taxonomic notes on indian horsfieldia and endocomia ... · dipanwita banik* and priyankush protim...

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Taxonomic Notes on Indian Horsfieldia and Endocomia (Myristicaceae)

Dipanwita Banik* and Priyankush Protim Bora

Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-North East Institute of Science & Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006, Assam, INDIA

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

(Accepted on January 9, 2016)

In the myristicaceous genera Horsfieldia Willd. and Endocomia W. J. de Wilde, four taxa are recognized in India, viz., Endocomia macrocoma (Miq.) W. J. de Wilde subsp. prainii (King) W. J. de Wilde and Horsfieldia irya (Gaertn.) Warb., H. amygdalina (Wall.) Warb. var. amygdalina and H. kingii (Hook. f.) Warb. Morphological characters of Horsfieldia and Endocomia were described based on our specimens collected during 2000 and 2012–2014 in India and previous specimens kept in Indian herbaria. Keys to the taxa are provided for easy identification. All the taxa are listed with synonyms, type specimens, descriptions, distribution, phenological data, vernacular names and examined specimens. Endocomia macrocoma subsp. prainii is newly recorded in Assam and Tripura states.

Key words: Diversity, Endocomia, Horsfieldia, India, Myristicaceae, taxonomy.

J. Jpn. Bot. 91: 160–178 (2016)

The genus Horsfieldia Willd. belongs to the family Myristicaceae R. Br., nom. cons. in the order Magnoliales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl (Chase and Reveal 2009). In APG III the order is placed in the clade Magnoliids. In the Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III, the family is placed 16th in the sequence (Haston et al. 2009).

The genus Horsfieldia ranges from Sri Lanka and India, through SE Asia to New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Northern Australia and consists of ca. 100 species in all types of tropical primary forests. Noteworthy treatments of the genus by Sinclair (1958, 1975) and de Wilde (1984b, 1985a, 1985b, 1986a, 2000) superseded the consideration of the genus as a synonym of Myristica Gronov. or various sections under it (Blume 1837, De Candolle 1856, Bentham and Hooker 1883, Hooker 1890, King 1891).

The genus was treated discretely and with confusion in several regional floras which were devoid of updated nomenclature and citation of type specimens. The present study on these genera Horsfieldia and Endocomia W. J. de Wilde (de Wilde 1984a) (formerly treated under Horsfieldia) aimed to solve lack of data for India.

MethodologyStandard taxonomic procedures were

followed. The protologues of all the relevant synonyms were consulted along with major and minor revisionary and monographic and other relevant literature. The types and herbarium specimens in the family Myristicaceae in CAL, ASSAM, ARUN, APFH, TBGT, K, BM, E and LLOYD were studied for macro- and micro-morphological characters. Primary

June 2016 TheJournal of Japanese Botany Vol. 91 No. 3 161

forests were surveyed for living specimens with the due permission from Forest Department, Government of India whenever required. The phenological data, data on habitat, vernacular names, uses of various parts of different species were collected in the field or from herbarium labels or literature. To update the nomenclature and for citation the ICN, 2011 (McNeill et. al. 2012) was followed. The herbarium abbreviations are as in Holmgren et al. (1990), unless otherwise mentioned.

ResultsNearly 200 specimens in the herbaria

mentioned were studied and their identity were confirmed or changed. The study found that Endocomia is represented in India only by Endocomia macrocoma (Miq.) W. J. de Wilde subsp. prainii (King) W. J. de Wilde. It is sparsely distributed in Assam, Tripura and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Horsfieldia with H. irya (Gaertn.) Warb., H. amygdalina (Wall.) Warb. and H. kingii (Hook. f.) Warb. are sparsely distributed in North East India and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India.

As seen in situ both Horsfieldia and Endocomia have a stout arborescent habit with straight trunk and horizontal branching restricted to upper 1/4 of the trees, paniculate and ebracteolate inflorescences. Endocomia differs from Horsfieldia in being monoecious, with elenticellate twigs, perianth lobed nearly to the base, tepals pubescent on both the surfaces, at anthesis the androecium distinctly stalked, seeds shortly pointed at one side and in having laciniate or entire red aril. Horsfieldia is dioecious, with lenticellate twigs, perianth lobed 1/4 to 1/2 of the length, tepals glabrous inside, suberect at anthesis, the androecium (sub)sessile and seeds blunt on both ends with an entire orange aril.

Most Myristicaceae are dioecious but Endocomia and an American genus Iryanthera Warb. are monoecious.

There are about 20 genera in Myristicaceae.

Examples of the parallel development and reticulate relationships among the genera Endocomia and Horsfieldia are presented in the paper. The circumscription of these different genera presented in the paper are based upon combinations of morphological characters based on previous workers viz., Warburgh (1897), Sinclair (1958) and de Wilde (1984b) etc.

The sections under the genus Horsfieldia can easily be distinguished by morphological characters and sometimes also by geographical distribution. Intrageneric diversity within Horsfieldia is represented in sect. Irya having two tepals, cup shaped synandrium with apically free anthers in male flowers and globose fruits with a confined distribution only in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, while sect. Pyrrhosa has 3–4 tepals, tri to multi-lobed, globose, trigonolobous or ellipsoid synandrium with anthers united at apex and ellipsoid fruits. This latter section is distributed in North Eastern India and in Andaman Nicobar Islands. The interspecific diversity of H. amygdalina and H. kingii is in the variation in pubescence in the male inflorescence, morphology of the synandrium, and persistence of perianth in mature fruits. H. amygdalina has glabrous male inflorescence, ellipsoid synandrium and caducous perianth in fruit. H. kingii has puberulous male inflorescence, globose or trigonolobous synandrium and persistent perianth in fruit. However, the Indian individual tree of H. kingii (D. Banik & P. P. Bora 4205) from Holongapar Gibbon Wild Life Sanctuary shows glabrous male inflorescence which was not recorded earlier.

Male and female individuals of H. kingii, H. amygdalina and E. macrocoma subsp. prainii were collected from the primary forests and their macro- and micro-morphological characters used for the descriptions and illustrations. Photographs, phenological data, data on habitat, vernacular names, uses of various parts of different species were obtained.

The present study found an extended

162 植物研究雑誌　第 91巻　第 3号 2016年 6月

distribution of E. macrocoma subsp. prainii in Assam and Tripura and H. kingii in Tripura which was not reported earlier. The present study found that H. amygdalina was misidentified as H. glabra in different regional floras and in the deposited herbarium sheets.

TaxonomyAn updated nomenclature of the taxa along

with types, distribution, phenological data, habitat, vernacular names, uses and notes are presented below.

Key to the genera1a. Plants monoecious, tepals hairy on both

surfaces, tepals splitting the perianth nearly to base, revolute at anthesis ........ Endocomia

1b. Plants dioecious, tepals glabrous inside, splitting nearly to 1/3, involute at anthesis ... ................................................... Horsfieldia

Endocomia W. J. de Wilde in Blumea 30: 179 (1984); & Fl. Malesiana ser. 1, 14: 29 (2000).

Type: Endocomia macrocoma (Miq.) W. J. de Wilde.

Trees monoecious; twigs terete, elenticellate. Leaves chartaceous, ret iculat ion lax. Inflorescences axillary or pseudoterminal, paniculate, branched several times, male and female flowers present in the same cymule, in different stages of development, flower pedicellate, ebracteolate. Male flower buds globose-ellipsoid, 3–5-lobed, recurved at anthesis, united only at base; synandrium globose to shortly ellipsoid, androphore short or long, narrow; stamens 2–8; anthers ellipsoid, completely fused to androphore. Female flowers similar to male, fewer, ovary glabrous, stigma sessile, minute, 2-lobed, each lobe lobulate. Infructescences up to 30 cm long. Fruits ellipsoid or obovoid, glabrous; pericarp thin to thick, aril partly laciniate, seeds pointed at apex, variegated; albumen ruminate.

Distribution: ca. four species are distributed

from India and southern China to Malesia (New Guinea); only one species in India (Assam, Jatinga valley; Tripura, Teliamura, Jampui hills; S. Andamans).

Endocomia macrocoma (Miq.) W. J. de Wilde

subsp. prainii (King) W. J. de Wilde in Blumea 30(1): 187, fig. 3b, c (1984); Fl. Malesiana ser. 1, 14: 35 (2000) – Myristica prainii King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 3: 299, pl. 126 (1891) – Horsfieldia prainii (King) Warb. in Nova Acta. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 68: 292, t. 21, figs. 1–3 (1897); Li & Wilson, Fl. China 7: 100 (2009).

Lectotype (designated by de Wilde, Blumea 30: 187, 1984): INDIA. Andaman Islands, Dr. King’s collector 417 (L, CAL!, BM!, K!–isolectotypes). [Figs. 1, 2]

Myristica exaltata Wall., Cat. 6804 (1832), nom. nud.; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 3: 327, pl. 174 (1891). – Myristica amygdalina Wall. var. β hookeri A. DC., Prodr. 14(1): 204 (1856). Voucher specimens: MYANMAR. Trogla Hills, river Salween, 1827, W. G. Wall. Cat. 6804 (K-W!, K!, CAL!).

Horsfieldia pandurifolia Hu in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8(3): 197 (1963); C. Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 10 (1977); Tsiang & Li, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 30(2): 196 (1979). Type: CHINA. Yunnan, Cheli Hsien, Gan-lan-ba, in mixed woods, October 1938, C. W. Wang 79862 (PE, non vidi, photo!).

Horsfieldia longipedunculata Hu in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8(3): 198 (1963). Type: CHINA. Yunnan, Cheli Hsien, Maan-shan, in mixed woods, September 1936, C. W. Wang 78572 (PE, non vidi, photo!).

Tree 10–20 m high; twigs glabrous, striate, apical bud 1–1.2 cm long, 1.5–2 mm broad, acute, puberulous, brown. Leaves alternate; lamina 13.4–27.5 cm long, 7.2–11.2 cm broad, slightly pandurate-obovate or elliptic, base acute-obtuse, apex acute-acuminate, glabrous; mid rib flat or depressed above, raised below, finely


Fig. 1. Endocomia macrocoma (Miq.) W. J. de Wilde subsp. prainii (King) W. J. de Wilde. A. Habit. B. Branch. C. Inflorescence. D. Male flower. E–F. Fruits with aril. G. Longitidinal section of Seed. H. Seed. A–B, E–H. From D. Banik & P. P. Bora 4283 (NEIST). C–D. From D. Banik 4267 (NEIST). Scale bars: 6 mm (C), 1 mm (D), 2.5 cm (E–F), and 1 cm (G–H).

striate; secondary nerves brochidodromous; arising from the mid rib at an angle of ≤55°–85° on acroscopic side and ≤50°–65° on basiscopic

side, alternate-opposite, 13–17 pairs; tertiary nerves not prominent; petiole 1.7–2.5 cm long, glabrous, finely striate. Inflorescences axillary,


Fig. 2. Endocomia macrocoma (Miq.) W. J. de Wilde subsp. prainii (King) W. J. de Wilde. A. Portion of flowering twig. B. Portion of inflorescence (enlarged). C–D. Male flowers. E. Female flower. F. Fruit. G. Portion of infructescence. A. From Dr. King’s collector 417 (CAL). B–C, E. From Dr. King’s collector s.n. (CAL). D. From Mr. Proudlock s.n. (CAL). F–G. From D. B. Deb 2244 (CAL). Scale bars: 1.8 cm (A), 55 mm (B), 1.2 mm (C–D), 2mm (E), 1.8 cm (F), and 1.6 cm (G).


branched 3 times, (3–)9–10 cm long, (7–)8–9 cm broad, flowers 4–9, puberulous, brown when young; bracts at the bases of young cymules, deciduous, triangular, 1.5–2 mm long, 1 mm broad, acuminate, puberulous, brown; persistent semilunar scars at the base of primary and secondary branches. Male flower: pedicel slender, 2–4 mm long; hairs brown, 2–3 armed; flower globose-ellipsoid, 1–2 mm long, 1–3.5 mm broad, perianth bud campanulate; tepals 3–4, 0.8–1.8 mm long, 0.8–1.5 mm broad, triangular, united up to 0.2 mm at base, coriaceous, striated, stellate, recurved at anthesis; stamens 5–6 or 7–9; synandrium globose, 0.5–0.8 mm in diameter, subsessile or androphore up to 0.2 mm long; anthers linear, 0.5–1.2 mm long, 0.15–0.2 mm broad, adnate to their back, extrorse. Female flower: pedicel 1.5–2 mm long, 1 mm broad; hairs brown, 2–3 armed, flower bud globose, 1–1.5 mm in diameter. Infructescence 13–24 cm long, branched, pendulous, with scars of pedicels; peduncle 1.5–2 cm long, finely striate, glabrous; fruit stalk 1–1.2 cm long, finely striate, glabrous. Fruit yellow to orange, obliquely elliptic, 3.4–3.5(–4.8) cm long, 1.3–1.6(–2.8) cm broad, base narrowly cuneate, apex acute, pericarp wrinkled, 1.5–6 mm thick, glabrous, brown, aril entire or laciniate, red; seed elliptic, 2.9–3.1 cm long, 1–1.3 cm broad.

Distribution: India (Assam; Tripura; S. Andamans), Bangladesh, China (S. Yunnan), Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Indonesia (W. Sumatra, W. Java, Papua), the Philippines, Papua New Guinea.

Flowering: February–May; August–December.Fruiting: January–April.Habitat: Forest on hilly land and near the

shore.Uses: Wood used in construction work.Note: The extended distribution of this

species in Assam and Tripura was found during the present study.

Specimens examined: INDIA. ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS: Andamans, 1884, Dr. King’s collector 431, fl. (CAL); Dr. King’s collector s.n., fl. (K,

CAL); South Andamans, Namunaghar, Hilly land, 2–3 m, 16 August 1890, Dr. King’s collector s.n., fl. (CAL, BM); South Andamans, North Bay, Near Shore, 12 September 1891, Dr. King s.n., fl. (CAL); In Andaman group and also a tree west side near South end of Jacquemont avenue. Cultivated in Bot. Garden, Calcutta Div, Flowered Oct. 1895, Mr. Proudlock s.n. (BM, CAL); Little Andaman, Hut Bay, Inland Forest, 15 January 1977, N. Bhargava 5141, fl. (CAL). ASSAM: Cachar district, Jatinga valley, Damcherra, 25°01ʹ45.3ʺN, 092°46ʹ23.1ʺE, 2 June 2014, D. Banik & P. P. Bora 4294, fr. (NEIST). TRIPURA: Teliamura, 20 January 1960, D. B. Deb 2244, fr. (CAL); North Tripura, Jampui hills, Vanghmun to Hmnpui, 24°00ʹ28.2ʺN , 092°16ʹ43.0ʺE, 27 May 2014, D. Banik & P. P. Bora 4283, fr. (NEIST).

Horsfieldia Willd., Sp. Pl. 4(2): 872 (1806); Warb. in Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 68: 130 (1897); Gamble, Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins. 5(23): 206 (1912); Ridl., Fl. Malay. Penins. 3: 54 (1924); J. Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Singapore 16: 368 (1958); W. J. de Wilde in Gard. Bull. Singapore 37(2): 123 (1984); Fl. Malesiana ser. 1, 14: 54 (2000); Li & Wilson, Fl. China 7: 99 (2009), p.p. excl. H. prainii (= Endocomia).

Type: Horsfieldia iryaghedhi (Gaertn.) Warb.Shrubs or trees, dioecious. Twigs terete or

angular or with two ridges in between petioles or (in)conspicuously lenticelate. Leaves distichous or tristichous (in Horsfieldia kingii). Lamina membranous to coriaceous, brittle when dry, rarely papillose beneath (in H. iryaghedhi) warty; mid rib flat or sunken, raised dorsally, secondary nerves arising from midrib at varied angles on acroscopic and basiscopic sides, brochidodomous to eucamptodromous; alternate or opposite, (8–22 pairs for Indian species); tertiary nerves, sometimes looping prominent beneath. Inflorescences axillary or cauline, paniculate branched several times, pubescent or glabrous, at base of common peduncle with a few minute cataphylls; male inflorescences larger than female; bracts cauducous or persistant- accrescent (in H. kingii). Flowers pedicellate, rarely sessile (in H. iryaghedhi), ebracteolate, solitary or in loose clusters or fascicles at same or different stages of development; Male buds


glabrous or pubescent, globose, transversely ellipsoid, reniform, pear-shaped or clavate, laterally compressed or not, membranous, coriaceous or fleshy, glabrous inside, greenish to yellowish; splitting shallowly to deeply into 2 or 3 or 4-lobes; androecium either cup shaped or globose to ellipsoid, cylindrical or trigonolobous, laterally compressed or not, sessile or with short androphore; anthers many; anthers erect or curved; apical parts incurved or inflexed into the central cavity to various depths; 2-celled, thecae often septate when young, extrorse. Female inflorescences short, compact, racemose or paniculate, branched once or twice; flowers larger than the male, pedicellate; buds subglobose or ovoid or ellipsoid, obovoid, (H. amygdalina); ovary globose or ovoid, glabrous or pubescent, stigma sessile, sometimes several lobed (in H. iryaghedhi) or with a median depression (H. kingii); fruits globose, ellipsoid or obovoid (in H. amygdalina); pericarp fleshy, drying brown or blackish, often with lenticels like tubercles, glabrous or pubescent, rarely with persistent perianth at base (in H. kingii), dehiscing by 2 valves; seed 1, ellipsoid, rarely globose (in H. irya), testa not variegated; aril completely covering the seed, entire or shallowly lobed or convoluted at apex; albumen ruminate, with fatty oil but no starch; cotyledons connate at base.

Distribution: ca. 100 species are distributed in India, Sri Lanka, China (Yunnan, Hainan), SE Asia through Malesia to New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Australia (North). Two species in India (North Eastern India and Andaman and Nicobar Islands).

Three sections are recognized, viz., sect. Horsfieldia W. J. de Wilde (1984); sect. Irya (Hook. f. & Thomson) Warb. and sect. Pyrrhosa (Blume) Warb. of which the first one does not occur in India, sect. Irya is represented by H. irya in India and sect. Pyrrhosa is represented by H. amygdalina and H. kingii in India.

Note: sect. Horsfieldia consists of only one species H. iryaghedhi (Gaertn.) Warb., originally

distributed from Sri Lanka and in Malesia sporadically cultivated for its strongly sweet-smelling flowers. It is strange that this species is rare and seems extinct in Sri Lanka, and also that it seems unknown as cultivated in India.

Key to the Indian sections of Horsfieldia1a. Male flowers with 2 tepals. Synandrium cup-

shaped. Anthers free at apex. Fruits globose .......................................................... Sect. Irya

1b. Male flowers with 3–4 tepals. Synandrium globose, trigonolobous or ellipsoid. Anthers connate at apex. Fruits ellipsoid .................... ................................................. Sect. Pyrrhosa

Horsfieldia sect. Irya (Hook. f. & Thomson) Warb. in Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 68: 123 (1897), p.p.; W. J. de Wilde in Gard. Bull. Singapore 37(2): 127 (1984); Fl. Malesiana ser. 1, 14: 56 (2000). – Myristica sect. Irya Hook. f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 159 (1855).

Type: Horsfieldia irya (Gaertn.) Warb.Distribution: ca. 40 species are distributed in

Eastern Malesia; 1 species in India.Horsfieldia irya (Gaertn.) Warb. in Nova

Acta. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 68: 317. t. 22 figs. 1–4 (1897); Ridl., Fl. Mal. Penins. 3: 58 (1924); J. Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Singapore 16: 382, fig. 33, pl. IX-A (1958) & 28: 61 (1975); B. K. Sinha in Hajra & Rao P. S. N. (eds.), Fl. Great Nicobar Isl.: 360 (1999); W. J. de Wilde in Gard. Bull. Singapore 38(1): 55, fig. 6 (1985) & Fl. Malesiana ser. 1, 14: 132, fig. 20 (2000) – Myristica irya Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 195, t. 41 (1788); Hook. f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 159 (1855); A. DC., Prodr. 14(1): 202 (1856), p.p. excl. M. exaltata Wall. p.p. quoad Wall. Cat. 6804C; Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2): 64 (1858), p.p.; Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl.: 11 (1864); Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 282 (1877); Hook. f., Fl. Br. India 5: 109 (1886), p.p.; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 3: 308, pl. 141, 141-bis (1891); Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 3: 435 (1895); Brandis, Indian Trees: 525 (1906);


C. E. Parkinson, Forest Fl. Andaman Isl.: 223 (1923).

Type: SRI LANKA. Gaertner’s drawing (1788: t. 41). [Fig. 3]

Myristica javanica Blume, Bijdr.: 576 (1825) & in Rumphia 1: 190, t. 62 (1835). Type: INDONESIA. Blume (L, missing) in Rumphia 1: 190, t. 62 (1835).

Myristica spherocarpa Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar.: 79, t. 89 (1830). – M. irya Gaertn. var. wallichii King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 3: 309, pl. 141-bis, 3-5 (1891). Type: MYANMAR. Martabanin 1827, Wall. Cat. 6796 (K-W!–holotype; CAL!–isotype).

Myristica micrantha Wall., Cat. 6807 (1832), nom. nud. Voucher specimen: THAILAND. Tailegs from Siam and under Wall. Cat. 6807 (K!, K-Wall!, CAL!).

Myristica lemanniana A. DC. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 4(4): 31, t. 4 (1855); Prodr. 14(1): 203 (1856). – Horsfieldia lemanniana (A. DC.) Warb. in Nova Acta. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 68: 326 (1897). Type: MALAYSIA. Malay Peninsula, Malacca, Lemann s.n. (G–non vidi).

Myristica vrieseana Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2: 49 (1865). – M. irya Gaertn. var. longifolia King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 3: 309, pl. 141-bis, 1-2 (1891). Type: INDONESIA. de Vriese s.n. (L–non vidi).

Tree 10–20 m high. Twigs glabrous, 2-ridged, lenticillate. Apical bud ca. 1.3 cm long, puberulous. Leaves distichous; petiole 0.5–0.8(–1.1) cm long, glabrous; lamina 8.4–28.0 cm long, 2.9–7.9 cm broad, membranous to coriaceous, elliptic, attenuate(-obtuse), entire, cuspidate, glabrous; midrib flat to depressed above, raised below; secondary nerves brochidodrmous; arising from midrib at an angle of ≤60°–90° on acroscopic side and ≤60°–75° on basiscopic side; 15–18(–22) pairs; tertiary loops present. Inflorescences axillary; male inflorescence branched twice, 4.8–12.5 cm long, tomentose when young, on maturity glabrous at base; hairs stellate (with 2–4 arms); bracts

triangular to ovate, acuminate, membranous, inside glandular, deciduous. Male flower pedicel ca.1 mm long, puberulous with branched hairs; bud globose-transversely ellipsoid, 1–1.25 mm in diameter, 0.5–0.75 mm long, 1–1.25 mm broad, perianth lobes (tepals) united up to 0.25 mm from base; tepals 2, each lobe half-globose-broadly ovoid, entire, membraneous, glabrous inside, puberulous to glabrous outside; synandrium transversely elliptic, cup shaped, ca. 0.25 mm long and 0.5–0.75 mm broad; androphore obscure; stamens 14–16; anthers linear, upto 0.25 mm long, slightly unequal, free at apices, adnate laterally and at base, incurved. Female inflorescence contracted, branched once, 2–2.5 cm long. Female flower: pedicel 1–1.5 mm long, hairs shorter than in male; bud globose to obovoid, depressed at apex; perianth campanulate, 1.5–1.75 mm long, tepals 2(–3), united 1–1.50 mm from base, valvate, each lobe triangular, acute, coriaceous, glabrous inside, granular outside and stellate at base; ovary ovoid, 1–1.25 mm long, 0.75–1 mm broad, glabrous; stigma sessile, bilobed, blakish. Fruit globose, 1.25–1.5 cm in diameter, pericarp chartaceous, 1–1.5 mm thick, glabrous; seed globose.

Distribution: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, India (Andaman Islands-Eastern side, Port Mouth Hill Jungle, Long Island, Nicobar Islands), S. Indo-China to the Solomon Isl.

Conservation status: Lower risk/least concern ver. 2.3 (IUCN 2013.2).

Flowering: January–August; December. Fruiting: June–October.Vernacular names: Choglum, Mutwinda

(Andamans).Uses: Seeds are used for preparing candles.

Decoction of bark is used for gargling sore throat and flowers used as perfume (Anonymous 1959).

Specimens examined: INDIA. ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS: Andamans, 1884, Dr. King’s collector s.n. (CAL); Dr. King’s collector s.n., male fl. (BM); South Andamans, Runguchang near sea coast, eastern side, 2 May 1891, Dr. King’s collector s.n. (CAL); Hope town, S. Kurz s.n. (CAL); S. Kurz 192, fr. (E);


Fig. 3. Horsfieldia irya (Gaertn.) Warb. A. Portion of male flowering twig. B. Male flower. C. Synandrium. D. Portion of female flowering twig. E. Female flower. F. Ovary. G. Longitudinal section of female flower showing basal placentation. H. Fruit. A– C. From Dr. King’s collector s.n. (CAL). D–H. From S. Kurz s.n. Acc. No. 381617 (CAL). Scale bars: 1 cm (A), 0.5 mm (B–C), 0.85 cm (D), 0.9 mm (E), 0.75 mm (F), 1 mm (G), and 1 cm (H).


Towards south point, S. Kurz s.n. (CAL); South Andaman, 23 September 1867, S. Kurz s.n., fr. (K); Hope Town, Near Port Blair, 22 January 1884, Dr. King’s collector 45 (CAL); Port Mouat hill jungle, 3 March 1894, Dr. King’s collector s.n. (CAL); Andamans, C. E. Parkinson 466 (CAL), Middle Andamans, Long Island, 2 June 1913, C. E. Parkinson 1057, male fl. (K); 0–100 ft, 17 December 1915, C. E. Parkinson 792 (CAL). MYANMAR. Birma and Malay Peninsula, Herb. Griffith, Herbarium of Late East India Co. No. 4357 (K); Great Cocos Island, David Prain, 1889, male fl. (E).

Horsfieldia sect. Pyrrhosa (Blume) Warb. in Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 68: 123 (1897), p.p.; W. J. de Wilde in Gard. Bull. Singapore 37(2): 130 (1984); Fl. Malesiana ser. 1, 14: 57 (2000). – Myristica sect. Pyrrhosa Blume, Rumphia 1: 190 (1837), p.p. quoad lectotypo; Hook. f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 160 (1855); A. DC., Prodr. 14(1): 202 (1856), p.p.; Benth. & Hook. f., Gen. Pl. 3: 136 (1880); King in Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 3: 282 (1891). – Horsfieldia sect. Pyrrhosa subsect. Eupyrrhosa Warb. in Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 68: 265 (1897), p.p. excl. H. macrocoma.

Type: Horsfieldia glabra (Blume) Warb.Myristica sect. Irya auct. non Hook. f. &

Thomson: King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 3: 284 (1891), p.p.

Horsfieldia sect. Irya subsect. Trivalves Warb. in Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 68: 267 (1897). – Horsfieldia sect. Trivalves subsect. Trivalves J. Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Singapore 16: 370 (1958), comb. inval. Type: Not designated.

Distribution: ca. 60 species distributed from Continental SE Asia, SE to West Malesia including the Philippines; two species in India (North Eastern India and Andaman and Nicobar Islands).

Key to the species1a. Male inflorescence axis puberulous.

Synandrium globose or trigonolobous. Perianth persistent in fruit ............... H. kingii

1b. Male inflorescence axis glabrous.

Synandrium ellipsoid. Perianth caducous in fruit ............. H. amygdalina var. amygdalina

1. Horsfieldia amygdalina (Wall.) Warb. in Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 68: 310 (1897); Ridl., Fl. Mal. Penins. 3: 57 (1924), p.p.; C. Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 12, fig. 3, 5–6 (1977); N. P. Balakr., Fl. Jowai 2: 400 (1983); W. J. de Wilde in Gard. Bull. Singapore 37(2): 177 (1984); Harid. & R. R. Rao, Forest Fl. Meghalaya 2: 711 (1987); Li & Wilson, Fl. China 7: 100 (2009). – Myristica amygdalina Wall., [Cat. 6797 (1828) nom. nud.] Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1(4): 79, t. 90 (1830); Hook. f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 160 (1855), p.p.; A. DC., Prodr. 14(1): 203 (1856), p.p.; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 283 (1877); Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 106 (1886), p.p.; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 3: 300, pl. 28 (1891); Brandis, Indian Trees: 525 (1906); A. Das, Fl. Assam 4: 43 (1940); V. S. Rao, Trees. Duars & Terai: 80 (1957); Deb, Fl. Tripura 1: 99 (1981), p.p.

Type: MYANMAR. Moulmyne 1827, Wall. Cat. 6797 (K-W!–holotype; K!, BM!, CAL!, G– isotypes).

var. amygdalina: W. J. de Wilde in Gard. Bull. Singapore 37(2): 178 (1984). [Figs. 4, 5]

Myristica floribunda Wall., Cat. 6805. 1832, nom. nud. Voucher specimens: CHINA (Tibet). Tibet et Montes vicinae, Wall. Cat. 6805 (K-W!, K !, BM!, CAL!, E!).

Myristica kurzii King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 3: 310 (1891), nom. nud. Voucher specimens: MYANMAR (BURMA). Kurz s.n. (CAL!); Kurz 984 (CAL!). INDIA. S. Andamans, Hutbaypur, interior of jungle hill land, 6 September 1890, Dr. King’s collector s.n. (K!). INDIA. S. Andamans, Danda/Danola Pet, 1890, Dr. G King s.n. (K!, CAL!). INDIA, Andamans, Thani/Dhani Kari, Hill jungle, 15 January 1891, Dr. King’s collector s.n. (K!, CAL!).

Horsfieldia tonkinensis Lecomte in Not. Syst. 1(4): 100 (1909); Fl. Indo-Chine 5(2): 101 (1914). Type: VIETNAM (TONKIN), Bon 4272


Fig. 4. Horsfieldia amygdalina (Wall.) Warb. var. amygdalina. A. Habit. B. Apical twig. C. Male Inflorescence (inset enlarged). D. Fruit. E. Male flowers. F. Apical part of young male inflorescence. A–B, F. From D. Banik & P. P. Bora 4242 (NEIST). C, E. From D. Banik 3298 (NEIST). D. From D. Banik & P. P. Bora 4288 (NEIST). Scale bars: 2 mm (C), 1 cm (D), 2 mm (E), and 1 mm (F).


Fig. 5. Horsfieldia amygdalina (Wall.) Warb. var. amygdalina. A. Portion of male flowering twig. B. Portion of male inflorescence. C. Synandrium. D. Male flower. E. Tepals of male flower. F. Transverse section of synandrium. G. Female flower. H. Part of female flower. I–J. Ovary. K. Mature fruit. A–C. From D. Banik (NEIST). D–F. From N. P. Balakrishnan 3937 (CAL). G–I. From R. P. Dwivedi (CAL). J. From U. N. Kanjilal 4774 (CAL). K. From Dr. G. King s.n. (CAL). Scale bars: 1 cm (A, K), 2.5 mm (B, E), 0.75 mm (C), 3 mm (D), 1.5 mm (F), 2.75 mm (G), 3.5 mm (H), and 1.5 mm (I–J).


(4302) (P–non vidi).Horsfieldia tonkinensis Lecomte var.

multiracemosa Lecomte in Not. Syst. 1(4): 100 (1909); Fl. Indo-Chine 5(2): 102 (1914). Type: VIETNAM (TONKIN), Bon s.n. (4302) (P–non vidi).

Myristica glabra auct. non Blume: King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 3: 310, pl. 142 (1891); C. E. Parkinson, Forest Fl. Andaman Isl.: 224 (1923); J. Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Singapore 28: 35 (1975), p.p. quoad specim. Continental Asia; Tsiang & Li, Fl. Republ. Popul. Sin. 30(2): 204, fig. 93 (1979); B. K. Sinha, Fl. Great Nicobar Isl.: 359 (1999).

Tree 6–35 m high. Twigs glabrous, lenticellate; apical bud 0.8–1.5(–2.1) cm long, 1–2.5 mm broad, brown, puberulous. Leaves alternate; petiole (0.6–)1.1–2.0 cm long, glabrous; lamina obovate-elliptic(-narrowly elliptic), 13–24 cm long, 3.5–8 cm broad, base attenuate(-obtuse); apex acute, acuminate; midrib depressed or flat above, raised below; secondary nerves brochidodomous, arising from the midrib at an angle of ≤45°–80° on acroscopic side and ≤45°–75° on basiscopic side, 8–14(–20) pairs; tertiary nerves obscurely prominent. Inflorescences axillary. Male inflorescence branched 2–3 times, 6.2–16.5 cm long, 3.5–5.5 cm broad, 7-many-flowered, glabrous or brown-puberulous; hairs to 0.2 mm long, armed, caducous; bracts-1, 2–5 mm long, 1–3 mm broad, elliptic-ovoid, base acute-obtuse-rounded, entire, apex acute to acuminate, brown, puberulous or glabrous, sometimes larger, 7–8 veined similar to leaves, caducous to persistent. Male flower pedicel 1–1.5 mm long; bud globose to obovoid, 2–2.5 mm long, 1.5–2 mm broad, tepals 3 united to 1.5 mm from base; broadly triangular, coriaceous, outside glabrous to scarcely brown puberulous; synandrium transversly elliptic, 1.25–1.5 mm long, 1.25–1.5 mm broad, sessile, trilobed, depressed-emarginate at apex; sessile or androphore 0.1–0.2 mm long; stamens 8–29(–38); anthers linear, incurved to 1 mm long, slightly unequal,

connate laterally. Female inflorescence axillary, contracted, once branched, 1.5–5.3 cm long, 6–11 flowered, woody, brown puberulous. Female flowers downwardly directed, pedicel woody, 1–2.5 mm long, tomentose; buds ellipsoid to obovoid, 1.5–1.75 mm long, 1.5–2 mm broad, tepals 2(–3) united to 1.25 mm from base, obtuse, coriaceous (0.8–1 mm thick), glabrous or puberulous outside; ovary globose to ovoid, 0.5–1.5 mm long, 0.8–1 mm broad, sulcate, sessile, glabrous; stigma sessile, obscurely 2-lobed, each apiculate, ovule 1. Fruit ellipsoid or ovoid (-globose), rounded at both ends, perianth caducous, pericarp 1.7–4.2 cm long, 1.3–2.3 cm broad, coriaceous, 2.5–5 mm thick, glabrous or puberulous only at base; aril orange, entire; seed ovoid to ellipsoid, 1.5–3 cm long, 0.8–1.3 cm broad.

Distribution: India (Andaman: North Andamans, Middle Andamans, South Andamans; Nicobar Islands, S. Nicobar; Assam: Goalpara, Sivasagar, Cachar; Meghalaya: Ribhoi, Khasia & Jaintia Hills, Quinine Village; Tripura: Shilbari, Dhalai; Mizoram: Tepai) also in Bangladesh, Myanmar, China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan), N. Thailand, Laos, N. and C. Vietnam (Tonkin, N. and C. Annam).

Flowering: September–December; Feburary, July.

Fruiting: January–April; October.Habitat: Shaded places in inland forests, on

clayey and sandy loam, sublittoral forests up to 900 m.

Vernacular names: Dieng-Soh-jodao, Dien-ja-lyntep (Khasi); Pakna-Kala (Cachar); Bolchekpok (Garo); Dieng Bolong (Khasi); Dettakarong, Pran-dang-arong (Mikir); Ching-liang-pai (Naga); Sial-tuai (Lushai); Amol (Assamese)

Uses: Seeds and arils are eaten (Anonymous 1959).

Notes: The species was misidentified as Horsfieldia glabra (Blume) Warb. which is distributed in Western Malesia. It differs from the present species in black dots on the lower


Fig. 6. Horsfieldia kingii (Hook. f.) Warb. A. Habit. B. Fruiting twig. C. Fruit (mature fruit, pericarp, aril, seed coat, kernel). D. Longitidinal section of female flower showing basal placentation. E. Female flowers. F. Longitudinal section of mature fruit. G. Male twig. H. Male inflorescence. I. Male flower. A–F. From D. Banik & P. P. Bora 4201 (NEIST). G–I. From D. Banik & P. P. Bora 4205 (NEIST). Scale bars: 3.5 cm (C), 1 mm (D–E, I), 1 cm (F–H).


Fig. 7. Horsfieldia kingii (Hook. f.) Warb. A. Portion of female twig. B. Longitudinal section of fruit. C. Portion of male twig. D. Dried fruit. E–F. Female flower. G–H. Ovary. I. Transverse section of ovary. J. Male flower. K–L. Synandrium. A–B. From D. Banik & P. P. Bora 4201 (NEIST). C. From G. King s.n. (CAL). D. From G. A. Gammie s.n. (CAL). E–I. From G. A. Gammie s.n. (CAL). J–L. From G. King s.n. (CAL). Scale bars: 1 cm (A, D), 1.3 cm (B), 2 cm (C), 1.25 mm (E), 1.15 mm (F), 0.55 mm (G), 0.58 mm (H), 2.2 mm (I), 1.09 mm (J), 0.52 mm (K) and 0.31 mm (L).


surface of leaf lamina (de Wilde 1984b). Specimens examined: INDIA. ANDAMAN &

NICOBAR ISLANDS: Tenasserim and Andamans, Herb. Helfer, British provinces of Tenasserim, Indo-China, 1838, Dr. Helfer 1012 (Herbarium of East India Company No. 4358, K); North Andamans: Diglipur, 17 November 1976, NG Nair 4804 (CAL); Middle Andamans, Dhani Kari, Hill jungle, 14 January 1884, Dr. King’s collector 33 (CAL), Boru. Sung. La. 150 ft, Nov. 1915, C. E. Parkinson 716 (CAL); South Andamans, Hutbaypur – hill jungle, 4 March 1893, Dr. King’s collector s.n.; Alimasjed and Bumlitan hill jungle, 2 October 1893, Dr. King’s collector s.n. (CAL); Between Alimasjid & Bumlitan Hill jungle, 21 October 1893, Dr. King’s collector s.n. (CAL); Ali-Masjid Reserve, March 1915, C. E. Parkinson 373 (CAL); Chiriatapu, 0–200 ft, 19 January 1916, C. E. Parkinson 886 (CAL); Nicobar Islands, Nancowry Island, 4 km from Malacca, 24 May 1997, N. Bhargava 5086 (CAL); 19 km on road to Pygmalion Point, Inland forests, sea level, 17 May 1976, N. P. Balakrishnan 3825 (CAL); South Nicobars, 34 km on East-West Road, 175 m, 22 July 1976, N. P. Balakrishnan 3937 (CAL); 37 km on East-West Road, 1 October 1980, D. K. Hore 8254 (CAL); 33 km on East West Road, 4 October 1980, D. K. Hore 8268 (CAL); Kopen Heat, 3 February 1981, R. P. Dwivedi 7809 (CAL); Laful forest, 18 May 1981, R. P. Dwivedi 8540 (CAL); ASSAM, Masters s.n. (CAL, E); Tinsukia (Sibsagar), Barpather (Borhola Road), 270 ft, 25 April 1914, U. Kanjilal 3896 (CAL, ASSAM); Chachar district, Katakhal Reserve, 13 December 1914, U. Kanjilal 4860 (ASSAM); Hailakandi, Lallacherra, 16 December 1914, U. Kanjilal 4885 (CAL, ASSAM); N. C. Hills, Haflong, 1650 ft, 9 May 1915, U. Kanjilal 5646, fr. (ASSAM); Goalpara station, plains, 1890, Dr. King’s collector s.n. (CAL); Nowgong dist, Doboka Sal forest 260 ft, 29 December 1913, U. Kanjilal 4311 (ASSAM); MEGHALAYA: Herbarium Hookerianum 1867, Ind. Or., ad basin Khasia, Regio. Trop. J. D. Hooker & T. Thomson coll. 11/50 (K); Herb. Helfer, Herbarium of East India Co. No. 4348 (K); J. D. Hooker & T. Thomson s.n. Acc. No. 381563 (CAL); Khasia & Jayantia Hills, near Bholaganj, 2000 ft, 16 October 1914, U. Kanjilal 4592 (CAL, ASSAM); Umsaw, 30 November 1934, C. S. Purkayastha 10948, fl. (ASSAM); Umsaw forest, 3000 ft, 26 October 1938, Dr. K. Biswas 3725 (CAL); Dawki, 1 November 1935, G. K. Deka 12876 (ASSAM); Dawki forest, 4 May 1943, G. K. Deka 21695 (ASSAM); Garo Hills, Dambu Reserve, 1400 ft, 28 March 1915, U. Kanjilal 5389; Ribhoi district, From Quinine Umsaw Village to Umtasor forest on right hand side, 10 October 2012, D. Banik 3295, fl. (NEIST); Quinine Umsaw Village, 13 October 2012, D. Banik 3298, fl. (NEIST); Karbi Anglong District, Chilonijan, 5 December 2013, D. Banik & P. P. Bora 4242 (NEIST); MIZORAM, Lushai Hills, Tepai, 350 ft, 27 November 1914, U. Kanjilal 4774 (CAL); Tepai Mukh, 300 ft, 27 November 1914, U. Kanjilal 4760 (ASSAM); TRIPURA, Shilbari, 20 September 1960, Dr.

D. B. Deb 2726 (CAL); Dhalai district, Chailengta to Chawmanu, 23°55ʹ27.4ʺN; 092°00ʹ28.4ʺE, 31 May 2014, D. Banik & P. P. Bora 4288, fr. (NEIST); 23°54ʹ15.2ʺN; 092°00ʹ11.2ʺE, 31 May 2014, D. Banik & P. P. Bora 4289, fr. (NEIST).

2. Horsfieldia kingii (Hook. f.) Warb. in Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 68: 308 (1897); J. Sinclair in Gard. Bull. Singapore 28: 74 (1975); W. J. de Wilde in Gard. Bull. Singapore 37: 170 (1984); Grierson & D. G. Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(2): 245 (1984); Harid. & R. R. Rao, Forest Fl. Meghalaya 2: 711 (1987); Li & Wilson, Fl. China 7: 100 (2009); M. F. Watson & K. Maden, Fl. Nepal: 3 (2012). – Myristica kingii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 106 (1886); King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 3: 300, pl. 127 (1891); Brandis, Indian Trees: 525 (1906); A. Das, Fl. Assam 4: 43 (1940); V. S. Rao, Trees Duars & Terai: 80 (1957); C. Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 10, fig. 4 (9–10) (1977); Tsiang & Li, Fl. Republ. Popul. Sin. 30(2): 202, fig. 92 (1979).

Lectotype (designated by de Wilde 1984: 170): INDIA. Sikkim Himalayas, Groong Voo, Near Sivoke at about 1000 ft, 19 June 1881, G. King s.n., male fl. (G–non vidi; CAL !, K!, BM!–isolectotypes). [Figs. 6, 7]

Horsfieldia hainanensis Merr. in Lingnan Sc. J. 11: 43 (1932); Tsiang & Li, Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. 30(2): 199, fig. 91 (1979). Type: CHINA. Hainan, Hung Mo Shan and vicinity, Lai (Loi) area, beside a large stream half way up the mountain, 17 June 1929, Tsang & Fung 317 [Lingnan university 17851], fr. (NY–holotype, non vidi; K!–isotype).

Horsfieldia tetratepala C. Y. Wu in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6(2): 218 (1957); Fl. Yunnan. 1: 12, fig. 4 (1–8) (1977); Tsiang & Li, Fl. Republ. Popul. Sin. 30(2): 197, fig. 90 (1979). Type: CHINA. Yunnan Expedition, Sino-ross. 2770 (KUN–non vidi; PE–non vidi, photo!).

Tree 10–15 m high. Twigs glabrous, striate, lenticellate; apical bud 1.5–2.7 cm long, 1.5–7 mm wide, tomentose; hairs dendroid, 2–3 branched; bracteate. Leaves alternate;


petiole 1.4–2.8 cm long, 2.7–3.8 mm wide, glabrous; lamina 16.2–33.4 cm long, 5–11.7 cm broad, membranous, obovate, base attenuate, apex acuminate, cuspidate, glabrous; midrib depressed to flat above, raised puberulous below, brochidodomous eucamptodromous; nerves arising from midrib at an angle of ≤45°–65° on acroscopic side and ≤55°–70° on basiscopic side; (8–)12–16 pairs; tertiary nerves more prominent below. Male inflorescence branched twice, 5.8–9 cm long, tomentose; hairs branched. Male flower: pedicel ca. 1.5 mm long, tomentose to puberulous; bud globose, 2.5–3 mm long, 2.75–3 mm broad, perianth campanulate; tepals 3–4, united to 1mm at base, each lobe triangular, coriaceous (thick ca. 1 mm), puberulous; synandrium globose or transversly elliptic, 1.25–1.5 mm in diameter or 0.75–1 mm long, 1–1.5 mm broad, trilobed to multilobed; sessile or androphore 0.25–0.5 mm long; stamens 32–43; anthers linear, ca. 1 mm long, slightly unequal, connate laterally. Female inflorescence contracted, 2.5–3 cm long, 7–8 flowered, tomentose. Female flower: pedicel 1.5–2 mm long, tomentose; bud (perianth) globose to campanulate, 3–3.75 mm long, 3.5–4 mm broad, tepals 2(–3), united to 1.5–2 mm at base, each lobe triangular, coriaceous (1.5–2 mm thick), puberulous; ovary globose to obovoid, slightly bilobed depressed at apex, 1–1.5 mm in diameter or 1.5–2 mm long, 1–1.5 mm broad, brown, tomentose; stigma sessile, 2-lobed, black. Fruit yellowish green, ellipsoid, base cuneate, apex beaked, perianth members persistent at base, 4.5–7.2 cm long, 3–4 cm wide, pericarp coriaceous, 2.5–15 mm thick, rugose puberulous, later on glabrous; aril orange yellow, entire; seed ovoid to elliptic, 2.5–3.5 cm long, 1.3–2 cm wide.

Distribution: India (Assam, Cachar; N West Bengal, Tista, Mungpoo; Sikkim, Sivoke, Rungit, Rishap, Tista; Tripura, North Tripura), Eastern Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China (Yunnan, Guangxi, Hainan).

Flowering: June.

Fruiting: April–July; January.Habitat: Grows between 60–600 m.Vernacular names: Amol (Assamese);

Mijing-ikum-asing; Pandika choa-phang (Kach); Siltui (Lushai); Bolong, Bolouchi (Garo); Ramgua, Runchepot (Nepali, Sikkim); Kaol-kung, Donglukung (Lepcha).

Uses: Fruit edible but also can cause intoxication; the seed is used as substitute of arecanut. The red latex is dried and used to treat sore throat (Anonymous 1959).

Note: The present study has found extended distribution in Tripura in India.

Specimens examined: INDIA. ARUNACHAL PRADESH: Aka hills, August 1934, N. L. Bor 18942 (field no. 1111) (ASSAM); NEF tracts, Pasighat Forest, 2 July 1938, G. K. Deka 16987 (ASSAM); Lower Subansiri, Chessa, 9 March 1983, Buru Loder 0542 (APFH); Papum Pare District, Rono Hill, Rajib Gandhi University, Botanical Garden, 86 m, 26°05.847ʹN; 093°43.994ʹE, 28 July 2013, D. Banik & P. P. Bora 4213 (NEIST); Khamir village, Poma extensison, 274 m, 27°03.398ʹN; 093°30.849ʹE, 3 August 2013, D. Banik & P. P. Bora 4226 (NEIST); ASSAM: July 1845, Masters coll. s.n. (CAL); Masters s.n. (K); Simons s.n. (-48) (CAL); 23 July 1846 Jenkins s.n. (CAL); Sat.....Master 1679 (CAL); Cachar, Patakhal Forest, May 1885, N. G. Young s.n. (CAL); Sibsagar, Mikir Hills, near Kaziranga, 23 January 1914, U. Kanjilal s.n. (82P) (ASSAM); Dhikari ghat, 330 ft, 16 February 1914, U. Kanjilal 6657 (CAL); Darrang, Batasipur, March 1960, from Silviculturist, Shillong no. 4 (ASSAM); Lakhimpur, Makum range, 350 ft, U. Kanjilal 6854, male fl. (ASSAM); Assam, N. L. Bor 17423 (field no. 1197) (ASSAM); NE Frontier, Khyrumpani, 8 December 1913, U. Kanjilal 3162 (ASSAM); Golaghat District, Deopahar, 120 m, 26°36ʹ07.9ʺN; 93°43ʹ50.5ʺE, 11 November 2012, D. Banik & P. P. Bora 4201, fr. (NEIST); Jorhat District, Holongapar Gibbon Wild Life Sanctuary, Compartment – 2, 7 July 2013, D. Banik & P. P. Bora 4205, fl. (NEIST). MANIPUR: Senapati District, Charoi Pandongba, Before Tamenglong District, Towards Noney, 4 December 2013, D. Banik & P. P. Bora 4241 (NEIST). MEGHALAYA: Khasia and Jaintia Hills, 37 miles Gauhati Road, 4 July 1935, Shri Ram Sarma 12010, male fl. (ASSAM); Nongpoh, Balaiba Tilla, 2600 ft, 31 July 1964, Joseph 37492, female fl. (ASSAM); Umteswar forest, 4 May 1936, Sri Ram Sharma 13277 (ASSAM). SIKKIM: Rishop below hut, 1500 ft, 1 September 1875, G. King 2380, fr. (BM); Rishap, 1885, G. A. Gammie s.n. (CAL); Rishap, 2000 ft, 15 January 1887, G. A. Gammie s.n. (CAL); Rungeet, 2000 ft, 18 April 1911, Ribu 5000, fr. (LLOYD, CAL, E); Sikkim, June 1899, C. G. Rogers s.n. (LLOYD, CAL); Sikkim Himalayas, 1900


(?) G. H. Cave s.n. (LLOYD); Surgli, 2000 ft, 21 May 1914, ….., Dong Kloo Kung (LLOYD); Rongpong, in forest, 2000 ft, 19 July 1922, G. H. Cave s.n., fr. (LLOYD); Mumkhola, from Rongpong to Gangtok, 3 June 2000, D. Banik 27816 (CAL); Ranikhola, second mile, near Rumtek, 4 June 2000, D. Banik 27819 (CAL); East Sikkim, Gangtok, from Saramsa Garden towards Kishen School (nearly 2 km), Aho Khola, 4 June 2000, D. Banik 27817 (CAL); WEST BENGAL: Darjeeling District, Mongpu, Forests, 2500 ft, June 1900, G. H. Cave s.n. (LLOYD); Mungpoo, May 1900, Dr. Prain’s collector s.n. (CAL); Bengal, Tista valley, 800 ft, June 1904, H. H. Haines 842 BB, fl (K, E); Darjeeling, 19…, J. M. Cown s.n., male fl. (E); Tista, 21 April 1908, Ribu 787 (CAL). TRIPURA: North Tripura, Jampui hills, Vanghmun to Tlangsang, 23°58ʹ39.5ʺN, 092°16ʹ39.9ʺE, 26 May 2014, D. Banik & P. P. Bora 4279, fr. (NEIST).

A few acronyms used in the text for herbaria not mentioned in Index Herbariorum (Holmgren et al. 1990) are given here.

APFH: The Herbarium, State Forest Research Institute, Arunachal Pradesh, Itanagar, 791111 INDIA.

LLOYD: The Herbarium of Llyod’s Botanical Garden, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734101 INDIA.

NEIST: The Herbarium, CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat, Assam, 785006 INDIA.

The authors are thankful to the Director CSIR-NEIST and Dr. S. C. Nath, Chief Scientist, CSIR-NEIST for the logistics for the work and for the infrastructure facilities of the herbarium of the institute, to the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science & Technology, Government of India and the Director, Botanical Survey of India and Keeper/In-charge of the herbaria mentioned in the text, Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (PCCFs)/Chief Wild Life Warden (CWLW)/Divisional Forest Officers (DFOs)/Forest Personnel, Forests Department, Ministry of Environment & Forest, Government of India for the permission and working facility provided during the study in the herbaria and surveys in the primary forests. Authors are grateful to W. J. J. O. de Wilde and Brigitta E. E. de Wilde-Duyfjes for correcting the manuscript to a great extent.

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D. Banik，P. P. Bora：インド産 Horsfieldia 属とEndocomia属（ニクズク科）の分類学的ノート　インド産ニクズク科の 2属，Horsfieldia Willd.とEndocomia W. J. de Wildeにおいて，次の 4種を認めた：Endocomia macrocoma (Miq.) W. J. de Wilde subsp. prainii (King) W. J. de Wilde，Horsfieldia irya (Gaertn.) Warb.，H. amygdalina (Wall.) Warb. var. amygdalina および H. kingii (Hook. f.) Warb.　これらの 4種の形態的特徴を，2000年と 2012–2014年にインド国内で行った調査で採集した標本とハーバ

リウムに収蔵された標本にもとづいて記載した．ここで認めた全ての種について，シノニム，タイプ標本，記載，分布，フェノロジー，俗名，引用標本を挙げた．なお，Endocomia macrocoma subsp. prainiiはアッサム州とトリプラ州では初めての報告となる．

（インド・CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology）

taxonomic notes on indian horsfieldia and endocomia ... · dipanwita banik* and priyankush protim...

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