TaxonomyBiological Classification

Taxonomy- the classification of an organism based on several key features.

Behavior Lifecycle Genetic makeup (DNA) Nutritional needs Methods of obtaining food

Taxonomy divides organisms Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus

Species- most specific category (these organisms are grouped together based on their ability to breed and produce fertile offspring)

Naming SpeciesAristotle

• Made current system for classifying organisms.• Binomial nomenclature- a system of naming

organisms using a two-part name to label a species.

• The binomial name is written in Latin and is considered the scientific name.

• Generic name (genus) specific (species)

Carl Linnaeus

• Made the first recorded attempt of classification of plants and animals.

• He grouped everything into 2 groups: Plants and animals

• Animals were broken into (Blooded and bloodless)

Naming

Example: Genus Is Capitalized And Species Is Lower Cased. The Whole Name Is Italicized Or Underlined.

Canis lupus

Genus Species

The Six KingdomsSuper Kingdom Kingdom Basic Characteristic Example

Bacteria Eubacteria Found everywhere Cyanobacteria

Archaea Archaea Lives without oxygen, gets energy in inorganic matter or light, is found in many habitats

Halophiles

Eukaryote Protista One-celled or multicellular, has true nucleus

Amoeba

Fungi Multicellular feeds on dead organism, cannot move

Mushroom

Plantae Multicellular, cannot move, makes own food, has cell walls

Tree

Animalia Multicellular, moves about, depends on others for food

horse

Three Types of Domains

1.Eukarya- multicellular organisms

2.Eubacteria- true bacteria

3.Archaea- ancient (harsh) bacteria

Protista

Contains a diverse group of unicellular and multicellular organisms Plant-like protists -algae

Have chlorophyll-containing chloroplastsAutotrophs- Make their own food

Animal-Like protist (Protozoa)- one celled organismsHeterotrophs- cannot make their own foodParasites living in water, on soil, and on living or dead organismsMove using a flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia

Flagella

Cilia

Pseudopodia

Fungi Heterotrophic organisms that secrete enzymes, allowing them to digest their food. Unicellular or multicellular organisms Contains a cell wall (made of chitin) Live in an aquatic or moist environment

Decomposers- live in or on the matter that they break down as they us it for food Ex: Bread (mold), Blue cheese, Foot fungus

Reproduce sexually (spores) or asexually (mitosis)

Plantae

Multicellular Organisms That Have Eukaryotic (With Nucleus) cells.

Contains a cell wall (made of cellulose)Use photosynthesis to obtain food and are producers

Structures of plants

Nonvascular Plants- lack tissues used to transport substances like water and sugars.

• Vascular plants-contain specialized structures for conducting substances and as a result can live in drier environments than the nonvascular plants.

Xylem-transports waterPhloem- transports sugar

Vascular Tissues

Animalia

Multicellular Organisms Made Of Eukaryotic Cells Bodies are organized into one of 4 distinct body plans: radial,

segmented, bilateral, or asymmetrical Animals are heterotrophic Most reproduce sexually but some reproduce asexually All animals are capable of movement at some stage in their lives Some provide parental care, but most do not

Radial Symmetry

Bilateral Symmetry

Segmented Symmetry

Asymmetrical

Animals Invertebrates-

Animals without a backbone. Most abundant group of animals Multicellular and most form tissues, organs

and organ systems Reproduce sexually and asexually

Vertebrates-Animals that have a backbone.Shared characteristics: 1.notochord- a firm flexible rod that provides support and stability.2. Pharyngeal pouches- tissues (in fish these tissue for gills) Ex: ear and jaw structures3. Endoskeleton-internal skeleton composed of bones, cartilage or both

Archaea Bacteria

Prokaryotic (no nucleus) bacteria that thrive in many habitats

Considered consumers or decomposers

Structured cell wall, cell membrane and ribosomal RNA.

Archaea are anaerobic, which means they cannot tolerate Oxygen

Reproduce asexual reproduction through budding or binary fission

Microbes

Archaea Habitats

Methanogens- Produce Methane Gas And Live In Places As The Soil And In The Intestines Of Herbivores

Halophiles- live in extremely salty environments like the Dead Sea Thermoacidophiles-live in areas like the acidic sulfur springs of

Yellowstone National Park and under sea vents

Important to agriculture, waste water treatments and biotechnology

Eubacteria-true bacteria

Prokaryotic-one celled Do not have a nucleus They have a cell wall, cell membrane and

circular membrane called plasmid Cause toxins

Types of bacteria: cocci, bacilli, spirilla

Eubacteria classified

Heterotrophs-found Nearly Everywhere, Need Organic Molecules As An Every Source And Feed On Living Organisms, Dead Organisms, Or Organic Waste. Considered consumers or decomposers

Autotrophs- photosynthetic bacteria that are found in ponds, lakes, streams and most areas of land Ex. Cyanobacteria (blue- Algae)

Chemotrophs- obtain energy from the breakdown of inorganic or non-living substances such as nitrogen and sulfur compounds

Cyanobacteria

Bacteria- types Name of disease

Symptoms

Syphilis Painless, skin rash, heart problems, mental problems, blindness or even death

Leprosy Skin lesions and sometimes stuffy nose

Tetanus Muscle spams in the jaw, spams of skeletal muscles, difficulty swallowing and muscle stiffness

Tuberculosis Fever, ongoing cough that bring up thick, cloudy and sometimes bloody mucous, fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, and rapid heartbeat

Peptic Ulcers Burning pain in stomach, vomiting and black stools

Viruses

A Small Particle That Contains Proteins And Hereditary Material (DNA Or RNA) but IS NOT ALIVE

Contain a protein coat or capsid Must have a host cell

Diseases-Small PoxFluInfluenzaPolio

Influenza virus