characters of the individuals in the group.

Ad populum/Bandwagon Appeal: This is an appeal that presents what most people, or a group of people think, in order to persuade one to think the same way. Getting on the bandwagon is one such instance of an ad populum appeal.

Example: “If you were a true American you would support the rights of people to choose whatever vehicle they want.” In this example, the author equates being a "true American," a concept that people want to be associated with, particularly in a time of war, with allowing people to buy any vehicle they want even though there is no inherent connection between the two.

Red Herring: This is a diversionary tactic that avoids the key issues, often by avoiding opposing arguments rather than addressing them.

Example: “The level of mercury in seafood may be unsafe, but what will fishers do to support their families?” In this example, the author switches the discussion away from the safety of the food and talks instead about an economic issue, the livelihood of those catching fish. While one issue may affect the other it does not mean we should ignore possible safety issues because of possible economic consequences to a few individuals.

25


Straw Man: This move oversimplifies an opponent's viewpoint and then attacks that hollow argument.

Example: “People who don't support the proposed state minimum wage increase hate the poor.” In this example, the author attributes the worst possible motive to an opponent's position. In reality, however, the opposition probably has more complex and sympathetic arguments to support their point. By not addressing those arguments, the author is not treating the opposition with respect or refuting their position.

Moral Equivalence: This fallacy compares minor misdeeds with major atrocities, suggesting that both are equally immoral. Example: “That parking attendant who gave me a ticket is as bad as Hitler.”

26


GrammarReflection

Directions:Youmustcompleteagrammarreflectionforeachoftheessays/paperthatyouwillhouseinyouracademicportfolio.Paragraph1

Listallgrammarerrors

Paragraph2

Pick1majorerror1. Writethesentencewiththeerror.2. Whatistherulethatappliestotheerror?3. Writethecorrectedsentencebasedonthegrammarrule.

Paragraph3

Pickanothermajorerror1. Writethesentencewiththeerror.2. Whatistherulethatappliestotheerror?3. Writethecorrectedsentencebasedonthegrammarrule.

27


ENG 151 & 251 – Composition

PERSONAL JOURNAL RUBRIC

Name: ________________________________ Date: _______ Owner of Personal Journal: ____________________________

Criteria Percentage Total and comments Completeness All entries have been completed

100% - complete 75% - missing 2 or more entries 50% - half are missing

Length Sufficient development of ideas and opinions

100% - all completed entries are more than ½ page 75% - some are short and some are the correct length 50%- all entries are too short

Overall appearance Journal is neat and organized

100% - cover design is complete and journal log matches entries, is neatly and completely filled out 75% - no cover design, however the journal log and book itself completed, organized and neat 50% - no cover design or journal log and appearance is not clean and professional

ADD for Total Divide by 3 for average

ENG 151 & 251 Composition

PORTFOLIO RUBRIC

Name: ________________________________ Date: _______ Owner of Portfolio: ___________________________________

Comments Descriptions Poor Fair Good Very Good Excellent

A. COMPLETION 75% ☐Typed resume’ ☐Research Paper ☐Persuasive Essay Final D ☐Persuasive Essay First D ☐Persuasive Essay GR ☐Expository Essay Final D ☐Expository Essay First D ☐Expository Essay GR ☐Journal Essay 1 ☐Journal Essay 1 GR ☐Journal Essay 2

1 2 3 4 5

B. ORGANIZATION 15% Organized in correct order (see above)

1 2 3 4 5

C. NEATNESS 10% Papers and binder appear neat, clean and professional

1 2 3 4 5

D. If you were an employer, based on this portfolio and work exhibited here, would you hire this person? Does this portfolio leave a lasting impression?

NO YES

Total Score: _____/100

1


ACADEMIC

PORTFOLIO

of

Susanna Logotaeao

Liberal Arts Major

Live as if you were to die tomorrow, learn as if you will live

forever. (Ghandi)

Enclosed: Resume’

Personal Narrative

2


(Font 48) ACADEMIC

PORTFOLIO

(Font 48)of

(write first name, last name here)

(Name)

(write major here)

Liberal Arts Major

*Optional, write favorite quote here.. (Font 18)

Live as if you were to die tomorrow, learn as if you will live forever. (Ghandi)

(Font 14) Enclosed: Resume’

Personal Narrative

3


CONTENTS Enclosed: Resume’ _________________________________________________ Personal Narrative, Title: ____________________________________ Research Paper, Title: __________________________________________________ Persuasive Essay, Title: _________________________________________________ Expository Essay, Title: _________________________________________________ Journal Essay 1, Title: __________________________________________________ Journal Essay 2, Title: __________________________________________________

4


Resume’ Template [Your Name]

[Street Address] | [City, ST ZIP Code] | [phone] | [email]

Education • [School Name, City, State] [Date of Graduation] • [Degree] | [Major] • [*Optional - You might want to include your GPA here and a brief summary of relevant

coursework, awards, and honors]

Experience

[Dates From] – [To]

[Job Title] | [Company Name] | [Location] [This is the place for a brief summary of your key responsibilities and most stellar accomplishments.]

[Dates From] – [To]

[Job Title] | [Company Name] | [Location] [This is the place for a brief summary of your key responsibilities and most stellar accomplishments.]

Skills and Training • [Don’t be shy – list the acknowledgments you received for a job well done.]

Awards & Acknowledgements • [Don’t be shy – list the acknowledgments you received for a job well done.]

5


APAFormattingQuickGuide

6


7


MLAFormatCheatSheetThishandoutprovidesaquickreferencetothebasicsofusingMLAstyle.Forcompleteguidelines,consultMLA

HandbookforWritersofResearchPapers,7thed.,callnumber:LB2369.G532009.

Major Updates from the New (7th) Edition

• MLAnolongerrequiresunderlining.Titles,suchasbooksandperiodicaltitles,arenowitalicized

rather than underlined.

• Allentriesinareferencelist,whetherprintorelectronic,mustnowincludethemediuminwhich

theyhavebeenpublished(Print,Web,DVD,Television,etc.)

• URLsarenolongerrequiredincitations.MLArecommendsthatwritersonlyincludeaweb

addressiftheaudienceisunlikelytofindthesourceotherwise.

• NewAbbreviations:Somesourcesdonothaveadate,publisherorpagination.MLAadvises,where

applicable,towriten.d.fornodate,n.p.fornopublisher,andn.pag.fornopaginationgiven.

Formatting Basics

• Doublespacethroughoutpaper,withnoextraspacesbetweenparagraphs.

• Donotrightjustify.

• Top,bottom,andsidemarginsshouldbeoneinch.

• Indentthefirstwordofeachparagraphby½inchor5spaces.

• Donotuseatitlepagefortheresearchpaper:insteadsimplytypeyourname,instructor’sname,

coursenumber,anddate.Thisshouldbeflushwiththeleftmargin.

• Centerthetitleofthepaper.Donotunderlinethetitle,orputin“quotationmarks,”orsetinALL

CAPITALS.

• Number all pages consecutively in theupper right-hand corner,½ inch from the top and flush

withrightmargin.Typeyour lastnamebefore thepagenumber,anddonotuse“p.”before the

number.

SAMPLEFIRSTPAGE:

8


Works Cited

MLA style requires that the list of Works Cited start on a new page at the end of your paper. Formatting rules include:

• Continuepagenumberingfromthebodyofyourpaper.

• Centerthetitle“WorksCited,”oneinchfromthetop.

• Alphabetizeentriesbytheauthor’slastname.Ifnoauthor,alphabetizebythetitle(ignoreA,An,The).

• Useahangingindent.

For books:

• Name(s)ofauthorsoreditors.Ifonlycitingonechapterwithinabook,theauthorandtitle(in

“quotationmarks”)ofthechapter.

• Titleofbook(includingsubtitle)italicized.

• Cityofpublication,nameofthepublisher,andyearofpublication.

• Mediumofpublication.

• Edition(onlyif2NDed.orlater).

• Volumenumber(ifthereisone).

• Ifcitingonechapterwithinabook,thepagenumbersofthechapter

For print journal and magazine articles :

• Namesofauthors.

• Titleofarticlein“quotationmarks.”

• Titleofjournalormagazineitalicized.

• Volumenumber(forajournal)

• Issuenumber(forajournal,ifavailable).

• Dateofpublication(forjournalarticle,noteyearonly).

• Pagenumbersofthearticle.

• Mediumofpublication(Print). For journal and magazine articles acquired using a library database:

• Namesofauthors.

• Titleofarticlein“quotationmarks.”

• Titleofjournalormagazineitalicized.

• Volumenumberandissuenumber(forajournal).

• Dateofpublication(forjournalarticle,noteyearonly).

• Pagenumbersofthearticleasoriginallypublishedinprintjournal.

• Nameofthedatabaseitalicized.

• Mediumofpublication(Web).

• Dateofaccess(day,month,andyear).

9

Tauiliili-Mahuka Handbook for English 151 & 251

tauiliili - mahuka course handbook

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