taylor introms11 ppt 01
DESCRIPTION
introduction to management scienceTRANSCRIPT
-
1-1Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Management Science
Chapter 1
-
1-2Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Chapter Topics
The Management Science Approach to Problem Solving
Model Building: Break-Even Analysis
Computer Solution
Management Science Modeling Techniques
Business Usage of Management Science Techniques
Management Science Models in Decision Support
Systems
-
1-3Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
The Management Science Approach
Management science is a scientific approach to solving
management problems.
It is used in a variety of organizations to solve many
different types of problems.
It encompasses a logical mathematical approach to
problem solving.
Management science, also known as operations
research, quantitative methods, etc., involves a
philosophy of problem solving in a logical manner.
-
1-4Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
The Management Science Process
Figure 1.1 The management science process
-
1-5Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Steps in the Management Science Process
Observation - Identification of a problem that exists (or may occur soon) in a system or organization.
Definition of the Problem - problem must be clearly and consistently defined, showing its boundaries and interactions with the
objectives of the organization.
Model Construction - Development of the functional mathematical relationships that describe the decision variables, objective function
and constraints of the problem.
Model Solution - Models solved using management science techniques.
Model Implementation - Actual use of the model or its solution.
-
1-6Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Information and Data:
Business firm makes and sells a steel product
Product costs $5 to produce
Product sells for $20
Product requires 4 pounds of steel to make
Firm has 100 pounds of steel
Business Problem:
Determine the number of units to produce to make the most profit, given the limited amount of steel available.
Example of Model Construction (1 of 3)
-
1-7Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Variables: x = # units to produce (decision variable)
Z = total profit (in $)
Model: Z = $20x - $5x (objective function)
4x = 100 lb of steel (resource constraint)
Parameters: $20, $5, 4 lbs, 100 lbs (known values)
Formal Specification of Model:
maximize Z = $20x - $5x
subject to 4x = 100
Example of Model Construction (2 of 3)
-
1-8Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Example of Model Construction (3 of 3)
Solve the constraint equation:
4x = 100
(4x)/4 = (100)/4
x = 25 units
Substitute this value into the profit function:
Z = $20x - $5x
= (20)(25) (5)(25)
= $375
(Produce 25 units, to yield a profit of $375)
Model Solution:
-
1-9Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Model Building:
Break-Even Analysis (1 of 9)
Used to determine the number of units of a product to
sell or produce that will equate total revenue with total
cost.
The volume at which total revenue equals total cost is
called the break-even point.
Profit at break-even point is zero.
-
1-10Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Model Components
Fixed Cost (cf) - costs that remain constant regardless of
number of units produced.
Variable Cost (cv) - unit production cost of product.
Volume (v) the number of units produced or sold
Total variable cost (vcv) - function of volume (v) and
unit variable cost.
Model Building:
Break-Even Analysis (2 of 9)
-
1-11Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Model Components
Total Cost (TC) - total fixed cost plus total variable cost.
Profit (Z) - difference between total revenue vp (p = unit
price) and total cost, i.e.
Model Building:
Break-Even Analysis (3 of 9)
vf vccTC
vf - vc vp - cZ
-
1-12Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Model Building:
Break-Even Analysis (4 of 9)
Computing the Break-Even Point
The break-even point is that volume at which total
revenue equals total cost and profit is zero:
v
f
fv
vf
cp
cv
ccpv
vccvp
)(
0
The break-even point
-
1-13Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Model Building:
Break-Even Analysis (5 of 9)
Example: Western Clothing Company
Fixed Costs: cf = $10000
Variable Costs: cv = $8 per pair
Price : p = $23 per pair
The Break-Even Point is:
v = (10,000)/(23 -8)
= 666.7 pairs
-
1-14Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Model Building:
Break-Even Analysis (6 of 9)
Figure 1.2 Break-even model
-
1-15Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Model Building:
Break-Even Analysis (7 of 9)
Figure 1.3 Break-even model with an increase in price
-
1-16Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Model Building:
Break-Even Analysis (8 of 9)
Figure 1.4 Break-even model with an increase in variable cost
-
1-17Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Model Building:
Break-Even Analysis (9 of 9)
Figure 1.5 Break-even model with a change in fixed cost
-
1-18Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Break-Even Analysis: Excel Solution (1 of 4)
Exhibit 1.1
Formula for v,
break-even point,
=D4/(D8-D6)
-
1-19Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Break-Even Analysis: Excel QM Solution (2 of 4)
Exhibit 1.2
Click on Add-
Ins, then the
menu of Excel
QM modules
Enter model
parameters in
cells B10:B13
-
1-20Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Exhibit 1.3 Western Clothing Company in QM
Break-Even Analysis: Excel QM Solution (3 of 4)
-
1-21Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Break-Even Analysis: QM Solution (4 of 4)
Exhibit 1.4 QM break-even graph for Western Clothing Company
-
1-22Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Figure 1.6 Classification of management science techniques
Classification of Management Science Techniques
-
1-23Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Linear Mathematical Programming - clear objective;
restrictions on resources and requirements; parameters
known with certainty. (Chap 2-6, 9)
Probabilistic Techniques - results contain uncertainty.
(Chap 11-13)
Network Techniques - model often formulated as
diagram; deterministic or probabilistic. (Chap 7-8)
Other Techniques - variety of deterministic and
probabilistic methods for specific types of problems
including forecasting, inventory, simulation, multicriteria,
AHP (analytic hierarchy process), etc. (Chap 9, 14-16)
Characteristics of Modeling Techniques
-
1-24Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Some application areas:
- Project Planning
- Capital Budgeting
- Inventory Analysis
- Production Planning
- Scheduling
Interfaces - Applications journal published by Institute for Operations Research and Management Sciences
(INFORMS)
Business Usage of Management Science
-
1-25Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
A decision support system is a computer-based system that helps decision makers address complex problems that cut across different parts of an organization and operations.
Features of Decision Support Systems
Interactive
Uses databases & management science models
Address what if questions
Perform sensitivity analysis
Examples include:
ERP Enterprise Resource Planning
OLAP Online Analytical Processing
Management Science Models in
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
-
1-26Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Figure 1.7 A decision support system
Management Science Models
Decision Support Systems (2 of 2)
-
1-27Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America.