tcp ip protocol and ip addressing
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1Version 3.0
Module 9TCP/IP Protocol and
IP Addressing
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3Version 3.0
The TCP/IP model has for la$ers- The Application la$er
Transport la$er Internet la$er and et!or" Access la$er.
TCP/IP Model
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4Version 3.0
Application Layer
The application la$er of the TCP/IP model handles
highle#el protocols isses of representation
encoding and dialog control.
The Application la$er of the TCP/IP model has
protocols to spport file transfer email and remote
login and man$ other applications.
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5Version 3.0
Application Layer
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6Version 3.0
Application Layer
File Transfer Protocol FTP! Tri"ial File Transfer Protocol TFTP!0 T+TP is a connectionless ser#ice
that ses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
#et$or% File &yste' #F&!0 +S is a distribted file s$stem protocol
site de#eloped b$ Sn 1icros$stems that allo!s file access to a remote
storage de#ice sch as a hard dis" across a net!or". &i'ple Mail Transfer Protocol &MTP!0 S1TP administers the
transmission of email o#er compter net!or"s.
Ter'inal e'ulation Telnet!0 Telnet pro#ides the capabilit$ to remotel$
access another compter.
&i'ple #et$or% Mana(e'ent Protocol MP!0 S1P is a protocolthat pro#ides a !a$ to monitor and control net!or" de#ices and to manage
configrations statistics collection performance and secrit$.
)o'ain #a'e &yste' )#&!0 DS is a s$stem sed on the Internet for
translating names of domains and their pblicl$ ad#ertised net!or" nodes
into IP addresses.
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Transport Layer
The transport la$er pro#ides transport ser#ices from the sorce
host to the destination host.
The transport la$er constittes a logical connection bet!een the
endpoints of the net!or" the sending host and the recei#inghost.
*ndtoend control is the primar$ dt$ of the transport la$er
!hen sing TCP.
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Transport Layer
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Transport Layer
Transport ser"ices include all t*e follo$in( ser"ices+
TCP and ,)P
0 Segmenting pperla$er application data
0 Sending segments from one end de#ice to another endde#ice
TCP only
0 *stablishing endtoend operations
0 +lo! control pro#ided b$ sliding !indo!s0 2eliabilit$ pro#ided b$ se3ence nmbers and
ac"no!ledgments
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Internet Layer
The prpose of the Internet la$er is to select the best path
throgh the net!or" for pac"ets to tra#el.
The main protocol that fnctions at this la$er is the
Internet Protocol (IP).
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Internet Layer
The follo!ing protocols operate at the TCP/IP Internet la$er-
IP pro#ides connectionless besteffort deli#er$ roting of
pac"ets. IP is not concerned !ith the content of the
pac"ets bt loo"s for a path to the destination.
Internet Control 1essage Protocol (IC1P) pro#ides
control and messaging capabilities.
Address 2esoltion Protocol (A2P) determines the data
lin" la$er address 1AC address for "no!n IP addresses. 2e#erse Address 2esoltion Protocol (2A2P) determines
IP addresses !hen the 1AC address is "no!n.
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#et$or% Access Layer
The net!or" access la$er is also called the hostto
net!or" la$er.
It incldes the 4A and 5A technolog$ details
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Co'parin( -&I and TCP/IP
6oth ha#e application la$ersthogh the$ inclde #er$ differentser#ices
TCP/IP combines the presentationand session la$er into itsapplication la$er Combines theData 4in" and Ph$sical la$er intothe et!or" Access 4a$er
6oth ha#e comparable transportand net!or" la$ers
TCP/IP appears simpler becase ithas fe!er la$ers
Pac"ets!itched not circits!itched technolog$ is assmed
TCP/IP transport la$er sing UDPdoes not al!a$s garantee reliabledeli#er$ of pac"ets as the transportla$er in the 7SI model does
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Co'parin( -&I and TCP/IP
The 7SI model is sed as a gide for
nderstanding the commnication process.
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Addressin(
*ach compter in a TCP/IP net!or" mst be gi#en a
ni3e identifier or IP address.
0This address operates at 4a$er 8
All compters also ha#e a ni3e ph$sical address "no!n
as a 1AC address. These are assigned b$ the
manfactrer of the net!or" interface card.
0 1AC addresses operate at 4a$er ' of the 7SI model.
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16Version 3.0
IP" Addresses
An IP address is a 8'bit se3ence of %s and 9s
*#er$ IP address has t!o parts
0 The net!or" portion
0 The host portion
An IP address is an hierarchical address
IP addresses are di#ided into classes to define the large
medim and small net!or"s
0 Class A
0 Class 6
0 Class C
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17Version 3.0
IP Classes of Addresses
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18Version 3.0
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19Version 3.0
eser"ed IP Addresses
Certain host addresses
are reser#ed and cannot
be assigned to de#ices on
a net!or"
0 #et$or% address0 Used
to identif$ the net!or" itself
0 roadcast address0 Used
for broadcasting pac"ets toall the de#ices on a net!or"
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20Version 3.0
Pri"ate Addresses
5ith the rapid gro!th of the Internet pblic IP addresses
!ere beginning to rn ot.
Soltions to e:pand the nmber of IP addresses a#ailable
for pblic se inclde-0 classless interdomain roting (CID2)
0 IP#,
0 Pri#ate IP addresses
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Pri"ate Addresses
Internet re3ires translation of the pri#ate addresses topblic addresses.
This translation process is referred to as et!or" Address
Translation (AT)
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22Version 3.0
&u1nettin(
To create a sbnet address a net!or" administrator
borro!s bits from the host field and designates them as
the sbnet field
The minimm nmber of bits that can be borro!ed is t!o
The ma:imm nmber of bits that can be borro!ed can be
an$ nmber that lea#es at least t!o bits remaining for the
host nmber
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23Version 3.0
IP" and IP"2
IP#, ses %'; bits rather
than the 8' bits
Pro#ides ,
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24Version 3.0
Assi(nin( IP Addresses
et!or" administrators se t!o methods to
assign IP addresses.
0 StaticAdministrati#el$ assigned
0 D$namicAtomaticall$ assigned
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25Version 3.0
&tatic IP Addresses
Static assignment !or"s best on small infre3entl$
changing net!or"s
=ood record"eeping is critical to pre#ent problems !hich
occr !ith dplicate IP addresses Ser#ers shold be assigned a static IP address so
!or"stations and other de#ices !ill al!a$s "no! ho! to
access needed ser#ices
7ther de#ices that shold be assigned static IP addresses
are net!or" printers application ser#ers and roters
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26Version 3.0
AP
2e#erse Address 2esoltion Protocol (2A2P) associates
a "no!n 1AC addresses !ith an IP addresses
A net!or" de#ice sch as a dis"less !or"station might
"no! its 1AC address bt not its IP address. 2A2P
allo!s the de#ice to ma"e a re3est to learn its IP address
De#ices sing 2A2P re3ire that a 2A2P ser#er be
present on the net!or" to ans!er 2A2P re3ests
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27Version 3.0
--TP
The bootstrap protocol (677TP) operates in a clientser#er
en#ironment
677TP pac"ets can inclde the IP address as !ell as the
address of a roter the address of a ser#er and #endor
specific information
7ne problem !ith 677TP is that it !as not designed to pro#ide
d$namic address assignment.
5ith 677TP a net!or" administrator manall$ creates aconfigration file for e#er$ host on the net!or" that contains a
677TP profile along !ith an IP address assignment in it
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28Version 3.0
)HCP
D$namic host configration protocol (D>CP) is the sccessor to
677TP
Unli"e 677TP D>CP allo!s a host to obtain an IP address
d$namicall$ !ithot the net!or" administrator ha#ing to set p
an indi#idal profile for each de#ice
A range of IP addresses mst be setp on a D>CP ser#er
As hosts come online the$ contact the D>CP ser#er and
re3est an address. The D>CP ser#er chooses an address and
leases it to that host
The ma?or ad#antage that D>CP has o#er 677TP is that it
allo!s sers to be mobile
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29Version 3.0
AP
Address 2esoltion Protocol (A2P)
0Atomaticall$ maps IP to n"no!n 1AC address
+or TCP/IP commnications a datagram on a localarea
net!or" mst contain both a destination 1AC address anda destination IP address. These addresses mst be
correct and match the destination 1AC and IP addresses
of the host de#ice
+or commnications bet!een t!o 4A segments TCP/IPhas a #ariation on A2P called Pro:$ A2P that !ill pro#ide
the 1AC address of an intermediate de#ice for
transmission otside the 4A to another net!or" segment
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AP
Some de#ices !ill "eep tablesthat contain 1AC addresses and
IP addresses of other de#ices that
are connected to the same 4A.
These are called Address
2esoltion Protocol (A2P) tables.A2P tables are stored in 2A1
memor$ !here the cached
information is maintained
atomaticall$ on each of the
de#ices