taylor2 ppt ch5

Chapter 5

Social Structure,

Social Process, and

Social Reaction Theories

Chapter Outline

I. Social Theories of DelinquencyII. Social Structure Theories

A. Ecological Theory1. Shaw and McKay’s Social Disorganization

Theory2. Cultural Heterogeneity3. Mobility4. Poverty

B. Strain Theory1. Merton’s Strain Theory2. Agnew’s General Strain Theory

C. Subculture Theory1. Cohen’s Delinquency and Frustration Theory2. Cloward and Ohlin’s Differential Opportunity

Theory3. Miller’s Lower-Class Focal Concerns Theory

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter Outline Continued

III.Social Process TheoriesA. Learning Theory

1. Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory

2. Akers’s Differential Reinforcement Theory3. Sykes and Matza’s Techniques of

Neutralization/Drift Theory4. Denial of Responsibility5. Denial of Injury6. Denial of Victim7. Condemnation of the Condemners8. Appeal to Higher Loyalties



B. Social Control Theory1. Reckless’s Containment Theory

a. Inner Pressures and Pullsb. Inner Containmentsc. Outer Pressures and Pullsd. Outer Containments

2. Hirschi’s Social Control/Social Bonding Theory

3. Gottfredson and Hirschi’s Self-Control Theory



IV. Life Course TheoriesA. Thornberry’s Interactional TheoryB. Sampson and Laub’s Age-Graded

Theory

V. Social Reaction TheoriesA. Labeling Theory

1. Lemert’s Labeling Theory

B. Conflict Theory1. Hagan’s Power-Control Theory2. Colvin and Pauly-Integrated Structural

Marxist Theory


Ecological Theories

Shaw and McKay’s Social Disorganization Theory

Cultural Heterogeneity Mobility Poverty


Strain Theory

Robert Merton Five Modes of Adaptation

Conformity Ritualism Innovation Retreatism Rebellion


Merton’s Modes Of Adaptation


Subculture Theories A subculture is a set of values, norms, and beliefs that differs from those within the dominant culture.

Albert Cohen’s Delinquency and Frustration Theory. Because members of the lower class have norms and values that differ from those of the middle class, lower class families cannot teachtheir children the proper socialization techniques necessary for middle-class membership.


Subculture Theories Continued

Cloward and Ohlin’s Differential Opportunity Theory Focused on serious delinquency committed by urban male gang members.

Three distinct types of gangs: Criminal gangs Conflict gangs Retreatists gangs


Subculture Theories Continued

Walter B. Miller’s six focal concerns:1. Trouble – people are evaluated based on their

involvement in trouble-making activity.2. Toughness – physical strength, fighting

ability, and masculinity. 3. Smartness – ability to be streetwise and to

con people. 4. Excitement – thrill-seeking through gambling,

fighting, and getting intoxicated.5. Fate – most things that happen to people are

beyond their control.6. Autonomy – personal freedom resulting in an

active disdain of authority.


Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory

Criminal behavior is learned. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication.

The principle part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups.

When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes techniques of committing the crime, specific directions of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes.

The specific direction of motives and drives is learned form definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable.


Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory—Continued

A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of the law over definitions unfavorable to violation of the law.

Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.

The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning.

While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values, since non-criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values.


Techniques of Neutralization

Gresham Sykes and David Matza Denial of responsibility Denial of injury Denial of victim Condemnation of the condemners Appeal to higher loyalties


Social Control Theory Reckless’s Containment Theory

Inner pressures and pulls Inner containments Outer pressures and pulls Outer containments

Travis Hirshi’s Social Control/Social Bonding Theory Attachment Commitment Involvement Belief

Gottfredson and Hirshi’s Self-Control Theory


Life Course Theories

Terence Thornberry’s Interactional Theory Combines aspects of social control and social learning.

The fundamental case of delinquency is weakened social bonds to society.

Robert Sampson and John Laub’s Age-Graded Theory Delinquent behavior can be impacted by events that occur later in life.

Two important turning points are marriage and employment.


Labeling Theory

Edwin M. Lemert A criminological theory that contends that juveniles who are labeled delinquent or criminal will eventually commit secondary delinquent acts to live up to the label. Primary deviance – initial acts of delinquency that go undetected.

Secondary deviance – continued delinquent behavior because the individual is now acting according to the delinquent label.


Conflict Theory Concerned with the role government plays in creating an environment that is conducive to crime.

John Hagan’s Power-Control Theory Delinquency must be explained in terms of power relationships.

The family model reproduces its power relations in the workforce.

Mark Colvin and John Pauly’s Integrated Structural Marxist Theory Delinquency occurs because of inadequate socialization within the family.


taylor2 ppt ch5

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