tcp/ip internetworking
DESCRIPTION
TCP/IP Internetworking. Lesson 1: The Internet Infrastructure. Objectives. Define “internetwork” and explain its importance in the data marketplace Describe how TCP/IP can use existing LANs and WANs as backbones for interoperability - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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TCP/IP Internetworking
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Lesson 1:The Internet Infrastructure
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Objectives
Define “internetwork” and explain its importance in the data marketplace
Describe how TCP/IP can use existing LANs and WANs as backbones for interoperability
Relate internetworks to the concept of the corporate enterprise network
Explain the Internet’s evolution
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Objectives (cont’d)
Explain the nature, size and other characteristics of the NSFnet
Define Internet-related organizations such as ISOC, IAB, IETF and IRTF
Explain how TCP/IP relates to standards such as SNA, OSI and IPX/SPX
Identify key internetworking protocols and explain the need for multiprotocol networks
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Overview ofNetworking
Traditional networking
Internetworking
Internet versus intranet versus extranet
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TCP/IP and Interoperability
TCP/IP can allow different types of networks to communicate with one another
TCP/IP allows an existing LAN and WAN to operate with another
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Internetworking and the Corporate Network
Cross-platform
Vendor-neutral
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Evolution of the Internet
ARPANET
Test and research networks
Decentralization
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Internet-related Authorities
Internet Society (ISOC)
Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG)
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
Internet Research Group (IRSG)
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OSI Reference Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
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Packets
Cyclical Redundancy Check
Packet creation
- Adding headers
- Removing headers
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OSI/RMProtocol Examples
Application-layer protocols
Transport-layer protocols
Network-layer protocols
Data link-layer protocols
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MajorNetworking Protocols
TCP/IP
IPX/SPX
NetBEUI
AppleTalk
Data Link Control (DLC)
Systems Network Architecture (SNA)
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Stateful vs. Stateless
Stateful connection-oriented
Stateless connectionless
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TCP/IP
Default protocol for
- Windows NT 4.0
- Windows 2000
- UNIX
- NetWare 5
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IPX/SPX
Advantages
Disadvantages
Novell NetWare layers
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Multiprotocol Networks
These networks combine routable and nonroutable protocols
Multiple protocols can increase time to troubleshoot and maintain network
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Summary
Define “internetwork” and explain its importance in the data marketplace
Describe how TCP/IP can use existing LANs and WANs as backbones for interoperability
Relate internetworks to the concept of the corporate enterprise network
Explain the Internet’s evolution
![Page 19: TCP/IP Internetworking](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081420/568156f6550346895dc49c44/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Summary (cont’d)
Explain the nature, size and other characteristics of the NSFnet
Define Internet-related organizations such as ISOC, IAB, IETF and IRTF
Explain how TCP/IP relates to standards such as SNA, OSI and IPX/SPX
Identify key internetworking protocols and explain the need for multiprotocol networks
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Lesson 2:TCP/IP
Architecture
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Objectives
Describe the Internet architecture model
Explain the purpose and operational essentials of TCP/IP
Describe various Internet protocols
Explain PPP and Multilink PPP operation
Find RFCs and download them from the Internet
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Overviewof TCP/IP
Vendor-neutral
Used more widely than anticipated
Powers the Internet
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Internet Architecture
OSI Reference Model Internet Architecture Equivalent
Application
Presentation
Application
Session
Transport
Transport
Network Internet
Data Link
Physical
Network Access
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Requests for Comments (RFCs)
Protocol states
Internet Standards (STDs)
Reference RFCs
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Internet Protocols
Application Layer
Transport Layer
Internet Layer
Network Access Layer
ICMPIP
IGMP
ARP RARP
Media
FTP
UDP
HTTP
SNMP
Telnet
SMTP
TCP
DNS
TFTP
BOOTP
Gopher
DHCP
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De-multiplexing
ETHERNET
RARP
IP
ARP
IGMP
TCP
ICMP
Telnet FTP
UDP
TFTP SNMP
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Specialized Serial Interface Protocols
PPP
- RFC 1661, STD 51
Multilink PPP
- RFC 1990
SLIP
- RFC 1055, STD 47
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Summary
Describe the Internet architecture model
Explain the purpose and operational essentials of TCP/IP
Describe various Internet protocols
Explain PPP and Multilink PPP operation
Find RFCs and download them from the Internet
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Lesson 3:Internet
Addressing
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Objectives
Explain IP addressing
Define IP address classes
Determine reserved IP addressing
Explain the use of private addresses in intranet design
Design a TCP/IP network and calculate subnetwork addresses
Develop IP addressing schemes for use in an intranet
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Internet Addressing
Internet addresses are divided into the following parts
- Network
- Host
Four fields separated by periods are a common notation for specifying addresses
- field1.field2.field3.field4
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IP Address Fields
Contain 8 bits per field
Range from 0 to 255 decimal
field1.field2.field3.field4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 8
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 = 255
1 = On0 = Off
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Internet Address Classes
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E
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IP Addressing Rules
Broadcast addresses
Network addresses
Special-case source addresses
Loopback address
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Reserved IP Addressing
10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255
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Subnetworks
Performance
Manageability
Logical groups
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Subnet Masks
Distinguish the network and host portions of an IP address
Specify whether a destination address is local or remote
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Custom Subnet Masks
Steps for determining custom subnet masks
- Determine the number of subnets needed
- Determine the number of bits to borrow from the host portion
- Determine the subnet mask
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Custom Subnet Masks (cont’d)
Steps for determining custom subnet masks (cont’d)
- Determine the maximum number of hosts per subnetwork
- Determine the subnetwork addresses for each subnet
- Determine the address ranges for each subnetwork
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Classless Interdomain Routing
Technique to conserve IP addresses
Also called supernetting
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Summary
Explain IP addressing
Define IP address classes
Determine reserved IP addressing
Explain the use of private addresses in intranet design
Design a TCP/IP network and calculate subnetwork addresses
Develop IP addressing schemes for use in an intranet
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Lesson 4:Network
Access Layer
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Objectives
Identify the IEEE LAN standards
Install and test protocol analyzer software
Analyze ethernet packets and identify key components
Identify fields in the ARP header
Use ARP to resolve hardware addresses to Internet addresses
Explain the function of RARP
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IEEE Standardsand Ethernet
Ethernet is a predecessor to the IEEE 802.2/802.3 standard, and can be defined as a broadcast system for communication between systems
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Ethernet Function
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
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Determining Ethernet Addresses
Linux
Windows 2000
Windows 95/98/Me
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Ethernet Headers
Destination Hardware Address
Source Hardware Address
Type Data CRC
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Address Resolution Protocol
I P address (32-bit)
Ethernet address (48-bit)
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Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
Used by diskless systems to find out their Internet addresses on the network
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Summary
Identify the IEEE LAN standards
Install and test protocol analyzer software
Analyze ethernet packets and identify key components
Identify fields in the ARP header
Use ARP to resolve hardware addresses to Internet addresses
Explain the function of RARP
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Lesson 5:Internet Layer
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Objectives
Describe the functions of the Internet layer
Describe the routing function and how it relates to the Internet layer
Identify the IP header fields and their purpose
Examine IP packets using a protocol analyzer, and identify key components
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IP and Routing
IP
- Connectionless
- Not necessarily reliable
Routing
- One of the most important IP functions
- Determines the path that packets travel across networks
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IP Header
Version
Header length
Service
Datagram length
Datagram ID number
Flags
Fragment offset
Time To Live
Protocol
Header checksum
Source address
Destination address
Options
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Summary
Describe the functions of the Internet layer
Describe the routing function and how it relates to the Internet layer
Identify the IP header fields and their purpose
Examine IP packets using a protocol analyzer, and identify key components
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Lesson 6:Transport Layer
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Objectives
Define the functions of the transport layer
Identify the TCP header fields and explain their purpose
Explain the TCP negotiation process
Observe data transfer via TCP, and use a protocol analyzer to identify and analyze a session establishment and termination
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Objectives (cont’d)
Identify the UDP header fields and explain their purpose
Decode and analyze UDP headers
Describe TCP/UDP ports, including well-known and registered port numbers
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Transport Layer Protocols
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
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Transmission Control Protocol
Provides a byte-stream service
- Connection-oriented
- Reliable
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TCP Header
Source port
Destination port
Sequence number
Acknowledgment number
Header length
Reserved
Flags
Window
Checksum
Urgent pointer
Option type
Option length
Maximum segment size
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TCP Negotiation Process
SYN
FIN
ACK
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Establishing aTCP Connection
Active Open: SYN flag, ISN, and desired port number.
Passive Open: SYN flag, ISN, and ACK.
ACK.
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Terminating a TCP Connection
Active close: FIN flag, stops server to client data flow.
Passive close: FIN flag, stops client to server data flow.
ACK.
ACK.
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User Datagram Protocol
Provides a simple datagram form of communication at the transport layer
Differs from TCP in that it does not provide congestion control, use acknowledgments, retransmit lost datagrams, or guarantee reliability
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TCP and UDP Ports
Port assignments in the Internet domain
Port Number Range Description
1 to 1023 Well-known/reserved portnumbers
1024 to 65535 Registered port numbers
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Summary
Define the functions of the transport layer
Identify the TCP header fields and explain their purpose
Explain the TCP negotiation process
Observe data transfer via TCP, and use a protocol analyzer to identify and analyze a session establishment and termination
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Summary (cont’d)
Identify the UDP header fields and explain their purpose
Decode and analyze UDP headers
Describe TCP/UDP ports, including well-known and registered port numbers
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Lesson 7:Domain
Name System
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Objectives
Define and configure hosts files
Explain the DNS and its evolution
Define the DNS architecture, and diagram the relationships among DNS root servers, master servers and client systems
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Objectives (cont’d)
Identify DNS records and list the record types
Install and configure a DNS server and client
Describe the relationships among UNIX, Windows and DNS
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DNS
DNS consists of three levels
- Root
- Top
- Second ROOT
Second
TOP
Second
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DNS Components
Name server
Name resolver
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TheHosts File
Simple text file referenced locally by applications and commands for name-to-address resolution
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DNS Server Types
Root server
Primary or master server
Secondary or slave server
Caching and caching-only server
Forwarding server
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DNS Records
Internet (IN)
Name Server (NS)
Start of Authority (SOA)
Address (A)
Canonical Name (CNAME)
Mail Exchanger (MX)
Pointer (PTR)
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UNIX and DNS
named.ca
named.local
domain_name.hosts
rev.domain_name.hosts
named.boot (BIND version 4)
Named.conf (BIND version 8)
resolv.conf
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Windows 2000 and DNS
Dynamic DNS (DDNS)
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Summary
Define and configure hosts files
Explain the DNS and its evolution
Define the DNS architecture, and diagram the relationship among DNS root servers, master servers and client systems
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Summary (cont’d)
Identify DNS records and list the record types
Install and configure a DNS server and client
Describe the relationships among UNIX, Windows and DNS
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Lesson 8:Address and Parameter
Allocation for TCP/IP Hosts
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Objectives
Define the function and roles of the BOOTP server and client
Define the function and roles of the DHCP server and client
Compare RARP, BOOTP and DHCP
Explain the difference between dynamic and manual address allocation
Install and configure a DHCP server and client
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BOOTstrap Protocol (BOOTP)
Provides a means for diskless workstations to determine IP addresses and parameters
Created as an alternative to RARP
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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Designed to assign Internet configuration information dynamically on TCP/IP networks
Can traverse routers (providing the router is DHCP-enabled)
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DHCP Initialization Process
Discover
Offer
Request
Acknowledgment
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Summary
Define the function and roles of the BOOTP server and client
Define the function and roles of the DHCP server and client
Compare RARP, BOOTP and DHCP
Explain the difference between dynamic and manual address allocation
Install and configure a DHCP server and client
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TCP/IP Internetworking
The Internet Infrastructure
TCP/IP Architecture
Internet Addressing
Network Access Layer
Internet Layer
Transport Layer
Domain Name System
Address and Parameter Allocation for TCP/IP Hosts