tdc 461: wide area network services depaul university 22 may, 2001
Post on 22-Dec-2015
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TRANSCRIPT
Agenda
• Frame Relay
– PVCs, CIR and Pricing
• Packetized Voice
– Voice over IP
• Over the Internet
• Over Frame Relay
• SS7
• Integrated Services Digital
Networks (ISDN)
– Basic Rate Interface (2B +
D)
– Primary Rate Interface
(23B + D)
• DSL
• Cable Modems
Frame Relay
• Telecommunications carriers maintain networks of Frame Relay switches
• Customer get access line to nearest switch to get Frame Relay service
• Higher data rates than X.25
• Lower delays, higher throughputs and better security than the Internet
Frame Relay Basics• Frame Relay = “Son of X.25”
–
– Frame Assembler/Disassemblers (FRADs) • Similar to X.25 PADs
Frame Relay Basics• Frame Relay = “Son of X.25” - except:
– Data only sent over Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs), which are set up by the carrier, not customer - always available!
– Customer can access network at data rates from 56 Kbps to 45 Mbps !
– No error control done by network switches (error control is responsibility of customer)
Frame Relay Basics• Frame Relay = “Son of X.25” - except:
– Fixed monthly price based on • “Port charge”
• “PVC charge”
– Frame Relay is a layer 2 protocol, so •
•
IP RouterCustom er S iteIP Router withFram e Relay
software
LANPCs with LAN cardand TCP/IP Software
LeasedAccess Line
IP RouterCustom er S iteIP Router withFram e Relay
software
LANPCs with LAN cardand TCP/IP Software
LeasedAccess Line
Fram eSwitch
Fram eSwitch
Fram eSwitch
National F rame RelayNetwork
Fram eSwitch
CSUCSU
Chicago Boston
Frame Relay Setup• Typically used to replace leased lines:
– Customer gets one Frame Relay PVC to replace each leased line
– Customer still gets guaranteed delay and throughput (CIR) similar to leased line
– Customer uses one access line at each business location for all frame relay data
– Customer saves money - PVCs cost less than leased lines
Leased Line Problem:
Number of leased circuits (and cost!) grows very large as number of sites increases!!
EthernetHub
Router
ClientClientFile Server
TokenRingHub
Router
ClientFile Server
TokenRingHub
Router
ClientFile Server
EthernetHub
Router
Client ClientFile Server
AmeritechSwitch
AmeritechSwitch
AmeritechSwitch
AmeritechSwitch
The Frame Relay Solution:
1 Access Line for each site!!
EthernetHub
Router
ClientClientFile Server
TokenRingHub
Router
ClientFile Server
TokenRingHub
Router
ClientFile Server
EthernetHub
Router
Client ClientFile Server
AmeritechSwitch
AmeritechSwitch
AmeritechSwitch
AmeritechSwitch
Frame Relay Addressing• The carrier assigns each PVC a 10-bit Data
Link Connection Identifier (DLCI).
• Customer sets up a table in each access router that maps each possible destination to its DLCI.
• Router puts correct DLCI into each frame header before sending frame into network.
IP RouterCustom er S iteIP Router withFram e Relay
software
LANPCs with LAN cardand TCP/IP Software
LeasedAccess Line
IP RouterCustom er S iteIP Router withFram e Relay
software
LANPCs with LAN cardand TCP/IP Software
LeasedAccess Line
Fram eSwitch
Fram eSwitch
Fram eSwitch
National F rame RelayNetwork
Fram eSwitch
CSUCSU
Chicago Boston
CIR• For each PVC, customer specifies a Committed
Information Rate (CIR):– CIR represents a guaranteed throughput for this PVC
– Carrier also guarantees limited data delivery time if customer does not exceed CIR
– Price of PVC is directly related to CIR• High CIR =
• Low CIR =
CIR• Example:
– I have a T1 (1.536 Mbps) access line into the frame relay network in Chicago
– I ask my carrier to create a PVC from Chicago to Dallas with CIR = 512 Kbps.
– If I stay within my CIR (i.e., send less than 512,000 bps Chicago-Dallas, on average):
• Carrier guarantees 99.99% traffic gets through
• Carrier guarantees <= 20 ms. Network delay
Frame Relay PVCs with CIRs
EthernetHub
Router
ClientClientFile Server
TokenRingHub
Router
ClientFile Server
TokenRingHub
Router
ClientFile Server
EthernetHub
Router
Client ClientFile Server
AmeritechSwitch
AmeritechSwitch
AmeritechSwitch
AmeritechSwitch
56 Kbps 56 Kbps
56 Kbps 56 Kbps
PVC with16 Kbps CIR
Frame Relay Pricing• Example:
– 4 sites, each with T1 access line
– 6 PVCs providing connectivity between sites,
with 512 Kbps CIR on each PVC
• Monthly Costs:
– 4 x (T1 access port cost) plus
– 6 x (512 Kbps PVC cost)
What if I exceed my CIR?• Example:
– I have a T1 (1.536 Mbps) access line into the frame relay network in Chicago
– I ask my carrier to create a PVC from Chicago to Dallas with CIR = 512 Kbps.
– Isn’t it possible for me to exceed my CIR (send more than 512 Kbps Chicago-Dallas)?
• YES!!!!!
The Tradeoff• Low CIR ==>
• High CIR ==>
• Note: Many customer still choose to pay lowest cost by selecting a Zero CIR option that provides no delivery guarantees
Voice Over the Internet
A/D Coder RouterPacketizer / Buffer
D/A CoderRouterDepacketizer &Playout Buffer
The Internet
Analog
Analog
ConstantRate BitStream
ConstantRate BitStream
DataPackets
DataPackets
Voice over Frame Relay• Voice samples can also be carried in IP
packets over Frame Relay networks
• Advantages of Voice over Frame Relay–
–
Voice over Frame Relay• Many businesses today are using spare
capacity on their Frame Relay networks to send voice between business sites.
IP Telephony Using a Computer as the Terminal
PSTN Internet
CMTS
Gateway
Router Cable Modem
Microphone
Cable ModemTermination System
PBX Extender
PSTN
Internet
CMTS
RouterCable Modem
TelephoneAdapter
CorporateIntranet
PBX
Gateway
Switch Unit
ISDN• The Idea:
– Provides a fully-digital interface over current telephone lines
– Allows customer to do both 64 Kbps dial-up and X.25 data over same ISDN line
– Provides intelligent signaling channel (D-channel) between customer equipment and Central Office
Basic Rate Interface (2B+D)• 3 logical channels on one access loop:
– 2 B-channels (64-Kbps) used for•
• – 1 D-channel (16-Kbps) used for
• •
• Low Cost:
ISDN BRI• The Customer Requires:
– Network Termination Type 1 (NT1)•
– ISDN-Compliant devices •
• The Central Office Requires:– ISDN Line Card
• Terminates ISDN line at the Central Office and separates B channels and D channel
– –
Basic Rate Interface• Up to 8 devices can connect to single BRI
through an NT1–
–
– Central Office determines which device has control over which B-channel at any time.
BRI Applications• Work-at-Home: Simultaneously use
– – –
• Internet Access –
• Low-cost Business Videoconferencing
• Low-speed dial-up LAN Interconnection
PRI Advantage over T-1• Any PRI B-channel can be set up “call-by-call” to
provide any service–
–
• In contrast, each DS0 channel on a T-1 must be statically allocated to carry only a single voice or data service.
PRI Applications
• Integrated business services.
• Delivery of Caller ID / ANI (D-channel).
• High-speed videoconferencing.
• Medium-speed LAN interconnection.
• Dial-up data channels with flexible bandwidth (N x 64 Kbps).