te rohe potae nineteenth century land issues (1840 - 1907 ...€¦ · incorporations for the...
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Wai 898, #A 16
Te Rohe Potae Nineteenth Century Land
Issues
(1840 - 1907):
Scoping Report
Leanne Boulton
Commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal for the Rohe Potae Inquiry
(Wai 898), January 2009
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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The author
Leanne Boulton has been employed as a Research Analyst/Inquiry Facilitator at the
Waitangi Tribunal since May 2002. She has completed a report on Native Townships in
the Whanganui inquiry district (Wai 903, #A39), co-authored a report on Trusts and
Incorporations for the Central North Island Stage 1 inquiry (Wai 1200, #G4) and
completed a contextual scoping report on socio-economic issues for the National Park
inquiry (Wai 1130, #A57). Her most recent work has been in the Tauranga Moana
twentieth century inquiry (Wai 215, #S5 and #S6). In that inquiry she was commissioned
to prepare two reports: a socio-economic and demographic profile of Maori in the
Tauranga district, 2001 and a report on the impact of town and country planning on
Tauranga Maori communities between 1953 and 1990. She holds a Bachelor of Arts in
English Literature and First Class Honours and a Master of Arts with Distinction in
History from the University of Canterbury.
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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Contents
THE AUTHOR ..............................................................................................................................................1
CONTENTS...................................................................................................................................................2
FIGURES .......................................................................................................................................................5
ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................................................6
INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................8
BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................................8
Commission and casebook background .................................................................................................8
Consultation with claimants.................................................................................................................11
DEFINING THE TOPIC OF THE SCOPING REPORT ..........................................................................................11
Unpacking the topic .............................................................................................................................11
Relationship to other casebook research .............................................................................................14
Methodology ........................................................................................................................................16
Sources.................................................................................................................................................16
Scoping structure .................................................................................................................................18
CHAPTER 1: EARLY EUROPEAN CONTACT AND NON-GOVERNMENT LAND/RESOURCE
TRANSACTIONS, PRIOR TO 1862.........................................................................................................25
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................25
DISCUSSION...............................................................................................................................................25
APPROACH.................................................................................................................................................30
Sources.................................................................................................................................................30
Links and overlaps with other casebook research ...............................................................................37
Existing research .................................................................................................................................37
Research needed ..................................................................................................................................38
Time and resources required ...............................................................................................................38
Total estimate time for researching and drafting this chapter.............................................................39
CHAPTER 2: EARLY GOVERNMENT CONTACT AND CROWN LAND/RESOURCES
TRANSACTIONS TO 1865........................................................................................................................40
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................40
DISCUSSION...............................................................................................................................................40
APPROACH.................................................................................................................................................47
Sources.................................................................................................................................................47
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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Links and overlaps with other casebook research ...............................................................................55
Existing research .................................................................................................................................55
Research needed ..................................................................................................................................55
Time and resources required ...............................................................................................................56
Total estimate time for research and writing up first draft ..................................................................56
Possible research assistance projects ..................................................................................................57
CHAPTER 3: THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW LAND LEGISLATION AND THE NATIVE LAND
COURT TO THE DISTRICT, 1865-1886 .................................................................................................59
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................59
DISCUSSION...............................................................................................................................................59
APPROACH.................................................................................................................................................64
Sources.................................................................................................................................................64
Links and overlaps with other casebook research ...............................................................................69
Existing research .................................................................................................................................69
Research needed ..................................................................................................................................70
Other reports that should be commissioned.........................................................................................70
Time and resources required ...............................................................................................................72
Possible research assistance projects ..................................................................................................74
CHAPTER 4: THE NATIVE LAND COURT SYSTEM IN TE ROHE POTAE, 1886-1890 ..............75
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................75
DISCUSSION...............................................................................................................................................75
APPROACH.................................................................................................................................................84
Sources.................................................................................................................................................84
Links and overlaps with other casebook research ...............................................................................87
Existing research .................................................................................................................................88
Research needed ..................................................................................................................................90
Time and resources required ...............................................................................................................90
Total estimated time for research and drafting this chapter................................................................92
Possible research assistance projects ..................................................................................................92
CHAPTER 5: LAND TITLE ISSUES AND LAND/RESOURCE TRANSACTIONS IN THE
INQUIRY DISTRICT, 1890 - 1907............................................................................................................95
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................95
DISCUSSION...............................................................................................................................................95
APPROACH...............................................................................................................................................103
Sources...............................................................................................................................................103
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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Methodology ......................................................................................................................................115
Links and overlaps with other casebook research .............................................................................116
Existing research ...............................................................................................................................117
Research needed ................................................................................................................................118
Time and resources required .............................................................................................................120
Research assistance projects .............................................................................................................122
CHAPTER 6: RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................................................................123
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................123
CHAPTER OUTLINE...................................................................................................................................123
ESTIMATED PROJECT TIMEFRAMES ..........................................................................................................125
RESOURCING ...........................................................................................................................................132
APPENDIX 1: REGISTERED CLAIMS IN TE ROHE POTAE INQUIRY DISTRICT WITH ISSUES RELATING TO LAND
IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY .................................................................................................................135
APPENDIX 2: SUMMARY OF TE ROHE POTAE INQUIRY CLAIMANT FEEDBACK ON LAND ISSUES ...............154
APPENDIX 3: LIST OF AGENCIES CODES SEARCHED AT ARCHIVES NEW ZEALAND, WELLINGTON AND
AUCKLAND..............................................................................................................................................160
APPENDIX 4: ACCESS TO FILES AT THE HAMILTON MAORI LAND COURT AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS ......161
APPENDIX 5: FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT PHOTOGRAPHIC COLLECTIONS..........................................163
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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Figures
Figure 1: Map showing the Waitangi Tribunal’s Te Rohe Potae Inquiry District.............. 7
Figure 2: Rohe Potae Boundaries ..................................................................................... 20
Figure 3: The Railway Alienation Area and the Main Railway Route............................. 21
Figure 4: Te Rohe Potae Maps: Land and Autonomy and Te Rohe Potae in the 1880s .. 22
Figure 5: Taranaki and Auckland Provincial Boundaries, 1853-1867 ............................. 23
Figure 6: Mission Stations, 1840-1860............................................................................. 24
Figure 7: Te Rohe Potae Inquiry District: Boundaries in the Northern Area ................... 58
Figure 8: Land Alienation in Te Rohe Potae Inquiry District, 1840-1910 ....................... 93
Figure 9: Land Tenure in Te Rohe Potae Inquiry District, 1903-1904............................. 93
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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Abbreviations
AJHR Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives
ATL Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington
BBP British Parliamentary Papers for the Colonies: New Zealand
ed/eds Editor/editions
CFRT Crown Forestry Rental Trust
CNI Central North Island (Waitangi Tribunal inquiry)
LINZ Land Information New Zealand
ML Plan Maori Land Plan (held by LINZ)
N/A Not applicable
No. Number
NZPD New Zealand Parliamentary Debates
OLC Old Land Claim
p/pp Page/pages
Sess Session (of Parliament)
vol. Volume
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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Figure 1: Map showing the Waitangi Tribunal’s Te Rohe Potae Inquiry District
Map 1: Te Rohe P6tae District: OvelView of final boundary including extensions Wail""", TtmcmaI, 25Jan2008
• • -•
• • • •
•
• • • •
' . •
W .... TARA
•
...... - .. · --•
• •
.......... . Te Rohe P6tae District Inquiry boundary
c::::::J The Rohe P6tae as described in the 1883 petition
1:-:-:·:·:.:1 Extensions for particular groups
OW.TA.MATA
W.NGMlNO
- • -•
.• .• I •
.f-----------------------,,'.~ o 30_
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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Introduction
Background
The purpose of this report is to identify issues and themes that may be explored in a main
historical report or reports dealing with land issues in the Tribunal’s Te Rohe Potae
inquiry district from 1840 to 1907. The existing literature and available resources on
these issues is assessed, gaps identified and further research recommended. Each chapter
gives a preliminary indication of the time and resources that may be required to complete
that research. This proposed timeframe is then set out in full in the recommendations
chapter. Appended to this scoping report is a detailed bibliography of primary and
secondary sources relevant to these topics and a discussion about how those sources
might be employed to complete the research required.
Commission and casebook background
This introduction provides a brief background to this scoping report and its place in Te
Rohe Potae inquiry research casebook. The second part of this introduction seeks to
clarify the meaning of terms such as ‘Rohe Potae’, ‘land issues’, and ‘nineteenth century’
in the context of this scoping report. Readers should refer to Appendix 1 for a lists claims
filed in this inquiry that appear, at this point, to be relevant to research into nineteenth
century land issues. It should be noted that this is a preliminary assessment, and
statements of claim are likely to be amended before hearings begin. Appendix 2 provides
a summary of feedback from claimants on land issues at various Tribunal-organised hui
in the district since the inquiry formally began.
The historical research on land issue for this period forms part of a programme or
casebook of commissioned projects that was approved in October 2007 after discussion
and consultation with the claimant community in Te Rohe Potae inquiry district. Seven
research themes were identified:
1. Traditional history, tribal landscape and oral evidence,
2. Political engagement and constitutional issues, including raupatu
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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3. General land alienation and title issues
4. Specific land alienation and title issues
5. Non-land resources and environmental management issues
6. Local and claim-specific issues not covered elsewhere
The proposed research on land issues during the 1840-1907 period sits along side a
number of other projects in theme 3. It is intended that the research will form part of a
larger exploration of land issues for the whole period to the present. A scoping report has
been commissioned by the Crown Forestry Rental Trust (CFRT) to consider how land
issues from 1900 may be addressed. The Tribunal is also commissioning a quantitative
land alienation study that will calculate and analyse the extent of alienation of Maori land
in the inquiry district between 1840 and 2007 and map the land remained in Maori
ownership at 1870, and then at 10 year intervals to the present day.
The proposed research also has significant connections with the reports on political
engagement and constitutional issues in theme 2 and with the railways report. Several of
the reports on specific land alienation and title issues (theme 4) will compliment the
research on nineteenth century land issues. Separate report on the Mokau-Mohakatino
and Mohakatino-Paraninihi Blocks, on Native Townships and on public works takings
means that those issues will not be covered in the proposed research. A separate report
will deal with the history and impact of local government and rates on Maori
communities and land within the inquiry district.
The commission for this scoping report sets out what the scoping assessment is required
to cover. This includes:
More clearly identifying relevant primary and secondary documentary sources likely
to be useful for the main project for this district and the key themes and issues
identified;
Producing a detailed bibliography of primary and secondary sources for the main
report;
Identifying and collating relevant geographical information for the main report;
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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Developing and more clearly defining proposed chapter outlines, scope and
methodology for the main report and identifying gaps in information;
Recommending appropriate start and end dates for the main reports and whether a
separate report for the northern part of the inquiry district is required;
Identifying tables and graphs likely to be required for the production of the main
report;
Defining overlaps and links with relevant projects including the political engagement,
railways, Native township and separate theme 4 land reports; and
Estimating the working time required for the first main report and any recommended
separate reports and timelines and milestones for the preparation of the report(s).
The scoping exercise was asked to cover the following topics:
a) the nature and extent of early pre-war settler, church and Crown land transactions
implemented in the district;
b) the practical operation of the Native Land Court process in the inquiry district,
including the form of title created as a result of the process and its impact on
customary interests;
c) the impact of the Native Land Court’s processes on the ability of hapu and iwi to
collectively manage the lands and resources they retained;
d) the nature of the court process in the district, including the manner in which title was
investigated, the nature and extent of Maori engagement with the court, and the
adequacy of protections offered through its processes;
e) the impact of the court process, including the nature and impact of surveys, and the
costs related to having cases heard;
f) the implementation of Crown land settlement policies, including the impacts of
systems established by the Crown to regulate and manage private and Crown
purchasing and leasing in the district;
g) the extent of and impact of private purchasing and leasing in this district in the
nineteenth century;
h) the extent of and impact of the system of Crown purchasing to 1905, including:
- the methods employed by land purchase agents,
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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- the use of various kinds of Crown monopolies in land purchasing in the region,
whether national, regional or targeted to certain blocks,
- valuation issues, including whether resources such as timber were taken into account
in valuing Maori land,
- the impact of survey liens and costs on the Crown purchasing process,
- the impacts of Crown partitions on land alienations,
- the kinds of land and resources identified for purchasing,
- the extent to which leasing was used as a technique to pressure land sales, and
- major developments in the implementation of land purchasing and leasing policies
during the period.
i) The findings of the Stout Ngata Commission on land purchasing and leasing in the
district by 1905.
Consultation with claimants
All statements of claim that raise issues relevant to the commission questions have been
identified and examined during the preparation of this scoping report. Appendix 1 lists all
of these statements of claim and details the issues they raise in respect of land issues in
Te Rohe Potae inquiry district. At this stage of the inquiry it is not always possible to
distinguish between claims relating to land result from Crown actions and/or omissions in
the nineteenth century and the twentieth century. As a result a broad and inclusive
approach to identifying claims has been taken.
Defining the topic of the scoping report
Unpacking the topic
Nineteenth century issues involve hapu and iwi of the district and their ability to exercise
authority over, manage and utilize their lands (and associated natural resources) for
traditional purposes they wished to maintain, and for new opportunities arising as a result
of European contact and settlement. The utilization and management of lands and
associated resources includes issues arising from entering new forms of transactions, such
as leases and other mutually agreements over the use of resources, including even
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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permanent transfers of land and resources. This two-pronged focus on the nature and
exercise of hapu and iwi authority of lands and resources, and the transactions in which
that authority was expressed avoids focusing simply on land alienation. Instead, it seeks
to provide a wider view of the variety of ways in which Maori communities and
individuals in Te Rohe Potae inquiry district sought to use their lands and associated
resources. This approach will also attempt to assess the impact that Crown actions and/or
omissions had on Maori authority and on the outcome of these transactions.
It should be noted that, while this report does not comprehensively consider waterways,
forests or other natural resources (likely to be covered in separate reports) it will
nevertheless include these resources in so far as they were also considered by one or both
parties to be involved in these transactions. Therefore when use the report uses the term
‘land’, readers should also note that this could include the natural resources considered
associated with the land. Similarly, while there is likely to be a separate economic issues
report, this report will also need to consider issues raised in terms of the limitations or
opportunities offered for the utilization of lands for economic benefits. As mentioned
previously, separate reports will also cover Native Townships and land taken for public
works purposes. It is intended to keep a tight focus on land issues as defined above by
using research on political engagement and railways to provide context to discussions of
and issues where necessary.
The term ‘nineteenth century’ also requires some clarification before any discussion of
land issues commences. In the context of this scoping report the ‘nineteenth century’ has
been defined as the period from the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 to the
release of the Stout-Ngata Commission’s report in 1907. It was originally intended to
begin the period to be covered in 1882-1883 when the Rohe Potae agreement was
reached and stop in 1907. However, by taking in a larger time period the research will be
able to explore the changing ways in which Maori communities and individuals in the
inquiry district were able to exercise their authority over land, and how various Crown
policies and practices affected these. In particular, the expanded time frame will allow
comparisons between transactions entered into before and after the New Zealand Wars
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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and before and after the Native Land Court entered the district. It will be necessary to
identify and discuss a number of early non-government land transactions in the district,
some of which were initiated prior to 1840 but were subsequently, dealt with by the
Crown in the old land claims commission from 1841 to 1861.
At the other end of the time period, it is proposed that the research will take in the period
up to 1900 when the Crown had called a halt to the purchasing of Maori land.1 Because
this legislation allowed purchases already begun to be completed the research should be
extended through the period between 1900 and the Stout-Ngata Commission in 1907.
New Maori land legislation in 1900 also heralded a new system of making Maori land
available for settlement through district Maori land councils (and later district Maori land
boards). The Act ‘emphasised leasing rather than selling Maori land. Maori owners could
voluntarily transfer their lands through deeds of trust to the Councils to manage on agreed
terms. These lands, later known as vested lands, could be leased by Councils but initially
not sold.’2 This was a significant change of regime that continued for much of the
twentieth century and ought to be dealt with in its own report. The commission to inquiry
onto the question of Native lands and Native land tenure (the Stout-Ngata Commission)
of 1907 marked an important point in this transformation. It chronicled Maori land loss in
the district over the previous decades but set out to identify what land remained to be
administered and alienated by the district Maori land boards. The nineteenth century land
research will focus on what the Stout-Ngata commission evidence and reports can tell us
about the extent of land loss and about the factors that constrained the ability of hapu and
iwi to exercise authority over their land and resources in the period prior to 1900.
This scoping report concerns the land and hapu and iwi of the Waitangi Tribunal’s Te
Rohe Potae inquiry district. The boundaries of this inquiry district (see figure 1) were
informed by several historical boundaries. In particular it follows quite closely the
boundaries of the confiscation districts of Waikato, in the north, and Taranaki, in the
south. The inquiry district also conforms quite closely to the boundaries of what became
1 Section 3 of the Native Land Laws Administration Act 1899
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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known in the Native Land Court as the ‘RohePotae’ or ‘Aotea Block.’ The RohePotae
block was part of the original Rohe Potae, and area of about 3,500,000 acres defined by
iwi leaders in an 1883 petition. The RohePotae (Aotea block), estimated at about
1,844,780 acres was ‘determined by the Native Land Court in 1886 when Tuwharetoa
and Whanganui lands were cut out of the larger 1883 area.’3 It should be noted that this
report uses the court’s spelling ‘RohePotae’ for the block when specifically discussing
the area defined by the court in 1886 to distinguish it from the larger ‘Rohe Potae’
defined in the 1883 petition.
The Tribunal’s inquiry district also takes in a number of areas that fell outside the
RohePotae block defined by the court in 1886. In the south these include the Mokau-
Mohakatino and Mokau-Paraninihi blocks. The inquiry district also takes in the Maraeroa
and Ketemaringi blocks in the east4 and the area north of the top half of the Aotea
Harbour. In addition, there are some areas that lie in the Waikato Confiscation zone north
of the Punui River where land was returned to Maori by the Compensation Court in 1866.
Research is needed to establish to what extent hapu and iwi communities were able to
control and manage those lands, and what proportion of that land remained in Maori
ownership by the end of our period. Proposals about how research on these areas could be
handled are discussed in the body of this scoping report.
Relationship to other casebook research
The nineteenth century land research will have some connections to O’Malley’s first
political engagement report, 1840-1863 and with his report on war and raupatu. His first
report will provide factual material on traders, missionaries and musket wars. But the
land research will avoid overlapping with his report by focusing only on the issues of
authority over lands and resources and evidence for this and on early non-government
land/resource transactions, their nature, and to what extent they appear to have been
2 The Maori Lands Administration Act 1900 cited in Cathy Marr, The Alienation of Maori Land in theRohe Potae (Aotea Block) Part 2: 1900 – 1960, Rangahaua Whanui District 8, August 1999, p 33 Waitangi Tribunal, The Pouakani Report, 1993, noted that ‘This area was defined by the Native LandCourt sitting in Otorohanga in 1886 as the lands of Ngati Maniapoto, shown on the plan ML 5851/1-4.’ (p408)4 These two blocks were part of the Tauponuiatia, the eastern part of the original 1883 Rohe Potae.
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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recognized by the Crown. It is envisaged that O’Malley will deal fully with the rise of the
Kingitanga, the war and confiscation so these will not be dealt with in the land report.
The land research will also be closely connected to Barclay and Marrs’ political
engagement report. That report will help inform the researcher about the wider political
climate in the region during this period and some material will no doubt be summarised
and included in the land report as context. It is intended to avoid overlap by focusing on
the extent and nature of Maori practical experience of the court, and of leasing or entering
other arrangements with Europeans over land and resources. In the later period this focus
will be on what happened at the ground level in the court between 1886 and 1890, and
with the Crown’s preparations for the purchasing of Maori land in the district prior to
1890. The last chapter of the report will focus more narrowly on the range of pressures
affecting hapu and iwi ability to retain, use and manage their land/resources in the face of
an organised Crown programme of land purchasing.
There will also be connections with Cleaver and Sarich’s railways report. This is
particularly true for the material on the funding of the railway construction by the
Crown’s purchasing and reselling of Maori land in the district. It is envisaged that
Cleaver and Sarich will explore this issue in the context of the impact those activities had
on the funding and construction of the line itself. The land report will summarise that
material and view it in terms of the extent to which the railway loans and purchasing of
land to fund the construction of the railway drove the Crown’s overall land purchasing
programme in the district. It will also deal with the impact of the exclusion zone on
private purchasing on land management and transactions.
This report will also draw on data produced by the land alienation quantitative study for
this inquiry. However it is intended that the land research will concentrate on a more
detailed discussion of the various pressures on hapu and iwi attempting to retain, use and
control their land/resources. This should complement rather than overlap with the land
alienation quantitative study.
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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Methodology
The nineteenth century land issues report will explore the same large theme throughout
the whole report. That is, how did events, circumstances and Crown policies and
processes impact on hapu and iwi ability to exercise authority over, manage and utilize
their lands (and associated natural resources) for traditional purposes they wished to
maintain, and for new opportunities arising as a result of European contact and
settlement.
In the period before 1865 it should be possible to examine all transactions for which
evidence is available. However, after 1865, and particularly after the RohePotae (Aotea)
block is defined by the court and begins to be divided into a large number of blocks
during the 1880s and early 1890s it is no longer possible to deal with what happens to all
blocks. The court’s processes are complex and diverse especially when coupled with
transactions between individual owners and the Crown. Therefore it will be necessary to
select certain blocks for more detailed discussion of particular processes and their effect
on hapu and iwi. Berghan’s block narratives and the land alienation quantitative study
will cover all blocks and transactions (where possible) in the district. Instead the focus of
this report will to be to identify and describe and examine overall patterns of transactions.
It will seek to understand the factors that shaped those transactions and the impact they
had on Maori communities in the district in terms of their authority to retain, use and
manage their lands and resources across the nineteenth century.
Sources
The nineteenth century land research will rely heavily on primary (original historical)
sources. Official published sources such as royal commissions of inquiry, The Appendices
to the Journals of the House of Representatives (AJHR) and The British Parliamentary
Papers for the Colonies: New Zealand (BPP) have been searched during this scoping
report. These contain reports and letters by various government officials and Members of
Parliament. Acts of Parliament and the debate over the passing of that legislation in the
House of Representatives and Legislative Council have been identified as a further source
of material. New Zealand Gazette will be useful during the research for following up
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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references found in Maori Land Court and archives files. The private papers of various
missionaries and government officials who were involved with Maori and their land in
the inquiry district between 1840 and 1907 have been located at the Alexander Turnbull
Library, Wellington and at various libraries and museums in Auckland, Hamilton, New
Plymouth and smaller centres in the district itself. Jane Luiten identified many of these
sources in her scoping of regional repositories. Archives New Zealand in Wellington and
Auckland hold many historical files of government departments such as the Department
of Maori Affairs, Lands and Survey Department and the Maori Land Court.5 Some lands
and survey files and many maps and plans are still held by the Land Information New
Zealand (LINZ) office in Hamilton. The Hamilton and Wanganui Maori Land Courts
retain Block Order files and correspondence files covering the nineteenth century for this
inquiry district.6 Further maps and photographs from Alexander Turnbull Library,
Wellington and from regional museums will supplement the written record.7 Maps
showing other administrative boundaries in the nineteenth century, such as the boundaries
of New Munster and New Ulster and later of the Auckland and Taranaki provinces (up to
1877), Land Districts and Counties should be sought to assist researchers in locating
primary sources.
In addition to research formally commissioned for Te Rohe Potae inquiry, a number of
research support projects have recently been completed. The focus of these projects has
been to identify and/or collect primary source material or to explore important Native
Land Court processes and procedures. These include:
Jane Luiten, ‘Research Guide to Local Te Rohe Potae (King Country) Historical
Sources;
Ann Beaglehole, ‘Te Rohe Potae Bibliography’;
Paula Berghan, ‘Block Research Narratives related to Land Purchasing in Te Rohe
Potae Inquiry District’;
5 A list of the agencies searched during this scoping exercise is shown in appendix 3 of this report. A searchof new accessions not yet on Archway (Archives New Zealand’s online catalogue) should be undertakennear the beginning of the research.6 Appendix 4 of this report outlines recent changes to access arrangements at the Hamilton Maori LandCourt and notes some material there that has not yet been catalogued.7 Appendix 5 of this report provides more detail about these collections.
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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James Julian Mitchell, Excel spreadsheet index to King Country petitions and
accompanying document bank;
Cathy Marr, ‘A Brief Guide to Researching Petitions to Parliament (with particular
emphasis on petitions by Maori )’, Waitangi Tribunal Report (Working Paper), 2007;
and
Lin Johnson, ‘A Brief Overview Petitions from Maori to the Crown/Governor, 1840-
1920’.
Many secondary sources (published sources based on historical material) have been
identified as fruitful avenues for further explorations. These include research completed
for other Tribunal inquiries, and the Tribunal’s final reports on particular districts. A wide
variety of general and academic books and articles will be relevant to the land research.
Some of these are briefly in the text and all those located so far are listed in Part I of the
bibliography where they are arranged in three sections: general publications (arranged by
type and place), these include local histories, local government material and family and
marae histories. Academic material (books, articles and theses) are arranged by topic as
are Tribunal reports, research reports and other Tribunal publications. This thematic
arrangement is designed to assist in locating material on particular topic or about
particular places.
Scoping structure
This report suggests a five-chapter structure for a proposed report on land issues in the
inquiry district from 1840 to 1907. Each chapter begins with a discussion of the kinds of
questions suggested by the existing research and research from other Tribunal inquiries.
This is followed by a discussion of the sources available to address those questions; a
discussion of connections and potential overlaps with other reports being commissioned
for this inquiry and a review of the existing research. Each chapter ends by listing the
research that will be required and giving a time estimate for each of those research tasks,
and suggests a number of projects that could be undertaken by a research assistant. The
time estimates for each chapter are gathered together in the recommendations chapter
along with a discussion of options for allocating resources to the report. The scoping
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
19
report ends with a number of appendices giving further information about sources and a
bibliography of primary and secondary sources.
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
20
Figure 2: Rohe Potae Boundaries (Sources: Cathy Marr, The Alienation of Mori Land
in the Rohe Potae (Aotea Block), 1840-1920, Rangahaua Whanui District 8,
1997, Figure 1)
••
-.... .. 'M' -_ .. """' _-.._J ,~-
I
I I I I
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
21
Figure 3: The Railway Alienation Area and the Main Railway Route
(Source: Cathy Marr, ‘The Waimarino Purchase Report: The investigation, purchase and
creation of reserves in the Waimarino block, and associated issues, 2004,
Wai 903 #A60, Figure 4)
\ .-~ ,
, "" \ \ t
J
fl" if ~-:-'- L..:--=--=-',---,
I if
/ I
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
22
Figure 4: Te Rohe Potae Maps: Land and Autonomy and Te Rohe Potae in the
1880s (Source: Malcolm McKinnon (ed.), Bateman New Zealand Historical Atlas, 1997,
Plate 84)
Te Rohe P6tae The opening of the King Country, 18805 to 19205 ._ ... _"c. .... ~ ___ _ --...... ....,- ...... -~ ------,..-. ... ------~---... __ .......... "'-'r . .. -.--.. ---''''-~''' ..... _ .. _-,-""'_ ....... . .... -......... ,.,. ... _ ... -.-.a._"' __ . __ ...... ...... _-_ ..... "'---"""'-----_ .. _-; .. _-.. -_ .. _ .. _ ... ..... -_ ..... _ ... __ ... -.... __ ........ -- .... -.-----~ --..- .... --. ... -_ .. _" ... -..--_ .. --_ ..... --"'''' ...... _._,,-_ .. -----_ .... -",.,-----... -~ _ .. _-. .. .. -_ .. _---...... _ .. -.------.... """' ... ---.... ...-..--,.'-"'''''-""",,-_ ... _-=: ::..::::.::.:::--.::" .~ ..• "'- ..... _ ..... -_ ..... _-----"'''' ,-_ .. ...- .. -_""_"_1.0_ ....... '-.._ ..... _" ..... __ .--"" .. ' ....... -_ ......... ---_ .. -""",,_~f. __ ... -_ ...... __ .. -... --'--"-' ,,-_ .. .... .... -- .....-.., .. '---. ,.-~-fto"""' ... ..,.. .... ... _ ... _ .. _"._-_ ... -_, _______ r.
..... -_ ....... --,.-T ___ . ' __ .. _ . .. , ... .. --_ ......... _,"-...... _, ...... _""'''-', .. --_ ... --..... " .. -------_ ... --_ ...... _-, ::":.. ....... t:::"'~_-'!':::: _ .nu""""" ~-- .. - .. "", ... "--'-"'--""----~ .... "'- .. ,-... -.. , .... ~ .... --... - ..... ., --_ .... -_ ... -...- .... _ ... _----_ ..... _----,"'" _n ...... '_ ... ___ , .... --_ .. -_ ..... _ ..... '-_. -_. __ .... -._-_ .. _ ... _--_..-.~_ ...... _r_. .. __ _ ... __ ....... ---.. __ .... _ ... _-....... __ .. _"' ... -... -... , ....... _ ...... _ ... ---
-----------
"" ........ . 1lIl .... ' .. .. ...
-~-~--O .-----------0 .-----------. .---......------8 -----
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
23
Figure 5: Taranaki and Auckland Provincial Boundaries, 1853-1867
Source: Richard Hill, Policing the Colonial Frontier, Vol. 1, part 2, Historical Branch,
Department of Internal Affairs, 1986, pp 950-951)
• 'I 'I',' , I I!i !lllll . ! I i
!. " " II
I
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
24
Figure 6: Mission Stations, 1840-1860
(Source: Evelyn Stokes, Mokau: Maori Cultural and Historical Perspectives, University
of Waikato, 1988, Figure 9)
• e M S (A,ogIicoon)
" Ron>IIn CoIhOlc o_~
o~
MISSION 1840
o 00 ro , , ,
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
25
Chapter 1: Early European contact and non-Government
land/resource transactions, prior to 1862
Introduction
This chapter discusses some of the research issues that will need to be explored in
researching early European contact and non-government land and resource transactions in
Te Rohe Potae inquiry district. These include transactions that were investigated by the
Old Land Claims Commission during the 1840s and 50s, and those that were not. This
research should cover the period up to 1862 when Francis Dillon Bell, the Land Claims
Commissioner presented his final report to Parliament, which constituted the end of the
old land claims process in the inquiry district. 8 The chapter concludes by considering the
available sources, the existing research and what research will need to be done on these
issues. It also gives a preliminary indication of the time this research will take and
indicates whether there are tasks that could be assigned to a research assistant.
Discussion
The first contacts between Rohe Potae iwi and hapu and Europeans prior to 1840 were
limited in extent and confined mainly to the coastal areas. Kawhia, and later Mokau,
Aotea and Whaingaroa harbours provided shelter on the treacherous West Coast of the
North Island. Traders at Mokau and Kawhia in the 1820s ‘were involved in the export of
flax and foodstuffs such as potatoes, maize, and pigs and the import of guns, tools,
blankets, and other goods.’9 The mid-1830s saw the first mission stations established
around these western harbours, with further missionaries arriving in the 1840s. The
8 The first Commissioners, Colonel Edward Godfrey and Captain Matthew Richmond, were appointed in1840. However, their investigations left many claims unresolved. In 1856 the Office of Commissioner ofthe Court of Land Claims was established under the Land Claims Settlement Act 1856. Francis Dillon Bellwas appointed sole Commissioner of the court, and published rules for claimants, investigated claims andpresented his final report to Parliament in 1862. (Archives New Zealand, undated, Old Land Claims (OLC)Record Group administrative history)9 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 3
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
26
location and approximate dates of these stations are shown in figure 6.10 A few Pakeha
settlers came into Ngati Maniapoto territory during the 1840s and 1850s via Kawhia or
up the Waipa Valley.’11 Some married into local communities and their families were
absorbed into them. Robert Ormsby and Louis Hetet are well known examples whose
children often became influential in later contacts between Maori and settlers.12 By the
1850s and 1860s these harbours became important in the coastal shipping route between
New Plymouth and Auckland.
Some, but by no means all, of these early transactions with traders and with the churches
became subjects of old land claims. Five old land claims by early traders at Kawhia have
been identified:
John Israel Montefiore (OLC 1008)
John Vittoria Cowell and Edward Lee (OLC 1026)
William Johnston (OLC 1040)
John Laurie and Samuel Aron Joseph (OLC 1314)
George Charleton (OLC 1353)
In addition there were two old land claims by the Wesleyan Missionary Society for land
at Kawhia and at Whaingaroa (OLC 947 & OLC 948).13
It will be necessary to identify as many other non-old land claim land/resource
transactions between Europeans and hapu and iwi in the district prior to 1860 as possible.
This will give a sense of the extent and location of Maori -European engagement over
land and resources in the district. However, it is likely that many of these transactions
will not be able to be documented beyond a few lines from a source here or there, but a
10 O’Malley charts the earliest period of Wesleyan Missionary Society, Church Missionary Society(Anglican) and Lutheran missionary contact in the Rohe Potae (O’Malley, ‘Te Rohe Potae PoliticalEngagement, 1840-1863: A Scoping Report’ [draft Nov 2008], pp 13-16)11 O’Malley provides an overview of some of the traders visited and/or settled in the district before 1860(O’Malley, ‘Political Engagement, 1840-1863 … [scoping draft Nov 2008], pp 9-11)12 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 413 Berghan, ‘Block Research Narratives …, 1 April 2008 [draft], no page numbers
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
27
few may be able to be discussed in greater detail.14 With only seven old land claims in the
district it will be possible to consider the investigation and outcome of each case up to the
point where the case was dismissed or a Crown grant was made to the European applicant
(at which point the land was alienated from Maori ownership). The legal effect of these
decisions and the issuing of a Crown grant in terms removing or constraining Maori
authority over the land/resources involved needs to be considered. A further issue of
potential significant is the claiming of ‘surplus’ land by the Crown. Moore et al noted
that where Commissioner Bell determined that Maori consented to the original
transaction the difference between the area originally claimed and that awarded to the
applicant was often claimed as ‘surplus land’ by the Crown. 15 Further research is needed
to determine whether this was the practice with old land claims at Kawhia and
Whaingaroa.
Research into early European contact and non-government land/resource transactions in
this district needs to focus on the impact of economic and social change in the district,
and the challenges and opportunities those changes bought, had on the ways in which
hapu and iwi exercised of authority over lands and resources. There should be an
emphasis on exploring how existing systems of authority over the district were coping (or
not) and developing as a result. It will be important to consider what early transactions
between hapu and iwi and private individual tell us about the changes to Maori leadership
and the authority exercised over lands and resources. However, attention should also be
paid to those things that remain constant or continue to underpin how land and resources
are managed and controlled.
The research should present an overview of the way in which hapu and iwi in the inquiry
district were organized. It should discuss the ways they were exerting authority and
14 For example, the transactions with Charles Davis and the Yates brothers at Kawhia could be exploredfurther. See AJHR 1860, F-1 and F-2, Report on the Select Committee on the Petition of Charles Davis andFrederick and Leopold Yates. AJHR 1860, G-1, Petition of Charles Davis and Frederick and Leopold Yatesrelative to the compulsory abandonment of their establishment at Kawhia. AJHR 1860, G-2, Petition ofFrederick and Leopold Yates relative to a case tried at Raglan arising out of an alleged breach of ‘The ArmsImportation Ordinance.’ 15 Duncan Moore; Barry Rigby and Matthew Russell, Old Land Claims, Rangahaua Whanui Series,National Theme A, July 1997, p 5
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28
managing their lands and resources (as far as this is possible from written evidence
available) during the time of earliest contact with Europeans until the to the end of the
1850s. The research should ask what kinds of pressures (if any) are evident in the
documentary evidence as a result of contact and settlement on exercise of authority over
lands and associated resources? The kinds of pressures that come to mind here include
warfare and the acquisition of muskets, economic pressures and new opportunities,
technologies, ideas and perceptions brought into the district through Maori inter-tribal
trading and gift exchange, and later by traders and missionaries and taken up by hapu and
iwi.
For example, it may be that one of the reasons that hapu and iwi in the district engaged
with early traders in the 1820s and 30s was that these Europeans were a welcome source
of guns. Or such relationships enabled hapu and iwi to sell commodities such as flax in
order to buy muskets. 16 The impact that the growth of New Plymouth and Auckland in
the 1840s and 1850s had on shipping and trade along the West Coast of the North Island
and on the kinds of economic opportunities available to hapu and iwi at this time should
be considered. Wesleyan Methodist, Anglican and Lutheran (briefly) missionaries
established mission stations on Maori land at Mokau, Kawhia, Aotea and further afield at
Te Awamutu and Waipa during the 1840s.17 Research should be alter to the influence that
the adoption and/or pursuit of such ideas, skills (such as Christianity and literacy) and
material goods, new crops and farm machinery had on the types of land/resource
transactions hapu and iwi entered into. There should be some discussion about what these
transactions suggest about the way in which Maori authority was changing.
The range of hapu and iwi responses to new ideas and opportunities is unclear at this
stage. Research from other inquiry districts suggests the kinds of questions that could be
asked. For example, is there evidence of Maori accommodating new ideas into existing
systems of authority, relationships and land-based economic activity? Aside from
transactions that involved the right to use land, it is possible that hapu and iwi employed
16 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 3
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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other means of gaining commercially from their resources, such as levying charges
(either in cash or goods) for use of the waters or landing places at these western harbours
and river ports. While there was obviously change, was this apparently for the most part
manageable and accommodated within existing practices or were there clear signs of
fundamental change, new forms of authority, or a vacuum in authority? Is there any sign
that old systems being overwhelmed? What was the impact that contact with Europeans
had on Maori ideas and changing perceptions about authority – was there increasing
individualism? If evidence suggests an increase in individualism, was this confined to
particular sphere or to particular locations or activities? Were Maori able to gain from the
challenges and opportunities that transactions with Europeans before 1860 or were
problems with old forms of authority clearly holding them back and preventing benefits
from accruing?
This general assessment of the impact of these changes and opportunities on nature of
Maori authority over land/resources should be followed by a consideration of the nature
of the transactions themselves. The focus here should be to what extent land transactions
conducted between Europeans and hapu and iwi deliberately and willingly involve (on
both sides) some form of agreed transfer of interests and rights in lands/resources from
Maori ‘ownership’ and authority to private interests, including on a permanent basis. This
evidence will assist in answering the wider question of the extent hapu and iwi in the
district had adopted western notions the ‘sale’ of land as a valid and absolute alienation of
land. Or does the evidence suggest that they were wholly or partly operating within
tikanga Maori where such transactions over land/resources reflected the establishment of
a cross-cultural relationship with reciprocal benefits and responsibilities. For example,
research should consider any instances of conflict between Maori and Europeans over use
of this land and what these can tell us about what each party understood about the
transactions they had entered into.
17 See O’Malley, ‘Political Engagement, 1840-1863 … [scoping draft Nov 2008], pp 13-16 & 30-31 fordetails of missionaries in the district.
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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Those many (though not all) early land/resource transactions between Europeans and
hapu and iwi in the district were investigated by the Old Land Claims Commission during
the 1840s and 50s. The underlying rationale for the establishment of the commission was
the principle that title to land was recognised only where it was derived from Crown
grant. So following the British Crown’s assertion of sovereignty in New Zealand any
contracts for the direct purchase of land from Maori was declared null and void. As a
result the office of Commissioner of Old Land Claims was established in 1841.
Commissioners, who could recommend that a Crown grant be issued for the land claimed
if the purchase appeared valid, would investigate all land purchases prior to 1840.
Research should consider what the Crown’s policies of pre-emption and
investigation/validation of early non-government transactions over land and resources tell
us about their views on the nature of Maori authority and its ability to cope with
pressures. Does the introduction of this policy signal that Crown thought Maori weren’t
coping? To what extent was the Crown pre-emption simply a legal assumption enacted in
all British colonies rather than a response to local problems? What can the decisions of
the commission tell us about the Crown views on the desirability (or otherwise) of
European’s entering commercial arrangements with hapu and iwi and establishing
themselves in the district? Similar, what impact the policies of Governor Grey regarding
the role of missionaries in ‘civilising’ and ‘assimilating’ Maori had on the decisions of
the land claims commissioners on validating the claims of the churches in this inquiry
district?
Approach
Sources
The researcher will need to be aware that many of the documentary sources on which this
discussion will be based will contain some level of bias, being coloured by British
Victorian values and assumptions, and by government policies about Maori authority and
its place in the colony. It will be important to be mindful of these sources of bias and to
ameliorate this concern by using a wide range of sources. Maori voices will need to be
highlighted wherever they are available. Previous research has noted that one of the
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
31
difficulties of researching old land claims is that the written record does not capture
Maori perspectives on these transactions.18 It should be noted that claimants might also
have oral and traditional accounts of some of these transactions that they wish to present
in evidence before the Tribunal. Obviously changes in the nature and exercise of hapu
and iwi authority may differ in different parts of the district and given sources available
for this time may not be able to be fully covered. But the research focus will be to find
what evidence there is that seems relevant and identify and write up what it is possible to
say from this.
Sources for an overview of Maori authority in the districtSecondary sources will assist in setting out the general nature of iwi-hapu-whanau
organisation and authority over land and resources in the period before 1860 and in
discussion about the pressures which shaped changes to that authority in this period.
Primary sources will provide details of particular transactions between Maori
communities and Europeans in the district, which can then be discussed in terms of what
they transactions show about the nature and exercise of that authority.
Sources relating to nature of Maori authority over land and resources
The most recent text on the nature of traditional Maori authority and land tenure is
Angela Ballara’s, Iwi: the dynamics of Maori tribal organisation from c.1769 to c.1945,
Victoria University Press, Wellington, 1998. Several older books such as (Ian) Hugh
Kawharu’s, Maori land tenure: studies of a changing institution, 1977 and Evelyn
Stokes’, Maori customary tenure of land, 1997 should be utilised. Ann Parsonson’s 2001
article ‘Stories for land: oral narratives in the Maori Land Court’ suggests that the Native
Land Court minutes will provide evidence of the way that hapu and whanau traditionally
regulated land and resource use.19
18 Waitangi Tribunal, Muriwhenua Land Report, GP Publications, Wellington, 1997, pp 2-3 and Mooreet al, Old Land Claims, 1997, p 819 Ann Parsonson, ‘Stories for land: oral narratives in the Maori Land Court’, in Bain Attwood and FionaMagowan (eds), Telling Stories: Indigenous history and memory in Australia and New Zealand, Allen &Unwin, 2001, pp 21-40
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
32
Source relating to pressures shaping Maori authority in the district
Vincent O’Malley’s report for this inquiry dealing with political engagement from 1840
to 1863 should be drawn upon to identify traders and missionaries in the district in the
first instance. His research on the involvement of hapu and iwi in the district in the
‘musket wars’ of the 1820s-1830s should provide the basis for a discussion of its
influence on their engagement with Europeans in the district. Where necessary the
researcher should turn to Angela Ballara’s, Taua: ‘musket wars,’ ‘land wars’ or
tikanga?: warfare in Maori society in the early nineteenth century, 2003 and R D Crosby,
A History of inter-iwi conflict, Reed, Auckland, 2001. In addition, Evelyn Stokes, Mokau:
Maori Cultural and Historical Perspectives, 1988 provides a summary of the traditional
history of hapu and iwi in the wider Taranaki/Mokau area up until 1840 and an account
of the Wesleyan mission station at Mokau in the 1840s.
Missionaries and new ideas, skills and technologies
It is likely that these sources will provide enough material for an overview. However
targeted research may be required to further understand the impact of missionary activity
on Maori authority in the district. A number of monographs produced by the Wesleyan
Historical society outline the establishment and the operation of various mission stations
at in the district. There is a range of diaries, letters and reports generated by missionaries
in the district; however, these are often voluminous so research will need to be targeted.
These include journals and letters by the Rev John Morgan, CMS missionary, Otawhao
(Te Awamutu), the Wesleyan missionaries the Rev James Wallis (Whaingaroa), Rev John
Whitely (Kawhia), Rev Thomas Skinner and Rev Gideon Smales (both of Aotea), and the
Rev Cort Henry Schnackenberg (Mokau). A full list of these sources appears in the
bibliography attached to this report.
New economic opportunities
The bibliography attached to this scoping report lists several secondary sources that
examine and theorise about the engagement of Maori with the capitalist economy in the
1840s and 1850s. These include, Hazel Petrie’s book Chiefs of Industry: Maori Tribal
Enterprise in Early Colonial New Zealand and a number of articles by her on this theme
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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in various journals. Petrie’s book may contain material of Maori economic ventures in the
Waikato and King Country. There is also Watson and Patterson’s article, ‘The Growth
and Subordination of the Maori Economy in the Wellington Region of New Zealand,
1840 – 1852.’ Also listed in the bibliography is an 1852 report by Rev John Morgan on
the economic and social development in Southern Waikato and West Coast, including
Kawhia & Aotea. An 1853 list and map of Native mills including those already built,
underway or funds collected for in South Waikato and Kawhia also been located.
Correspondence mentioning the building of a mill for Maori by a settler from New
Plymouth, Edward Pratt in the 1850s is also available at the Alexander Turnbull Library,
Wellington. There is also a useful article on a Maori flourmill at Otorohanga in a local
history journal, Footprints of History from 1996.
Evelyn Stokes’ regional study, Mokau: Maori Cultural and Historical Perspectives, and
Margaret de Jardine’s, The Little Ports of Taranaki: being Awakino, Mokau,
Tongaporutu, Urenui, Waitara, Opunake, Patea, together with some historical
background on each will provide some background to trading around West Coast
harbours. Customs statistics in New Zealand Statistics and possibly in AJHR may throw
some light on the kinds of trade and its volume from these ports. Researchers should also
refer to David McGill, (Anna Rogers(ed)), The Guardians at the Gate: The History of the
New Zealand Customs Department, 1991. The Auckland City library holds an early
sketch chart of Kawhia Harbour by Captain Thomas Wing from 1836. It would be worth
checking customs statistics for West Coast ports in the 1850s and 60s (either in AJHR or
NZ statistics). In addition, LE 1 series files contain ‘Returns of Customs Revenue at the
several Ports of New Zealand’ for the years 1857 and 1858. They also include a schedule
showing ‘Native Vessels, Return of the names and tonnage of, entering Auckland, and
the value of cargoes imported into the several Ports of Entry in the years 1855, 1856 and
1857.’ The Auckland City Library holds an 1859 map of ‘the harbours and bays of Aotea
and Kawhia, topographically and geologically explored by Dr Ferdinand von Hochstetter
1859.’
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34
Crown’s restriction of private transactions and views about the impact of pressures on
Maori authority
An examination of Native policy in the 1840s and 1850s is available in Alan Ward’s A
Show of Justice: Racial amalgamation in nineteenth century New Zealand (1995 reprint).
It would also be worth consulting chapter three of the Tribunal’s Hauraki Report on pre-
1840s transactions. A number of government and non-government witnesses from the
Kawhia area appeared before the 1856 Board appointed to inquire into the system of
purchasing land from the Natives, and other matters. Their evidence will assist in
identifying early transactions but also in discuss about the Crown’s view of Maori
authority over land/resources in the district, and to what extent Maori communities were
coping with pressures on that authority.
Identifying early non-old land claims transactionsSeveral avenues are available for identifying early land/resource transactions between
hapu/iwi and Europeans in the district. These include papers relating to settlers who filed
claims for destruction and/or abandonment of property because of the New Zealand
Wars. There are also petitions in AJHR about such losses by Ann Charlton (Ruapuke,
Aotea [Harbour], 1871), Samuel Morgan (Kawhia, 1872) and Frederick Laurie (Kawhia,
1888). Numerous local histories contain useful factual material about early European
contact with the district, however most are poorly indexed and referenced so require
some time to skim through. Several early traders and settlers at Kawhia and elsewhere
can be identified from inward letters in the McLean papers. More information about
Captain Amos Kent is to be found in Alexander Turnbull Library manuscript file
containing an article relating to John Rodolphus Kent. Finally, reports from the district
officer at Raglan throughout the 1870s (published in AJHR) occasionally mention traders
who had land and businesses in Kawhia and Whaingaroa prior to the New Zealand Wars.
Old land claims processMoore et al Old Land Claims report probably provides as much background to a
discussion of the statutory framework and operation of the old land claims commissions
as will be needed for the proposed research. The report has no bibliography but the
footnotes provide references to many important primary sources. The 1860 volume of the
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
35
British Parliamentary Papers contains a ‘select committee report on the nature and extent
of outstanding land claims and the best mode of finally disposing of the same’ from
August 1856 (see Bibliography). A thorough search of these papers for further material
on old land claims would probably turn up further material. The reports by Bruce Stirling
and by Grant Phillipson for Te Paparahi o te Raki (Northland) inquiry listed in the
bibliography attached and the Tribunal’s Muriwhenua Land Report and Hauraki Report
contain detailed research into old land claims and the old land claims policy and process.
A helpful overview of that process can be found on Archives New Zealand’s online
catalogue Archway under the OLC agency history.
Documenting old land claimsThe best starting point for researching the old land claims in the Rohe Potae inquiry
district is Paula Berghan’s ‘Block Research Narratives Related to Land Purchasing’. This
report is currently in draft but should be in its final form early in 2009. The current draft
set out key facts about each of the known old land claims in the district. Berghan’s
footnotes and supporting documents should provide the first point of entry into more
detailed research. It is also worth looking up the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
and Scholefield’s Dictionary of New Zealand Biography for further information on those
who filed old land claims. For example, there are entries for John Israel Montefiore and
John Vittoria Cowell.
Several sources will provide an overview of what happened with each of the old land
claims in the district. Tables appended to Moore et al’s report provide a summary of the
key facts about each old land claim. The 1862 report of Commissioner Bell is included in
LS 25/5 at Archives NZ Wellington. In addition, there are a number of Legislative
Department (LE) files at Archives NZ, Wellington containing minutes of Legislative
Council committees considering Bell’s report during 1862-1863 (see Bibliography).
AJHR 1878, H-26 contains a return of land claims finally settled and AJHR 1921 Sess. I,
G-5, pp 1-4 has a ‘Report of the Native Land Claims Commission’ which mopped up the
last unsettled claims.
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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Original deeds of old private land purchases will need to be located. Some of these will
be included in LS 25/5, Archives NZ, Wellington which contains old private land
purchases in New Zealand from 1815 to 1840. Turton’s Deeds has copies of eight old
private land purchase deeds in the Waikato and West Coast District dating from 1834 to
1846. Of these five are clearly in our inquiry district – four around Kawhia and one
around Aotea. These deeds should be compared with those in the LS file and against the
old land claims reports, returns and tables discussed above to determine whether they
match any of the old land claims already documented.
The OLC case files at Archives NZ, Wellington are the key source of information for a
detailed examination of each of the old land claims in this district (these are listed in the
bibliography). It is also worth looking at a number of general files on old land claims at
Archives NZ. These include:
OLC series 8 correspondence files – these are all indexed as they were used by the
various OLC commissions (1840-1881);
LE series 1 – land claims correspondence (1855-1856); and
BAAZ 1108, 88, 2173 - Lands and survey file on Old Land Claims (1877-1902).
Te Awamutu Museum hold some family history manuscripts for the Edwards and Cowell
families, and letters from George Charlton to and from Governor Grey regarding land and
liquor licenses (1853 – 1857). Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington also holds George
Charlton’s papers from 1840. There is an Agent for the General Government, Auckland
(AGG-A) file at Archives NZ, Auckland that deals with land acquired by Wesleyan
Missions, it is dated 1867-1869. The Maori Land Court Minute Books for blocks around
these harbours should be searched as narratives about early transactions with traders and
missionaries over land are often included.20
It should be possible to locate the Crown Grants issued to individuals and churches
whose old land claims were validated by the old land claims commissioners. In the
20 This is highlighted by Ann Parsonson in her discussion of the Pirongia East and West hearings in 1888 inher chapter, ‘Stories for land: oral narratives in the Maori Land Court’, in Bain Attwood and FionaMagowan (eds), Telling Stories: Indigenous history and memory in Australia and New Zealand, Allen &Unwin, Crows Nest NSW, Australia, 2001, pp 21 - 40
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
37
ABWN files at Archives New Zealand, Wellington there are four ‘Crown grants registers
– old land claims commission, Auckland’ from 1844, 1850-1856 and one volume that is a
register for Auckland, Taranaki, Wellington and Otago, 1844-1845. These registers seem
to relate to two volumes of ‘Crown Grants – Land Claims’, 1857-1861 and 1858-1864
and three volumes labelled as ‘Crown Grants – Record of Land Claims Commission’
covering the period 1857-1874 also in ABWN files. These are listed in the bibliography
attached.
Links and overlaps with other casebook research
There is potentially some overlap with the O’Malley’s first political engagement report,
1840-1863. His report will provide factual material on traders, missionaries and musket
wars. But this chapter will focus only on the issues of authority over lands and resources
and evidence for this and on early non-government land/resource transactions, their
nature, and to what extent they appear to have been recognized by the Crown.
Existing research
A summary of O’Malley’s sections on the musket wars and on missionary activities
from his political engagement report for the 1840-1863 period will provide almost all
the material required for a discussion on the impact of these two pressures on
hapu/iwi authority over their lands and resources.
Moore et al’s Rangahaua Whanui report on Old Land Claims, the Tribunal’s Hauraki
report and various research reports completed for the Tribunal’s Northland inquiry
could be summarised to provide an overview of Crown policy regarding pre-emption
and the investigation and validation of old land claims.
Berghan has identified and documented all the old land claims in the district. These
narratives can be summarised and further research focused on the nature of these
transactions and what they tell us about Maori authority in the district can be
identified and carried out.
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Research needed
Overview of the nature of Maori authority over land and resources from secondary
sources;
Summary of secondary sources on the impact of musket wars as a pressure of hapu
and iwi to enter transactions with Europeans in the inquiry district;
Summary of secondary sources on impact of new economic opportunities and of the
skills, technologies and ideas introduced by missionaries on the desire of hapu and
iwi to enter transactions with Europeans in the inquiry district before 1860 and the
nature of those transactions;
Supplementary primary research into missionary influences from letters and dairies of
missionaries in the district (Schnackenberg at Mokau, Morgan at Te Awamutu and
Smales and Skinner at Aotea);
Summarise early transactions between European traders/settlers and hapu and iwi in
the district, which did not become old land claims from secondary sources;
Supplementary primary research to identify and document the nature of early non-old
land claims transactions between European traders/settlers and hapu and iwi in the
district (archives material on losses suffered by Europeans during the NZ Wars,
petitions from settlers in AJHR and mentions in local histories of western harbours);
Summary of old land claims policy and process from secondary sources;
Summary of old land claims block narratives from Berghan’s report for this district;
Primary research into the nature and outcome of old land claims from the OLC case
files at Archives NZ, Wellington; and
Primary research into the nature and outcome of old land claims from reports, deeds,
correspondence and other archival sources.
Time and resources required
The timeframes set out below are a preliminary estimate (in days) of how long it would
take a researcher to gather and write up a rough draft of material for each one of the
research tasks listed above. Estimate total time is given in days and weeks, weeks are
calculated based on 5 full-time days per week.
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Task Estimate time (days)
Overview of the nature of Maori authority 5
Summary on impact of musket wars 3
Summary on impact of new economic opportunities 4
Summary on impact of skills, technologies and ideas introduced by
missionaries
3
Supplementary primary research into missionary influences 5
Summary of secondary sources on early non-old land claim
transactions (local histories)
4
Supplementary primary research into early non-old land claim
transactions
4
Summary of old land claims policy and process 3
Summary of old land claims block narratives from Berghan’s report 2
Primary research into the nature and outcome of old land claims from
the OLC case files at Archives NZ, Wellington.
8
Primary research into the nature and outcome of old land claims from
reports, deeds, correspondence and other archival sources.
9
Total estimate time for researching and drafting this chapter 50 days (10 weeks)
Some of this work could be allocated to research assistance:
Identify and document traders and settlers from New Zealand Wars compensation
cases (3 days); and
Extract and summarise any material pre-1861 on Mokau, Kawhia, Whaingaroa to do
with settler-Maori land transactions in CFRT newspaper document bank (2 or 3 days).
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Chapter 2: Early Government contact and Crown
land/resources transactions to 1865
Introduction
This chapter discusses some of the research issues that will need to be examined in
researching early government contact and Crown land/resource transactions in Te Rohe
Potae inquiry district before 1865. This discussion is followed by an overview of the
primary and secondary sources that will assist in answering these questions. The chapter
finishes by identifying areas where there is already adequate research and what research
will need to be done. It also gives a preliminary indication of the time this research will
take and indicates whether there are tasks that could be assigned to a research assistant.
Discussion
There were a number of these transactions between 1851 and 1857, which with the
exception of the Harihari block north of the Marakopa River, were confined to coastal
areas around the key trading harbours of Mokau, Kawhia and Whaingaroa.21
Correspondence from AJHR 1861 shows that John Rogan carried out the negotiations
during the 1850s under instruction by Donald McLean, the Chief Land Purchase
Commissioner. It appears that Wiremu Nera, a rangatira at Raglan, and Wiremu
Tamihana offered land to the Crown in the areas around Whaingaroa and Waipa, and the
coastal area from Te Akau to the Waikato Heads respectively in about 1864.
As with early non-government transactions, the principle focus of the research should be
on what these transactions reveal about what each party understood about the authority of
hapu/iwi over their lands and resources. In some cases it is difficult to ascertain the exact
nature of the transactions that took place and which can reliably be considered to have
been completed. For example, there is some indication that some of the purchasing
around Whaingaroa in the 1850s may have been by private individuals, rather than by the
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Crown. The map of the Rohe Potae titled ‘Land and Autonomy’ in Plate 84 of the New
Zealand Historical Atlas shows a large area on the southern side of the Whaingaroa
Harbour as ‘private purchase’ (they give no reference for this, see figure 4). There are
several files relating to the purchase of land by Captain J C Johnstone at Whaingaroa.22
But no case file for an old land claims by Johnstone can be found, so it appears that this
transaction was not considered to be an old land claim, so he may have been involved in
some sort of private purchase arrangement.
As has been noted in the context of early private transactions, from 1840 the Crown set in
place the legal practice of Crown pre-emption. Under this policy ‘there can be no private
ownership by the non-indigenous without the Crown first interposing and extinguishing
the Native title in some lawful manner.’23 The Crown would not recognise as valid any
private title to land ‘which is not either derived from, or confirmed by, a grant to be made
in Her Majesty’s name, and on her behalf’.24 This made the old land claims process
necessary but also opened the way for the Crown to acquire land from Maori and
reselling it to settlers it at a profit, thus funding a programme of land acquisition.25
Research will need to explore what the Crown’s pre-emption practically meant for this
district in the 1850s. Was it clearly necessary for the Crown to control land/resource
transactions in this way to protect Maori from being taken advantage of by individual
Europeans? If so, was that a reasonable response given the extent, nature and outcome of
those early private transactions discussed in the previous chapter? Or was this policy
something the Crown saw as protection for a new and different type of settlement – large-
scale organised settlement still to happen? In attempting to answer these questions it will
21 These dates are suggested by a listing of all purchase deeds and deed receipts for the Mokau, Aotea andKawhia districts from Turton’s Deeds. More reliable dates may emerge when copies of original deeds areexamined. 22 LE 1, 15, 1856/123, 62, ANZ, Wellington contain correspondence between Captain J C Johnstone andthe General Government respecting his land purchase at Whangora [sic]’, 1856. Te Awamutu Museumholds Captain J C Johnstone’s Letterbook for March 1881 to July 1882. Their catalogue notes that much ofhis writing appears to be petitions related to his claim to an early land purchase on the south side of theWhaingaroa Harbour.23 Boast, R, Buying the Land, Selling the Land: Government and Maori Land in the North Island 1865-1921, Victoria University Press/Victoria University of Wellington Law Review, Wellington, 2008, p 2024 Boast, Buying the Land, Selling the Land, 2008, pp 20 - 21
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be important to establish the specific reasons why the Crown chose to commence
purchasing Maori land on the western coast of the inquiry district when it did in the
1850s. In particular, to what extent were these transactions aimed at securing access to
safe harbours along the coastal route between New Plymouth and Auckland? Were they a
response to immediate demand for land for settlement or was there some reason to
believe that these locations could be future sites of settlement? Attention should be paid
to the how these reasons may differ for each of these locations.
Another research focus on will be whether the Crown informed hapu and iwi in the
district that they wished to enter transactions with them over lands and resources? Was
there willing agreement from hapu and iwi that these kinds of transactions were needed?
In attempting to answer these questions the researcher should examine how these
transactions were initiated and what role Crown officials and hapu/iwi leaders played in
seeking out one another. We need to know more about the presence of the Crown in the
district during the 1840s and early 1850s.26 What role did visits to the district by Donald
McLean, as Protector of Aborigines and as Inspector of Police, in the 1840s play in
beginning a process that led to the transactions from 1854 onwards?27 To what extent did
Crown officials actively seek out communities where they wished to acquire land? Or
were communities willingly offering land for European settlement?
Research should also consider evidence relating to why hapu and iwi entered these
transactions with the Crown. Were there particular expectations about what would be
gained from the transaction in terms the number of Europeans who would settle in the
district, and/or an increase in trade and other economic activities? On the other hand, is
there any evidence that the cash payment was sought in order to support traditional
displays of wealth or rounds of reciprocal exchange with other hapu or iwi and thereby
25 Boast, Buying the Land, Selling the Land, 2008, pp 20-2126 For example, it is also possible that the Crown had established a customs house at Kawhia on land itsublet from Europeans who had entered an agreement for it with hapu and iwi, but it is unclear whether thistook place before or after the 1854-1857 transactions (AJHR 1860, F-1 and F-2 & AJHR 1860, G-1 & G-2)27 Stokes notes that Donald McLean, at that time a Protector of Aborigines and later Land Purchase Officer,and the Wanganui Missionary, Rev Richard Taylor made a journey down the Mokau River in 1845 (EvelynStokes, Mokau: Maori Cultural and Historical Perspectives, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 1988, pp95-96 citing A D Mead, Richard Taylor Missionary Tramper, Reed, Wellington, 1966, p 87)
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enhance the mana of the community?28 Or was the desire for ready cash to repay debts
incurred in trade and farming in the 1840s and 1850s a factor for any of the communities
involved in these transactions? 29 If debt can be shown to be a significant factor in this
inquiry district in the areas these purchases were made, it may also be worth considering
whether the Crown’s response to the Maori commercial development adequate, especially
given that systematic assistance could have been afforded by the Protectorate of
Aborigines, which had been abolished by Governor Grey.30 If the response was
inadequate it may be possible to consider whether this contributed to Maori willingness to
enter transactions and received payment for their interests in land.
The research will need to explore the nature of the transactions themselves and consider
whether they were carefully explained by the purchaser and willingly agreed to by the
owners? This will involve exploring the extent to which Crown officials conducted the
negotiations in a transparent manner and what impact the way in which they secured the
consent of individuals to the transaction had on the exercise of hapu and iwi authority
over the land. In particular, what was the Crown’s general approach to the complex
intersecting interests of the hapu?’31 Did the land purchase commissioners entered into
transactions before establishing which individuals and groups had rights to the land? Did
they enter transactions knowing that those rights were disputed or where there were
sections of the known right-owners did not wish to sell?32 Just which individuals the
Crown dealt with and how opposition by other was handled is an issue that needs further
exploration.
A number of questions should be asked regarding what hapu and iwi understood and
intended with regard to these transactions. The kinds of questions raised by previous
28 Ann Parsonson, ‘The Pursuit of Mana’, in The Oxford History of New Zealand W H Oliver, and B RWilliams, (eds), Oxford University Press, Wellington, 1981, pp 140-167; Angela Ballara, ‘The Pursuit ofMana? A Re-evaluation of the Process of Land Alienation by Maori, 1840-1890’, Journal of the PolynesianSociety, vol. 91, 1982, p 519; Ann Parsonson, ‘The Challenge to Mana Maori’ in The Oxford History ofNew Zealand, 2nd Edition, Geoffrey Rice (ed), Oxford University Press, 1992, pp 167-20029 Waitangi Tribunal, Hauraki Report, Legislation Direct, Wellington, 2006, p 17930 Waitangi Tribunal, Hauraki Report, 2006, p 18131 Waitangi Tribunal, Hauraki Report, 2006, p 17732 Waitangi Tribunal, Hauraki Report, 2006, p 177
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research include to what extent Maori could reasonable expected to understand the
transaction as a ‘sale’ in the western sense? To what extent did hapu and iwi see the
transaction primarily in terms of incorporating more European friends and allies into their
communities? 33 Is there any evidence that will help clarify what these communities
understood about the nature and extent of their authority over the land and over the
Europeans who might settle on it once after the transaction were completed? Or did hapu
and iwi consider that they were entering some kind of alliance or partnership with the
Crown with mutual responsibilities and benefits on each side?34 In particular, what does
the gifting of pieces of land by hapu and iwi for schools around the same time as these
transactions were completed suggest about Maori understandings of the nature of the
transactions?35 Were there expectations amongst hapu and iwi that entering these
transactions would create long-term benefits? If so, to what extent (if at all) did Crown
officials set out those benefits during negotiations around these transactions? For
example, did Crown officials in these transactions make any commitment to set aside 10
percent of the profits for ‘Native purposes’ such as hospitals, medical officers, hostels
and schools from the sale of the land to settler? If so was this commitment carried
through and were amenities provided for Maori in the district?
For their part what did the Crown intend and understand by these transactions? Were
these deeds effectively political cessions for which the main payment was the reservation
of settlements and cultivations coupled with a cash grant which bore little relation to the
land’s actual value.36 To what extent were they seen by Crown officials at that time as
treaties ceding substantive sovereignty.’37 Closely connected to these questions are
matters of the ‘payment’ for the land. The fact that there was no open market for land
because hapu and iwi could not deal directly with settlers, and could only deal with the
Crown means that there is little available evidence of what the ‘market’ price of land was
33 Waitangi Tribunal, National Overview, 1997, vol. I, p 5934 Vincent O’Malley, ‘Land Deeds as Treaties: The New Zealand Experience’, A Paper Presented to the17th Annual Australian and New Zealand Law and History Society Conference, La Trobe University,Melbourne, July 1998, p 1535 Three deeds for the gifting of land for schools in the Kawhia and Aotea district in 1854 are found inTurton’s Deeds.36 Boast, Buying the Land, Selling the Land, 2008, p 2937 O’Malley, ‘Deeds as Treaties … , 1998, pp 12-13
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at that time.38 Therefore, with no reliable measure of what Maori land was worth
commercially the researcher will need to examine official correspondence to draw
conclusions about how the Crown determined what price it would offer in these
transactions. It may be interesting to consider whether the particular Maori communities
involved in these transactions in the inquiry district attempted to bargain with the Crown
to increase the purchase price paid, and if so to what extent they were successful.39
The question of whether hapu and iwi were paid a ‘fair’ price by the Crown for their land
is closely connected with the issue of how the Crown understood these transactions. It
needs to be asked to what extent Crown officials considered that a low price per acre was
acceptable because of the benefits to Maori of European settlement and economic
growth.40 This certainly raises the question of what benefits were promised to the various
hapu and iwi communities around these harbours, and what, if any of those benefits
materialised in the decades after the purchases?
With regard to the nature of the payments made, the original deeds will need to be
examined alongside official correspondence to determine whether there were ‘buy-back’
provisions in any of these purchases. McLean and Rogan used these provisions in several
deeds for the Hua and Waiwakaiho blocks, north of New Plymouth in 1853 and 1854, at
the same time as they were concluding in negotiations for land in the Rohe Potae inquiry
district. The effect of these clauses was to channel a proportion of the purchase money
into a fund to allow individual Maori who signed the deed to ‘buy back’ a certain
portions of the block and to hold that land in a Crown grant. The remaining land was then
thrown open for selection by settlers. This had an impact on the quantity of Native
reserves allocated in the deed and on the size of the cash payment made.41
38 Waitangi Tribunal, Hauraki Report, 2006, p 17339 It has been suggested that in general ‘part of the reason for accepting low prices, minimal reserves, andlittle else was the lack of countervailing advice. Grey had got rid of the Protectorate Department in 1846,just at a time when it was showing a real understanding of emerging problems and some vigour, sometimes,in defending Maori interests.’ (Waitangi Tribunal, National Overview, 1997, vol. I, p 59)40 Boast, Buying the Land, Selling the Land, 2008, p 2941 Leanne Boulton, ‘Native Reserves, Assimilation and Self-determination: Te Atiawa, the Crown andSettlers, North Taranaki, 1840-1875, MA thesis, University of Canterbury, 2004, pp 167-172, 176-180
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What hapu and iwi thought the transactions meant in terms of the practical exercise of
their authority and ability to use, manage and control of the lands and resources
encompassed by the transaction also needs to be explored. For example, to what extent
did Maori expected to stop using the land and concentrate their settlement onto the small
Native reserves allocated to them? Did they if fact continue to use the land in the same
way as they always had, and what does this tell us about their understanding of the
transaction?’42 The researcher should identify what reserves were promised, orally and in
the purchase deed, and establish whether they were created and if/when they were
surveyed and/or included in a Crown grant to Maori individuals. Attempts should be
made to trace anything that is known about their administration by the Crown under
Native reserves legislation in the period up to 1907. One of the principal issues for
investigation will be what land Maori communities asked to be reserved for them at the
time of the initial negotiations and how Crown officials dealt with these requests. In cases
where no requests seem to have been made it is important to look at what reserves the
Crown decided to provide and why. Both the quantity, the proportion of the sale block
reserved for Maori, and the number and size of the reserves, and the quality (location,
access to natural resources and topography) should be considered. The researcher should
then document the subsequent alienation history of these reserves and discuss whether the
reserves served the purpose intended when they were created.
Several wider questions about the nature of Native reserves will need to be considered.
In considering the negotiations around the provision of Native reserves in these
transactions the researcher should seek evidence about what Crown officials, missionary
witnesses and Maori themselves understood about the purpose of the reserves. For
example, were they to protect wahi tapu? Or were they intended to provide land for the
community to live on? Or to provide an endowment for fix term leasing that would
generate revenue to be paid for Maori?43 The researcher should also be alert for any signs
of confusion over whether Maori customary title over the reserves within the boundary of
42 Boast, Buying the Land, Selling the Land, 2008, pp 30-31. O’Malley cites examples from the Ahuriri‘purchase’ in Hawkes Bay of Maori continuing to occupy portions of it, running sheep, cultivating crops,and hunting and collecting traditional foods in the area (O’Malley, ‘Deeds as Treaties …’, 1998, p 12)43 Waitangi Tribunal, National Overview, 1997, vol. I, p 55
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purchase blocks had been extinguished by the purchase itself or whether the reserves had
been excluded from the purchase. This distinction often only became apparent when the
reserves were bought under the Native reserves legislation after 1856.44
Once the transactions were considered complete by officials ‘a block would be listed in
the New Zealand Gazette as an area over which ‘the Native Title has been extinguished.’
The land was then passed to the provincial governments who controlled its distribution to
the settler community by means of Crown grants.45 Research will need to determine
whether such proclamations actually appeared in the Gazette, and whether the Auckland
and Taranaki provincial governments then dealt with those pieces of land. Attempts could
be made to trace Crown grants issued to settlers and Maori for land in these blocks. If, on
the other hand, survey and settlement was delayed until the Rohe Potae began to be
opened up in the 1880s was there confusion about the status of the land for the Crown
and/or for Maori?
Approach
Sources
Early Crown contact in the districtMcLean’s letterbooks and diaries from the 1840s may provide material on the Crown’s
early engagement in this district. In particular, Stokes notes that Donald McLean, at that
time a Protector of Aborigines and later Land Purchase Officer, and the Wanganui
Missionary, Rev Richard Taylor made similar journeys in 1845.46 ‘Extracts from a journal
kept during a visit to the interior of the Northern Island of New Zealand, 1845’ in the
McLean papers at the Alexander Turnbull Library will provide further information.
In addition, it may be worth looking at two files of papers from 1850 to 1856 kept by
McLean about his work as Inspector of Police for the Taranaki province, since this was a
44 Boulton, ‘Native Reserves, Assimilation and Self-determination …’, MA thesis, University ofCanterbury, 2004, pp 167 – 172, 176 - 18045 Boast, Buying the Land, Selling the Land, 2008, p 2746 Stokes, Mokau, 1988, pp 95-96 citing A D Mead, Richard Taylor Missionary Tramper, Reed,Wellington, 1966, p 87
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role he undertook at the same time as the purchases were being negotiated. MA 2/3,
Archives NZ, Wellington contains ‘Letters re land purchases mostly received by D
McLean – 26 April 1848 - 29 November 1852.’ Further material might be provided by
his published reports as protectors of aborigines, it is possible that these are in AJHR or
the British Parliamentary Papers.
Crown purchasing policy and practice in the 1840-1866There is a significant body of research relating to Crown purchasing from the 1840s and
1850s already on various Tribunal records of inquiry, particularly those of the Hauraki,
Muriwhenua, Wairarapa and Taranaki districts. The Tribunal’s Ngai Tahu, Mohaka-ki-
Ahuriri, Hauraki and Muriwhenua Land reports explore this evidence further. There are
also a number of reports and theses dealing with the creation and administration of Native
Reserves that provide the policy and legislative background that will be required. In
addition there are some general texts and articles on this period which should be referred
to, in particular Alan Ward’s A Show of Justice and Michael Belgrave’s New Zealand
Journal of History article ‘Pre-emption, the Treaty of Waitangi and the Politics of Crown
Purchase.’ These sources are listed in the bibliography.
As discussed below, there are some letters by McLean in AJHR 1861 giving instructions
to John Rogan about how to go about purchase negotiations. Similar letters for other
districts are also likely to be found there. In addition, there is a small amount of
miscellaneous material relating to ‘Native Affairs’ in Donald McLean’s papers at the
Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington that should be checked. The minutes, report and
evidence given before the 1856 Board of Native Affairs provides material about Crown
policies and attitudes towards Maori land and land purchasing and includes statements by
McLean and settlers and missionaries along this western coast.47
The funding and organisation of Crown purchasing before 1866Some of the general instructions given by McLean to Rogan with regard to the
acquisition of land in the inquiry district can be found in the AJHR 1861 C-1 series of
correspondence about these transactions. It may also be useful to look at what McLean
47 BPPNZ10, 1860[2719], pp 235-337
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was saying to his deputies purchasing land in Taranaki and Wairarapa and Hawke’s Bay
at the same time, especially since John Rogan was acting for McLean in Taranaki and in
the Rohe Potae area during the 1850s. My thesis on Native Reserves and Ann
Parsonson’s report for the Taranaki inquiry (Wai 143, #A1 (a)) capture some of that for
Taranaki. Research already on Tribunal records of inquiry may cover this as well. There
are a set of LE series 1 files that set out the amounts spent on land purchasing and show
what money was made available for purchasing, two of these files are from 1854 and
1856 and deal specifically with McLean’s purchasing activities.
In other districts there are indications that McLean used payments to chiefs to secure
purchases – there was often confusion over whether these were gifts, loans or down
payments. It is important to check any sources that itemise McLean’s expenditure of
anything relating to loans to individual Maori. LE 1, 15, 1865/139, 39a contains papers
dealing with ‘Natives, outstanding loans to. Return of outstanding loans in the Province
of Auckland’, 1856 and LE 1, 13, 1856/57 includes ‘correspondence regarding special
scrip issued by Sir G Grey to certain Native chiefs, 1856.’
The transactions themselvesBerghan’s block narratives for this district identify and document a number of pre-1865
Crown purchases in the inquiry district. This should be the starting point for further
research. However, from the primary material identified in this scoping it appears that
there may have been more transactions between the Crown and hapu and iwi in the
district than Berghan has so far documented. Transaction around the Whaingaroa and
Kawhia areas are more confusing than those at Mokau/Awakino which seem to be fairly
clear cut. Schedules and return of land purchased, copies of deed and official
correspondence will be the key sources in clarifying these transactions. These sources are
dealt with in turn below.
Schedules/returns of land purchased by the Crown
As well as the financial returns for land purchasing discussed above, the LE series 1 files
contain returns of land purchased in various districts in New Zealand for the years 1855,
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1856, 1860 and 1861. Two further returns, those from 1854 and 1859 have been located
in the British Parliamentary Papers.
Purchase deeds
Microfilm copies of Crown purchase deeds for the South Auckland and Taranaki Land
Districts are held at Land Information New Zealand (LINZ), Hamilton. The ABWN files
at Archives New Zealand, Wellington include an index to Native deeds between 1841
and 1874 and bound books of deeds of conveyance for the Auckland district from 1858 to
1864. It is hoped that these will provide originals (or at least original copies) of these
purchase deeds, with plans attached. These deeds are reproduced in published form in
Turton’s Deeds which contains 20 deeds and deed receipts for land in the Mokau, Kawhia
and Aotea districts purchased by the Crown before 1865. They are dated from March
1851 to December 1857. In addition, there are three deeds of gift from the Kawhia and
Aotea districts in January 1854, all for the purpose of a school (these are listed in the
bibliography).
Correspondence between or from Crown officials
There is a body of correspondence between Donald McLean and John Rogan during the
negotiations for purchases in the inquiry district during the 1850s. These include 28
letters in AJHR 1861 C-1 Whaingaroa District. The majority of these letters are about the
negotiation and payment for blocks of land. However there are a number of letters that
give instructions from McLean to Rogan about land purchasing procedures. All date from
March 1854 to June 1857. McLean’s papers at the Alexander Turnbull Library,
Wellington include five files containing letters from Rogan to McLean between 1852 and
1870. There are also McLean’s papers and diaries recording his work in various
Government roles. These include two files containing land purchase accounts for the
period from 1853 to 1856 and two files containing Native Land Commissioner - papers
from 1850 to 1857. There is also a file of undated sketches and rough maps relating to
land purchases. Finally, there is a file of printed papers relating to land from the 1850-
1877 period.
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MA 2/3, Archives NZ, Wellington contains a ‘Register of Deeds, Whaingaroa papers, 25
June-21 November 1856; and ‘Index to Native Land Purchase 1848-1853’. At the back of
a register of inwards memoranda (MA 2/46) is a list of letters received by Land
Commissioner Donald McLean – 13 July 1855-30 March 1860. There are also several
general LE 1 series files from 1856 and 1858 relating to land purchasing.
There are a number of sources that deal with the offers made by Wiremu Nera and
Wiremu Tamehana in about 1864. In particular, an 1863 file titled ‘From: Rogan John,
Judge Native Land Court, Kaipara – Subject: Nero's [sic] Offer of Land memo re Block
between Waitetuna and Waipu, BBOP, 4309, 9a-254, 1863/125, Archives NZ, Auckland.
A ‘Map showing conquered territory in Northern Part of North Island of New Zealand’
annotated and signed by Lt. General Cameron on the 16 December 1864 appears in The
British Parliamentary Papers. This shows these pieces of land and a number of areas
within the blocks offered for sale are marked off as reserves.48 It is possible that LE 1, 42,
1865/137, 22, Archives NZ, Wellington containing a letter from Mr Dillon Bell to
Waikato Chiefs dated 7 May 1863 will throw some light on these offers.
There is also a considerable amount to correspondence from the 1860s from and about
Maori, including Wiremu Nera, at Raglan in the Agent to the General Government,
Auckland (AGG-A) papers at Archives NZ, Auckland and in the Maori Affairs
Department (MA) papers, Archives NZ, Wellington. Various newspaper articles also
throw light on the Crown’s relationship with Wiremu Nera and on the general situation
between Maori and settlers around Raglan at that time. These sources may provide a
context for this ‘offer to sell’. Information about the offer of land to the Crown by
Wiremu Tamihana may be found in Evelyn Stokes’ biography of him and in Gorst’s book
The Maori King.
Correspondence and other statements by Maori
There are a number of possible sources of correspondence by Maori relating to Crown
purchases in the inquiry district. Some of this material is in te reo Maori, and will be
48 BBPNZ14, 1866[3695], btw pp 26 & 27
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identified and summarised by Meredith and McCrae in their project on te reo Maori
sources. A letter from Te Haratua Kiripakopako Pingareka on 13 January 1855 opposing
the selling of land at Kawhia and Aotea has been located in the British Parliamentary
Papers. Two letters from Ngati Maniapoto to Queen Victoria in 1854 and 1855 about the
Taumatamarie and Mokau purchases have been found in the BACS A806 papers at
Archives NZ, Auckland. There are also letters from Maori in the 1870s and 1880s
inquiring about outstanding purchase money and about the survey of land that had been
purchased at Aotea and Kawhia. Further letters from Maori could be located by searching
a number of letterbooks held at Archives NZ in Wellington and Auckland. In particular
inward and outward letters from of the Superintendent for the Auckland Province (1853-
1876), the Governor, the Survey Department and Maori Affairs Department (see
bibliography for details). There are also five petitions from Maori regarding the
boundaries of the Karioi block and payment for that land. There is also a Maori Affairs
file relating to a petition by Timi Piripi and other regarding Te Mata Takapaunui
Ohiapopoko and Te Uku reserved from sale of Whaingaroa Block and exchange of Te
Uku for Karioi Block, the file is dated 1893-1948.
Ten percents and its funding of ‘Native purposes’
It is possible that the Crown set aside a proportion of the profits from these land sales for
‘Native Purposes’ such as hospitals, hostels and schools. LE 1, 35, 1862/200 contains a
‘statement of sales of land in Auckland Province from the proceeds of which ten per cent
has been guaranteed to be expended for Native purposes, January 1854 to June 1862’.
Native reservesIt should be possible to identify Native reserves created in these purchases from the
purchase deeds themselves and from later roll plans and ML plans held at LINZ,
Hamilton. However, it is also useful to trace the administration and status of these
reserves through comparing schedules of Native reserves, these should be available in
AJHR. Native reserve accounts were also published in the provincial gazettes for
Auckland and Taranaki before 1877 and in AJHR after this date. These will assist in
tracking which reserves remain in Maori ownership. In addition there are a number
ABWN 8771 W5280 registers and files from 1868 onwards that may also be useful (these
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are listed in the bibliography). Depending on the outcome of this initial search it may be
worth searching the office of the Maori Trustee in Hamilton for files relating to their
administration of the reserves in the twentieth century.
There are several files of interest relating to attempts to put roads through the Puketutu
Maori Reserve (Whaingaroa area) and the Papahua Native Reserve (Karioi area) in the
1870s. There appears to have been considerable contention over the Native reserves in
the Mokau and Awakino purchases. There is a undated survey file (AADS W3562, 231,
22/3009S, Archive NZ, Wellington) about the Awakino and Mokau Native Reserves and
LINZ, Hamilton holds a box of historical records about the Awakino, Mokau and
Taumatamarie purchases and their Native reserves (see bibliography for full details).
Sources for tracing the survey and disposal of purchased landAs set out in the background section of this chapter, the normal procedure for disposing
of land purchased by the Crown before 1865 was for a proclamation to be issued
declaring Native title to have been extinguished. The land was then handed over to the
provincial government who would on-sell it to settlers. Those who purchased the land
then applied for a Crown grant to be issued in their favour. It is unclear whether this
process was followed for all or some of the land purchased in this district in the 1850s.
There are a number of sources that should be able to tell us what happened:
Native Land Court local registers
The first line of inquiry should be the local registers for Waikato, Raglan & Aotea and
Kawhia and Mokau in the BBOP 5966 papers at Archives NZ, Auckland (details listed in
bibliography). These date from 1865 and appear to have been kept by the Native Land
Court as working books that record all the transactions on blocks within each area. They
should be thoroughly examined. This should give references to proclamations in the New
Zealand Gazette.
Survey files
There are survey files (ABWN 8102 W5279 files, Archives NZ, Wellington) for these
purchase blocks, all are dated from 1854 to 1857. These files are labelled with a block
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name and then a dash followed by a district name (mostly Whaingaroa or Whangaroa –
the spelling varies). As well that those blocks already identified through Turton’s Deeds
and the AJHR correspondence, there are a number of others for the Whaingaroa district.
These files have been listed in the bibliography and should be investigated. There is also
an LS series 1 file for the Mokau block for 1884 and an Army Department file (AD 1,
1865/4303) relating to the ‘Hari Hari Block, Kawhia’.
Wastelands records for the Auckland Province
There are a number of LE series 1 files from 1856 to 1863 that deal with the disposal of
wastelands by the provincial governments, including several specifically about the
Auckland Province. In addition, AGG-A 1, 1, 55/65 is a copy of a memo from Charles
Heaphy, Auckland 19 July 1865 enquiring about the interpretation of Auckland Waste
Lands Act, 1858. LE series 1 also contains minute books of the Auckland Wastelands
Committee for 1863.
Crown grants
It would be useful to see if any of the land in these transactions was Crown granted to
settlers. There are three volumes of Crown grants registers for the Auckland from 1865 to
1910 (ABWN, 890, W5274) at Archives NZ, Wellington. In addition, LE 1, 31,
1861/206, 69 contains ‘a return of all Crown Grants issued, or in course of preparation, to
Native subjects of Her Majesty’ from 1861.
Grants to military and naval settlers
It is not clear at this point whether any of the land acquired by the Crown in the 1850s
was later granted to military or naval settlers. Given the proximity to the confiscated
territory to the North of the Puniu River it is possible that areas around Whaingaroa
Harbour were granted in this way. This needs checking. BAAZ 4708, 1a, Archives NZ,
Auckland is a file that relates to New Zealand [Army] pensioners pre-emption selections
[of land] from 1853 to 1856.
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Links and overlaps with other casebook research
There is potential for overlap with O’Malley’s political engagement report for the 1840-
1863 period. It is intended to avoid overlap by limiting the scope of this chapter to the
particular transactions between hapu and iwi and the Crown over land and resources. The
focus of the research will be on questions about the motivations, intentions and
understandings of each party with regard to the nature of these transactions, in particular
what these transactions can tell us about the nature and extent of Maori authority over
lands and resources in this period. There will also be a practical emphasis on how the
land was disposed of after the transactions were completed and how Native reserves were
created, and administered. O’Malley’s report may be drawn on to inform this chapter and
a limited amount of material may be summarised from it for context.
Existing research
Evelyn Stokes’ book on Mokau briefly covers the Awakino, Mokau, Taumatamaire
and Rauroa transactions. Appendix 1 of her book has copies of Turton’s deeds for all
four purchases plus the deed plans. Also appended are original ownership lists
(including minors and their trustees) for the Native reserves in these blocks;
Berghan block narrative provide the basic facts of all the Crown-Maori transactions
identified so far but the narratives do not explore issues around Maori authority; and
A number of research reports for other inquiries provide an overview of 1840s-1850s
Crown policy on land purchasing.
Research needed
An account of early Crown contact in the district, especially by Donald McLean as
Protector of Aborigines and Inspector of Police in Taranaki in the 1840s;
Summary of Crown purchasing policy and practice from secondary sources;
Supplementary primary research on Crown purchasing policy and practice in the
inquiry district in the 1840s-1850s;
Summary of Berghan’s narratives for each transaction between hapu and iwi and the
Crown in the district;
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Primary research to clarify the number and nature of these transactions, especially
around the Whaingaroa Harbour;
Primary research into the negotiations for each transaction and their outcome;
Primary research into the creation and history of the Native reserves in each
transaction; and
Primary research into the disposal of land from these transaction.
Time and resources required
The timeframes set out below are a preliminary estimate (in days) of how long it would
take a researcher to gather and write up a rough draft of material for each one of the
research tasks listed above. Estimate total time is given in days and weeks, weeks are
calculated based on 5 full-time days per week.
Task Time estimated (days)
Primary research for account of early Crown contact 6
Summary of Crown purchasing policy and practice from
secondary sources5
Supplementary primary research on Crown purchasing policy
and practice in the inquiry district4
Summary of Berghan’s narratives for each transaction 4
Supplementary primary research to clarify the number and
nature of these transactions7
Primary research into the negotiations for each transaction and
their outcome10
Primary research into the creation and history of the Native
reserves in each transaction5
Primary research into the disposal of land from these transaction 10
Total estimate time for research and writing up first draft 51 days (10 weeks & 1 day)
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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Possible research assistance projects
Collecting Crown purchase deeds and maps and providing an analysis of price paid,
reserves set aside and some comment on consistence of te reo and English terms used
in the deeds;
Locate and copy all Native reserves schedules and provide an analysis of which
reserves from this district are shown and what happened to them;
Locate and copy all NZ gazette notices for land in these transactions; and
Using the Crown grants registers in Archives NZ, Auckland, trace any land granted to
settlers or Maori within the areas involved in these transactions
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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Figure 7: Te Rohe Potae Inquiry District: Boundaries in the Northern Area
R.ihn y Aen
r,,::,:; ;\- orfhun bound. ,), of th. Roh.po, •• (A., .. ) Block. 1886
I: .... -Ar .. p~r<h • . "", by th. C <. " 'D, pn_1S6S
, " {
.'
"
, ', ... ,, ~_J . ,
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
59
Chapter 3: The introduction of new land legislation and the
Native Land Court to the district, 1865-1886
Introduction
This chapter identifies research issues around how hapu and iwi used and controlled their
land both inside and outside the aukati in the period from 1865 to 1886 and how Crown
authority and actions influenced this. It begins by describing this period and then goes on
to define what the focus of this research should. This discussion is followed by an
overview of sources that will assist in examining these issues. The chapter finishes by
assessing the existing research and indicating where further research should be
concentrated. It also gives a preliminary indication of the time this research will take and
indicates whether there are tasks that could be assigned to a research assistant.
Discussion
This chapter of the main report will pick up the research on land issues at 1866 and to
cover the period up to 1886 when the RohePotae (Aotea) block came before the Native
Land Court for the first time. The period begins in the aftermath of the war and
confiscation in the Waikato district. This report will not deal with those topics, as they are
the subjects of separate reports to be completed by Vincent O’Malley.
The Native Land Court had been established under the Native Lands Acts 1862 and 1865.
This legislation and the creation of the court heralded a major change in the way that the
Crown dealt with Maori land. It provided the basic legal framework for the investigation
and determination of title to Maori land and over time came to apportion shares in that
title to individuals. At around the same time, from about 1866 until the Rohe Potae
agreement in 1883 the central King Country remained largely autonomous, controlled by
the King movement. This autonomy maintained by the revival and extension of an
‘ancient aukati that had once apparently regulated movement between Te Arawa and
Waikato across the Patetere plains.’49 In practice this meant that Europeans seeking
49 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 7
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access to the district required what was effectively a visa, issued under the authority of
the Maori King. The district remained beyond the authority of the Settler State and
government diplomatic entry into the district was limited.50 As a result the Native Land
Court did not operated within the aukati until 1886. However, by the 1870s, the Native
Land Court was operating around the edges of the King Country district and by the early
1880s was gradually whittling away the outer boundaries. Courts were sitting in the
Waikato district to the north, in the Taupo area in the east, and in Whanganui to the
south.51 As a result the court began to investigate title to some of the blocks in these areas
prior to 1883. So hapu and iwi living in those areas, and possibly people within the aukati
itself, had direct experience of the court before it began hearing evidence relating to the
ownership of the RohePotae (Aotea) block in 1886.
The land research for this period provides an opportunity to compare what was happening
outside the aukati, which was not barred to the court, with what was happening in the
aukati. Within this general framework the research will need to focus on two
interconnected matters. Firstly, we are interested in what leases and other arrangements
with Europeans over land and resources inside and outside the aukati can tell us about the
way that Maori were able to control, manage and use their land/resources for traditional
purposes and to engage with new economic opportunities. Secondly, research should
examine the nature and extent of hapu, iwi and individual practical experience of the
Native Land Court. The connections between these two matters should be explored. For
example, the reasons why particular groups or individuals engaged with the court and
what the impact of the court’s processes and the title it granted for land had on the ability
of Maori communities and individuals to control, manage and use their land and
associated resources will need to be addressed. This research will then assist in
understanding ongoing attitudes amongst Rohe Potae Maori to the court and to land title
in the period after 1883 (discussed in the following two chapters).
50 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, pp 7-851 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 11
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Before research for this chapter can begin it will be necessary to define which areas of the
inquiry district lie outside the aukati, and were excluded from the RohePotae (Aotea)
block, which was first dealt with by the court in 1886. In the south of the inquiry district,
the Mohakatino-Paraninihi and Mokau-Mohakatino blocks were dealt with by the court in
1882, and hence were excluded from the 1886 Aotea block. On the eastern side of the
inquiry district are two blocks, Mareroa and Ketemaringi, which were included in the
Tauponuiatia block (the eastern area of the Rohe Potae as defined in the1883 petition).52
The largest areas of the inquiry district that lie outside the Aotea block are in the north of
the inquiry district. The northern boundary of the block cuts through the peninsula
between the Kawhia and Aotea Harbours. About half of this northern area outside the
aukati were acquired by the Crown in transactions during the 1850s. Berghan indicates
that these areas were the Karioi, Ruapuke, Wharauroa and Whaingaroa blocks they are all
locate between Aotea and Whaingaroa Harbours (see figure 7). The remainder of this
northern area can be divided into the following four types of land:
1) Land that lay within the Waikato confiscated zone, parts of which was returned to
Maori in individual grants by the Compensation Court in 1866. This includes the
southern part of the Te Akau block, north of Whaingaroa Harbour and areas north of
the Punui River (see the areas dotted area on figure 1);
2) Land which fell outside the Aotea block but was included in the 1884 railway area
(the Crown’s pre-emption zone). These blocks are the Aotea South and
Moerangi/Matakowhai blocks;
3) Small blocks of land on the northern shore of the Aotea Harbour which lies outside
the Aotea block and 1884 railway area. These blocks: Manuaitu, Tahere, Rahinui, Te
Rete, Oioroa, Rauriri, Raoraokauere, Tauranga and Te Pahi; and
4) Blocks of land that appears to have been excluded from or created later from blocks
purchased by the Crown prior to 1865. These blocks: Whaanga, Te Kopua, Te
Papahua, Rakaunui, Takapaunui and Ohiapopko (see figure 7).
52 Te Heuheu Tukino Horonuku and others made a separate application to the court on 31 October 1885. Asa result of this application the Native Land Court began sitting at Taupo on 14 January 1886 to investigate
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In addition, research should consider the activities of the Native Land Court, leasing and
purchasing in the wider area which is now considered to be Waikato proper, particularly
the Pukekura-Maungatautari district, in such blocks as Pukekura, Puahue/Puahoe,
Ngamoko No.2 and Maungatautari, between 1866 and 1886.
For the area outside the aukati, a range of questions is suggested by research in other
inquiry district. These include the extent to which hapu and iwi leased land in these areas
to Europeans? What does the nature of those arrangements tell us about the nature of
Maori authority over land/resources in this period? For example were these arrangements
negotiated by rangatira on behalf of hapu or whanau, or did individuals have control of
certain areas of land and negotiate alone with Europeans? If there was a degree of
individualism, to what extent did individuals still require the consent of hapu or whanau
to deal with the land/resources? Did these arrangements work smoothly? If there were
conflicts over leases/resource arrangements what were their nature, who were they
amongst and how were they resolved?
What motivated hapu, iwi and individuals with land outside the aukati to go to the court?
Were conflicts a factor in individuals, hapu or iwi making applications to the court to
have the title of blocks outside the aukati investigated before 1883? Or were there other
constraints imposed by the Crown on leasing of Maori land and resource licenses for
timber, coal and gold on Maori land that made seeking a title from the court attractive?
For those hapu and iwi whose land outside the aukati was investigated by the court, what
was the nature of the title the court provided? In what way did it change the way in which
communities and individuals could exercise authority over their lands/resources? Did the
new form of title enable Maori to take advantage of new economic opportunities, and on
what terms – as communities or as individuals? Or did new forms of title cause any
problems or disadvantages for hapu, iwi or individuals in using and controlling their
land/resources in this period? What was the nature and extent of protections against land
alienation provided by Maori land legislation? If comparisons are possible, how did land-
title to lands in the Tauponuiatia block (Waitangi Tribunal, Pouakani Report, 1993, p 116)
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use and land development vary between lands inside of the aukati and lands outside of it
which had and had not passed through the court?
The situation inside the aukati before 1883 requires further research, to the extent that the
research should describe the nature and extent of leasing and other resource arrangements
between hapu and iwi and Europeans within the aukati. What can these arrangements tell
us about the way in which hapu, iwi and individuals were exercising their authority over
land and resources and the European’s involved? Were these purely commercial
transactions or did they have an element of a broader relationship about them?
It is likely that at least some hapu and iwi within the aukati were drawn into filing
applications with and appearing before the court in cases where other groups had already
applied to have the title of the block investigated. How did the experience of defending
their customary interests against those of the original applicant differ from cases where
they entered the court in order to obtain a title so they could lease or otherwise use their
land? What impact did these different experiences have on the attitude of various hapu-
iwi towards allowing the court to adjudicate on lands within the Rohe Potae itself? What
experiences of the court on the margins of the aukati influenced the attitudes towards the
court system by those involved in the 1883 Rohe Potae petition?
In 1882 the Crown began laying out a township at Kawhia on about 44 acres of land that
had been Crown-granted, presumably before the wars as a result of an early purchase. In
about 1880, the then Premier, John Hall, purchased the site at auction.53 It is not entirely
certain where this land was located, or whether it lies just inside or just outside the aukati
line. Were hapu and iwi consulted about the plans to build a township at Kawhia and to
open the harbour? Was an agreement reached over the matters between hapu and iwi and
the Crown? Did the arrival of the armed constabulary in October 1883 and their
continued presence signal a break down in that agreement or an act of force on the part of
53 Marr, Te Rohe Potae, pt 1, pp 18-19
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the Crown?54 If the Crown’s actions were unilateral, was there any recognition amongst
hapu and iwi that their loss of control of the land, which became the site for a township,
was not what they had intended when they originally enter a transaction over the land
prior to the wars?
Approach
Sources
This is perhaps the most difficult period of the nineteenth century to research in this
district. One of the consequences of the restrictions on government officials and most
Europeans entering the Rohe Potae during this period is that there were no Crown
officials reporting to the government from within the aukati. Those officials in nearby
locations such as Kihikihi, Te Awamutu, Cambridge and Raglan were only able to gather
intelligence from Maori who had visited and returned from within the aukati, or report
rumours and hearsay. This leaves an incomplete documentary record on which to rely.
The Maori Land Court material, minutes, block and correspondence files, coupled with
newspaper accounts will indicate which land outside the aukati passed through the court
and who was involved. However, statements by Maori about their experience of the
court, why they attended or made applications to the court and what concerns that had
about its operation and its impact on their authority over their land and resources will be
more difficult to locate. It is expected that examples of leasing and other arrangements
between hapu and iwi and Europeans will be the most difficult to find, particularly for the
area inside the aukati. Although specific research into this period should be conducted, it
is likely that small but important pieces of information will continue to be uncovered
when researching the 1886-1890 period (covered in the next chapter), particularly where
these earlier arrangments are described in subsequent court hearings in relation to the
54 Tawhaio certainly continued to voice his protest about the occupation of Kawhia by troops until at least1887. (AHJR 1885, A-2, No. 3 and enclosure, ‘Despatches from Secretary of State to the Governor: Copyof letter from Tawhiao and others to Imperial Govt. Complaint over taking land and entering Kawhia;AJHR 1886, A-1, No. 15, ‘Despatches from Governor to the Secretary of State: Tawhiao letter to Jervois.Complaints about Govt abuse of Treaty, particular reference to Kawhia’; AJHR 1887, A-2, No. 9,‘Despatches from the Secretary of State to the Governor: Correspondence between Tawhiao and Gorst.Calling of Government behaviour oppressive. Reference to soldiers stationed at Kawhia.’)
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lands. Therefore some addition time will be needed to re-evaluate this chapter once they
have been collected together.
Sources relating to Maori use, management and control of land/resourceThere are annual reports from the Resident Magistrate at Raglan and at the Native Agent
at Alexandria (later Pirongia) throughout the 1870s and early 1880s. These provide
insights into the activities of the Native Land Court in the district but also often mention
Maori economic activities and should be searched for any mention of transactions
between hapu and iwi over land and resources. There is also a report by Alexander
Mackay on the state of the Waikato district from 1868 LE series 1, Archives NZ,
Wellington. There is a general report on ‘Native’ matters by the Resident Magistrate at
Raglan in 1879 (AJHR 1879, G-1c). AJHR also contains census reports and some
statistics of Maori population for the Waikato, Raglan, Kawhia and Taupo regions for
1878, 1881 – these are briefer but may provide some insight into economic activities and
leasing etc. The CFRT index and document bank of newspaper clippings should be check
for the period from 1865 to 1883. It is expected that the work being carried out by
Barclay and Marr on political engagement will uncover sources that give details of Maori
economic activity, the way that it was organised and what arrangements were being made
between hapu and iwi and Europeans in the district.
A few miscellaneous records of leases of Maori land in the district have survived
amongst settler’s papers. These include:
• a folder containing original leases of some 10 Maori land blocks no date,
Otorohanga Historical Society Courthouse Museum);
• Papers of Edward Metcalf Smith about coal and limestone deposits in the Mokau
district and the utilisation of iron sand deposits, 1870-1965 (Pukeariki, New
Plymouth);
• STOCKMAN, George – Copy of Deed, dated 15 June 1887, of a memorandum of
agreement between the aboriginal Natives of New Zealand and George Stockman
of Tikorangi for access to lands on the northern side of the River Mokau for the
prospecting and mining of minerals, dated 7 December 1881 (Pukeariki, New
Plymouth);
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• STOCKMAN, George – An agreement for the sale and purchase of coal delivered
at the Mokau River between George Stockman and Te Huia, Te Rira, Te Hapa, Te
Aira, Mareikuia and others, dated February 1885 (Pukeariki, New Plymouth);
• ATKINS, Fred – A memorandum of agreement regarding a gold mining
partnership between Fred Atkins of Taranaki, Alexander Gilmour of Waitara and
Henry Phillips of Mokau. Dated 18 February 1884 and witnessed by Thomas
Finch (Pukeariki, New Plymouth);
• There are a small number of files in the Maori Land Court (BBOP series 4309)
files at Archives NZ, Auckland that contain letters from Henry Falwasser and
from the ‘Ngatitamaniu Tribe’ regarding a ‘copy Deed of Mortgage to Queen’ for
land at Raglan in 1874. Henry Falwasser was the publisher of the Auckland Times
from 1842-1846.55 There is also an 1873 Auckland Provincial Government file
(AP 2/3, 401/73) regarding the Puketutu lease; and
• The Auckland entrepreneur, J C (Josiah Clifton) Firth was leasing land in the
King Country during the 1860s and 1870s. His correspondence for 1865-1874 is
available at the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington (MS-Papers 5059-16).
It is also possible that the papers of the Resident Magistrate in the Waikato, William
Nicholas Searancke contain cases of disputes between Maori and between Maori and
Europeans over leases or other arrangements. These may reveal something of the
understanding of the parties about the agreement and indicate the extent to which Maori
authority was able to cope with changing economic opportunities. The Alexander
Turnbull Library holds his correspondence from 1847 to 1887. The Hamilton City
Library holds his correspondence from 1856-1883 and from 1886-1904. They hold his
diaries for 1880 and 1884.
There are several files in the BBOP 4309 series at Archives NZ, Auckland that appear to
relate to applications to the court or to the sale of land. All contain letters by Maori that
possibly refer to land being offered by them or others for sale prior to or at the time of the
1883 Rohe Potae agreement. These include:
55 National Library electronic catalogue entry for Auckland Times
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BBOP, 4309, 6a-525, 1876/1272 - From: Horomona Wahanui, Raglan - Subject:
Giving the boundaries of certain lands for publication (1876)
BBOP, 4309, 7a-107, 1876/2067 - From: Te Reti Ngataki, Alexandra - Subject:
Enclosing list of lands and wishing it to be printed (1876)
BBOP, 4309, 11a-11, 1883/228 - From: Tamehana Te Angatoheroa, Kopua- Subject:
Applying to have it withdrawn Kakepuku (1883).
There are a number of reports and letters between Crown officials regarding the re-
opening of Kawhia Harbour in AJHR from as early as 1873, but particularly in 1883 and
1884 and in the British Parliamentary Papers. There are also a series of letters in AJHR
1885-1887 of complaint from Tawhaio and others about the Crown’s acquisition of land
there and the presence of the armed constabulary (these are all listed in the bibliography).
The CFRT newspaper index and document bank also provides some accounts of these
events.
The Alexander Turnbull Library holds some photographs of the armed constabulary at
Kawhia in 1883 and a series of images showing a powhiri for Governor Sir William
Jervois and his party at Kawhia. The photographs show a scene by a house, where a
group of Maori are seated under the verandah with the Governor and his group seated
outside on the right. According to information with the photographs the photographs were
taken by William Williams on Friday, 14 March 1884. The guests arrived on the S. S.
Hinemoa at 4pm and left at 6pm. Those present included Lady Jervois, Miss A Jervois,
Reverend W Jervois, Miss A Richmond, and Major C V Eccles. They were welcomed by
chiefs from Ngati Hikairo (Hone Te One, Hone Wetere, and Pikia) and Ngati Haua
(Tetahi Rahi), and by Tiki Taimona.
Sources relating to engagement with the Native Land Court It should be possible to trace applications made to the court prior to 1883. Archives NZ,
Wellington holds a contains a court application register for the period 1869 to 1900 and
Archives NZ, Auckland have a file labelled ‘Native Land Court Applications’ for the
1880-1884 period. The BBOP series 4309 files at Archive NZ, Auckland contain a
number of inquiries to the court in 1883 and 1884 about applications, claims to and
possible hearing of certain blocks of land.
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The electronic Maori Land Court Minute Book database for the period before 1913 has
been searched for all known blocks within the inquiry district and can provide the dates
and details of hearings for each block and the minute book references. A search of
archives files has located files with dates in this period. Some of these blocks lie just
outside the inquiry district but hapu and iwi within the inquiry district most likely held
customary interests in them. These files relate to the following blocks outside the aukati
(excluding 1850s ‘purchase’ blocks):
Karamu;
Kawhia (pt inside and pt outside);
Maungatautari;
Raoraokauere;
Te Rape;
Waiharakeke; and
Whaingaroa Homesteads.
There are also files relating to blocks inside the aukati which indicates that some
applications or inquires were made to the court about them before1883. These
applications were potentially a significant factor in the application for the RohePotae
(Aotea) block. There is some suggestion that the Tauponuiatia application was made to
avoid a situation where the court heard many individual applications to lands within it.
These files relate to the following blocks:
Awaroa;
Kopua (unsure whether Pirongia or Raglan);
Mangamahoe;
Mangawhero (unsure whether at Kawhia or Ototohanga);
Mangoira;
Puketarata;
Tapuwahine;
Waikaukau; and Wharepuhunga.
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The Ngatikauwahata Claims Commission in 1881 dealt with a number of blocks in the
Pukekura-Maungatautari district, north of the Punui River. Both the report and minutes of
evidence should be considered.
Links and overlaps with other casebook research
It is not intended to deal with the rise of the Kingitanga, the war or confiscation as
these will be dealt with fully by O’Malley in his political engagement report for 1840-
1863 and in his report on war and raupatu. These reports will assist the researcher in
understanding the broader political context of the period and may be drawn on for a
limited amount to contextual material.
Barclay and Marr will cover political relationships between hapu and iwi and the
Crown in this period in their political engagement report, 1860-1913. The land
research will focus instead on the extent and nature of Maori practical experience of
the court, and of leasing or entering other arrangements with Europeans over land and
resources inside and outside the aukati. However Barclay and Marr’s research will
assist the researcher in understanding broader concerns and inter-hapu/inter-iwi
relationships throughout this time. A small amount of material from that report may
be used as context.
A separate report on the history of the Mokau-Parininihi and Mokau-Mohakatino
blocks has been commissioned. Therefore, it is proposed to discuss these blocks only
in terms of what they reveal about experience of court of hapu/iwi inside the aukati
prior to 1883. Summarizing Stokes’ account of the court hearings of each of these
blocks can do this.
Existing research
There is very little existing research about the Rohe Potae in this period when it was
functioning as an ‘autonomous’ state behind the aukati. Marr’s first Rohe Potae
Rangahaua Whanui report devotes just a page to this period, but does provide some
mention of early leases both inside and outside the aukati. Alan Ward’s ‘Whanganui
ki Maniapoto research report does not make any significant comment on this period.
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However, both these reports have small but useful sections about the attempts to
reopen Kawhia Harbour and the establishment of a township there.
This relative lack of existing research suggests that considerable new research will be
needed for period, much of it based on primary sources. It should be noted that some
sources will need to be handled cautiously. Many of the missionaries and officials
including Resident Magistrate’s and District Officer’s reporting on the district were
actually stationed outside the aukati in places like Raglan, Alexandria, Te Awamutu,
Kihikihi and Cambridge and did not have first hand knowledge of what was
happening inside the aukati.
Research needed
Primary research on leases and other arrangements between hapu & iwi and
Europeans from 1865-1883 inside and outside the aukati from sources discussed
above;
Summary of secondary sources on the reopening of Kawhia Harbour;
Supplementary primary research on the reopening of Kawhia Harbour;
Summary of existing research on Native land legislation and its impact on the nature
of the title provided by the court from secondary sources, 1865-1883;
Summarise Parsonson’s article on the giving of evidence in the Native Land Court;
Identify and document blocks outside the aukati that went through the Native Land
Court prior to 1883;
Primary research into applications and other inquiries to the court for land inside the
aukati prior to 1886.
Other reports that should be commissioned
Separate report on the history of the land returned by the Compensation Court in the
Te Akau block and in the area of Ngaroto, Pukekawa, Mangapiko and Puniu Parishes
north of the Punui River (dotted area on Te Rohe Potae inquiry boundary map in
figure 1).
For the Te Akau block there is a notable source:
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Report and evidences given before the Te Akau Commission (1904)A royal commission into the Te Akau block was held in 1904 in response to the petitions
from Honana Maioha and of Tuaiwa Ngatipare complaining about the decision of the
Native Appellate Court in 1894. The commissioners appointed to the inquiry were Henry
Alfred Home Munro and James Mackay, both commissioners in the Compensation Court
that heard claims for the return of confiscated land in the Waikato in 1866.
The Te Akau commissioners heard evidence at Mercer from 6th to the 13th of April 1904
and at Ngaruawahia from the 14th to the 28th April 1904. The report of the commission
sets out the history of the Te Akau block, it notes that the block was confiscated under the
New Zealand Settlements Act 1863. As a result those with interests in the block appeared
before the Compensation Court at Port Waikato in February 1866. The block was then
apportioned between the Crown and the 77 owners that the court deemed to be loyal
(there were also 44 ‘rebel owners). At the request of those owners, application was made
to ‘have a Crown grant issued to fourteen of their number in trust to divide the land
among themselves and the other owners’ so that they could lease the land to settlers. This
did not happen, and eventually a single Crown grant was issued to 87 owners of the
Ngatitahinga and Tainui, and Honana Maioha of the Ngatimahuta on 23 October 1874.
There was a further Native Land Court hearing in 1891 where the block was subdivided
into 19 pieces and the relative interests of the owners were ascertained. This subdivision
was unacceptable to some of the Tainui owners who applied for a rehearing of the case.
The matter was reheard in the Native Appellate Court at Raglan from 12 to 20 June 1894.
As a result the 1891 partitions were overturned and the block was re-partitioned into
three: Te Akau No. 1 (600 acres), Te Akau No. 2 (28,152 acres) and Te Akau No. 3
(61,608 acres). In 1897, Te Akau No. 3 was partitioned into 3A and 3B.
The 1904 Te Akau block commissioner made recommendations which adjusted the
boundaries between blocks 1, 2 & 3 between Honana Maioha and Tainui, and between
the Tainui and Ngatitahinga. Petitions relating to the Te Akau block can be found in
Jamie Mitchell’s spreadsheet and document bank of petitions.
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Correspondence files at Archives New ZealandThere are also a large number of pieces of correspondence re Te Akau in the BBOP 4309,
4a-series, Archives NZ, Auckland from 1873 and 1874. Also notes on compensation
court hearings for Te Akau in 1866 (BBOP A52, 25/56).
Time and resources required
The timeframes set out below are a preliminary estimate (in days) of how long it would
take a researcher to gather and write up a rough draft of material for each one of the
research tasks listed above. Estimate total time is given in days and weeks, weeks are
calculated based on 5 full-time days per week.
Task estimate time (days)
Primary research on leases and other arrangements inside
and outside the aukati:
Annual reports from the district (AJHR)
Maori population census reports 1878 & 1881
(AJHR)
Newspaper sources (CFRT index and document
bank)
Manuscript sources related to leases
Searancke papers
Miscellaneous archives files
Drafting this section of the chapter
3
1
1
3
8
3
5
Summary of secondary sources on the reopening of
Kawhia Harbour
1
Supplementary primary research on the reopening of
Kawhia Harbour:
Reports and correspondence in AJHR
Reports and correspondence in BPP
Newspapers sources (CFRT index and document
bank)
2
2
1
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Photographs
Drafting this section of the chapter
1
5
Summary of Native land legislation and its impact on the
nature of the title provided by the court, 1865-1883
2
Summarise Parsonson’s article on the giving of evidence
in the Native Land Court
1
Identify blocks outside the aukati that went through the
Native Land Court prior to 1883 and document Maori
experience of those hearings:
Maori Land Court minute book index
Maori Land Court Minute Books
Newspaper sources (CFRT index and document
bank)
Drafting this section of the chapter
1
10*
1
7
Primary research into applications and other inquiries to
the court for land inside the aukati prior to 1883:
Annual reports of the district officers
Native Land Court applications registers, 1865-1883
Correspondence file re applications, 1880-1884
Survey office files for blocks where early
applications were made (BAAZ files, Archives NZ,
Auck)
Drafting this section of the chapter
2
2
1
3
5
Total estimate time to research and draft this chapter 71 days (14 weeks & 1 day)
* NB: Includes additional time, as many of these are handwritten and difficult to
decipher.
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Possible research assistance projects
Go through the Searancke papers and extract any evidence of cases where the
Resident Magistrate dealt with disputes between Maori or between Maori and
Europeans over leases or other arrangements; and
Using the court applications registers put all details of applications to the court into
spreadsheets for areas inside and outside the aukati and provide a summary of who
filed these applications and why and anything that is known about how they were
subsequently dealt with by the Crown.
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Chapter 4: The Native Land Court system in Te Rohe Potae,
1886-1890
Introduction
This chapter set out some of the research issues that will need to be explored in a
discussion of hapu and iwi engagement with the Native Land Court system and its impact
on their ability to exercise authority over their land and resources in the period. The
chapter will cover the period from the court’s first hearing of the RohePotae (Aotea)
block in 1886 to the formal beginning of the Crown’s land purchasing programme in the
district in1890. A discussion of the sources available to address these issues follows. The
chapter ends by identifying existing research that could be utilised and assessing what
further research is required. Preliminary indications of the how long this research will
take and which tasks that could be assigned to a research assistant are included.
Discussion
This chapter is not intended to outline the Rohe Potae agreement of 1882-1883, nor how
the Native Land Court came to be operating inside the area formerly restricted by the
aukati. Cathy Marr and Don Loveridge have done that elsewhere, and these topics will be
the subject of Barclay and Marr’s political engagement report for this inquiry.56 That
report will help to inform research on that period and some material from that report may
be summarised and provide context for the issues that the land research will explore. The
focus of the land research in this report will be on how the Native Land Court operated in
the inquiry district. In particular it will ask to what extent that process affected the nature
of the authority hapu and iwi were able to exercise over their lands and resources, and to
what extent they were able to resist the activities of the court and the acquisition of that
land?
56 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1; Marr, ‘The Waimarino Purchase Report: The investigation, purchase andcreation of reserves in the Waimarino block, and associated issues’, 2004, Wai 903, #A60; DonaldLoveridge, ‘The Crown and the Opening of the King Country, 1882-1885’, Wai 1130, #A72
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With regard to the Rohe Potae agreement, it is sufficient to note here that during 1882
and 1883 hapu and iwi leaders and government officials reached a series of
understandings or agreements collectively known as the ‘Rohe Potae’ or ‘Aotea’
agreement.57 In June 1883 a petition on behalf of an alliance of five tribes: Ngati
Maniapoto, Ngati Raukawa, Ngati Tuwharetoa, Whanganui and Ngati Hikairo, was
presented to Parliament. It asked that they be able amongst themselves to ‘fix the
boundaries of the four tribes mentioned, the hapu boundaries in each tribe, and the
proportionate claim of each individual within the boundaries set forth.’58 This desire
eventual led to an application by an alliance to the Native Land Court to have the external
boundary of the Rohe Potae surveyed. In response to this petition the Crown passed
several pieces of legislation relating to the administration of Maori land and the control of
liquor in the district. In particular, the Native Committees Act 1883 made provision for
Native committees to be elected and gave them some power to investigate matters
relating to land title and report to the Native and court on them. The Kawhia Native
Committee chaired by John Ormsby was active in the district from 1884.59
However, when the Native Land Court began sitting in Kihikihi, and later in Otorohanga
in June 1886 it was to determine the boundaries of the Aotea block (approximately
1,844,780 acres), a much more limited area than had been intended by hapu and iwi who
submitted the 1883 petition. 60 A search of the index to the Maori Land Court Minute
Books indicates that five blocks: Korakonui, Te Taharoa, Te Awaroa, Kawhia, Kaipiha
were created by the court on 4 October 1886 with the remainder of the surveyed block
becoming known as the ‘RohePotae’ (Aotea) block.61 ‘Within two years, by 1888, the
Native Land Court had also begun hearings on internal divisions within the Rohe Potae
(Aotea) Block.’62
57 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 2058 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, pp 22-23 and Cathy Marr, ‘Waimarino …’, pp 111-11359 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, pp 23-2460 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 4661 Otorohanga Maori Land Court Minute Book No.02 (Waikato Maori Land Court Minute Book No.15), pp1-7062 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 46. Alan Ward noted that ‘complex claims and counter-claims also focused onKawhia Harbour … On 20 October 1886 [Judge] Mair found for N’Maniapoto and N’Hikairo whilerecognising that a section of Waikato (‘Kiwi’s people’) had acquired ownership rights there. (‘Kiwi’ had
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The focus of research for the period 1886 to 1890 will be on questions such as to what
extent did hapu and iwi expressed a need for a new form of title to assist in retaining
control of land and resources by leasing? What role did hapu and iwi see for themselves
and for the Native Land Court in providing that title? In particular, the research should
consider what hapu and iwi understood they had agreed to with regard to how the court
would operate in the district? In what ways and to what extent would they be able to
control the court process, its outcomes and the impact of its decisions? This should be
measured against the reality of what level of control they were able to gain and to what
extent this was sustained over the period. How did the court move from hearing the
RohePotae (Aotea) block to consideration of its subdivisions and to what extent did this
reflect the wishes of hapu and iwi?
It will also be important to consider the nature and extent of the preparations the Crown
made for purchasing between 1886 and 1890 and hapu and iwi responses to these
preparations. The impact of the type of title provided by the court will be dealt with in the
next chapter when evaluating its effect on the ability of hapu and iwi to retain, use and
manage their land and resources in the face of the Crown’s programme of land
purchasing.
Existing research indicates that iwi leaders in the greater Rohe Potae favoured taking
advantage of economic opportunities by leasing rather than selling land. It will be
important to explore the impact that the prohibitions on dealing with Maori land in the
1884 railway area had on the ability of Maori communities to enter leases and other
arrangements over land and resources. Where hapu and iwi and Europeans entered into
leases and other resource arrangements, how were these managed and what can that tell
us about the nature of Maori authority in the district by the 1880s? To what extent had
this authority devolved to the Native Committee and how did their authority over these
arrangements relate to that of the hapu or whanau with traditional authority over the land
purported to sell 20,000 acres to John Cowell in 1840 …) Mair made orders for various named portions inthe NE of the Aotea block in favour of the claimant’s ‘and such members of Waikato as can prove they ortheir elders were in occupation about the year 1840’. The balance of the Rohe Potae was ‘to issue in favour
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or resource? What was the government’s position on leasing in this district at this time?
Existing research indicates that in the early 1880s there was support amongst government
officials for Maori preferences to lease land. But by the mid-1880s financial pressures on
the government and pressure from settlers seem to have increasingly persuaded
governments towards a policy of outright purchasing rather than encouraging the leasing
of Maori land. 63 Research should explore the circumstances around this change of policy
with particular attention to the Rohe Potae. In particular the researcher should examine
hapu and iwi and Crown desires, intentions and understandings over the extent to which
leasing of Maori land to Europeans could continue and be formalised in the inquiry
district. The research should document Maori aspirations for the continuation and
expansion of leasing land to settlers and what Crown officials said about the place of
leasing in their vision of how the King Country would be opened up to settlement. The
researcher should also consider the impact of Crown attitudes towards the Kingitanga had
on policies and practices relating to leasing, and the place of leasing.
There has been considerable debate in existing research about the extent to which
changes to Maori land tenure were needed, how much formal tenure change was
necessary, and what form that change should have taken? Could the aspirations of all
parties be met within the framework of customary law?64 It is not intended to examine
this question in general terms but to test whether the existing interpretations of this
question apply in Te Rohe Potae inquiry district. For example, Maori in the Rohe Potae
seemed to be thriving in the 1850s growing and exporting produce to Auckland and
further afield. At least some hapu and whanau were leasing their land productively in the
late 1860s-early 1880s period. Given this level of success in using their land and other
resources was a new form of title in fact needed? What factors had changed by the 1880s
and 1890s to make a new form of title so urgent? Were disputes amongst Maori over
interests in land and resources unable to be resolved except by granting a title that could
be legally defended? What role did the Native Committee and the court take in this
of the claimants of the five tribes (Alan Ward, ‘‘Whanganui ki Maniapoto: preliminary historical reportWai 48 and related claims’, Wai 903 #A11, pp 79-80)63 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, pp 48 - 4964 Waitangi Tribunal, Hauraki Report, 2006, p 662
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district in terms of resolving these disputes and adjudicating on customary entitlement to
land and resources?
The researcher will also need to consider how well the courts decisions over the Aotea
block itself and the smaller blocks it created were able to interpret and give effect to the
pattern of customary interests in the district. To what extent did they take account of
customary mechanisms and principles providing for co-existence, overlapping interests,
inclusiveness, flexibility and compromise alongside more clear-cut rights through
discovery, ancestry, conquest and long continuous occupation or gift?65 To what extent
did the court recognise post-1840 developments such as agreements to vest authority in
land with the Kingitanga or the movement of refugees from war?66
Given hapu and iwi expectations, what was the extent and nature of Maori participation,
engagement and control of the title determination process? One of the aspects of hapu
and iwi engagement with the court was the applications made to the court for title
determination of particular areas of land. Of particular interest is the question of what, if
any applications were made to the court after the initial application in 1883 to have the
title to the whole Rohe Potae block determined? What can the evidence about these
applications tell us about how the process of making applications – for title investigation
and for survey worked in this inquiry district in the 1870s and 1880s? What decisions
were made about which, if any, of these applications should go to hearing in the court,
and what was the outcome in these cases? What was the impact of such decisions on
those whose applications were not selected? If such applications were made, is there any
evidence that the Crown was actively encouraging such applications in order to push
forward with the division of the RohePotae (Aotea) block into smaller blocks?67 What
factors led to hapu, iwi and individuals in the district to make applications to the court
and to what extent can these applications be construed as a rejection of the initial decision
to have the external boundary and ownership of the whole block only determined?
65 Marr, ‘Waimarino …’, pp 41-4266 Marr, ‘Waimarino …’, p 42
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There are a number of issues relating to the ability of hapu and iwi to control the
operation of the Native Land Court within the district between 1886 and 1890. One of the
questions to be addressed in this chapter will be the authority and practical role of the
Native Committee and its relationship with the processes of the court. The committee was
established under the provisions of the Native Committees Act 1883 that gave the
committee some powers to investigate matters related to land title and report to court
regarding those matters. The Kawhia Native Committee, chaired by John Ormsby, was
active from 1884 and in May 1886 it met at Kopua to determine who had interests within
the Aotea block. 68 Research should examine the motivations of the Crown in establishing
the committee system including any connections the policy had specifically to the
situation in the Rohe Potae in 1882/1883. National policy background is provided by
O’Malley’s book on Maori Committees and Maori autonomy in the nineteenth century
and this should be coupled with an examination of the Parliamentary debate around the
1883 Act itself.69 The statutory powers, establishment and operation of the Native
committee under the Native Committees Act 1883 in this inquiry district should be
discussed in terms of its potential as a means for Maori to retain control over their land.
What does the experience of the Kawhia Native Committee tell us about the extent to
which they were given real power to determine title? To what extent did the Crown
provide a mechanism for managing customary title to enable the land to be leased and
used for economic purposes?
In reality the Native committee’s functions were defined in relation to those of the court
and connected to the court’s title determination process. This raises a number of
questions regarding the nature and operation of Native committees. Firstly, what was the
role of the committees in determining title, how well did this work? In other districts the
Tribunal has considered that one of the factors that made Native committees less effective
was the large area each one covered and committee boundaries did not reflect tribal
67 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, pp 36 - 3768 Ward, ‘Whanganui ki Maniapoto’, 1992, p 79 citing the Waikato Times, 1 May 1886 & Marr, RohePotae, pt 1, p 23 also see Marr, ‘Waimarino …’, pp 116 – 121 for more details on the evolution of thecommittee idea in law and for detail of these legislative reforms69 Vincent O’Malley, Agents of Autonomy: Maori Committees in the Nineteenth Century, Huia Publishers,Wellington, 1998
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rohe.70 It will be interesting to see if hapu and iwi expressed similar concerns about the
Kawhia Native Committee and what impact this had on its operation. Existing research
suggests that the committees were very active in determining who had customary
interests in land and then taking those ownership lists to the court to be validated and
translated into title. To what extent did this minimise the problem that were occurring
elsewhere where one party’s application to the court resulted in all those with interests
being put in a position of having to appear in the court to defend their interests? Was the
committee able to reach agreement about customary ownership even where there were
competing claims to customary interest? Did the committees continue to be successful in
resolving these conflicts? If the committees’ effectiveness declined as time went on, what
factors contributed to that?
The role of Maori as applicants and witnesses in the court should be examined more
closely. The focus should be on determining how flexible the court’s procedures were
and to what extent Maori were able to control the evidence presented and the process by
which decisions were made by the court about interests in Maori land. The role and
impact of lawyers hired by Maori should be examined. This should include an
investigation of the impact of lawyers being barred from the court all together for certain
periods. The extent of the Native Assessor’s powers in the court as is evidenced in the
RohePotae (Aotea) cases, and their role generally should be considered.71
Although the Native Land Court began dealing with the RohePotae (Aotea) block in
1886, the Crown did not formally begin to purchase land in the district until 1890. The
reasons for this delay need to be explored, as does its meaning. To what extent was Te
Rohe Potae Maori resistance to selling their interests a factor in this delay? Or were there
other causes related to the court’s progress in determining title or in the survey of blocks
or in broader land purchasing policy and legislation?
70 Waitangi Tribunal, Hauraki Report, 2006, p 752 and Marr, ‘Waimarino …’, p 20171 See Pickens, ‘The Introduction and Operation of the Native Land Court in the Central North Island, Wai1200, #A78, p 308 & 311-312 and Marr, ‘Waimarino …’, p 41 for discussion on Native Assessors
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According to the report of the 1907 Stout-Ngata Commission, the Crown began its
purchasing of Maori land in the RohePotae (Aotea) block in 1892 and by 1900
purchasing had practically ceased, aside from competing purchases already underway.
This was a brief hiatus with the Crown resuming its purchasing in 1906.72 However,
there are strong indications that the Crown began setting up its purchasing programme in
the district much earlier. Existing research indicates that from 1884 the Government was
collecting information for possible purchasing through applications already sent to the
court.’ 73 At the same time, the Crown established its pre-emptive right to purchase within
the entire Aotea block and beyond by passing the Native Land Alienation Restriction Act
1884, effectively blocking any competition from private buyers. The 1884 Act also made
provision for a loan to pay for land purchasing and for the profits of the sale of that land
to fund the construction of the Main Trunk Line.
By the time the court began hearings to determine the boundaries of the Aotea block in
1886 Native Land Purchases officers were already active in the district. 74 The process of
title determination was very rapidly connected to the Crown’s land purchasing
programme. For example, during the 1886 hearing Judge Mair ordered that lists of
owners be printed and circulated to chiefs for inspection, but at the same time these lists
were also sent to the Native Land Purchase Office and to the Native Minister for their
information.75
So given all this preparation for purchasing, why was it 1892 before the first purchases
were completed? Although the Crown had reserved its right to purchase and arranged
finance for that purchasing in 1884 the economic slowdown of the 1880s may have made
purchasing less attractive to the Government. It also appears that attempts to purchase
were meet by some resistance by hapu and iwi.76 In any case the Crown was reluctant to
72 Stout Ngata Commission ‘Native Lands in the Rohe-Potae (King Country) District, an interim report,AJHR 1907, G-1b, p 473 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 4974 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 5175 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 52. Marr notes that owners were aware of this practice and were very reluctantto provide lists until the court forced them to do so. She cites an example of this with regard to theRangitoto-Tuhua block in 1890 (p 58)76 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 52
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purchase land before the court had determined what share of the block individuals were
entitled to. Acquiring the interests of owners without knowing what proportion of the
block they actually held was seen by G T Wilkinson, one of the Crown’s land purchase
officers in the district, as a risky venture.77 Many blocks returned to the court in 1888 and
1889 to have shares apportioned to those who had previously been determined as owners.
So it was not until the end of 1889 that it became feasible for the Crown to purchasing.’78
There may also have been hesitation on the part of the Crown about which land should be
purchased because the route of the railway through the district was still being debated and
wasn’t finally confirmed until 1892. 79
Eventually, ‘in June 1889, the Government informed Ngati Maniapoto chiefs that it
intended to begin land purchase operations in the district.’ These letters, amongst them
separate letters from the Native Minister to Wahanui, Taonui, and Hauauru, indicated that
purchasing would begin as soon as the court had ascertained title. Chiefs were asked for
their co-operation and assured that by selling their ‘surplus land’ that the land they
retained would be ‘greatly increased in value by the progress of settlement upon the area
disposed of’. The Minister also made it clear that ‘the Government did not intend to see
the owners denuded of their lands and promised that sufficient reserves would be made
for them.’80 Returns of land purchased and leased from Maori for 1891 and 1892 show
that the first official payments for land within the inquiry district were made between
April and November 1890 for land within the Hauturu East No. 3, Mangauika, Oruwhero,
Puketarata, Takotokoraha, Waiwhakaata and Wharepuhanga blocks.81
77 See for example AJHR 1890, G-2, No. 4, G T Wilkinson, Native Agent, Otorohanga, to the Under-secretary, Native Department, 19 June 1890 78 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 5379 Christine Johnson, Ruth Larsen and Kevin Ramshaw (compilers), Main Trunk: Portrait of a Railway,Grantham House, Wellington in association with ONTRACK, 2008, p 3480 Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, pp 52-5381 AJHR 1891, G-10, p 6 ‘Particulars respecting the Native Lands in the Colony’, and AJHR 1892, G-4, p 5‘Lands Purchased & Leased from Natives in the North Island’
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Approach
Sources
There are several core sources for examining land issues in the 1886-1890 period in Te
Rohe Potae inquiry district. These include Berghan’s Block Narratives commissioned for
this inquiry district. Primary sources include the minutes of the Native (later Maori) Land
Court, Block Order and correspondence files for specific blocks (held at the Maori Land
Court in Hamilton or, for some of the blocks in the south of the inquiry district, at the
Aotea District Maori Land Court in Wanganui). Archives New Zealand Auckland and
Wellington hold many Survey Office and Maori Land Court files for specific blocks in
the district. The index to and document bank of newspaper articles compiled for this
inquiry should be checked for articles about Native Land Court sittings and meeting of
the Native Committee during this period. Annual reports by Officers in Native Districts
will provide material about the court’s activities and hapu and iwi engagement with them
as well as possible mentions of leasing, resource arrangements and Maori economic
activity. The reports by enumerators taking a census of Maori population in the district in
1886 and 1891 may also provide similar material.
Leasing and other resource arrangements, 1886-1890The letterbook of the Kawhia Native Committee, part of the Ormsby papers held at the
Otorohanga Historical Society Courthouse Museum, contains a number of copies of
invoices sent to settlers for rent on businesses built on Maori land. The book also contains
letters discussing requests by settlers to prospect for gold etc. for the period from 1884 to
1889. J J Mitchell’s Excel spreadsheet indexing petitions from hapu and iwi in the district
(Wai 898, #A9) includes several about leases and timber licences (these are listed in the
bibliography). The evidence given by Maori, settlers and Crown officials to the
Commision to inquire into the subject of the Native Land Laws (the Rees-Carroll
commission) in 1891 will need to be checked for any reference to leases and other
arrangements between hapu and iwi and Europeans, and any indications of difficulties
faced and what their causes were. Hearings at Cambridge on 24 and 25th March 1891,
Otorohanga on 15 April 1891 seem to be those most relevant to Te Rohe Potae inquiry
district. However, a quick scan of some of the evidence given by Pakeha witnesses at
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Auckland hearing indicates discussion of the King Country so these sections need
searching as well. The evidence from Pakeha witnesses at Cambridge on 25 March and at
Otorohanga should also be examined. There is section containing Correspondence
addressed to members of the commission (mostly Pakeha officials and lawyer involved
with Maori land) who couldn't attend but give their views in writing. Also in AJHR 1891,
G-3 is a submission by Edwards, Otorohanga, on behalf of Ngati Maniapoto making
suggestions respecting Native Land Courts and dealings with Native lands. There are
some original documents relating to the Rees-Carroll Commission in the MA 73 series at
Archives NZ, Wellington. These include minute books and letter books of the
commissioners from 1891. Pukeariki Museum, New Plymouth hold an early Lands and
Survey Department file labelled ‘Mokau River Harbour and Waterway’ (1884-1901).
This includes plans, such as ‘Land on North Bank of Mokau River leased from Natives’,
1899 and may provide other material as well.
The court’s operation in the district - general Archives New Zealand, Wellington holds a number of Maori Affairs Department ‘special
files’, the MA 13 series, MA 13/43 and MA 13/78 files (the general files on the King
Country) should be searched. These contain early correspondence and records of
meetings between rangatira and Crown officials during this period.
The sittings themselvesThere are considerable quantities of diaries kept by Judge William Gilbert Mair of the
Native Land Court. The Auckland War Memorial Museum hold 36 volumes of his diaries
from 1876 to 1912 (1877 is missing). Typescripts of these diaries up to 1904 are available
at the University of Auckland Library. In addition they hold thirteen volumes of evidence
in the land courts, 1883-1891 and an account book containing the return of fees, 1882-
1891.
Aside from the official Maori Land Court minute books there are a number of
manuscripts in English and Maori containing minutes and notes from various court
sitting, but especially from 1886 hearings into the Aotea block. Of particular note is the
Maori scholar, Bruce Bigg’s transcript and notes on portions of vols. 6 and 7 of Judge W
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G Mair’s Native Land Court notebooks, 1883-1891. This is held at the University of
Auckland Library. Of equal importance is the Pei Te Hurinui Jones collection at the
University of Waikato Library. This also includes Native Land Court notes of Judge W G
Mair 1886. Newspaper accounts of hearings often provide detailed accounts of the
evidence given. It is possible that the minute books kept by Native Assessors in the court
in this district, particular those of Paratene Ngata who was involved in the RohePotae
block hearings of 1886, still exist and are being cared for by particular whanau and
rangatira.
Native Committee – exercise of Maori authority/control over process and over land &resourcesThe Ormsby family papers at the Alexander Turnbull Library cover the period 1880 to
1984 and papers of the Native Committee (Waikato) from 1884 to 1950s. The
Otorohanga Historical Society Courthouse Museum has three A4-size hardbound books
saved from a fire at the Ormsby house at Otorohanga; these contain records of the
Kawhia Native Committee. They also hold John Ormsby’s letterbook, which contains
copies of Correspondence from John Ormsby (Hone Omipi) writing as chairman of the
Kawhia District Committee, 1884-1905. The University of Waikato Library also have
some Ormsby family papers containing Kawhia Native Committee Minutes; record of
speeches at tribal hui; notes on Native Land Court hearings, etc from 1884 to 1914.
There are two general files in the MA 23 series at Archives NZ, Wellington that deal with
Native Committees in the 1880s and 1890s. They are worth checking for material
relevant to this inquiry. Analysis of the statute establishing the committees (and the
accompanying Parliamentary debate), available newspaper material, especially in the
weeks leading up to court hearings, and discussion of the committees in reports and
letters by Crown officials are also likely to be useful.
Preparations for Crown’s purchasing programme (1886-1890)The reports of officers in Native districts published in AJHR discuss the activities of the
Land Court (including mentions of survey costs) and land purchasing activities. The
papers of W H Grace will be an important source and should be used in conjunction with
the MA-MLP files and with the papers of G T Wilkinson discussed below. The
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Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington also has a significant collection of material. This
includes:
Letterbooks for 1886-1887 and 1880-1892;
Diaries for 1882, 1884, 1904, 1906; and
Various papers of the Grace family, 1880-1994.
A significant volume of correspondence and other papers by G T Wilkinson have
survived. These will need to be examined in detail and should provide some important
material. The University of Waikato library holds his diaries for 1881. The Otorohanga
Historical Society Courthouse Museum has a diary for part of 1891 and a notebook
for1889. The Auckland War Memorial Museum Library have some Wilkinson papers
that include two notebooks, a waiata book, a scrapbook, newspaper cuttings and maps
relating to Maori land. The date range of this material is not clear. At the Alexander
Turnbull Library, Wellington there are a number of letters from Wilkinson in 1881 in the
correspondence of William Rolleston.
General materialNational Archives, Wellington hold a large number of files of inward and outward
correspondence and circulars received and sent by government departments and agents
(see bibliography for list). These include the Governor, Land and Survey Department,
Maori Affairs and Maori Affairs-Land Purchasing Departments and the Native Land
Court. They are voluminous and time consuming to search (most are not indexed) but
they may provide some relevant material. Given the likely time constraints on the
research, more specific files should prioritised and if time allows or there are significant
gaps still needing to be filled these letterbooks could be searched.
Native Minister, John Ballance’s (Native Minister from August 1884 to October 1887)
papers are held by the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington and include his papers
from 1875 to 1898.
Links and overlaps with other casebook research
There will obviously be close links with the Barclay and Marr’s political engagement
report. However the research for this chapter will deal with any potential overlap by
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concentrating on what happened the ground level in the court between 1886 and
1890, and with the Crown’s preparations for the purchasing of Maori land in the
district prior to 1890. The political engagement report will be drawn on to provide
evidence about what can be said about the understanding of each party regarding the
role of the Native Land Court and of the Native Committees in providing title to
Maori land in the district. That report will also assist the research in understanding the
wider political context in the district throughout this period.
There is also a strong link to the Cleaver and Sarich’s railways report. This is
particularly true for the material on the funding of the railway construction by the
Crown’s purchasing and reselling of Maori land in the district. They intend to explore
this issue in the context of the impact those activities had on the funding and
construction of the line itself. The material they uncover should be used to consider a
different question, that is to what extent the railway loans and purchasing of land to
fund the construction of the railway drove the Crown’s overall land purchasing
programme in the district? One area that the railways report will contribute to this
chapter will be in providing evidence about the extent to which the Crown collected
information about land quality in explorations and surveys for the railway. The
researcher should discuss whether the Crown used this information to deliberately
target the most productive land for purchase in the 1880s and 1890s. If so, did this
resulted in Maori being left with the poorest quality and least accessible land in the
district, which may have had a negative impact on Maori economic opportunities and
choices. Once again, the railway report will inform the research on land in the same
period and some material from that report may be summarised to form a context for
the land research.
Existing research
Three existing pieces of research provide histories of the opening of the Rohe Potae,
the activities of the Native Land Court and Crown purchasing in the district from
1882 to 1907. These reports are Cathy Marr’s The Alienation of Maori Land in the
Rohe Potae (Aotea Block), 1840-1920, Rangahaua Whanui District 8, Dec 1996 and
‘The Waimarino Purchase Report: The investigation, purchase and creation of
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reserves in the Waimarino block, and associated issues’ (Wai 903 #A60). A further
report by Donald Loveridge, ‘The Crown and the Opening of the King Country 1882-
1885’, A report for the Crown Law Office, February 2006, (Wai 1130 #A72) is more
narrowly focused on the Rohe Potae agreement negotiations from 1882 to 1885.
Marr’s two reports provide a good starting place for understanding the Rohe Potae
during the 1886-1890 period. Alan Ward’s early report, ‘Whanganui ki Maniapoto’
should not be overlooked, it cites some significant primary sources, especially in
relation to the railway negotiations and the Native committees. However, neither of
these reports is specifically land focused for the period prior to 1890.
Other secondary sources include the Tribunal’s Pouakani Report, and ‘Te
Taumarumarutanga O Ngati Tuwharetoa The Shadow of Ngati Tuwharetoa A
Traditional and Oral History Report Nga Korero A Ngati Tuwharetoa’ Wai 903,
#A150. However, confidentiality conditions will need to be complied with if this is to
be used as a source.
In this report the events covered by the standard histories (Marr, Loveridge etc) are
woven around discuss of alliances and relationships between key figures. This forms
a useful counterpoint to the reports based primarily on government records. In
particular it gives a sense of motivations of Maori actors in this period. However, it is
important to be aware that this is a Tuwharetoa perspective, no doubt the perspectives
within other iwi are different – these have yet to be place on the Tribunal’s record and
will probably emerge later in the casebook. The briefs of evidence of witnesses for
Ngati Tuwharetoa, Ngati Hikairo ki Tongariro, Whanganui groups and Ngati
Maniapoto in the CNI, National Park and Whanganui inquiries should be explored.
There is also evidence from Ngati Maniapoto and Whanganui witnesses on the record
of inquiry for the Whanganui inquiry. These should be utilised to capture something
of their perspectives.
Berghan’s block narratives for this inquiry document the title history of each block in
the inquiry district and will provide the starting point for any discussion of the court’s
dealings with particular blocks. Berghan also has a full account of the 1886
RohePotae (Aotea) block hearing, this is particularly useful as it summarises
hundreds of pages of court minutes and will allow the researcher to understand the
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whole hearing and locate particular moments in the hearing that they wish to
investigate further.
Research needed
Primary research into leases and other arrangements between hapu and iwi and
Europeans over land and resources;
Summary of Maori land legislation and its impact on the nature of the title provided
by the Native Land Court from 1886 to 1890 from secondary sources;
Limited supplementary primary research on 1886-1890 Native land legislation
(statutes, regulations and Parliamentary debates) as it relates to Te Rohe Potae lands;
Overview of the activities in the inquiry district from 1886 to 1890 from secondary
sources and statistics calculated from Maori Land Court Minute Book database;
Summary of Berghan’s block narrative on the 1886 sittings of the court to determine
title to the RohePotae (Aotea Block);
Supplementary primary research about hapu and iwi engagement with the court in the
1886-1890 period;
Summary of secondary sources relating to the delay to the Crown’s purchasing
programme; and
Supplementary primary research into the delay to the Crown’s purchasing programme
Time and resources required
The timeframes set out below are a preliminary estimate (in days) of how long it would
take a researcher to gather and write up a rough draft of material for each one of the
research tasks listed above. Estimate total time is given in days and weeks, weeks are
calculated based on 5 full-time days per week
Task Estimated time (days)
Primary research into leases and other arrangements:
Returns of land purchased and leased (AJHR)
Annual reports of officers in Native districts (AJHR)
MA 13 files, Archives NZ, Wellington
Kawhia Native Committee papers
2
2
4
1
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Rees-Carroll Commission 1891 – published report and
evidence
Rees-Carroll Commission 1891 – archives material
Mokau file at Pukeariki Museum, New Plymouth
Time for drafting this part of the chapter
1
2
1
5
Summary of Maori land legislation and its impact on the
nature of the title provided by the court, 1886-1890
4
Supplementary primary research on 1886-1890 Native
land legislation:
Statutes
Regulations
Parliamentary debates
Time for drafting this part of the chapter
2
1
3
5
Overview of the Native Land Court’s activities in the
inquiry district from 1886 to 1890:
Annual reports of officers in Native districts (AJHR)
MA 13 files, Archives NZ, Wellington
Stout-Ngata Commission report, 1907 (AJHR)
Berghan block narratives for the inquiry
Statistics generated from Maori Land Court Minute
Book index
Time for drafting this part of the chapter
2
4
1
3
2
5
Summary of Berghan’s block narrative on the 1886 sittings
of the court
1
Supplementary primary research about hapu and iwi
engagement with the court:
Maori Land Court Minute Books
Maori Land Court Block Order files
Judge Mair’s papers
Newspaper sources (CFRT index and document bank)
Kawhia Native Committee papers
7
7
10
2
3
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Time for drafting this part of the chapter 10
Summary of secondary sources on the delay to the
Crown’s purchasing programme
1
Supplementary primary research into the delay to the
Crown’s purchasing programme:
Annual reports of officers in Native districts (AJHR)
MA 13 files, Archives NZ, Wellington
MA-MLP files, especially general ones
W H Grace papers
G T Wilkinson papers
John Ballance papers
Time for drafting this part of the chapter
2
4
5
5
5
2
5
Total estimated time for research and drafting this
chapter
122 days (24 weeks & 2 days)
Possible research assistance projects
Statistical analysis of locations, number of sitting days, judges, type of hearing etc
from the Maori Land Court Minute Book index (pre-1913)
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Figure 8: Land Alienation in Te Rohe Potae Inquiry District, 1840-1910 (Source:
drawn from land alienation maps in The New Zealand Centennial Atlas, 1940)
30m",
1860 715,500 ha
1,768,000 ae. /'- ...... , .......
1910 375, 100ha 926,900 ae / .:. :C.,J
._E~ ~ __ , : , ! i I
,~ .
, . t" ]~:L", .. ~" t"·'mt ;.
702,900 ha
1,737,000 ae
.:/i'liN f " .~ ,,'-'1939 174.100 ha ., ... - -,",
----------, j "' -< --./ 430.100 ha
191' 1919
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Figure 9: Land Tenure in Te Rohe Potae Inquiry District, 1903-1904 (Source: detail
from AJHR 1904, C-1)
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Chapter 5: Land title issues and land/resource transactions in
the inquiry district, 1890 - 1907
Introduction
This chapter sets out some of the research issues that will need to be explored in relation
to the acquisition of land/resources by the Crown in the inquiry district from 1890 to
1907. It will also identify a number of issues about the impact that new forms of title
conferred by the Native Land Court had on the ability of hapu and iwi in the district to
retain, use, manage and control their lands. This discussion is followed by an outline of
sources that will assist in examining these issues. The chapter finishes by identifying and
assessing the existing research and what further research will need to be done. It also
gives a preliminary indication of the time this research will take and indicates whether
there are tasks that could be assigned to a research assistant.
Discussion
As mentioned in the previous chapter, the formal beginning of the purchasing programme
in the inquiry district was signalled by Crown’s official letter to certain rangatira late in
1889 and the first payments for interests in land are record as having been made in the
first six months of 1890. It is unclear what, if anything, Crown officials told hapu and iwi
prior to the 1889 about their intentions to purchase land from them within the Aotea
block. Statements, petitions and correspondence with Maori should be used to discover
what Maori understood about what land would be purchased and by what means. If there
were discussion between hapu and iwi and Crown officials about prospective purchasing
was any agreement reached, and if so what were the terms of that agreement?
What is clear from existing research is that the period covered by this chapter was
characterised by a very marked upswing in the alienation of Maori land in the inquiry
district in the 20 years between 1890 and 1910. In 1860, 92.3 percent of the inquiry
district remained in Maori hands and this has scarcely changed by 1890 when 90.7
percent of the inquiry district remained as Maori land. But, by 1910 over half of the
inquiry area had been alienated from Maori ownership. This is shown in figure 8, which
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has taken the 1940 Centennial Atlas maps of land tenure and overlaid the Rohe Potae
inquiry district boundary. It is worth noting that this period of rapid land alienation
coincides with the building of the Main Trunk Line through the Rohe Potae from 1890 to
1903. While this pattern of alienation is remarkable it does to some extent mirror the
national pattern of Maori land alienation during the Liberal Government period of the
1890s.’ 82
The 1907 Stout-Ngata Commission gives some indication of the pattern of this land
alienation in the inquiry district. With regard to land alienation in the ‘Rohe-Potae (King
Country) District’ the commissioners note a particularly strong difference between the
areas east and west of the main Trunk Line. They concluded that ‘the blocks in the west
of the railway-line have been minutely subdivided according to the Native ownership,
and in consequence of Crown purchases’. They pointed out that this degree of
subdivision and alienation was quite exceptional given the late entry of the Native Land
into the district: ‘We are not aware of any Native district, which until 1888 was closed to
the law-courts, where the Native Land Court has been so active and where subdivision
has proceeded so far as in this portion of the Rohe-Potae.’83 On the other hand the
subdivision of land lying east of the railway line (largely the Rangitoto-Tuhua block) was
much less advanced because of delays to survey.84 This strong east-west divide can be
seen quite clearly in the 1904 Land Tenure map in figure 9.
The Stout-Ngata Commission provides some figures for the alienation of the Rohe-Potae
(Aotea) block by purchase and by lease. No doubt Heinz’s land alienation quantitative
study will provide more accurate and comprehensive figures. These figures have been set
82 Tom Brooking has argued that the Liberal land-buying programme of the 1890s was the biggest of anyadministration after the New Zealand Wars, both in terms of expenditure and the area of land acquired. Thefigures Brooking gives show that ‘between 1891 and 1911 the Liberal Government purchased some 3.1million acres of Maori land for an average price of 6s 4d an acre, and most of it was purchased in the1890s. (Marr, Rohe Potae, pt 1, p 69 citing Tom Brooking, ‘ “Busting Up the Greatest Estate of All: LiberalMaori Land Policy, 1891-1911’, New Zealand Journal of History, 1992, vol. 26, No. 1, p 78)83 AJHR 1907, G-1b, p 284 Stout Ngata Commission ‘Native Lands in the Rohe-Potae (King Country) District, an interim report’,AJHR 1907, G-1b, p 3
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out in the table below and each one calculated as a percentage of the total area of the
Aotea block.
Table 1: Stout-Ngata Commission land alienation figures for the RohePotae (Aotea
Block) (Source: AJHR 1907, G- 1b, pp 10-11)
Type of alienation Acres PercentageSALES to Crown (before 1905) 687,769 37.3%to Crown (after 1905) 69,390 3.8%Total sales to the Crown 757,159 41.0%
to private persons 17,818 1.0%Total sales 774,977 42.0%
LEASESfor timber milling purposes 62,439 3.4%for coal prospecting 5,059 0.3%to Joshua Jones 26,480 1.4%for Native Township sites 893 0.0%for pastoral and agricultural purposes, approved by the Council or Board and under 122,892 6.7%Total under lease or negotiation 217,763 11.8%
TAKINGSTaken for public works or scenic reserves 110 0.0%
Area of Aotea Block 1,844,780 100.0%Total area alienated by 1907 992,850 53.8%Total area remaining 851,930 46.2%
The focus of land research in the period from 1890 to 1907 should be what pressures
were experienced by hapu, iwi and individual Maori within the inquiry district in
attempts to retain land and resources to support themselves and to continue to take
advantage of economic opportunities? To what extent were they able to resist,
control/limit, or minimize the impact of those pressures? What was the outcome in terms
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of both the nature and extent of their authority over the land/resources and the amount
and quality of that land/resources remaining in Maori ownership by 1907?
The Crown established a pre-emptive right to purchase Maori land with in an extensive
area of the Central North Island including all but the northern portion of the inquiry
district (see figures 3 and 7). The Native Land Alienation Restriction Act 1884
‘prohibited all dealings with lands therein contained, saving only the rights of the Crown
to purchase or otherwise acquired ‘on such terms as might be agreed upon between the
Crown and the owners over a large area which became known as the ‘railway area’ (see
figure 3).’85 Finance of £100,000 for the purchase of Maori land in the district was
provided by the North Island Main Trunk Railway Loan Application Act 1886. So, as the
Stout-Ngata Commission noted, at the time of the court began investigating the title to the
Aotea block in 1886, ‘Parliament had closed all lands to private dealers, had reasserted
the pre-emptive right of the Crown, and had earmarked a proportion of the territory for
the purposes of the Main Trunk Railway.’86 Aside from a brief period in 1888-1889, the
Crown’s pre-emption continued until the introduction of District Maori Land Councils
(later Boards) in 1900.87
A number of issues arise in relation to impact of the Crown’s monopoly on Maori
authority to deal with their lands and resources. Firstly, to what extent did Rohe Potae
hapu and iwi try to have the restrictions on private deals removed, either across the whole
district or over certain blocks? If so, were they successful and what was the outcome in
terms of land alienation? To what extent did this pre-emption prevent hapu and iwi and
individuals from entering any form of leasing, mortgages, royalties, sale of timber rights,
or even the placing of such land in trust? 88 If these avenues for profitable utilising their
85 AJHR 1907, G-1b, p 286 AJHR 1907, G-1b, p 287 The 1884 Act was repealed by the Native Land Administration Act 1888, but this was quickly reversedand pre-emption re-established by section 5 of the North Island Main Trunk Railway Loan Act AmendmentAct 1889. Initially this pre-emptive right was to apply for two years until January 1892. This was extendedto January 1894 by the Amendment Act of 1892. The pre-emption was then continued by the Native LandCourt Act 1894 until the introduction of a new system of Maori land administration in 1900 (AJHR 1907,G-1b, p 2)88 Waitangi Tribunal, He Maunga Rongo: Report on Central North Island claims, Stage One, 2008, vol. 2,pp 586-589
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land/resources as alternatives to sale were remove or constrained, to what extent did this
contribute to individuals selling their interests in land to the Crown? To what extent did
Crown officials regard the restrictions on private dealings to be a protection for Maori?
Did the Crown recognise a tension between Maori authority to deal with their land
(including dealing with settlers privately for lease, licence or sale) and the protection of
Maori from fraud and other crooked practices? If so what was done to balance these
tensions? Did the benefits of protection that pre-emption offered Maori in the district
outweigh the disadvantages suffered because of loss/constrain of their authority?
Another issue with regard to the impact of Crown pre-emption is the effect that the lack
of competition had on the price paid for interests in land, which was one the benefits
Maori derived for selling their interests. The Stout-Ngata Commissioners were critical of
the impact Crown pre-emption had on the price paid for Maori land in the district, which
on average was sold for 4s per acre:
While restricting private alienation, Parliament had reserved the right of the
Crown to purchase ‘on such terms as might be agreed upon between the Crown
and the owners.’ This was the fiction. In practice the Crown bought on its own
terms; it had no competition to fear; the owners had no standard of comparison in
their midst, such as the rents of land under lease or profits from farming might
have afforded; they had been reduced by cost of litigation and surveys, by the lack
of any other source of revenue, to accept any price at all for their land … The
price was, in our opinion, below the value. It was the best possible bargain for the
State.’89
It will be necessary to closely examine what systems the Crown had in place for
calculating the price to be paid per block, and more broadly, what mechanisms were put
in place by the Crown to ensure a fair price was paid and whether those mechanisms were
consistently applied? Such mechanisms included establishing an independent authority to
audit land dealings from 1870 onwards in the form of Trust Commissioners. The Native
Land Court was also provided with additional monitoring powers from 1873 to ensure
89 AJHR 1907, G-1b, p 4
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that transactions involving Maori land were equitable, including the price paid.90 The
researcher will also need to investigate, how stable the price per share was in particular
blocks over time, and if this price was unstable, what factors influenced a purchase
agent’s willingness to increase or decrease the offer made to individual owners. There is
also a question of whether and to what extent extra or discretionary payments were made
to particular chiefs to promote purchasing? 91
To state an obvious point here, the Crown’s purchasing activities in the district were
going on side by side with the proceedings of the Native Land Court. There are a number
of issues relating to the pressures that participating in court hearings and obtaining title
from the court created on Maori to sell their interests in land/resources. Survey costs and
court fees had the potential to burden Maori owners with debt. In some case this
contributed to poverty and made selling interests more necessary. Research should
consider what the extent of these costs were for blocks in this inquiry and to what extent
did the costs contribute to land loss?92 Was there a collective strategy by hapu and iwi in
the inquiry district to manage pressures such as debt from survey and court costs (to
avoid the need to sell), or were hapu, whanau and individuals simply left to do what they
could to pay these debts? To what extent were rents from leases able to provide enough
income to cover these expenses?
It is also possible that those facing such debts and wanting to raise capital to develop their
land decided to sell certain pieces of land to raise capital to develop more viable or
important land? Is there any evidence of this in this inquiry district? The research should
also consider to what extent the financial costs of resisting offers to sell interests were a
disincentive to retain shares in the land, especially in blocks where a number of others
had already sold. For example, the costs of hearing, survey and partition where the court
ordered a partition.93 It is expected that the impact of succession and partitioning on
fragmentation of ownership and land will prove to be largely a twentieth century issue,
90 Waitangi Tribunal, He Maunga Rongo … 2008, vol. 2, p 58191 Waitangi Tribunal, He Maunga Rongo … 2008, vol. 2, p 58492 Waitangi Tribunal, He Maunga Rongo …, 2008, vol. 2, p 50893 Waitangi Tribunal, He Maunga Rongo …, 2008, vol. 2, p 616-617
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and will be dealt with in the reports covering land issues after 1907. However, some
discussion of the court’s use of partition order to partition out land purchased by the
Crown in the 1890s will be necessary.
The research will need to consider the impact that the nature of the title provided by the
court had on the ability of owners to retain, use and manage their land/resources. In
particular, the researcher should investigate the extent to which it balanced the power of
the individual to deal with their interests against the power of the whanau, hapu and iwi
to control the retention, use and management of land/resources collectively.
Attention should also be given to the nature and extent of any protections the forms of
title offered owners, during this period. For example research should consider:
Provisions on restrictions on alienation and how these changed throughout the 1880s
and 1890s;
Fraud prevention measures and the role of the Trust Commissioners;
The right to appeal and the provisions for re-hearing;
Protections for the interests of minors; and
Provision for reserves for ‘sellers’ and ‘non-sellers.’
In particular the Native Land Court Act 1894 established the Native Appellate Court, to
confirm titles previous issued by the court under certain legislation and circumstances.
This process ‘improved the prospects of a full analysis of intersecting customary rights,
and provided a venue for appeals, promptly and frequently made use of by contending
Maori claimants.’94 The extent to what the Validation Court and Appellate Court sat in
the district, and what the outcome of its deliberations were for the owners of particular
blocks needs to be explored. The research should consider to what extent legislation
struck a balance between providing freedom for individuals to deal with their interests in
the land/resources and enabling hapu and iwi to exercise communal control over it.
94 Waitangi Tribunal, Hauraki Report, 2006, pp 766-767
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The researcher should consider the impact that Crown purchasing strategies had on hapu
and iwi ability to retain, use and manage their land/resources collectively. The way that
Crown official purchasing land operated in this district should be compared with the
procedures used in other districts such as CNI. Some of the questions suggested by
research in other inquiry districts include, to what extent were land purchasing officers in
this district using ownership lists from the court to target those individuals first who were
thought likely to be most co-operative or vulnerable in selling their shares? These
included absentee owners, those with particular small interests, those seeking to raise
capital to develop their other lands, and those burdened with debts.95 Did the land
purchase officers deliberately target the interest of minors in this district, and what was
the effect of changes to legislation governing who could be appointed as a trustee for a
minor on these practices?96 The research should consider whether there is any evidence of
a collective strategy by Maori in this district to resist these practices. For example, is their
any evidence that hapu and iwi attempted to withhold ownership lists or resist defining of
shares in blocks (to make purchasing of interests less viable or attractive) or voluntarily
partitioning blocks into portions to be sold and portions to be retained? How successful
were these strategies?
Researchers should also try to determine to what extent, if any, the multiple official
positions held by G T Wilkinson and W H Grace, alongside their roles as land purchase
officers constituted a conflict of interest, and were any steps taken to manage such
conflicts?97 It will also be important to consider how the marriage of these men into Ngati
Maniapoto affected their ability to gather information and use that information in
purchasing Maori land. Research should focus on the extent, if any, of purchase agents’
interference or influence over the ownership lists drawn up by the Native committee. Did
95 Waitangi Tribunal, He Maunga Rongo …, 2008, vol. 2, pp 614-61596 The CNI Tribunal found that land purchase officers were able to target minors and seek to have trusteesappointed for them who would sell. The opportunities for this were greatly strengthened from 1877, whenpowers under the Maori Real Estate Management Act were expanded to enable officials such as ResidentMagistrates, Officers in Native Districts, Native Land Court Judges or even Land Purchase Officersthemselves to be appointed as trustees for minors. This only required formal confirmation from the Courtfor appointment, and trustees could then alienate the interests of minors to the Crown (Waitangi Tribunal,He Maunga Rongo …, 2008, vol. 2, p 615)97 Marr Rohe Potae, pt 1, pp 61-62 points out some of these potential conflicts
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they, for example promise to purchase the interests of particular interests and then
contrive to have those individuals included on the ownership list? Was there collusion
between purchase agents and shopkeepers in terms of providing information about the
level of debt owed by individual owners? Or of shopkeepers in towns where the court sat
and land purchase officers worked together so that money received by Maori for
purchased interests after a court sitting was channelled directly into debts/or good
bought? The researcher should also consider whether there is any evidence that purchase
agents targeted individuals in times of particular poverty at the time of expensive events
such as tangi? Was there any confusion about whether payments were made as loans or
gift or for the purchase of interests?
The researcher should also assess the extent to which it was clear on the ground just how
much land the Crown had acquired and where it was located? Some research is also
needed into what extent changing requirements of the legislation that titles granted by the
court need to finalised by a Crown grant or by a certificate of title issued by the Land
Transfer Office before the title is legally binding. This has implications for Maori owners
in terms of the legal status of their title, potential addition costs, delays and confusion.98
Approach
Sources
There are several sources that will be critical to this chapter these include the MA-MLP
series of files at Archives NZ, Wellington which contain correspondence between Crown
officials about the purchasing Maori land in the district. There are some general files in
this series dealing with Crown purchasing in the district and well as files for specific
blocks. These will be used in tandem with the survey office (BAAZ) files for particular
blocks now held at Archives NZ, Auckland. As with the preceding chapter, the annual
reports of the officer in Native districts will contain basic information.
98 Waitangi Tribunal, Hauraki Report, 2006, pp 767-768
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Pressures on hapu and iwi ability to retain, use and manage their land/resources
Desire for title to facilitate leasing and retention of land/resource
A small amount of material about leasing of Maori land in the period after the Rohe Potae
agreement has been located. There are two volumes labelled ‘Auckland Land District –
Leases’ in the ABWN files at Archives NZ, Wellington. The volume first covers 1894 to
1903 and the second overlaps covering the period 1898 to 1902. There is also an AADS
file for Rural lands for Lease in Perpetuity in Pirongia Survey Districts, Waitomo County
for 1906. Further material will be found in the survey office files for particular blocks
(BAAZ files, Archives NZ, Auck) and in the MA-MLP files for individual blocks
(Archives NZ, Wellington).
Impact of Crown pre-emption
The Native Land Alienation Restriction Act 1884 and subsequent legislation establishing
and extending Crown pre-emption over the inquiry district will provide information about
how the Crown’s pre-emption worked in the district. Parliamentary debates will fill in the
background to this policy. Annual reports of officers in Native districts should be
checked to see if there were any attempts by hapu and iwi to have this pre-emption
modified or removed from all of part of the district and what the outcome of those
attempts was. J J Mitchell’s petitions database and supporting documents (Wai 898, #A9)
may provide further Maori views on the desire to enter into lease or sale arrangement
with private individuals. Maori Affairs (MA) and Maori Land Purchase Office (MA-
MLP) correspondence registers at Archives New Zealand may also contain letters from
Maori about these issues. Further material may be found in the survey office files for
particular blocks (BAAZ files, Archives NZ, Auck) and in the MA-MLP files for the
district and for individual blocks (Archives NZ, Wellington).
Impact of court costs and survey charges
Considerable material on court costs and survey liens can be extracted from the rules and
regulations and statutes governing the Native Land Court. Paula Berghan’s block
narratives and supporting documents will supply considerable data on court costs and
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survey liens, if more detail is required local registers from the Native Land Court held at
Archives NZ, Auckland seem to be a particular rich source of date, these have been
discussed above. The Block Order files at the Maori Land Courts in Wanganui and
Hamilton can also be consulted.
Of particular use to the research is a typed schedule: ‘Waikato Maniapoto Maori Land
Court Survey Liens incurred before 1916’, and some papers labelled ‘Outstanding survey
liens and compromised charges in the Aotea Maori Land Court District’. These are held
at LINZ in Hamilton (Maori Historical Records SA 2157, 131/2 originals). There are
some very general files on ‘survey liens’ in the formerly survey office material (BAAZ
series 1108 files) at Archives NZ, Auckland. However this only covers the late period
from 1904 to 1914. Here there are also a series of files containing applications for
determination of survey charges and survey certificates covering the period from 1881 to
1910 (BBOP series 10002 files). There are a number of miscellaneous files in the LS 1
series at Archives NZ, Wellington that deal with survey charges and surveyors expenses,
including expenses filed by C W Hursthouse from Te Kuiti. Court fees are generally
recorded in the margins of the Maori Land Court Minute Books and they appear to be
documented in the local registers. In addition, there is one general file title ‘Northern
Court Fees’ covering the period from 1878 to 1892 (BBOP A52 file, Archives NZ,
Auckland). These sources are all listed in the attached bibliography.
Impact of nature of title provided by the court
The Tribunal’s report for the Turanga (Gisborne), Hauraki and CNI inquiries examine
issues relating to the nature of title provided by the court and its impact on hapu and iwi
ability to retain, use and manage their land/resources. Research reports from those
inquiries provide further detail (see bibliography attached). Research is sparser on 1890s
Native land legislation than for earlier periods, and this gap will need to be filled in. Alan
Ward’s early research report ‘Whanganui ki Maniapoto’ briefly summarises national and
Rohe Potae specific legislation for this period. In addition, there is a considerable body of
academic research on the Liberal Government and its land settlement and Native affairs
policies which could be used to fill out the background to policy and legislation. Articles
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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by Tom Brooking in the New Zealand Journal of History, David Hamer’s study of
Liberal politics and a recent thesis on Liberal Government Native policy by Nicola
Blackburn appear to be particularly useful.99 The CFRT Maori land legislation manual is
a good place to start identifying relevant legislation from this period.100 Statutes,
regulations and Parliamentary debates for Native land legislation in this period provide
evidence of the provisions made to protect Maori. Research reports from other Tribunal
inquiries contain overviews of many of these provisions, for example the matter of
‘seller’ and ‘non-seller’ reserves was cover in Peter Clayworth’s report ‘Located on the
Precipices & Pinnacles – A report on the Waimarino Non-Seller Blocks & Seller
Reserves’, Wai 903 #A55.
An Excel spreadsheet index and accompanying document bank by J J Mitchell contains
petitions from Maori in the inquiry district to parliament (Wai 898, #A9). These petitions
can be studied by block or by the type of issue. By block will reveal blocks that where iwi
and hapu consistently felt that the Crown’s processes were flawed. By issue will allow for
a wider look at the kinds of downstream impacts of the courts transformation of title and
how iwi and hapu considered they were affected. Issues include:
Original survey/application for survey or boundaries;
Boundaries;
Requests for special legislation to be enacted;
Failure to protect wahi tapu from alienation and or desecration and/or reserves
promised;
Ownership and/or allocation of interests;
Request for inclusion of names on owners list;
Disputed partitions;
Requests for partition by non-sellers;
99 Tom Brooking, ‘ “Busting Up the Greatest Estate of All: Liberal Maori Land Policy 1891-1911’, NewZealand Journal of History, April 1992, vol. 26 No. 1, pp 78-98; ‘Use it of Lose it: Unravelling the landDebate in Late Nineteenth Century New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of History, October 1996, vol. 30,No. 2, pp 141-162; David Hamer, The New Zealand Liberals: The Years of Power, 1891-1912, AucklandUniversity Press, Auckland, 1988, and Nicola Blackburn, ‘An Ambivalent Agency: The administration ofNative affairs by the Liberal government, 1893-1906’, MA thesis, Massey University, 1997100 Heather Bassett, Rachel Steel & David Williams (for CFRT), Te Maori Land Legislation Manual: TePuke Aho Hangahanga mo nga Ture Whenua Maori, CFRT, 1994
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Succession;
Timber licenses;
Partition of land for survey liens; and
Leases.
There is also a file marked ‘Petitions from the Native Affairs Committee’ (1893-1912) in
the MA 24 series at Archives NZ, Wellington that may hold useful material.
There are a number of registers kept by the Native Land Court, which provide systematic
data on the court’s process in the district. These are found in the BBOP files at Archives
NZ, Auckland:
• Local Registers – four volumes for Waikato (1874-1907);
• Subdivision and Partition Register – One volume, Auckland district (1885-
1908);
• Various registers of applications under various pieces of legislation - see
bibliography for details, 15 volumes (1883-1910); and
• Personal Estates Registers – one volume, (1885-1889).
These are found in the BBOP files at Archives NZ, Auckland:
• Subdivision and Partition Register – One volume, Auckland district (1885-
1908);
• Various registers of applications under various pieces of legislation - see
bibliography for details, 15 volumes (1883-1910);
• Various register of Applications relating to interests of minors – see
bibliography for details, two volumes (1896-1910);
• Registers of Applications for removal of restrictions – two volumes (1890-
1910) [also see also two volumes of a register of restrictions removed (1848-
1906) in the ABWN papers at Archives NZ, Wellington]; and
• Appeals registers – four volumes, (1895-1915)
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Impact of Crown’s purchasing operation and strategy
Annual reports of Officers in Native Districts, survey office files and MA-MLP files will
provide evidence of the Crown’s purchasing operation and strategies. In addition, there is
a significant volume of correspondence and other papers by the Crown Purchase Officer,
G T Wilkinson have survived. These will need to be examined in detail and should
provide some important material. The University of Waikato library holds his diaries for
1904 and 1906. The Otorohanga Historical Society Courthouse Museum has a diary for
part of 1891. The Auckland Memorial War Museum Library have some Wilkinson papers
that include two notebooks, a waiata book, a scrapbook, newspaper cuttings and maps
relating to Maori land. The date range of this material is not clear. At the Alexander
Turnbull Library, Wellington there are a number of letters from Wilkinson in the inward
correspondence of H W Williams between 1890 and 1908.
Protections for Maori ownersRestrictions on alienation
Appendix 7 of David V William, Te Kooti Tango Whenua: The Native Land Court, 1864-
1909 provides a summary of the legislative provisions for restrictions on alienation and
their removal. This could be used as a starting point for an analysis of the statutes and
Parliamentary debate on this issue. Inquiries into this issue stretch back as least as far as
the 1856 Board of inquiry into Maori land. MA 11/3 Archives NZ, Wellington contains
papers relating to the Commission on the removal of restrictions on the sale of Native
lands between 1883 and 1891. There are also two volumes of a register of restrictions
removed (1848-1906) in the ABWN papers at Archives NZ, Wellington.
Fraud prevention and the Trust Commissioners
Native land fraud prevention legislation will provide details of the measures taken and the
Parliamentary debate over that legislation will indicate the policy and concerns behind
the legislation. Several research reports from other Tribunal inquires will provide
background on the establishment and operation of the Trust Commissioners. Te
Awamutu Museum holds two files of papers by Henry William Northcroft, the first
contains a register of the Native Trust Commission, December 1889-August 1893, and
the second contains an enquiry book: Trust Commission, and papers for the period 1892-
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1894. Records of the Appellate Court for this district should be located to examine the
protective role this court provided after 1894.
Reserves made during purchasing operations
It will be important to document the creation and fate of any reserves made for sellers in
blocks that were being purchased by the Crown in 1890s and 1900s. Archives NZ,
Wellington, LS 1, 1299, 22668 relates to miscellaneous reserves in the period 1895 to
1899. MA-MLP 6/5 includes copies of requests to the Crown Lands Department for
Crown Grants on reserves set aside for Maori, 31 May 1881-11 July 1892. This also
contains an alphabetical index of blocks of land or reserves. Maori Affairs-Maori Trustee
(MA-MT) should be checked for material relating to Native reserves within purchased
blocks.
Records of purchases, 1890-1907Overview of purchasing in the district
Some of the findings of the Stout-Ngata Commission have already been discussed above,
there reports and appended tables should be examined thoroughly. The main report of
interest for the inquiry is AJHR 1907 G-1b – ‘Interim Report on Native Lands in Rohe
Potae District’ but a supplementary report, AJHR 1907, G-1o – Report of Native Land
Commission on Native lands in the Rohe Potae District’ should also be checked. Also of
interest is AJHR 1907, G-3a ‘Maori Land purchase options – Report from W H Grace,
Kihikihi on Land Settlement Act.’ Again, Archives NZ Wellington in the MA 78 series
holds the working papers of the commission. At Archives NZ Auckland the BAAZ
4728/1a file ‘Native Land in the Auckland Land District suitable for settlement; Return of
Native Land in North Island (Auckland Land District)’, 1907 also looks useful.
There are a series of land tenure maps for the North Island which show the whole island
shaded to indicate areas of Crown land, Maori land (passed through the court), Maori
customary land (not yet passed through the court), land taken up by settlers and pastoral
leases etc. These begin at AJHR 1884 (seess II, C-1), 1891 (G-5 & G-10) and regularly at
C-1 after 1892 until 1908. Also of interest are two other land tenure maps:
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AJHR 1903 D-9 ‘N.I.M.T.Ry Plan showing tenure of land for twenty five miles on
each side of Awakino, Waitara, Stratford and Central Routes’; and
AJHR 1907 G-3a ‘Map of Auckland region showing Blocks purchased.’
These maps should provide an overview of the pattern of land alienation and its change
over time.
Financial records/funding of purchasing
There are several land purchase journals at Archives NZ for the period 1876 to 1911:
BBOP, Archives Auckland – Native Land Purchase Journal – one volume (1898-
1911); and
MA-MLP, Archives NZ Wellington – Land Purchase Accounts Journal (1876-1900).
Returns of land purchased
There is a set of returns itemising land that had been purchased and/or leased in the
inquiry district. These returns also indicate whether the land was within the 1884 railway
loan area or not. The first return appears in 1888 and then yearly until 1902 at AJHR C-3
from 1896 onwards (see bibliography for further details). Several other similar returns
should also be checked:
AJHR 1885, G-6 – Lands passed through the Native Land Court and purchased by
Europeans, (return of) since 1873;
AJHR 1888, G-2 – Native Land Purchases in the North Island, (return of) since 1st
April 1884;
AJHR 1891, C-8 – Table showing Land Acquired for Settlement along North Island
Main Trunk Railway [Area of Freehold and leasehold land between 1881-1891]; and
AJHR 1891, G-10 – Native Lands in the Colony [shows lands within area reserved by
Main Trunk railway loan application Act].
Files for blocks purchased
The majority of the material relevant to land purchasing after 1886 is contained in files
that relate to specific blocks of land. These files were kept by a variety of government
departments and will need to be used together to form an accurate and comprehensive
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picture of the Crown’s purchasing activities and their impact in the inquiry district. It is
difficult at this stage to prioritise this vast amount of material but there are clearly two
sets of files that will be of major importance to the proposed research. These are the
Maori Land Purchase Office files (MA-MLP series 1) at Archives NZ, Wellington and
Survey Office files (BAAZ series 1108) at Archives NZ, Auckland.
Survey files (BAAZ 1108 series, Archives NZ, Auckland)
The BAAZ series 1108 files were created by the Survey (later Lands and Survey)
Department to hold correspondence and other papers relating to particular blocks of land.
These are a significant source for material on survey and land court activity as well as for
land purchasing. A search of the Archway catalogue by block name turned up a large
number of files about individual blocks. These have been listed in an Excel spreadsheet.
Many cover the 1880s and 1890s with the remainder from the early 1990s. This set of
files connects to the 20/- files, which are still held by LINZ Hamilton. In addition there
are some post-1900 files for blocks and survey districts in the BAOB papers at Archives
NZ Auckland.
Maori Affairs-Maori Land Purchase Department files (MA-MLP series 1, Archives NZ,
Wellington)
These are the files of the land purchase department, each block has one or more files and
there are at least 50 boxes of files in this series. So it will be important to create a list of
files so that when certain blocks are selected for detail research the appropriate files can
be quickly located. Unfortunately, the files are poorly indexed in Archway (the online
catalogue), however it is possible that one of the staff at the Wellington office, Honiana
Love, has a list of these files. Attempts should be made to contact her about this.
There are several general files on land purchasing that may hold information relevant to
this inquiry district. Archives NZ, Wellington MA-MLP1, box39, 1895/428 contains
material about ‘purchasing from owners living in other areas’, 1895 and MA-MLP 6/4
contains Native Land Court judge’s decisions of purchases of blocks by the Crown from
1897 to 1901.
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Maori Land Court – Waikato-Maniapoto district files (BAAC, Archives NZ, Auckland)
This is another significant set of files, there are two types of files: application files and
correspondence files in this set. The dates covered by the files range widely from the
1870s to the post-1900 period.
Other Survey files (AADS, ABWN and LS files, Archives NZ, Wellington)
There are a number of AADS files relating to Awakino, Kawhia, Raglan and Waitomo
counties and survey districts, one file on a subdivision of Rangitoto-Tuhua and some files
on the Te Akau block. The files are predominately post-1900 but a few contain material
from as far back as the 1850s.
The ABWN files relate to the Hauturu block (unexecuted deed from the 1890s), the
Maungarangi block (post-1900), the Moerangi blocks (post-1900), and Mokau village
(1880s-1890s). There is also a general file on Rangitoto/Te Akau other blocks for the
1880s to early 1900s period.
The LS files contain material about special reserves, townships and harbour endowments
in or around the Awakino, Awaroa, Kawhia, Mokau, and Otorohanga blocks. There are
also files about the Mangapapa and Taurangi blocks, as well as of late subdivisions of
Kinohaku West, Rangitoto-Tuhua, Rangitoto A and Wharepuhunga blocks.
Other Maori Land Court and Maori Affairs Department files (Archives NZ, Wellington)
There are a number of files in MA series 1 for subdivisions of Rangitoto Tuhua and for
Mangapapa 1C (late 1890s-post-1900). MA series 14 and series 76 hold files relating to
the Te Akau block. Various MA accessions contain files for the Te Akau Block Aorangi,
Te Awaroa, Rangitoto-Tuhua and Wharepuhunga blocks for the same period. The Maori
Affairs, Wanganui district office (MA-WANG) holds some files about the Mangapapa
and Puketarata blocks (1870s-post 1900s) and for the Maraetaua, and Rangitoto-Tuhua
(1890s-post 1900s). There are further files for Rangitoto-Tuhua block subdivisions after
1900 in the Maori Land Court – Aotea (MLC-WG) files.
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Other archives of Government departments, Archives NZ, Wellington
There are a small number of Justice Department (J) files relating to land registry fees on
the Maungapapa block in the 1880s. There is also some material on litigation over the
Maungapapa block in 1887 and some files about the Mokau River and Mokau coalfield in
the 1880s in the LE files. Some post-1900 material on the Awakino, Marakopa, Mokau
and Kawhia Harbours can be found in the Marine Department files (M).
Miscellaneous Native Land Court material, Archives NZ, Auckland
In the BBOP files at Archives NZ, Auckland there is a series of letters from 1882
regarding whether a court sitting would be held at Mokau and some early material
relating to the Te Akau block (1860s-1870s). In addition to these files the block order
files, correspondence files and Maori Land Court minute books will contain relevant
material.
SurveysSurvey and/or Lands and Survey Department registers (ABWN, Archives NZ, Wellington)
• General Index, Department of Lands – consecutive volumes from 1883 to 1905;
• Native Block Register – one volume from 1894 onwards (end date unclear);
• Registers of Authorised Native Survey – one is dated 1890 and the other is
dated 1890-1903. In addition there is a ‘Maori Land Survey Register’ dated 1910-
1913; and
• Register of Applications for unsurveyed land, Lands and Survey, Wellington –
one volume from 1891 to 1910.
At Archives NZ, Auckland BAAZ 1108, 159, 4429 is titled ‘plans to Land Purchase
Officers’ and covers the period 1895-1904.
There are three general files on ‘Native Land Survey’ from 1906 to 1914 and
‘miscellaneous survey’ from 1907 to 1918 in the former files of the Maori Land Court
(BAAZ series 1117) at Archives NZ, Auckland. These should be checked in case they
relate to delayed surveys in the district.
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There are also a regular series of maps showing the state of public survey. The first are
from AJHR 1879, H-19 and AJHR 1880, H-27. They appear variously at C-2 to C- 5 up
till 1891 and then regularly at C-1 from 1892 to 1906.
Crown purchase deeds, 1890-1907It should be possible to locate a significant number of deeds of purchase for the inquiry
district. At Archives NZ, Wellington there are 30 volumes of material in ABWN 8102
containing Crown Purchase Deeds for the Auckland Land District from 1872 to 1920.
Crown grants and titlesMaori Affairs Department registers
• MA series 12 – two volumes for Waikato and two for Taranaki (no date) – each
containing printed forms showing briefly the title to Maori lands, the Act under
which the grant had been made, locality, names of the Maori grantees, date of the
grant and the restriction placed on its alienation. Volumes are divided according
to area.
Maori Land Court registers (BBOP, Archives NZ, Auckland)
• Local Registers – four volumes for Waikato (1874-1907) and one for Kawhia
and Mokau (1902-1907); and
• Titles Index – one volume, Northern District titles indexes (1894-1910).
Maori Affairs Department registers
• MA series 12 – two volumes for Waikato and two for Taranaki (no date) – each
containing printed forms showing briefly the title to Maori lands, the Act under
which the grant had been made, locality, names of the Maori grantees, date of the
grant and the restriction placed on its alienation. Volumes are divided according
to area.
Maori Land Court registers (BBOP, Archives NZ, Auckland)
• Local Registers – four volumes for Waikato (1874 – 1907) and one for Kawhia
and Mokau (1902-1907); and
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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• Titles Index – one volume, Northern District titles indexes (1894-1910).
Methodology
It is clear that the research will not be able to document each block in the inquiry district.
In part this function will be performed by Berghan’s block narratives in any case. It will
be necessary to select blocks to investigate in greater detail. As discussed in the previous
chapter certain cases will need to be chosen from the northern area of the inquiry district.
In terms of selecting blocks for study from within the Aotea block (1886) two main
criteria should be considered:
1) Selecting on the basis of type of tenure near the end of the research period:
Land tenure maps from around the end of the research period (1904 &1905) show the
land shaded according to whether it remains as customary Maori land, has passed through
the court but remains in Maori ownership, has been on-sold to settlers, or remains as
Crown Land. The geographical differences in these patterns suggest that this map could
be divided into zones based on areas of similar patterns. Blocks for case studies should
then be choose to represent each of these different zones and types of tenure.
2) Selecting on the basis of clusters of land that went through the court:
Berghan has identified the sequence in which land came within the RohePotae (Aotea)
block came before the court and the blocks that were created as a result. She has also
identified blocks that came before the court as a single block. Blocks for more detailed
examination could be chosen to ensure that there were a spread of cases from each of
these significant clusters of land, as well as a sample from the blocks were investigated as
single blocks.
Other factors to consider in selecting case studies will be:
The wishes of the claimant community;
Spread of iwi/hapu interests (these could be obtained from looking at the initial title
investigation in the Maori Land Court Minute Books);
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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A mix of ‘normal’ blocks and those over which there was protest or which were
specially investigated by the Crown at a later date (these can be identified by looking
at surviving petitions and commissions of inquiry); and
Availability of records – comprehensive files, especially Maori Land Court and
survey files, need to be available.
Paula Berghan’s block narratives will provide data on such matters as survey liens, court
costs, removal of restrictions of alienation, rate of subdivision, and the interests of
minors. An analysis of these aspects of the usability of the title the court provided will
create an overview of general patterns. Berghan is not able to be comprehensive and so
her data could be supplemented by a systematic extraction of data from the various
registers of the Maori Land Court now held at Archives NZ Auckland. In particular, the
local registers appear to be the main working registers of the court at Auckland and
record all transactions on each block (and court and survey cost). A statistical analysis of
in how many days the court sat, who were the assessors, judges, and what the nature of
the hearing was (title investigation, partition, succession etc) could be done using the
index to the Maori Land Court minute books and the minutes themselves (where
necessary). This data could sit alongside case study material and help to ensure and
demonstrate that the case studies are representative.
Links and overlaps with other casebook research
There is an obvious link between this chapter and Barclay and Marr’s political
engagement report for this period. That report will assist by informing the researcher
of the wider context of Crown-hapu/iwi relations in the district at the time and may
provide a limited amount of material to be included as summary context. However,
this chapter will focus more narrowly on the range of pressures affecting hapu and iwi
ability to retain, use and manage their land/resources in the face of an organised
Crown programme of land purchasing.
There are also connections with the land alienation quantitative study currently being
undertaken for this inquiry. This chapter may draw on and summarise results from
that study (depending on availability). However it is intended that this chapter will
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
117
provide as more detailed discussion of the various pressures on hapu and iwi
attempting to retain, use and control their land/resources. A general overview of the
purchasing programme and its impact will be followed by more detailed discussion of
what happened in certain blocks. This should complement rather than overlap with
the land alienation quantitative study.
Existing research
There are some gaps in research about 1890s Maori land legislation and its impact on
the nature of the title the court provided. Research placed before the Tribunal has
provided good coverage of the origins of the Native Land Court in the 1862-1865
period. In particular, research for the Turanga (Gisborne), Hauraki, CNI and
Whanganui inquiries mentioned above focuses strongly on the changes made to the
type of title provided by the court under the Native Land Act 1873. The Tribunal’s
Hauraki Report does provide some analysis of the legislation for the 1880s and
1890s. Alan Ward’s early research report Whanganui ki Maniapoto briefly
summarises national and Rohe Potae specific legislation for this period. In addition,
there is a considerable body of academic research on the Liberal Government and its
land settlement and Native affairs policies which could be used to fill out the
background to policy and legislation. Richard Boast’s recent book, Buying the Land,
Selling the Land: Government and Maori Land in the North Island 1865 – 1921 has a
strong focus on the 1880s and 1890s. Articles by Tom Brooking in the New Zealand
Journal of History, David Hamer’s study of Liberal politics and a recent thesis on
Liberal Government Native policy by Nicola Blackburn appear to be particularly
useful.101 The CFRT Maori land legislation manual is a good place to start identifying
relevant legislation from this period.102
101 Tom Brooking, ‘ “Busting Up the Greatest Estate of All: Liberal Maori Land Policy 1891-1911’, NewZealand Journal of History, April 1992, vol. 26 No. 1, pp 78-98; ‘Use it of Lose it: Unravelling the landDebate in Late Nineteenth Century New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of History, October 1996, vol. 30,No. 2, pp 141-162; David Hamer, The New Zealand Liberals: The Years of Power, 1891-1912, AucklandUniversity Press, Auckland, 1988, and Nicola Blackburn, ‘An Ambivalent Agency: The administration ofNative affairs by the Liberal government, 1893 – 1906’, MA thesis, Massey University, 1997102 Heather Bassett, Rachel Steel & David Williams (for CFRT), Te Maori Land Legislation Manual: TePuke Aho Hangahanga mo nga Ture Whenua Maori, CFRT, 1994
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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As already mentioned the Tribunal’s report and research reports for the Turanga
(Gisborne), Hauraki and CNI inquiries examine issues relating to the nature of title
provided by the court and its impact on hapu and iwi ability to retain, use and manage
their land/resources. These reports also consider the strategies employed by the
Crown in purchasing Maori land in those districts.
Part one of Marr’s Rangahaua Whanui report on the Rohe Potae has three chapters on
Crown purchasing in the inquiry district. This includes a chapter on the overall
framework including discussion of the Native Land Court process, the influence of
Government officials and the Government’s policy and the legislative framework.
There is an overview chapter discussing patterns and characteristics of the Crown’s
land purchasing in the district in the 1890s. This chapter includes discussion of the
Crown tactics, the interface between the court and the purchasing officers, the
pressures of debt and costs and the effect of Crown pre-emption on the setting of
purchase prices. There is also some material on the reserves policy for sellers. The
third chapter contains a more detailed discussion of how this worked in practice for
the Taorua and Wharepuhunga blocks. Marr’s Waimarino report also provides an
extended study of Crown purchasing in the Waimarino block.
Berghan’s block narratives set out the basic facts for the purchasing of each block in
the inquiry district.
Research needed
Overview of Native Land Court activity and the type of title provided by the court in
the district, 1890-1907;
Summary of secondary sources on nature of title provided by the court, 1890-1907;
Supplementary primary research on the nature of title provided by the court;
Primary research into the impact of title on ability of whanau, hapu, iwi and
individuals to use and control their land/resources in this district after 1890 (selected
blocks), e.g. nature of interests, succession, partition, mechanisms for community
control;
Overview of purchasing of Maori land in the district by the Crown, 1890-1907;
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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Summary of legislation and policy relating to Crown pre-emption from secondary
sources (including its impact on ability of Maori to lease and otherwise deal with
land/resources);
Supplementary primary research on legislation and policy relating to Crown pre-
emption etc.;
Summary of secondary sources on the impact of Crown pre-emption on the price paid
for Maori land;
Supplementary primary research on how prices were set and varied in this district and
hapu and iwi response to this (general sources and for selected blocks);
Summary of secondary sources on impact of court costs, survey costs and other
charges on hapu and iwi ability to retain their land/resources;
Summary of legislative provision for court costs, survey costs and other charges;
Primary research into the court costs, survey costs and other charges and their impact
on hapu and iwi decisions about their land/resources in this district (general sources
and for selected blocks);
Summary of secondary sources on Crown purchasing tactics and hapu and iwi
responses to these in this district;
Overview of protective measures in Native land legislation (restrictions on alienation,
reserves for sellers/non-sellers, protection including the Trust Commissioners) and
the protective role of the court;
Supplementary primary research into restrictions on alienation in this district;
Supplementary primary research into reserves for sellers/non-sellers in this district;
Supplementary primary research into protection from fraud including the Trust
Commissioners in this district;
Summary of secondary sources on extent of confusion about what the Crown had
acquired and what remained in Maori ownership by 1907; and
Supplementary primary research into confusion about ownership of land/resources by
1907.
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120
Time and resources required
The timeframes set out below are a preliminary estimate (in days) of how long it would
take a researcher to gather and write up a rough draft of material for each one of the
research tasks listed above. Estimate total time is given in days and weeks, weeks are
calculated based on 5 full-time days per week:
Task Estimated time (days)
Overview of Native Land Court activity and the type of title
provided by the court in the district, 1890-1907:
Maori Land Court minute book statistical analysis
Compiling data from Maori Land Court minute book
index
Summarise Annual reports by officers in Native districts
on progress of the Native Land Court
Summarise Berghan narratives on progress of Native
Land Court
Estimated time for drafting this section of the chapter
3
3
3
4
4
Summary of secondary sources on nature of title provided
by the court, 1890-1907
3
Supplementary primary research on the nature of title
provided by the court:
Statutes & regulations
Parliamentary debates
Estimated time for drafting this section of the chapter
4
5
5
Overview of purchasing of Maori land in the district by the
Crown, 1890-1907:
Annual reports by officers in Native districts on
purchasing
Returns of land purchased and leased
Stout-Ngata Commission report and papers
Land Tenure maps
3
4
4
2
5
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
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Estimated time for drafting this section of the chapter
Summary of legislation and policy relating to Crown pre-
emption
4
Supplementary primary research on legislation and policy
relating to Crown pre-emption
Statutes and regulations
Parliamentary debates
Estimated time for drafting this section of the chapter
4
5
5
Summary of secondary sources on the impact of Crown pre-
emption on the price paid for Maori land
2
Summary of secondary sources on impact of court costs,
survey costs and other charges
2
Summary of legislative provision for court costs, survey
costs and other charges:
2
Summary of secondary sources on Crown purchasing tactics
and hapu and iwi response to these in this district
2
Overview of protective measures in Native land legislation
restrictions on alienation,
reserves for sellers/non-sellers,
protection from fraud including the Trust
Commissioners
5
Summary of secondary sources on extent of confusion about
what the Crown had acquired and what remained in Maori
ownership by 1907
1
Primary research into the impact pressures and protective
measures on ability to retain, use and control land
Berghan blocks narratives
Annual reports by officers in Native districts
Petitions
BAAZ (survey office files)
MA-MLP files
5
5
7
10
10
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
122
Registers at Archives NZ, Auck
Maori Land Court Minute Books
Block order and correspondence files
Miscellaneous archives files
Te reo Maori sources
5
10
8
7
5
Total estimate time for research and first draft of
chapter
151 days (30 weeks & 1 day)
Research assistance projects
Work by a research assistant could contribute substantially to a number of the tasks listed
in the timeframe above. These include:
Maori Land Court minute book statistical analysis (3-5 days);
Compiling data from Maori Land Court minute book index (3-5 days); and
Tabulating restrictions on alienation, survey and court costs, successions and
partitions from various registers at Archives NZ, Auckland (5 days).
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
123
Chapter 6: Recommendations
Introduction
This chapter summarises conclusions drawn in the body of the report about structure of
the proposed report and the estimated timeframe for its completion. This chapter also sets
out briefly a number of options for resourcing the main research commission. It should be
noted that the timeframes indicated are estimates for how long it is likely to take a sole
researcher to complete a single comprehensive examination of the many issues identified.
If choices are made which narrow the scope of the research and/or allow the work to be
divided amongst two or more researchers and/or research assistants this timeframe could
be reduced.
Chapter outline
It is suggested that a nineteenth century lands report for Te Rohe Potae inquiry be
commissioned following the structure that has been set out in this scoping report. In
summary the main chapter heading will be:
Introduction
Chapter 1: Early European contact and non-Government Land/Resource Transactions,
prior to 1862
Chapter 2: Early Government contact annd Crown land/resource transactions to 1860
Chapter 3: The introduction of new land legislation and the Native Land Court to the
district, 1865-1883
Chapter 4: the Native Land Court System in the Rohe Potae, 1886-1890
Chapter 5: Land titles and land/resource transactions in the inquiry district, 1890-
1907
Conclusion
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
124
In addition, I recommend that, a separate report identifying the land returned to Maori by
the Compensation Court after 1866 in the Te Akau block and in the other areas
conditionally included in the inquiry district north of the Punui River be commissioned.
This report should trace the title history of each piece of land until it passed from Maori
ownership. It will be important to consider the impact that Crown granting the land to
individuals and the form of title conferred had on the ability of Maori to retain, use and
control their land. A separate report is recommended because identifying this land will be
time consuming and, experience of the Compensation Court elsewhere in the country
suggests that the land was Crown granted to individual Maori by the Compensation Court
rather than passing through the Native Land Court as the land in much of the rest of the
inquiry district did.
I recommend against commissioning a separate report to cover blocks in the northern area
of the inquiry district (figure 7). There are good reasons for wanting to include discussion
about land in this area as part of an overview report. The three blocks purchased by the
Crown north of Aotea Harbour in the 1850s should be examined alongside other 1850s
Crown purchases at Mokau, Awakino and Harihari. All of these purchases were part of a
Crown purchasing programme in this district and to study Crown actions in relation to
these particular blocks would reduce the ability to see them as part of an overall Crown
agenda. They took place within four years of each other and were carried out by John
Rogan under the instruction of Donald McLean. However, the small blocks of land that
lie within the boundaries of these purchases can be dealt with by ensuring that the
researcher explores how these blocks came about – either as reserves or exclusions from
the original purchase or blocks created by the court in the 1880s and 1890s. The two
blocks that lie outside the Aotea block but inside 1884 railway area should be examined
as case studies. Similarly, the blocks on the northern shore of the Aotea Harbour could be
dealt with by selecting some as case studies. Examining these blocks in the same report
that looks at blocks with the aukati would enable these blocks to be compared and
contrasted with blocks inside the RohePotae (Aotea) block.
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
125
Estimated project timeframes
This section draws together the timeframe estimates from each chapter into a single
project plan and timetable. Those estimates were for research and writing a rough first
draft. The timeframe below adds time for rewriting and rethinking that draft, for the draft
to be read and commented on by the project supervisor and reworked and for the draft
report to go through a quality assurance process (QA) and to be edited and formatted for
filing.
Chapter 1: Early European contact and non-Government
Land/Resource Transactions, prior to 1862
Task Time estimated (days)
Overview of the nature of Maori authority 5
Summary on impact of musket wars 3
Summary on impact of new economic opportunities 4
Summary on impact of skills, technologies and ideas
introduced by missionaries
3
Supplementary primary research into missionary influences 5
Summary of secondary sources on early non-old land claim
transactions (local histories)
4
Supplementary primary research into early non-old land claim
transactions
4
Summary of old land claims policy and process 3
Summary of old land claims block narratives from Berghan’s
report
2
Primary research into the nature and outcome of old land
claims from the OLC case files at Archives NZ, Wellington.
8
Primary research into the nature and outcome of old land
claims from reports, deeds, correspondence and other archival
sources.
9
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
126
Total estimate time for researching and drafting chapter 1 50 days (10 weeks)
Chapter 2: Early Government contact annd Crown
land/resource transactions to 1860
Task Time estimated (days)
Primary research for account of early Crown contact 6
Summary of Crown purchasing policy and practice from
secondary sources5
Supplementary primary research on Crown purchasing policy
and practice in the inquiry district4
Summary of Berghan’s narratives for each transaction 4
Supplementary primary research to clarify the number and
nature of these transactions7
Primary research into the negotiations for each transaction and
their outcome10
Primary research into the creation and history of the Native
reserves in each transaction5
Primary research into the disposal of land from these
transaction10
Total estimated time for researching and drafting chapter 2 51 days (10 weeks & 1 day)
Chapter 3: The introduction of new land legislation and the
Native Land Court to the district, 1865-1883
Task Time estimated (days)
Primary research on leases and other arrangements inside and
outside the aukati:
Annual reports from the district (AJHR)
Maori population census reports 1878 & 1881 (AJHR)
3
1
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
127
Newspaper sources (CFRT index and document bank)
Manuscript sources related to leases
Searancke papers
Miscellaneous archives files
Drafting this section of the chapter
1
3
8
3
5
Summary of secondary sources on the reopening of Kawhia
Harbour
1
Supplementary primary research on the reopening of Kawhia
Harbour:
Reports and correspondence in AJHR
Reports and correspondence in BPP
Newspapers sources (CFRT index and document bank)
Photographs
Drafting this section of the chapter
2
2
1
1
5
Summary of Native land legislation and its impact on the
nature of the title provided by the court, 1865-1883
2
Summarise Parsonson’s article on the giving of evidence in the
Native Land Court
1
Identify blocks outside the aukati that went through the Native
Land Court prior to 1883 and document Maori experience of
those hearings:
Maori Land Court minute book index
Maori Land Court Minute Books
Newspaper sources
Drafting this section of the chapter
1
10
1
7
Primary research into applications and other inquiries to the
court for land inside the aukati prior to 1883:
Annual reports of the district officers
Native Land Court applications registers, 1865-1883
Correspondence file re applications, 1880-1884
2
2
1
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
128
Survey office files for blocks where early applications were
made (BAAZ files, Archives NZ, Auck)
Drafting this section of the chapter
3
5
Total estimated time for researching and drafting chapter 3 71 days (14 weeks & 1 day)
Chapter 4: the Native Land Court System in the Rohe Potae,
1886-1890
Task Estimated time (days)
Primary research into leases and other arrangements:
Returns of land purchased and leased (AJHR)
Annual reports of officers in Native districts (AJHR)
MA 13 files, Archives NZ, Wellington
Kawhia Native Committee papers
Rees-Carroll Commission 1891 – published report and
evidence
Rees-Carroll Commission 1891 – archives material
Mokau file at Pukeariki Museum, New Plymouth
Time for drafting this part of the chapter
2
2
4
1
1
2
1
5
Summary of Maori land legislation and its impact on the
nature of the title provided by the court, 1886-1890
4
Supplementary primary research on 1886-1890 Native land
legislation:
Statutes
Regulations
Parliamentary debates
Time for drafting this part of the chapter
2
1
3
5
Overview of the activities in the inquiry district from 1886 to
1890:
Annual reports of Officers in Native districts (AJHR)
MA 13 files, Archives NZ, Wellington
2
4
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
129
Stout-Ngata Commission report, 1907 (AJHR)
Berghan block narratives for the inquiry
Statistics generated from Maori Land Court Minute Book
index
Time for drafting this part of the chapter
1
3
2
5
Summary of Berghan’s block narrative on the 1886 sittings of
the court
1
Supplementary primary research about hapu and iwi
engagement with the court:
Maori Land Court Minute Books
Maori Land Court Block Order files
Judge Mair’s papers
Newspaper sources (CFRT index and document bank)
Kawhia Native Committee papers
Time for drafting this part of the chapter
7
7
10
2
3
10
Summary of secondary sources on the delay to the Crown’s
purchasing programme
1
Supplementary primary research into the delay to the Crown’s
purchasing programme:
Annual reports of officers in Native districts (AJHR)
MA 13 files, Archives NZ, Wellington
MA-MLP files, especially general ones
W H Grace papers
G T Wilkinson papers
John Balance papers
Time for drafting this part of the chapter
2
4
5
5
5
2
5
Total estimated time for researching and drafting chapter 4 122 days (24 weeks & 2
days)
Chapter 5: Land titles and land/resource transactions in the
inquiry district, 1890-1907
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
130
Task Estimated time (days)
Overview of Native Land Court activity and the type of title
provided by the court in the district, 1890-1907:
Maori Land Court minute book statistical analysis
Compiling data from Maori Land Court minute book index
Summarise annual reports by Officers in Native districts on
progress of the Native Land Court
Summarise Berghan narratives on progress of Native Land
Court
Estimated time for drafting this section of the chapter
3
3
3
4
4
Summary of secondary sources on nature of title provided by
the court, 1890-1907
3
Supplementary primary research on the nature of title provided
by the court:
Statutes & regulations
Parliamentary debates
Estimated time for drafting this section of the chapter
4
5
5
Overview of purchasing of Maori land in the district by the
Crown, 1890-1907:
Annual reports by Officers in Native districts on purchasing
Returns of land purchased and leased
Stout-Ngata Commission report and papers
Land Tenure maps
Estimated time for drafting this section of the chapter
3
4
4
2
5
Summary of legislation and policy relating to Crown pre-
emption
4
Supplementary primary research on legislation and policy
relating to Crown pre-emption
Statutes and regulations
Parliamentary debates
Estimated time for drafting this section of the chapter
4
5
5
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
131
Summary of secondary sources on the impact of Crown pre-
emption on the price paid for Maori land
2
Summary of secondary sources on impact of court costs,
survey costs and other charges
2
Summary of legislative provision for court costs, survey costs
and other charges:
2
Summary of secondary sources on Crown purchasing tactics
and hapu and iwi response to these in this district
2
Overview of protective measures in Native land legislation
restrictions on alienation,
reserves for sellers/non-sellers,
protection from fraud including the Trust Commissioners
5
Summary of secondary sources on extent of confusion about
what the Crown had acquired and what remained in Maori
ownership by 1907
1
Primary research into the impact pressures and protective
measures on ability to retain, use and control land
Berghan blocks narratives
Annual reports by Officers in Native districts
Petitions
BAAZ (survey office files)
MA-MLP files
Registers at Archives NZ, Auck
Maori Land Court Minute Books
Block order and correspondence files
Miscellaneous archives files
Te reo Maori sources
5
5
7
10
10
5
10
8
7
5
Total estimate time for research and first draft of chapter 151 days (30 weeks & 1 day)
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
132
Rewriting 80 days (16 weeks)
Reading and feedback from project supervisor 10 days (2 weeks)
Reworking following feedback 30 days (6 weeks)
Reading and feedback from QA (distributed to parties for
comment)
15 days (3 weeks)
Post-QA editing 25 days (5 weeks)
Formatting, editing and proof-reading for filing 10 days (2 weeks)
Total estimated time for completing commissioned report 614 DAYS (122 weeks & 4
days)
Resourcing
The main report
It is clear from the estimated time frame and itemised research task list above that the
time that a single researcher would take to complete the whole report would be
unacceptably long. The figure above presumes a five-day working week but does not
factor in time for office tasks, leave, sick leave or any contingency. There are several
options that would shorten this timeframe and reduce the workload of the researcher
while still preserving the continuity of thought and style throughout the report.
Option 1: Divide the research tasks between a commissioned researcher and a number of
research assistance. This has the advantage of keeping the report as a single authored
document and allowing some of the mechanical data gathering and analysis to be
devolved to research assistance while the commissioned researcher gets on with making
sense of the material supplied and writing. However, the research assistant project would
need to be carefully defined, time would need to be spend instructing and supervising
their work if this is to be successful. If this becomes the responsibility of the
commissioned researcher the time lost in doing these tasks has the potential to reduce any
time gained by employing research assistance.
Option 2: Divide the research between two commissioned researchers and a number of
research assistance. The report falls relatively neatly into two parts – the early private and
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
133
government transactions prior to 1860 and the later Native Land Court and Crown
purchasing period from 1865 to 1907. Though the length of the two projects would be
uneven, with the second clearly requiring more time than the first. This would be an
effective way to divide the workload and reduce the total time the project takes. If both
commissioned researchers were committed to pursuing the central theme of the changing
nature of Maori authority over land and resources and the impact of various events and
policies on that the final report, though authored by two individuals, would be unified.
With a research assistant available to each researcher the time required by each of the
authors would be reduced further.
Suggested research assistant project
Early private and Government transactions prior to 1860:
Identify and document traders and settlers from NZ war compensation cases;
Extract and summarise any material pre-1861 on Mokau, Kawhia, Whaingaroa to do
with settler-Maori land transactions in CFRT newspaper document bank;
Collecting Crown purchase deeds and maps and providing an analysis of price paid,
reserves set aside and some comment on consistence of te reo and English terms used
in the deeds;
Locate and copy all Native reserves schedules and provide an analysis of which
reserves from this district are shown and what happened to them;
Locate and copy all NZ gazette notices for land in these transactions; and
Using the Crown grants registers in Archives NZ, Auckland, trace any land granted to
settlers or Maori within the areas involved in these transactions.
The Native Land Court and Crown purchasing, 1865-1907
Go through the Searancke papers and extract any evidence of cases where the
Resident Magistrate dealt with disputes between Maori or between Maori and
Europeans over leases or other arrangements.
Using the court applications registers put all details of applications to the court into
spreadsheets for areas inside and outside the aukati and provide a summary of who
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
134
filed these applications and why and anything that is known about how they were
subsequently dealt with by the Crown.
Statistical analysis of locations, number of sitting days, judges, type of hearing etc
from the Maori Land Court Minute Book index (pre-1913)
Compiling data from Maori Land Court minute book index for particular blocks
Tabulating restrictions on alienation, survey and court costs, successions and
partitions from various registers at Archives NZ, Auckland.
37
48
81
Margaret Makariti Pangia (original claimant, ITnnot=lriroll
IOkahukura Block Ideceased); Alec Phillips
Akapita and Te Waitai IWhanoanui Ki land several others
ali Koata (ki IWhaingaroa), Kangi Kahui,
- .. Tahau, Ngati Te Ngali Pukoro, Ngati
lkaunahi, Ngati Tira, - .. Heke, Ngati Rua
Ngati Hounuku, and
ICiaimants contend that the Crown did not adhere to agreements effected with the Rohe That sUiveys and laws and the application thereof under which the Court
were made were contrary to the Treaty, and broke tribal rangatiratanga. Further, Illn;;::lIlthnri~prl survey and individualisation of blocks with the Rohe P6tae breached the
of 'undisturbed
Claim to have been prejudicially affected by Crown's failure to recognise and protect ~itiratanga; imposition of NLC and European Tenure; Crown break up of Rohe Potae;
alienation of a substantial portion of Ngati Haua asset; Crown breach of Rohe Potae Compact and Aotea Agreement (2) It is claimed that the Native Townships Act 1895 and
actions taken under it (the townships of otorohanga, Te KUiti, Taumarunui, Hihitahi, Utiku) were contrary to the principles of the Treaty and there was substantial land and Dreiudice to Maori.
(1) Claim to have been prejudicially affected by Crown's failUre to recognise and protect rangitiratanga; imposition of NLC and European Tenure; Crown break up of Rohe Potae; ;'Ilipn;'ltinn of a substantial portion of Ngati Haua asset; Crown breach of Rohe Potae
Aotea
(1) Claimants allege to be prejudicially afftected by the Crown taking Karioi Allotment No. 15 as a pilot and signal station in 1883, the proclamation was revoked and the land in the Raglan County Council. Claimants dispute the survey boundaries of the Pilot Reservel
note that it conatins Waahi Tapu and Pa sites which should be returned. (2) The includes Karioi Native Reserve lands (Te Pepepe 170jWhangape) which were
to be inalienable, but the interests of the orginal grantees in the block have the use of Maori Affairs
prejudicially affected by Crown's failure to Irangitiratanga; imposition of NLC and European Tenure; Crown break up of Rohe Potae;
of a substantial portion of Ngati Haua asset; Crown breach of Rohe Potae Aotea
389
Ngati Mahana Claim
and claim
Claims make specific reference to political engagement in the Rohe Potae and Te Rohe compact; (2) Assert Crown breaches over a wide range of issues including in
to land alienation, purch.asing policies and practices, survey liens, Native
claimants contend that the Crown's acquisition of the Rohe P5tae constitutes a breach the Treaty of Waitangi, as well as a breach of the Rohe P5tae agreement. The
claimants also allege that the Crown's subsequent actions following the acquisition of the Rohe P5tae further breached the Rohe P5tae Agreement. The statement of claim does not
what these actions were.
claimants allege that the Crown breached the Treaty of Waitangi and the Rohe P5tae in its dealinqs with the acquisition of Maori Lands in that area.
----~
r
443
478
483
535
Ngati Maniapoto and
Claim
. Sam Rangi, I Matanga Hepi, Elthia
Ranui Te Kapu8, Smith, Peter for Ngati
Haar
I Mereana Bidois and
Wetere
Raukawa
-., Rorar
Ngati
Nothing specific but Claims Summary lists Rohe Potae agreement in 'key words
claimant alleges that the owner/shareholders of Pukepoto Farm Trust have been Iprejudicially affected by the taking of the land to pay surveying fees. [Unclear whether Ipukepoto (pt Rangitoto
to 19thc
The claimants believe that the survey of the Waiaraia block, done on behalf of the in 1891, wrongfully included part of the Umukaimata land. They allege that this
I resulted in the loss of 11,000 acres of the south-west corner of the Umukaimata block. (2) of 2r500 acres was awarded to the owners in 1915 but the owners only
!received 2,465 acres and a further 500 acres of this was taken in l1eu of payment for The balance of the land was apparently awarded by Judge Palmer to the owners
No. 5r instead of the rightful owners. Parts of the Umukaimata and all of the were subsequently acquired under the 'North Island Main Trunk Railway
1886', but not used for this
is a broad claim which relates to various historical and contemporary grievances Ir-nnrprning Ngati Maniapoto lands and resources in the South Waikato and King Country
The historical claims relate to the loss of tina rangatiratanga and loss of lands
Ithrou9h confiscation. The claim also relates to other lands taken for survey charges, pastoral leases, catchment control, roads, forestry, reserves, schools, churches, post
stations and radio and television stations.
Umukaimata
551
556
577
587 Pou Haerati and
Moeroa
Ngati Rora hapO of Ngati
provided is
- .. Te Puta hapO, Ngati
of surveys on specified Kakepuku blocks, alienation of land through non M
liens. _ _. resources including the
lumukaimata block through acts, policies and legislation of the Crown. This is Similar to it concerns land taken in Dayment of survey liens.
but claims lists "Blocks' and 'alienation of land' in words
claim concerns actions and omissions of the Crown which have prejudicially affected land and resources of Ngati Te Putu hapO of Ngati Maniapoto. These include the
Rangitoto Tuhua
of land in payment of survey liens, the destruction cjf tikanga Maori over the blocks placing them through the Land Court and other Crown agencies, land taken for ITapUiwahine
and forests. as well as schools.
general claim concerns legislation and Crown acts and omissions which it is claimed /Marakopa; Kinohaku Block prejudicially affected the lands and resources of Ngati Te Kanawa and Ngati Te Peehi (between Marokopa and
I
Maika Land 614
Rora Claim IPura Turner
RererahulKawe Kehu Wehi;
729
claim concerns the actions of the Crown in relation to land at Te Maikar Kawhia
I Harbour. The claimants allege that the Crown granted title to the northern and southern Dortions of Parawai Maori Township to certain Maori owners instead of Klng Tawhiao. The
ceded the land in question to the Crown in the late 19th/early 20th centuries for Itownship development. The township failed and not all the land given was returned. The
returned was returned in a condition which made effective utilisation difficult if not limpossibie. When the Crown chose to return some of the land it did so in the 'condition of
failed sub-division and with perpetual leases over a number of the blocks that effectively the owner from
Firstr the claimants allege that the Crow'n breached the 'sacred agreement' known as Rohe P6tae Compact in relation to the continuation of the Crown's Main Trunk Railway
and no liquor being allowed into the Rohe P6tae. (2) As well as lands taken for surveys, railways, pastoral leases, it is also alleged that the Crown took land for the natural
Rora hapO of Ngati Iresources below the surface. Resource management and the conservation estate are also included.
Rereahu, Ngati
The claimant alleges that the Ngati Rereahu hapG have been prejudicially affected by
II~giSlation and by acts and poliCies of the Crown, particularly in relation to the Maraeroa C block. As with other claims in this district, the Crown's alleged breach of the Rohe P6tae rnmn.::Jrt is seen as a breach of the Treaty of Waitangi. (2) Other issues at claim are
other King Country claims, including land taken for survey l1ens, for land forests, ~~ ~ ... _ .. _~I ~& _ ...... _ •• ..l:" __ ~ resources and erosion of
claim concerns the acquisition of the Rohe P6tae by the Crown, as well as the Ithorised surveying and individualisation of land within the Rangitoto Tuhua rohe. included as lands wrongfully acquired, are Crown Forest lands in this area. The
irl,;m,nts also state that the policy of shifting Maori from their land was contrary to the as Maori wished to retain their land, and this was not the policy exercised in to other non-Maori British subjects. Thepolicy of reserves is also alleged to be a
as it resulted in exclusion from access to the economy and resources of the area. claimants also sate that tribal lands were taken through the Supreme Court decision
to Pouakani.
. Native T,,"' .... <-hi ....
Pukenui No.2 Block, Kuiti No. 2B, and No. including Te Kuiti
784
788
827
---~----------------------------------------------------------------------'-------------------------------------
Claim
Puhi Paparahi (deceased); Stephen Walsh
Gloria Kereama Baker (replaced 1.1(b)); Rodney Graham (added
Ormsby, Aliaria Ormsby Takiari, Wikiperi Hiriaki,
Barbara Ngawai Taite Marsh, Wareriana Ngauru, Muiora Barry,
- .. Kinohaku hapO of
Kauwhata
Claim I Patrick I nllie T",,,lnr
Moana Rotoaira and Other Resources Claim
Mahuta, Lawrence Bradshaw, MikilNgati Whakamaruangi,
Thomas Moke Noati Tainui
IWioaraki Allen Pakau
Ideceased) ; Whetu Paku been
Poinga and Alec IPhillips, Leonard Hiraka
Hikairo Erikson, Heta Konui, Te
Konui and Rawinia Komui-Paul (added
consolidation for rinn;:,1 Park Inquiry
actively encouraged disputes over ownership through the Native Land Act 1862 Land Court.
claim relates to the boundary between Ngati Maniapoto and Ngati Tarna, and the settlement negotiations between Ngati Tama and the Crown. The claimants allege that Crown has used its various processes to acquire and/or distribute taonga to other iwi claimants and have failed to consult with, take into account, and provide for, the nrpservation of the land and boundaries of Ngati Maniapoto. This includes the failure of
Crown to investigate and inquire into historic facts as confirmed in the 1995 Taranaki
Failure to establish correct rights holders for Crown purchase 1854 (Aotea block)! of waahi taou, oarticularly by shellinq (land used as a
. Hikairo rohe in the amended claim appears to lie outside the Te Rohe Potae District boundary, but within the Rohe Potae District if refering to the wider area describel
the 1883 petition; Interests expressed in Te Rohe Potae Inquiry are therefore largely in of alleged Crown breaches ofTe Rohe Potae Compact (5.3); Overall they cite to recognise and protect Ngati Hikairo rangitiratanga and customs within the
I compact agreement (lito the point that Ngati Hikairo are minimised and relegated to being a hapu of Tuwharetoa" s.3.4)); Issues include the loss of political power; distortion of rf'irltinnshios with iwi within compact; Ngati Hikairo has become fragmented and
'Seeks inter alia to be aggregated into TRP Inquiry' (Memo Wai 898#3.1.175); concerns Te Rohe Potae Comoact. Recommend
IMarakopa; Kinohaku Block (between Marokopa and
Southern Waikato including Rangiaohia, and possibly northern TRP
Mohakatino block;
longarue land blocks: Te KawakawaAl, Rangitoto
76B! Rangitoto 76B1.
block; Aotea . Aotea block
I Mereai"na Armstrong, Matekino Roa, Thomas
Jocelyn Tautari, Nllliams. Gayle
Rauputu, Te Atamaira Rauputu, Rukuwai Taitoko, Taik] Rauputu and James
Wi
Kopua Marae nmittee and Ngati Unu
Ngati Kahu of Ngati I Maniapoto Iwi .. Part of issue appears to be 'that we are prejudicially affected by enactments, policies,
practices, acts and omissions of the Crown in respect of the ownership, management and Mountain and the KakeDuku Block:
IComprehensive issues relating to land acquisition and administration with respect to the Claim issues also include leases in perpetuity, surplus land disposal by
land taken by local
Kopua 1, Waiwhakaata, Pirongia West, Puketarata
Blocks
Karuotewhenua, Aorangi, Umukaimata-Waiaraia, Mangaroa-Tokirima,
Firstly, the claimants claim that legislation and Crown policy in relation to native land Rangitoto-TuhU8,
IPrejUdiCiallY affected the claimants and eventually left Ngati Rungaterangi, Ngati Te Mangapapa, Mohakatino-PMF'mate and Ngati Wairoa landless. The claimants also claim that prices paid for Maori Paraninihi, Reu Reu,
in comparison with prices paid for European land were grossly inequitable. (2) Mangaawakino, Awakino, ISF'C":ondly, the claimants claim that the Awakino Purchase of 1854 was prejudicial to them Waimarino, Purapura,
their tupuna as the acquisition was completed for £lS30 without consultation with or Mahoenui 1,2,3 & 4, Rungaterangi, Ngati Iconsent from all the owners. The claimants also claim that the riparian rights to all bunutai Reserve,
Ngati Waiora vyaterways, lakes, rivers and harbours bordering the blocks of land have not been ceded. Poutama, Te Waro A,
Ongarue Recreation Reserve, Public works takings, the Ongarue river and tributaries, of the Rohe P5tae compact re sale of liquor in the district, land taken for survey.
ASOC of November 2002 detailed specific blocks, namely Rangitoto Tuhua (various Kokomiko, Maramataha, Waihuka, Te Tarake SS, Ketemiringi, Hurakia and Ohura
I Rangitoto Tuhua; Kokomiko: Maramataha;
Tarake SS; Hurakia
948
965
987
Reg Te Uira Naera, Karen Searancke of Ngati Hinewai and Ngati
Rahurahu of Maniapoto Iwi and descendants of Ngati Pai
Ngati Kaputuhi of ati Maniapoto (origi imants 13 Aug 2001
lapplication); Rawiri Bidois, Piripi Kapa, of Ngati Unu & I descendents of Ngati Kanawa, Ngati Taumata
Maniapoto (original imants 15 Aug 2001
application). Two Tokanui and applications taken "Chanoa Land together (refer Wai 948
Claim
Rangitoto-Tuhua Land Blocks Claim
Hiraka Erickson .beth Te
I Kanawa (Ngati Urunumia). Teatu Kohu
; Ngati Hinewai Ngati Te Rahurahu; all
- of Maniapoto Iwi. of Nga Hapu 0 te Raki
Pouroto hapO of - .. Tuwharetoa ki
[Ngati Hikairo ki
Ngati Hinewai, Ngati
of Tokanui No: 1, No: 1 D, No: 1 A, No: 11 for survey liens and under Public Works
Interests expressed in Te Rohe Potae Inquiry are therefore largely in terms of alleged Crown breaches of Te Rohe Potae Compact (s.3); Overall they cite Crown failure to recognise and protect Ngati Hikairo rangitiratanga and customs within the compact ::lnrppmpnt Ctto the point that Ngati Hikairo are minimised and relegated to being a hapu
s.3.4)); Issues include the loss.of political power; distortion of iwi within comoact: Noati Hikairo has become
Matakore, Ngati Alleges that lands around Otorohanga were wrongfully taken for a 500 acre Native Parewaeono, Ngati township under the Native Township Act of 1895. Alleges land were then disposed of Rungaterangi, Ngati Taiwa improperly. See also Wai 472. Claim also alleges loss of traditional resources and sites of and Nqati Urunumia.
states as 'Maori' claim refers to the of R-T block. See also Wai Wai446
IOtorohanaa Native
991
998
Karena, Meri Walters, Monty Te Kanawa, Peter Haupokia, Mason Haupokia, Tony
Klnohaku WestlHaUPOkia, Maxine Block Claim Moanaroa
Neha King IColmtrv Lands
Manunui
Claimants say that they are direc;t descendants of original land owners and that land was wrongfully alienated due to native land policies of successive governments. Claim lists a series of acts. Claimants are seeking as relief return of former SOE land, Crown land,
land etc.
Mntnknrp::INLC, survey liens, questionable debt, Crown purchasing agents, lack of due consideration tribal sustenance and maintenance of tikanga, lands taken under Acts of local
Igovernment as Crown agents, lands held under agricultura1jpastoralleasesl Crown-held leasehold lands, Crown-transferred leasehold lands, incl. All leases of perpetuity, land held as reserves, forests and parks, lands taken for public works, traditional places for harvesting and gathering of tikanga sustenance, endowment lands for churches, educationlOrahiri
communitiesI' incl. lands to sustain them, lands taken and gifted for churches, and communities
Crown introduction of NLC failing to recognise Ngati Manunui customary interests in
IMaraeroa Block including lands, estates, forests, fisheries, other properties, rivers,
of waterways, and taonga (2) Failure of Crown to ensure retention of sufficient base in Maraeroa Block for their present and future needs
West
Otorohanga, Ouruwhero,
1004
1015
1031
Herbert, Kape te IKanawa, Mike Taitoko,
Taitoko, Piko Davis, Walsh, Mavis
Kathy Te
. Hone Nikora
Rangingonge and Korokino in Ngati
rohe
Te Kaawa and . Claims on behalf of and whanau who
the direct descendants great grandfather - Te
Hauparoa (d) and - Te
(d)
not stated but assumed to be
IComprehensive range of generic issues for lands within the Te Awaroa block including purchase and public works takings of land waterways and wetlands, Native Land sUlVey liens, Waikato Maori Land Board, land administered as reselVes, forests and
parks by the Crown, endowment lands, mineral and forestry rights, lands taken by Crown compensate other iwi, Crown leaseholds including lease of perpetuity, mahinga kai etc
forma claim.
Erosion of heritage and rights to ancestral lands lands (2) Tino rargatiratanga stolen made a lauahina stock
Pakeho, Pukenui, Otorohanga,
., M5kau Mohakatino, Mohakatino Paraninihi,
I Kakepuku, Manguika, o Riri,
Awaroa Block and blocks
I .1
1044
Orahiri and Blocks Claim
Tu Ki Te Rangi ')rnnr:=Jtp(
Barry Benjamin carr and Ngamo Russell
I Interests expressed in Te Rohe Potae Inquiry are therefore largely in terms of alleged breaches of Te Rohe Potae Compact (5.3); Overall they cite Crown failure to
Huri Hokopakeke hapO recognise and protect Ngati Hikairo rangitiratanga and customs within the compact Ngati Te Ika hapO of agreement (Uto the point that Ngati Hikairo are minimised and relegated to being a hapu
-." Hikairo ki of Tuwharetoa" 5.3.4)); Issues include the loss of political power; distortion of
as 'representatives . of Ngati Maniopoto.'
IMpntion also Ngati Hikairo the following: Ngati
IHinewai, Ngati Matakore, Parewaeono, Ngati
Ngati
Tu Ki Te Rangi IIncoroorated Society on
ofthe iwi ofTe Potae: Ngati
IManiapoto, Ngati Hikairo, Tuwharetoa, Ngati
Whakatere,
iwi within comoact; Nqati Hikairo has become
I GeneriC issues associated with land alienation: NLC: leases; survey liens; tradition etc
(1) The claimant alleges that the Crown failed to live up to the partnership principle, and active protection principle of the Treaty of Waitangi. (2) In regards to the partnership ciple, the Crown failed by not recognising the authority of King Tawhaio and dealing individual iwi. The claimant also asserts that the Crown ignored King Tawhaio's
request to stop surveys, leases, land sales, road works, and the involvement of the Maori Land Court in the area. (3) In regards to the active protection principle, the Crown failed by violating article 2 of the Treaty of Waitangi which guarantees protection of taonga. The
Iclaimant defines Mana Maori motuhake and kingitanga as taonga, (4) The claimant these failures caused a loss of political, economic and SOCial control, and a loss of Te
P6tae
Otorohanga, Ouruwhero
1094
Huiputea Block Roa
ThiS claim relates to the alienation of the land and taonga of Kahuwera Mountain Rohe Potae) through the process of Native Land Court and subsequent
government land legislation. The claimants allege that the individualisation of title and eventual sale of the land has consequently denied them access to Kahuwera and its
Wairoa, Ngati Hia, natural resources. (2) The alienation of Kahuwera is alleged to be part of the wider ati Manga, and Ngati process of the 'opening up' of Rohe P5tae, which broke the governments 'Aotea 'etekawa Ki NapiNapi Agreement', (3) The claimants allege that the process of land alienation has fundamentallylKahuwera mountain (land - and Ngati Maniapoto weakened their ability to exercise tina rangatiratanga and kaitiakitanga over their people, resources within Piopio{re
Ngati Hinewai I Nga:ti Rungaterangi, Ngati Matakore, Ngati Parawaeono, Ngati Urunumia, Ngati Paretepopo, Ngati Taiwa and other hapO of the
on behalf of extended whanau of Te Maraahi Niketi, Taurangamowaho
Kohika, Pareumuroa Te Kohika and Patea Tanirau
Ngai Te Rahurahu and Paretekawa. The
waahi
__ The claimant alleges that the Crown has systematically usurped his hapO'sjiwi's tino I ranaatiratanga over their natural, -physical and spiritual resources guaranteed to them
article 2 of the Treaty of Waitangi. (2) In particular he claims that Crown action the Native Townships Act 1910, the Public Works Act 1908 and other acts caused
alienation of the iwi'sjhapO's ancestral lands, and destabilised their tikanga and of life in the HuiDutea Block.
The claim relates to land currently managed by Department of Corrections, previously as Tokanui/Waikeria Block, which is now the location of Waikeria Regional Prison
The claimants allege that the alienation of Waikeria was part of the wider process 'opening up' of Rohe P5tae, which broke the governments 'Aotea Agreement',
consequently denying them access to Waikeria and its natural resources. (2) The claimants allege the process of land alienation has fundamentally weakened their ability to exercise tino ranaatiratanaa and kaitiakitanqa over their people; taonqa and
11
1113
IR",vmnnrl Francis MBkau
Rose Chase
I Manihera Watson Forbes fnrinin::ll claimant), Mere
Te Rohe Potae IManihera Watson Forbes Alienation
hapu, Ngati .
Hikairo
Hikairo
purchasing policies from the 18505- 19205, particularly those related to
lindividualisation of land title, which they argue, led to permanent alienation. The-claimantsl ::lC:C:PtT thic: was despite the fact that Maori custom and the law of tuku (gifting) governed
Alienation of Te Mapara and Kahuwera was part of the wider process of the 'opening of Rohe PBtae, which broke the governments 'Aotea Agreement'; consequently
denying them access to the land and its natural resources. (2) The claimants allege that Crown purchasing policies from the 18505- 1900, particularly those related to individualisation of land title, led to permanent alienation. The claimants assert this was
the fact that Maori custom governed these transactions. (3) The claimants allege the process of land alienation has fundamentally weakened their ability to exercise
and kaitiakitanoa over their people, taonoa and waahi
an enVironmental/fisheries etc claim to Kawhia Harbour and waterways but also occupation of Kawhia around 1883, without gaining consent and Individualisation
of land (Dresumablv in blocks around
The claim relates to the alleged failure of the Crown to "protect and uphold" the Te
Mapara and Kahuwera Reserves just east of
Piopio area in central district.
PBtae Sacred Compact (Aotea agreement) of which Ngati Hikairo was a party. The Whatiwhatihoe marae. includes: a lack or recognition of tribal leadership and control; alienation of tribal The latter is on the introduction of the Native Land Court; introduction of alcohol; imposition of railway boundary of the Waikato-
_ Rohe Potae; lands taken for public works; (3) The destruction of Tainui area 500m south
/Whatiwhatihoe (4) Failure of Crown to ensure retention of sufficient tribal land. (5) The Pirongia township claimants allege that combined these failures have fundamentally weakened Ngati Hikairo (presuming on the
to exercise tina rangatiratanga and kaitiakitanga over their people, taonga and northern side ofTRP tapu. They also allege that these failures have resulted in the loss of mana and boundary but some
accounts
1115
1132
Kaipiha Block Claim
IOuruwhero Land
(1) The claimant alleges that the Crown has systematically usurped the iwi's/hapO's tina rangatiratanga over their natural physical, natural and spiritual resources guaranteed to
under article 2 of the Treaty of Waitangi. (2) In particular the claimant alleges that Crown, via the Public Works Act of 1908 and various other pieces of legislation,
alienated the hapO's/iwi's ancestral land, destabilised their tikanga and traditional way of life in the Kaipiha Block. The claimant seeks relief; in the form of an apology, Crown lands,
(1) Alienation of Otorohanga Block was part of the wider process of the 'opening up' of Rohe Potae, which broke the governments 'Aotea Agreement', consequently denying the hapO access to the land and its natural resources. (2) Crown failure to use section 71 of
Crown Constitution Act 1852 to set aside areas in'which full Maori self-government tribal jurisdiction and law would be operative, leading to the eventual "usurping" of rangatiratanga. (3) Crown purchasing policies from the 18505- 1900, particularly
related to individualisation of land title (Native Land Court) that led to penmanent Parewaeono hapO of !alienation. The claimants assert that this was despite the fact that Maori custom governed
the law of tuku.
(1) Alienation of Ounuwhero Block was part of the wider process of the 'opening up' of . Rohe P6tae, which broke the governments 'Aotea Agreement', consequently denying the hapO access to the land and its natural resources. (2) Crown failure to use section 71 of the Crown Constitution Act 1852 to set aside areas in which full Maori self-government and tribal jurisdiction and law would be operative, leading to the eventual "usurping" of
rangatiratanga. (3) Crown purchasing policies from the 18505- 1900, particularly related to individualisation of land title (Native Land Court) that led to permanent
:::!lipn:::!tion. The claimants assert that this was despite the fact that Maori custom governed transaelons, particularly the law oftuku. (4) In particular: Native Land Court and
subsequent attendant legislation led to large debt (survey liens and court fees) with - .. Parewaeono hapO of lend result of permanent alienation; Native Township Act of 1895 establishing Otorohanga,
and Taumarunui further individualised land.
Muraahi
Te Muraahi
(1) Alienation of the Tokonui and Pokuru Blocks was part of the wider process of the 'opening up' of Rohe P5tae, which broke the governments 'Aotea Agreement', Iconsequently denying the hapD access to the land and its natural resources. (2) Crown
to use section 71 of the Crown Constitution Act 1852 to set aside areas in which Maori self-government and tribal jurisdiction and law would be operative, leading to the
IMuraahi,Waho, Patea and leventual "usurping" oftino rangatiratanga. (3) Crown purchasing policies from the 1850s-1900, particularly those related to individualisation of land title (Native Land Court) that led to permanent alienation. The claimants assert that this was despite the fact that Maori
these transactions, Darticularly the law of tuku. ITokanui: Pokuru
Alienation of the Aotea Block was part of the wider process of the 'opening up' of which broke the governments 'Aotea Agreement', consequently denying the hapD to the land and its natural resources. (2) Crown failure to use section 71 of the Constitution Act 1852 to set aside areas in which full Maori self-government and
jurisdiction and law would be operative, leading to the eventual "usurping" of tino rangatiratanga. (3) Crown purchasing policies from the 18505- 1900, particularly those related to individualisation of land title (Native Land Court) that led to permanent
behalf of Tupuna Rewi alienation. The claimants assert that this was despite the fact that Maori custom governed Maniapoto and these transactions, particularly the law of tuku. (4) In particular: Native Land Court and
hapD within all subsequent attendant legislation led to large debt (survey liens and court fees) with IM",ni",nntn and Te Rohe end result of permanent alienation; Native Township Act of 1895 establishing otorohanga,
'" and Taumarunui further individualised land.
is a wide claim that relates to various alleged breaches of tino rangatiraitanga. The I claimants allege that the Crown undermined Maori self-government by the "opening up"
P6tae area and the violation of the Te Rohe P6tae
Block
1139
1224
1230
KetemaringiHurakia Forest Reserve Claim
and the common IWinifred Clarke Rika and jancestors of Ngati
Te Muraahi
Te Akau, Lois nahurangi and Piripdfrom tupuna
Alienation of Ketemaringi-Hurakia was part of the wider process of the 'opening up' of Potae, which broke the governments 'Aotea Agreement', consequently denying the
o access to the land and its natural resources. (2) Crown failure to use section 71 of Crown Constitution Act 1852 to set aside areas in which full Maori self-government tribal jurisdiction and law would be operative, leading to the eventual "usurping" of rangatiratanga. (3) Crown purchasing policies from the 18505- 1900, particularly
related to individualisation of land title (Native Land Court) that led to permanent :::!lipn:::!tion. The claimants assert that this was despite the fact that Maori custom governed Department of
transactions, particularly the law oftuku. (4) Native Land Court and all subsequent Conservation Forest attendant legislation led to large debt (survey liens and court fees) with the end result of Reserve, located next to
alienation Pureora Forest.
Crown introduction of NLC failing to recognise customary interests including lands, ITutemahuranoi chief of lestates, forests, fisheries, other properties, rivers, waterways, and taonga; (2) Failure of
'hapO Crown to ensure retention of sufficient lands/resource base for their present and future (NB: Claim is made in terms of lands/resources within makes no reference to TRP
Huru hapO; Ngati iwi
to a range of issues relating to Te Rohe potae negotiations including main trunk railway, Kingitanga, political engagement. Claim declares interests in wider 1883 Rohe Potae petition area particularly the Waimarino and Tuhua blocks impacted by Rohe Potae
Crown failure to protect lands, waterways, taonga and cultural spiritual values; (2) action in alienation of lands, forests and waterways; (3) Survey inconsistencies;
IConduct and acts of NLC; (5) Actions of NLC officials, Maori trustees, Registrars, Surve other officials; (6) Crown failure to protect tina rangatiratangi over waahi tapu; (7)
for Nqati Huru IHurakia: Rangitoto Tuhua
51
1255
Ngati Te . Claim
1340
Tltari Wi
IT..,r,i ... ", ... Wharekoka
Mori Shaw, Ken Houpikake
I Rautangata (original r:it'limt'lnts): Jason Koia
behalf of Ngati
On behalf of Ngati Te Ihingarangi affiliated with
(1) Ngati Urunamia are Maniapoto hapu (Wahanui Huatare was an important rangitira.) assert land interests within Rangitoto-Tuhua Block and traditional occupation in
ITaringamotu, Ongarue River and Ohura Valley regions, and Te Horongopai. (2) 5.2 refers To Rohe Potae 'Sacred' Compact. (3) Assert breaches by Crown In relation to a range issues relating to the compact including liquor! Railways, land purchasing, Native Land
1883
IKetemaringi block, Rangitoto Tuhua 38
block), 41 (Te The claim specifically identifies the practices of the Native Land Court in "fragmenting" Ana-kinakina block), 66 "subjugat[ing]" Rohe Potae, pressurising Ngati Te Ihingarangi to participate. (2) (Ngapuketurua block), 67
agencies, including Maori Land Boards, Department of Maori Affairs, Lands and (Hihitirau block), 72 Isurvevs. and DOC, are identified as sowing division amongst the remaining owners of (Otamati block), 78
Te Ihingarangi land, resulting in further Crown control of tribal assets and natural (Waimiha block), 79 I resources (taonga). (3) The acquisition of land for the North Island main trunk railway (Tapuwae block), 80 (Te
North Island Main Trunk Railway Loan Application Act 1886 .
Relating to Ngati Mahanga rohe in the lower Waipa valley (refer 3.1 in claim) and Jding Ohiapopoko block and Papahua block; (2) Spiritual, cultural, general and
Iprnnnmir loss due to Crown; (3) Kanawatanga versus rangitiratanga; (4) Land alienation
Claims make specific reference to political engagement in the Rohe Potae and Te Rohe compact; (2) Assert Crown breaches over a wide range of issues including in
to military activity, land alienation, purchasing policies and practices, survey liens, townships, local government and rates, land consolidation, public works, land
Idevelopment schemes, socio-economic issues, Crown policies relating to forests, rivers waterways, environmental management, waahi tapu. (3) Sections 3 and 6 outline
to Te Rohe Potae
Lee Ann Head
ITho_,o Heta Holden
Rewi Turner
Pita Hotu
- .. Kapatuhi; Ngati
ITamakanar RuakopiriPatutokotoko, Maringi
Sovereignty, se[f~government, jusrisdiction, tribal citizenship: Crown legislation and loolicv "designed to replace Maori self-government and law-making jurisdiction" including
to comply with the "Sacred Pact" or the "Aotea Agreement" and the Crown's to use setian 71 of the Crown constitution Act 1852." Crown replacement strategy
Maori self-government. (2) Lands alienated through land purchasing policies including individualisation of Maori interests through Native Land Court and Native townships 1895 (jncludinq Otorohanoa, Te Kuiti and Taumarunui
actions and policies have prejudicially affected them causing the land to be and encumbered with siqnificant debt".
Failure to protect the tino rangitiratanga and kaitiaki status of Maniapoto tupuna. (2)
IAlienation of ancestral lands, estates, forests, fisheries, assets, Taonga and turungawaewae. (3) Breach of the "King Country Sacred Pact, 1884" and again in 19S1
prohibition??] (4) Breeches of the prohibition of Alcohol, under Sacred Pact of the 1884.
in relation to Native Land Court land alienation
Failure to protect hapO-whenua within the rohe of Tamakana, Ruakopiri, Maringi, '-'vai - withdrawn 1.1(a)) (2) Crown failure to respect Te Rohe P5tae petition [sic
is not the pact as petition is not an agreement- Kelly]; subsequent deception and I misreoresentations with respect to surveys and the operation of the Native land Court
_ to alienation of lands (3) The encouragement to some chiefs of the upper IWhanganui to withdraw their lands from Rohe P5tae and make separate applications to
IUekaha All and part Al0 blocks. Appear to be
the Waitomo area. information
Tuhua
r
1396
1408
1409
1435
Taitoko, Maria Liz Taitoko, coastal hapG of Ngati Te
Taitoko, Mikaere Urupae, Ngatl Akailma Pat Taitoko, Gail puhia, Ngati Te Kanawa,
ITaitoko, Zekes Hohia, Ngati Uekaha, Ngati Daphne Senikaucava, Kinohaku, Ngati Peehi, Graham Derrick, Pita Ngati Ngutu, Ngati Pare te
Tiare Waaka kawa, Ngati Rangi, Ngati
Incorporation!Koromete, Nani Waiata Koromete.
Rara Evans, Te Pare Kaui Joseph, Kevin
ITregoweth, Garry Mahuri Paid-liti, Wee Maag, Pita Hotu and Raewyn
Monica Matamua
Ngati Toa Rangitira, Te Ra, Ngati Tamahau8, Ngati ki Kawhia.
the owners of AS block
Claims tinorangltiratanga, mana Maori motuhake and supeme authority was usurped the New Zealand Crown residing in Wellington failing to uphold the duty it inhereited
British Crown to protect Maori interests (2) Crown has violated numerous 71 of NZ Constitution Act 1852
ITh"'''' +-h", Crown acted shares in claimants' land.
Failure to pay compensation for lands taken for Main Trunk Railway line, (2) HapD not in Native Land Court processinq in relation to Ranqitoto-Tuhua block
Native Land Court individuals to sell our lands
concerns a wide range of alleged treaty breaches including and in relation to: land liens
I HalJturu West; Te Kauri; B; Turoto;
E; Te Motu Island; Orahiri; Rantitoto Tuhua; Maraetaua; Puketerata; Oruwhero;
'Te
Pakeho;
Parininihi; Kakepuku; Mangauika; Uekaha; Poko-o-Riri; Whakairoiro:
Tuhua
in the Kawhia
Rangitototo-Tuhua, Maraeroa, Tanringamotu
Kawhia, Pukemakoiti, Waimiha, Te Tarake, Kokomiko and Te
1439
1447
1455
1469
_ Charman, Jack
Icunningham, Rangitiepa Huriwaka and Te Ra
Native Land Court, (2) Failure to ensure Ngati Hinemihi retained sufficient lands for and future needs
issues in claims summary but key words indicate 'TRP Agreemen~; lands; railway; survey liens; NLCi public works; tradition
issues in claims
West
I Ranaitata Tuhua black 77
ISouthern Waikato
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
136
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
154
Appendix 2: Summary of Te Rohe Potae inquiry claimant feedback on
land issues
This summary of issues raised by claimants at various research hui in the district deals
with all land issues, not just those relevant to the 1840-1907 land issues report. Obviously
not all of these issues will be addressed by the nineteenth century land report. A number
of the issues listed concern not just land but resources and environmental issues. These
will be addressed in twentieth century land, environmental, local government, rating and
socio-economic reports for this inquiry. They are included here as a reminder of the
wholistic view of the whenua taken by claimant community.
Feedback from research hui
October 2008 Land blocks and areas that were never associated with the Queen’s chain as these
areas had never been sold (Research hui, Otorohanga 31 Oct 08: Otorohanga Golf
Club)
August 2008 Failure of the Crown to reserve land during purchases (what were the Crown’s
obligation regarding setting aside a tenth of the land in pre-1865 and in the 1880 –
1900 period?)
Concerns about the ability of the research to show (a) which hapu and whanau were
excluded from court awards (b) how much land was lost by particular hapu and iwi
(c) which pieces of land were lost by particular hapu and iwi
To what extent did the Crown purchase the best land and leave Maori with the least
economically viable and least valuable land?
Circumstances around the alienation of the Waitomo Caves
Crown acquisition of land for townships, the failure of the township and the
subsequent use of the land for other purposes
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
155
Individualisation of interests in land and its impact on hapu and whanau collective
control of land
Maori being deprived of legal representation in the court because of a 10 year ban on
lawyers in the court after the 1883 Rohe Potae agreement
The role of lawyers in the Native Land Court (any indication of crooked dealings
caused prejudice to Maori)
Concern about whether the research will be able to tabulate all parcels of land taken
for survey liens
How tangata whenua allocated land to Waikato people who were ‘refugees’ from the
war and confiscation and how this was later handled in the court
Alleged bias of the court against those who followed Pai Maire, Te Whiti, Ringatu
and other Maori spiritual movements and prophets. It was alleged that the orthodox
Christians were awarded the best land and the larger portions of land
Way that the court dealt with the interests of minors and how these interests were
alienated
To what extent did Maori oppose the railway, or put conditions on its construction,
because they feared loss of control of their rohe, rates being levied etc?
To what extent did the Crown use the exploratory surveys for railway routes to
identify the best land and to then target it for acquisition?
Need to consider what happened to the whole of the Rohe Potae (Aotea Block and the
Tauponuiatia Block and the Waimarino Block)
Questions were raised about whether surveyors C W Hursthouse was prospecting for
gold on the sly during his survey trip
Need to draw on evidence given by iwi in the south in the Whanganui and CNI
inquires regarding the Rohe Potae and the railway, this was a particular request from
Ngati Tuwharetoa.
It was alleged that the Crown promised that Kawhia would be a major port and that a
branch railway would be built (including a tunnel(s) through Mt Pirongia). This was a
major in the agreement for the railway to go through. Land was taken in the Pirongia
West and Mangauika Blocks but the railway never eventuated. As Maori were already
supplying ships with produce (via waka) the railway to Kawhia would have enabled
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
156
them to retain this benefit. Without it Pakeha took control of the Main Trunk Line and
the supply of produce to Auckland.
December 2007 Returned lands: What was the Crown’s ambition when giving lands back? Crown
purchases whether successful or not caused problems for Maori. Returns were often
sold because the lands were now in a Pakeha environment and not sustainable.
(Research hui, Hamilton 2 Dec 07: Glenview Hotel and International conference
centre)
Earlier land claims: Again 1854 land transactions are an issue. It set the precedent for
what followed. Dates should cover from 1850s or earlier. (Research hui, Hamilton 2
Dec 07: Glenview Hotel and International Conference Centre)
Leased lands will never come back – the Crown should be accountable. Not just
historical alienation but ongoing peppercorn rental. Claimants have no knowledge of
these leases rolling over – even if they go to court. (Research hui, Hamilton 2 Dec 07:
Glenview Hotel and International Conference Centre)
Rivers, waterways and mining: Sometimes gets put in environmental when it is
effectively land loss. (Research hui, Hamilton 2 Dec 07: Glenview Hotel and
International Conference Centre)
Returned land issues: Want concrete examples of land issues in the district. Cost of
processes, survey costs and court costs. (Research hui, Hamilton 2 Dec 07: Glenview
Hotel and International Conference Centre)
Separate northern land report: Possibility of a separate report for lands north of Aotea
block. (Research hui, Hamilton 2 Dec 07: Glenview Hotel and International
Conference Centre)
Tokanui and Waikeria prison: Takings for prisons and psychiatric institutions.
Imposition of these on local people, impact of later closure - loss of local
employment. Ongoing issues: asbestos, burial grounds. Don’t want it back in a
desecrated state. (Research hui, Waitomo, 3 Dec 07: Waitomo Golf Club)
Leasing as alienation was a significant issue for the district. (Research hui, Waitomo,
3 Dec 07: Waitomo Golf Club)
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
157
The primacy of hapu was again emphasised in relation to land issues. (Research hui,
Waitomo, 3 Dec 07: Waitomo Golf Club)
Impact of the Native Land Court: The way people were forced into a mode of
responding significantly to courts and imposed policies. (Research hui, Waitomo, 3
Dec 07: Waitomo Golf Club)
Local government takings: Impact of local government in both land takings and
political sense (Research hui, Waitomo, 3 Dec 07: Waitomo Golf Club)
Retain hapu as the primary focus: Claimants emphasised that ‘Iwi’ was an introduced
word. (Research hui, Taumarunui, 4 Dec: Wharauroa marae)
Early land transactions: Counsel asked if early lands transactions and claims would be
examined in the lands report. (Research hui, Taumarunui, 4 Dec: Wharauroa marae)
Early transactions: Ngati Kinohaku are concerned with pre-1840 Kawhia transactions
and relations with Pakeha. They would like the start date brought back so that the
project explicitly includes early transactions. (Research hui, Wellington, 18 Dec:
Waitangi Tribunal)
Landlocked blocks and other impacts: Impacts of land takings were discussed such as,
Motiti marae which was cut off on 4 sides and could be a case study. There were
impacts even if land not taken. Impacts of the Kapuni gas line.
Will this report cover legislation in that period? (Crown Hui-20 December 2007).
July 2007 Land issues – is not just quantity that is important – all land loss is important. Needs
to reflect impacts on people not just statistics of land loss.
Ngati Raukawa interests (currently included in this inquiry in relation to
Wharepuhunga block) likely to relate to land issues 1886-1908, land issues 1909-
1939, Surveys. (Research hui 2, 20 June 2007, Tokoroa)
Native Land Court operations and Crown purchasing are major issues for Raukawa
(Research hui 2, 20 June 2007, Tokoroa)
Request investigation of whether land deals were fraudulent – use of minors etc
(Research hui 2, 20 June 2007, Tokoroa)
Request investigation of Pakeha surveyors changing names of streams, rivers,
maunga etc for maps (Research hui 2, 20 June 2007, Tokoroa)
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
158
Uneconomic shares and perpetual leases to be investigated (Research hui 3, 24 June
2007)
Investigate landlocked land (Research hui 3, 24 June 2007, Otorohanga)
Scoping will need to consider that Ngati Toa (Wai 870) were not part of Te Rohe
Potae compact. They have their own issues of land loss impacts to be
investigated.(Research hui 3, 24 June 2007, Otorohanga)
Coastal issues regarding alienation need to be investigated (Research hui 3, 24 June
2007, Otorohanga)
Other feedback from milestones in the Tribunal inquiry process
Research programme addendum, September 2007 Project 8: Land issues, 1886-1907; Project 9: Land issues 1908-39; Project 10: Land
issues, post-1939; Project 11: Surveys; Project 12: Local government and rates. These
projects will need some adjustment in order to accommodate the specific areas now
included within the district, and the addition of Ngāti Maniapoto raupatu claims.
The best way forward in this instance may be to proceed with an early scoping of
project 8. The scoping of project 8 should determine how the new areas and issues
should be dealt with by that project and whether a separate report is needed on Ngāti
Maniapoto raupatu claims. To make the best use of time, the scoping project should
proceed as claimants and the Crown discuss whether there is agreement between them
on the key aspects of raupatu. (Research programme addendum, September 2007,
Wai 898 #6.2.4(b))
Staff note, prior to 3rd Judicial Conference, October 2007 Native Land Court proceedings prior to 1886, especially in Pukekura-Maungatautari
district, would be important historical context beyond the inquiry boundary. These
concerns could be met by expanding project 8 to include Maori Land Court operation
in Pukekura, Puahue/Puahoe, Ngamoko No.2 and Maungatautari blocks, 1865-1885
(including the Ngati Kauwhata Commission, 1881).
The scoping report for project 8 will consider whether the non-raupatu extensions,
Karewa Island, and the Western Harbours require a separate report or separate
chapters within the lands reports.
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
159
Feedback on second draft research programme, July 2007 (Wai 898 #6.2.4(a)) Native land Court regime as it was introduced into this inquiry district particularly
with the large Aotea block hearing from 1886.
Earlier land transactions that were considered by political engagement projects.
The operations of the Native Land Court within the King Country district from 1886
to around 1907, and the nature and extent of Maori engagement with the court.
Crown purchasing in the district from 1889 until around 1905, including the kinds of
land and resources identified for purchasing, major changes in Crown purchase
policies during this time and suggestions the Crown was able to manipulate the
Native Land Court process to its benefit.
The Stout-Ngata Commission findings for this district for the period to 1905.
Private purchasing and leasing in this period.
The response of iwi and hapu of this district to the system of Maori land title and
Maori land administration including land alienations in this period.
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
160
Appendix 3: List of Agencies codes searched at Archives New Zealand,
Wellington and Auckland
The following agencies series were systematically searched:
ABWN and LS: Lands and Survey Department
AGG-A: Agents for the General Government, Auckland
AP: Provincial Government, Auckland
BAAZ: Lands and Survey Office, Auckland
BAIE: Department of Survey and Land Information, Auckland District Office
BACS: Maori Land Court, Waikato-Maniapoto District
BBOP: Maori Land Court, Auckland
CS: Civil Secretary
G: Governor
IA: Internal Affairs
LE: Legislative Department
M: Marine
MA: Maori Affairs Department
MA-MLA: Maori Land Administration Department
MA-MLP: Maori Affairs-Maori Land Purchasing Department
MLC: Maori Land Court
MLC-WANG: Maori Land Court, Wanganui District Office
R: New Zealand Railways (and related agency codes)
TR: Transport
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
161
Appendix 4: Access to files at the Hamilton Maori Land Court and
other institutions
The Maori Land Court in Hamilton has recently reorganised their records, which may
make accessing them slightly more difficult than in the past. The records have been re-
boxed using a box number as the key identifier. The files (including block files and
alienation files) were boxed as they were found on the shelves. In some cases, for
example, files were out being used by staff, or in a different location, at the time of re-
boxing. This may have lead to files on the same block being in widely different box
numbers. A spreadsheet has been created so files can be located by their box number.
This allows researchers to order files by consulting a copy of the spreadsheet and
checking what box the files are in and then ordering by box. The spreadsheet lists the box
number and the file name (e.g. block name) but do not give a date range for the material
in each box. This means that even if researchers are only interested in say the nineteenth
century, they will still have to ask for every file on a block to be sure they have covered
the entire date range they are interested in. Court staff should be contacted prior to
visiting the court, with a few days notice they are happy to retrieve reasonable quantities
for researchers (up to about 30 boxes at a time). Each box holds 2-3 average size files.
Researchers should also note that when the files were scanned for the Maori Land
Information System (MLIS) project only partial scans were done. Papers recording land
transactions and details affecting legal title were selected for scanning (e.g. partitions,
successions, sales, takings, wills, trustees etc). Other material such as correspondence
with owners, hand drawn maps and memos etc was identified as not to be scanned. These
papers were also often relocated together at the back or the top of a file. Researchers
should be aware of this because this means that it is more difficult to establish the first
and last dates of papers on the files without checking every paper on file.
There are also some miscellaneous historical files held by the court that have not made it
on to any list. These include a number of old registers relating to wills and probate (and
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
162
possibly appointment of trustees). There is also a box of orders appointing trustees for
minors for the Rohe Potae – several hundred all of the same date apparently – 5
November 1886. This seems to have been an attempt to facilitate purchasing. There is
also a bound volume of Native Assessor’s minutes from early hearings (in Te Reo -
Paratene Ngata). Staff at the court have suggested that as the Native Assessors minutes
were not regarded as part of the permanent official record of the court, they were often
kept by the assessors or given to interested local Maori who then passed them down
through their families. The same happened with Judge’s notes after they had been used to
prepare the official court minutes in early years. Douglas has found a number of other
copies of assessors’ minutes in Waikato University, which he will list for us. The court
does not hold ML plans. These seem to be mainly at LINZ Hamilton but there are
numerous rough sketch maps on files.
Aside from the changes to access arrangements at the Hamilton Maori Land Court
already noted, access to manuscripts, maps and photographs and possible some books and
periodicals at the National Library and the Alexander Turnbull Library may be limited or
cease, in late 2009 for a period of up to two years while new premises are built. Details
are unclear at this stage but this has implications for the nineteenth century land research
and other casebook research.
Archives New Zealand now allows researchers to photograph most items in their
collection. This is particularly useful for large maps, old bound registers and letter books
that cannot easily be copied. Photocopies of pages from files should probably still be
obtained in the usual way but making a photo of key pages for your own reference can be
useful.
Leanne Boulton, ‘Te Rohe Potae Inquiry Nineteenth Century Land Issues Scoping Report, January 2009
163
Appendix 5: Further information about photographic collections
The Alexander Turnbull Library’s photographic collection is located at the back of the
ground floor of the National Library. Photos are stored in filing cabinet type drawers and
are sorted by county. Within each county set the photos are arranged alphabetically by
place and/or subject head. These categories are written in felt pen on the top of each
reference print. However the county drawers are set out geographically (N to S) rather
than alphabetically. The counties of interest to this project are Otorohanga, Waitomo,
Clifton (for the North Taranaki fringe), Raglan (for the North tip), Waipa (for the
northwestern area) and possibly, Waikato.
There are also a number of regional museums with photographic collections that may
yield some significant images. These include Pukeariki museum in New Plymouth (for
the Mokau/Awakino area) which holds some 350,000 photographic images, only some of
which have been catalogued. Ruth Harvey is the photographic curator there.
The Tainui Historical society Museum has approximately 3,000 photographic images.
About 1,000 of the images are from the National Library. Volunteer staff are in the
process of scanning the photographic collection onto computer, and developing a subject
catalogue. Subject listings include farming, groups, logging, maritime, Maori, coalmines,
people, places, public works, rivers, schools, scenes and transport.
Te Awamutu Museum has over 6,000 photographs, some of which derive from other
institutions. A nominal index of the photographic collection directs the researcher to a
numbered card system, on which each image is displayed.
Te Kuiti District Historical Society hold a list of photographs by the surveyor Lawrence
Cussen (1883-1884).
Bibliography of Sources
Nineteenth Century Maori Land
Research in the Rohe Potae Inquiry
District
1840 - 1907
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
2
Contents
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SECONDARY SOURCES FOR 19TH CENTURY LAND
ISSUES IN THE ROHE POTAE INQUIRY DISTRICT (1840 – 1907)...................... 6
DOCUMENT BANKS........................................................................................................... 6
TRANSLATIONS................................................................................................................. 6
LAND DEEDS .................................................................................................................... 7
NEWSPAPERS .................................................................................................................... 7
PERIODICALS .................................................................................................................... 8
REFERENCE....................................................................................................................... 8
BOOKS, ARTICLES AND THESES........................................................................................ 9
Early Accounts ........................................................................................................... 10
Histories by Place ...................................................................................................... 11
Archaeology, Place names and Historic Places ........................................................ 23
Personal Recollections............................................................................................... 24
Family Histories and Whakapapa.............................................................................. 26
Marae and Tribal Histories........................................................................................ 27
Maori Land Blocks ..................................................................................................... 29
Geology and Mining................................................................................................... 29
Resource and Land Use Studies ................................................................................. 30
Sawmilling and Timber Industry ................................................................................ 31
Academic Material ..................................................................................................... 32
Reports of the Waitangi Tribunal............................................................................... 53
Waitangi Tribunal research and other reports .......................................................... 53
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
3
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PRIMARY SOURCES FOR 19THC CENTURY LAND
ISSUES PROJECTS IN THE ROHE POTAE INQUIRY DISTRICT (1840 – 1907)
EARLY LAND TRANSACTIONS AND OLD LAND CLAIMS.............................. 64
PURCHASE DEEDS ........................................................................................................... 64
Turton’s deeds ............................................................................................................ 64
OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS................................................................................................. 64
Appendices to the Journal of the House of Representatives (AJHR) ......................... 64
British Parliamentary Papers for the Colonies: New Zealand (BPP) ....................... 66
NEWSPAPERS .................................................................................................................. 67
ARCHIVES AND MANUSCRIPTS ........................................................................................ 67
Archives New Zealand, Wellington ............................................................................ 67
Archives New Zealand, Auckland............................................................................... 74
Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington.................................................................... 75
Other Museums and Archives .................................................................................... 75
MAPS AND PLANS........................................................................................................... 77
Auckland City Library, Auckland............................................................................... 77
PHOTOGRAPHS AND DRAWINGS...................................................................................... 77
Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington.................................................................... 77
PRE-1865 CROWN PURCHASING IN TE ROHE POTAE
INQUIRY DISTRICT .................................................................................................... 79
PURCHASE DEEDS........................................................................................................... 79
Turton’s Deeds ........................................................................................................... 79
OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS ................................................................................................ 80
Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives (AJHR)........................ 80
British Parliamentary Papers for the Colonies: New Zealand (BPP) ....................... 84
Petitions to Parliament............................................................................................... 88
ARCHIVES AND MANUSCRIPTS ....................................................................................... 90
Archives New Zealand, Wellington ............................................................................ 90
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centnry land issues,
January 2009
Archives New Zealand, Auckland ............................................................................. 106
Land information New Zealand (LlNZ), Hamilton .................................. ; ................ 114
Alexander Turnbull Libra/Y, Wellington .................................................................. 115
Other museums and libraries .................................................................................... 121
MAPS AND PLANS .......................................................................................................... 125
British Parliamenta/Y Papers for the Colonies: New Zealand (BP P) ... ................... 125
PHOTOGRAPHS AND DRAWINGS .................................................................................... 126
Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington .................................................................. 126
THE SEARCH FOR AND CREATION OF NEW FORM OF TITLE AND THE
USE AND ALIENATION OF MAOID LAND IN THE ROHE POTAE INQUIRY
DISTIDCT (1870-1907) ................................................................................................. 130
OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS ............................................................................................... 130
Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives (AJHR) ........ .............. 130
British Parliamenta/Y Papers for the Colonies: New Zealand (BPP) ...................... 152
ARCHIVES AND MANUSCRIPTS ....................................................................................... 155
Land information New Zealand (LlNZ), Hamilton ................................................... 155
Hamilton Maori Land Court (records held off site) ................................................. 156
Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington .................................................................. 156
Auckland War Memorial Museum Libra/Y, Auckland .............................................. 16 4
Hamilton City Library, Hamilton ............................................................................. 164
Otorohanga Historical Society Courthouse Museum, Otorohanga ......................... 165
Pukeariki, New Plymouth. ....... , ......................... , ... , ............... , .......... , ...... " .............. ,.165
Te Awamutu Museum, Te Awamutu .......................................................................... 167
Te Kuiti and District Historical Society, Te Kuiti ..................................................... 168
University of Auckland Libra/Y, Auckland ............................................................... 168
University ofWaikato Libra/Y, Hamilton ................................................................. 169
Archives New Zealand, Wellington .... , .................................................................... ,.170
Archives New Zealand, Auckland ......... , .......................... , ......... , ...... , ... , .... , .............. 197
MAPS ............................................................................................................................. 210
Official publications ...... ., ........... , ........................... . ,', ...... , ...... , ........ ,., ................... ... 210
4
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
PHOTOGRAPHS AND DRAWINGS .................................................................................... 217
Alexander Turnbull Librmy, Wellington .................................................................. 217
Te Kuiti and District Historical Society, Te Kuiti .............................. ....................... 222
Waitomo Caves Museum, Waitomo .......................................................................... 222
5
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
6
Bibliography of Secondary Sources for 19th Century land Issues in the
Rohe Potae Inquiry District (1840-1907)
Document Banks
Boast, Richard (compiler), Extracts from AJHR 1870-1890 Reports of Native and Land
Purchase Officers re Whanganui ki Maniapoto regions, Wai 903 #A8 (ROI says that it is
held in the Waitangi Tribunal Library)
Crown Forestry Rental Trust, ‘Selected Official Documents Pertaining to the Aotea Rohe
Potae Compact’, November 2001
Paul, Rachel, Document Bank Accompanying Report on ‘Native Land Legislation from
1862 to 1880’, Wai 894, #A94 (a-c)
Ward, Alan, Supporting Documents Accompanying the ‘Whanganui ki Maniapoto’
report, Wai 903 #A11 (a)
Translations
Extract from Diary of W H Grace, 1882, Wai 143, #H18
W H Grace Translation Project, Nov 2003, Wai 903 #A44 (formerly Wai 903, #A19)
Grace Letter Book Collection, English 1880-1885 and Miscellaneous Years,
Wai 903, #A44 (a) (formerly Wai 903, #A19 (a))
Wi Nera Te Awaitaia, ‘Letter from Wiremu Nero [sic] Te Awaitaia to Hamiora Naropi
relative to meeting at Raglan of Whaingaroa, Aotea, and Kawhia Chiefs: presented to
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
7
both Houses of the General Assembly by command of His Excellency’, Auckland:
printed by the Government Printer, 1864 [may be AJHR 1864, E-14]
Land Deeds
Turton, H H, Maori Deeds and Plans of Land Purchase in the North Island, Government
Printer, Wellington, 2 vols 1877-1878
Newspapers
Note: Papers Past has the Waikato Times 1873-1886, the Taranaki Herald, 1852-1909,
and the Daily Southern Cross, 1843-1876 in searchable digital form. The other
newspapers on this list are available on microfilm at the National Library, Wellington.
Auckland Chronicle, 1841-1845
Auckland Examiner, 1856-1861
Auckland Register and Commercial and Shipping Gazette, 1857-1862
Auckland Times, 1842-1846
Daily Southern Cross, 1862-1876
Kawhia Settler and Raglan Advertiser, Kawhia, weekly: 24 April 1901-24 April 1936
New Zealand Herald, 1863-
Taranaki Daily News, 1852-2004
Taranaki Herald, 1852-1989
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
8
The New Zealander [Auckland], 1845-1866
The Yeoman, daily: 1880-1906
Taumarunui Press, Taumarunui, weekly: 1906-1971
Waikato Advocate, 1895-1896
Waikato Argus, 1896-1915?
Wanganui Chronicle, 1856-
Waikato Times, 1878 –
Weekly Herald [Wanganui], 1869-1880 (see also Yeoman)
Periodicals
Footprints of History (Te Awamutu, Te Awamutu, Otorohanga, Te Kuiti HistoricalSocieties and the Waitomo Caves Museum Society, 1988-2005) Nos. 1-29
Roll Back the Years, Ron Cooke (ed.), C&S Publications, Taumarunui, 1991
Te Awamutu Historical Society Bulletin, Nos. 1-5, 1949-1976
The Journal of the Te Awamutu Historical Society, 10 vols, 1966-1975
Reference
Cyclopedia of New Zealand: Industrial, descriptive, historical, biographical facts,
figures, illustrations, Auckland, 1897
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
9
Malcolm McKinnon (ed.), with Barry Bradley and Russell Kirkpatrick; [cartography by
Terralink NZ Ltd.], Bateman New Zealand Historical Atlas: Ko papatuanuku e takoto
nei, David Bateman in association with Historical Branch, Dept. of Internal Affairs,
Auckland, 1997
Scholefield, G H (ed.), A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, 2 vols, Department of
Internal Affairs, Wellington, 1940
‘Cowell, John’
‘Wilkinson, G T’
‘Seth-Smith, Hugh Garden (Judge)’
‘Smales, Gideon (Rev)’
‘Schnackenberg, Henry Cort (Rev)’
‘Wahanui (Reihana Te Huatare)’
Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, Ministry for Culture and Heritage,
Wellington, 1990-2008
‘Ballance, John’
‘Bryce, John’
‘Eketone, Pepene’
‘Firth, Josiah Clifton’
‘Gorst, John Eldon’
‘McLean, Donald’
‘Mahuta Tawhiao Potatau Te Wherowhero’
‘Maniapoto, Rewi Manga’
‘Montefiore, John Israel’
‘Ormsby, John’
‘Searancke, William Nicholas’
‘Smith, Edward Metcalf’
‘Te Awa-i-taia, Wiremu Nera’
‘Wahanui Huatare’
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January 2009
10
Books, articles and theses
Early accounts
Dieffenbach, Ernst, Travels in New Zealand, John Murray, London, 1843, reprinted by
Capper Press, Christchurch, 1974
Hochstetter, Ferdinand von, New Zealand: Its physical geography, geology, and natural
history: with special reference to the results of government expeditions in the provinces
of Auckland and Nelson translated from the German, original published in 1863 by
Edward Sauter; with additions up to 1866 by the author
Rotorua Art Gallery, King Country Journey, Alfred Burton: Rotorua Art Gallery
Travelling Exhibition, Rotorua, 1980
Burton, Alfred, The Maori at Home: A catalogue of a series of photographs, illustrative
of the scenery and of Native life in the centre of the North Island of New Zealand,
originally published in 1885) and reprinted by Kiwi Publishers, Christchurch, c2004
[NB: Also known as Through the King Country with the Camera: A photographer’s
diary]
Kerry-Nicholls, J H, The King Country or Explorations in New Zealand: A narrative of
600 Miles of travel through Maoriland: with a treatise on the origin, physical
characteristics, and manners and customs of the Maori race, Sampson, Low, Marston,
Searle & Rivington, London, 1884, reprinted by Capper Press, Christchurch, 1974
________________, Recent Explorations of the King Country, New Zealand, W M
Clowes & Sons Ltd., London, 1885
Park, James, ‘Early Explorations in the King Country: Reminiscences: Murder of the
renegade Moffatt’, Otago Daily Times Print, Dunedin, 1922
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January 2009
11
Smith, Stephenson Percy, ‘Notes of a Journey from Taranaki to Mokau, Taupo,
Rotomahana, Tarawera and Rangitikei’, in N M Taylor (ed.), Early Travellers in New
Zealand, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1959, pp 349-386
Thompson, Stephen, The Harbours of New Zealand, London, 1887
Histories by Place
General (Rohe Potae/King Country)
Barker, Dorothy, ‘Roughing it in the King Country’, Historical Journal Auckland-
Waikato, April 1974, No. 24, pp 18-20
Bass, May, The Northwest King Country: A history of the land and its people, researched
and written for Waikato Conservancy, Department of Conservation, The Conservancy,
the Department, Hamilton, 1993
Bradbury, E, Settlement and Development of the King Country, New Zealand, early
history, industries and resources, scenic attractions, E. Bradbury & Co., Auckland, 1923
__________, The Settlement and Development of Taranaki and the King Country,
E. Bradbury & Co., Auckland, 1940
Brown, M B, ‘The King Country’, thesis, University of Auckland, 1931
Cooke, Ron and Pilkinton, Ian, Pinetree Country: A pictorial record of King Country’s
50th jubilee year (1972), R L Cooke, Taumarunui, 1973
Coulson, John, King Country Sketchbook, Ruapehu Marketing, Taumarunui 1995
Cowan, James, “The Old Frontier”, History of the King Country Border, Te Awamutu,
Waipa Post Printing, 1922
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January 2009
12
Craig, Dick, The Days before our First Pioneers: History of the King Country until the
coming of the Railway, King Country Chronicle, Te Kuiti, 1949
________, Report on the King Country: A district backed by achievement and with a
wonderful future ahead, King Country Chronicle, Te Kuiti, 1953
________, South of the Aukati Line, King Country Chronicle, Te Kuiti, 1962
________, Land of the Maniapoto: A brief history of the area now known as the Northern
King Country, embracing the Otorohanga, Kawhia and Waitomo Counties, King Country
Chronicle, Te Kuiti, 1978
________, King Country: New Zealand’s Last Frontier, R S Craig, Mount Maunganui,
1990
________, The King Country (Rohe Potae), Te Awamutu Courier, Te Awamutu,
1990/1991
________, The Realms of King Tawhiao, with Review of Causes of 1860-64 Maori Wars,
Waitomo News Ltd., Te Kuiti, 1995
Elmes, Ernestine, The Living Past, 1842-1971, E Elmes, Te Kuiti, 1985
Flanagan, F W, Auckland: Gold & Gum Fields, Hot Lakes, King Country (Rohe Potae),
Waitomo Caves, Government Printer, Wellington, 1898
Gregory, K B, Tales of the King Country, S Barlow, Lower Hutt, 1997
Hammond, T G, The Story of Aotea, Lyttelton Times, Christchurch, 1924
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January 2009
13
Hemara, Wharehuia, ‘The Opening of Te Rohe Potae’, Kia Hiwa Ra: National Maori
Newspaper, March 1996, p 3920
_______________, ‘The Desire to Survey Te Rohe Potae’, [pt 1] Kia Hiwa Ra: National
Maori Newspaper, April 1996, p 4021
_______________, ‘The Desire to Survey Te Rohe Potae’ [pt 2], Kia Hiwa Ra: National
Maori Newspaper, June 1996, p 4222
______________, ‘Resolution Spells Beginning of the End’, Kia Hiwa Ra: National
Maori Newspaper, August 1996, p 4425
______________, ‘Fears held about Land Division’, Kia Hiwa Ra: National Maori
Newspaper, October 1996, p 4624
______________, ‘The Partition of the Rohe Potae Block’, Kia Hiwa Ra: National
Maori Newspaper, December 1996/Jan 1997, p 4629
______________, ‘Socio-cultural Disruption’, Kia Hiwa Ra: National Maori Newspaper,
Feb 1997, p 4618
______________, ‘Spirited Defence of Rights and Privileges’, Kia Hiwa Ra: National
Maori Newspaper, April 1997, p 5119
_______________, ‘Te Rohe Potae Tribe Outnumbered’, Kia Hiwa Ra: National Maori
Newspaper, June 1997, p 5322
_______________, ‘Suspicious of Crown’s Actions’, Kia Hiwa Ra: National Maori
Newspaper, September 1997, p 5613
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January 2009
14
Hunwick, E C, ‘Northcroft’s Experiences on the King Country Frontier’, Footprints of
History, Vol.1, No. 1, October 1988, pp 11-14
____________, ‘Taking Government Gifts caused Chief Wahanui to Lose Mana’,
Footprints of History, No.10, June 1993, pp 217-219
____________, ‘Ngatamahine Development had Colourful History’, Footprints of
History, No.16, April 1996, pp 16-22
Jones, Stella, ‘The Country Newspapers of J H Claridge’, Historical Journal Auckland-
Waikato, No. 34, April 1979, pp 13-19
Kaati, J R, Rohe Potae and Wahanui Paramount Chief, J.R. Kaati, Te Kuiti, 1997
Langmuir, A J, The King Country in the Early Days, 1940-1941
Sole, Steve, ‘King Country: Under the Brim of the Hat’, New Zealand Geographic,
No. 88, November/December 2007, pp 70-83
Vernon, R T and Buckeridge, C R, Te Mata – Aotea, A O Rice, Hamilton, 1973
Way, Margaret, King Country, large print ed., Ulverscroft, Leicester, 1981
Westmacott, E M, ‘The Northern King Country to 1914’, thesis, University of
Canterbury, 1944
Winter, N A, Northern King Country: Random Sketches, King Country Chronicle, Te
Kuiti, 1938
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January 2009
15
Young, Robert E., Lusty, Patricia, J., King Country 1967, Breckell & Nicholls, Auckland,
1967
‘An 1886 Impression of North King Country’s Potential’, Footprints of History, No.6,
July 1991, pp 131-134
‘King Tawhiao’, Footprints of History, No.6, July 1991, t.p verso
Raglan
Bradbury, E, The Raglan and Kawhia Districts, New Zealand: Early history, resources
and potentialities, future prospects, E Bradbury, Auckland, 1915
Melrose, Margaret Joan, ‘Land-use Problems in Raglan County’, MA thesis, University
of Auckland, 1957
Raglan Old Settlers’ Association, Raglan Old Settlers Centennial Re-union: 1840-1940:
Souvenir booklet, [compiled by the Committee of the Raglan Old Settlers’ Association],
Raglan County Chronicle Print, Raglan, 1940
Raglan Old Settlers Association, 1840 Raglan Old Settlers Re-union, Raglan Old Settlers
Association, Raglan, 1940
Raglan School Reunion Committee, Raglan School 125th anniversary reunion, 1866-
1991, March 29th, 30th & 31st 1991, Raglan School Reunion Committee, Raglan, 1991
Vennell, C W and Williams, Susan, Raglan County Hills and Sea: A Centennial History
1876-1976, Wilson & Horton for Raglan County Council, Auckland, 1976
Vernon, R T, Raglan, W G Vernon, Auckland, 1984
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January 2009
16
Kawhia
Anderson, W E, Kawhia District, W E Anderson, 1962
Beca, Carter, Hollings and Ferner Ltd., A Report on Taharoa – Its existing and future role
in the region, NZ Steel Mining Ltd, 1977
Cummins, Peg (compiled by), A History of Kawhia & its District, material collected by
Corban Ward & many others, Kawhia Museum, Kawhia, 2004
Hunwick, E C, ‘Kawhia Opened to Europeans despite Tawhiao’s Objection’, Footprints
of History, No. 9, November 1992, pp 203-206
Kawhia County Council, Town Board and Chamber of Commerce at the Kawhia Settler
Printing Office, Kawhia Dstrict and Port: Past, present & future: a brief summary of its
position & potentialities, including Mr Leslie Reynolds’ report on Kawhia Harbour,
Kawhia, 1916
Laurenson, G I, ‘Notes on Background to the Ceremony of Dedication of the Historical
Places Trust marker and Memorial Plaque at Te Waitere, Lemon Point, Kawhia, on
Saturday, 9th September 1972’
Lentfer, Barry Neville, ‘The Relationship between Land Tenure and Land-use in
Kawhia’, MA thesis, University of Auckland, 1963
MacDonald, Peggy, The Wild West Coast: Being two [i.e. three] articles on the west
coast of Auckland province (Kawhia and southwards), 1937
Neal, Colleen and Shaw, Ken, Kawhia South: The districts of Kinohaku, Te Anga,
Marokopa, Kiritehere, Kinohaku Book Club, Te Kuiti, 1996
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
17
Simpson, Philip G, The Maketu Marae Totara Whakatupuranga, Kawhia, Department of
Conservation, Wellington, c1994
Woolford, Beryl, ‘Ngati Rangingonge – Ngaa moorehu o Kaawhia’, MEd thesis,
University of Auckland, 1998
Korakonui
Korakonui School 75th jubilee, 1911-1986: School districts reunion Korakonui,
Wharepuhunga, Ngaroma, Korakonui Jubilee Committee, 1986
Mokau
Barr, H, ‘The Mokau Mines Speculation in Nineteenth Century Taranaki’, MA thesis,
University of Waikato, 1979
Barr, H, ‘Coal on the Mokau’, Historic Places, vol. 9, 1985, pp 6-8
Edson, S C, Mangatoi Archaeological Site Survey: Mokau coalfield study, unpublished
report to State Coal Mines, 1986
Jardine, Margaret de, The Little Ports of Taranaki: being Awakino, Mokau, Tongaporutu,
Urenui, Waitara, Opunake, Patea, together with some historical background on each,
M. de Jardine, New Plymouth 1992
Owen, J, ‘Mokau’s History of Mining Disasters’, New Zealand Coal, Spring Issue, pp 5-9
Mokau Harbour Board, Rules and regulations of the Port of Mokau, Waitara Evening
Mail, Waitara, 1913
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
18
New Plymouth Tourist Bureau, The River Beauty of the Scenic Mokau: Also pleasure
trips and mountain climbs on Egmont, New Plymouth Tourist Bureau, New Plymouth,
1914?
Tainui Historical Society, The Vital Link: Crossing the Mokau, Tainui Historical Society,
Pilot Gardens, Urenui, 2007
Milbank, Bill and Goldsmith, Susette, Taranaki Whenua Life Blood Legacy, Pukeariki,
New Plymouth, 2008
A Centennial History of Clifton County, Clifton County Council, Waitara, 1989
Piopio
Coleman, C (compiled by), Days of Old: A collection of memories of Piopio -Te Mapara,
Kahuwera, Arapae, Kohua, Taumatawaenga and Paemako areas, Colleen Coleman, Te
Kuiti 1996
Loder, D S, St. Paul’s Presbyterian Church, Piopio: Fifty years, 1914-1964: golden
jubilee celebrations, 7th & 8th March, 1964, Chronicle Print, Te Kuiti, 1964
McLean, P, History for First 100 years: Piopio and district, 1896-1996, Te Kuiti, 1996
Piopio schools, 1909-1984, Piopio College, Piopio, 1986
Savill, Joseph, E, Among the Pioneers of Pio Pio, 1906-1926, Wentforth Print, Auckland,
c1987
Pirongia & Waipa
Barber, L H, The View from Pirongia: The history of Waipa County, Richards Publishing
in association with Waipa County Council, Te Awamutu, 1978
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
19
Briggs, Roger et al., Pirongia Forest Park, Pirongia Te Aroaro o Kahu Restoration
Society, Pirongia, 2004
Edmonds, Sue, ‘Whatiwhatihoe - the Maori King’s Pirongia Headquarters’, Footprints of
History, No. 6, July 1991, pp 121-124
Pirongia (Alexandra) School: souvenir programme and local history commemorating the
75th anniversary of the establishment of the public school, 1873-1948, Jubilee
Committee, Pirongia, 1948
Pirongia Centennial Committee, District centenary, 14th November 1964: Alexandra,
1864 - Pirongia, 1964, Pirongia Centennial Committee, Te Awamutu, 1964
Phillips, Ngaire, Pirongia School Centennial Celebrations 1873-1973, Pirongia School
Centennial Committee, Pirongia, 1973
Sullivan, W A, Historic Pirongia, Te Awamutu & District Museum, 1996
Te Kuiti
Craig, Dick, The First Fifty Years: Te Kuiti jubilee booklet to mark the anniversary of the
founding of the King Country’s first borough, Te Kuiti, on the 1st April, 1960, Te Kuiti
Jubilee Committee, Te Kuiti, 1960
Hutchins, Graham, Learning Curve: The first 100 years of Te Kuiti Primary School
(1897-1997), including Te Kuiti District High School, Te Kawa, Reunion Publications,
Te Kuiti, 1997
Miller, Robert, ‘Old Te Kuiti’, Historical Journal Auckland-Waikato, No.19, September
1971, pp 29-30
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
20
Te Kuiti Chamber of Commerce, Te Kuiti, King Country, New Zealand: Sunshine &
Happiness, Te Kuiti Chamber of Commerce, Te Kuiti, 1923
Te Kuiti Jubilee, 1910-1985: 75 years, supplement to Waitomo News, March 21, 1985,
The News, Te Kuiti, 1985
Te Kuiti Jubilee Executive Committee, Te Kuiti Schools Diamond Jubilee: Review of
celebrations held from 26th-28th January 1957 to mark the 60th anniversary of the
opening of Te Kuiti’s first school on 29th January, 1897
Otorohanga
Baucke, William, Where the White Man Treads: Selected from a series of articles
contributed to the New Zealand Herald and the Auckland Weekly News, Otorohanga, 2nd
ed., Wilson & Horton, Auckland, 1928
Bland, Michael, ‘Town Built on Sand’, Southern Skies, May 1995, pp 48-54
Lewis, T W, Tenei ka panuitia nei nga korero o te hui i tu ki Otorohanga i te taenga o
Kawana Anaro ki reira, kia mohio ai te katoa, Ko nga korero o te hui i tu ki Otorohanga,
Government Printer, Wellington, 1890
Otorohanga, 1885-1985: Otorohanga centennial supplement, Waitomo News, 1985
Otorohanga Centennial Reunion Committee, Otorohanga education: 100 years, 1893-
1993, Centennial Reunion Committee, Otorohanga, 1993
Otorohanga Jubilee Committee, Jubilee souvenir 1895-1946: Otorohanga District High
School: Fifty-first anniversary jubilee re-union, Friday, Saturday, Sunday, November 22,
23 and 24, King Country Chronicle, Te Kuiti, 1946
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
21
Otorohanga Jubilee Committee, Otorohanga School 75th Jubilee Souvenir, 1893-1969,
Otorohanga Jubilee Committee, Otorohanga, 1969
Otorohanga Jubilee Committee, 1954-1984, Otorohanga South School 30th Jubilee;
jubilee booklet, Otorohanga South School 30th jubilee, Otorohanga Jubilee Committee,
1984
Otorohanga South School, Jubilee Committee, Otorohanga South School: 50th jubilee
reunion, 22-24 October 2004, Otorohanga South School, Jubilee Committee,
Otorohanga, 2004
Otorohanga Primary School 25th Jubilee, 1957-1982, Otorohanga Primary School,
Sutherland Print, Te Kuiti 1982
Powell, J R, Those were the Early Days in Otorohanga: Otorohanga centennial
celebrations, 1885-1985, J R Powell, Sutherland Print Ltd., Otorohanga, 1985
Quin, Helen Mary, A Short History and Memories of Otorohanga, King Country
Chronicle, Te Kuiti, 1961
Waitomo (including Waitomo Caves)
Arrell, Robert, Waitomo Caves: A century of tourism, Waitomo Caves Museum Society,
Waitomo, 1984
Craig, Dick, Waitomo: Land of the future, King Country Chronicle, Te Kuiti, 1965
Cooper, Michele, ‘A History of Karst Exploration and Management: Waitomo and
Wellington Caves’, MSc thesis, University of Auckland, 1997
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
22
Department of Tourist and Health Resorts, Waitomo, Ruakuri and Aranui Caves: New
Zealand’s limestone wonders, Wellington, 1917, revised editions: 1925, 1927
Greenwood, John, ‘Waitomo Reserves: an alternative form of management for a group of
reserves at Waitomo’, a dissertation required by Lincoln College in part fulfilment of
diploma requirement for Diploma in Parks and Recreation, 1979
McCaughan, Peter, A Collection of Historical Articles about the Waitomo District,
Hamilton, 2006
Morgan, V, A History of Waitomo: Maori and Pakeha side by side, Outrigger
Publications, Hamilton, 1983
Pavlovich, Kathryn, The Emergence and Construction of the Waitomo Caves Tourism
Destination New Zealand, Department of Strategic Management & Leadership,
University of Waikato, Hamilton, 2000
Radcliffe, F G, Waitomo, Ruakuri & Aranui, New Zealand, F G Radcliffe, Whangarei,
1910?
Richards, J H, Waitomo Caves, 2nd ed., Reed, Wellington, 1961
Surveyor-General, The Waitomo Caves, King Country: (report on): presented to both
Houses of the General Assembly by command of His Excellency, Thomas Humphries,
Wellington, 1889
Tomlinson, C A, Nature’s Underground Wonders in New Zealand: The marvellous
Waitomo and Ruakuri caves: admitted to contain some of the finest stalactites,
statagmites, and grottos in the world, Whitcombe & Tombs, Christchurch and
Wellington, 1910
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
23
‘Former Sailor First European to sail into Waitomo Caves’, Footprints of History, No. 11,
February 1994, pp 255-257
Waitomo News, Waitomo News Centenary: The voice of the northern King Country,
1906-2006, Te Kuiti, Whakatane Beacon, 2006
Archaeology, Place names and Historic Places
McFadgen, B, ‘The Salvage Excavation of a Pa at Mokau, North Taranaki’, New Zealand
Archeological Association Newsletter, vol. 12, No. 2, pp 64-75
Morgan, B, Historic Maori Place Names from the Waipa River to Mokau, B Morgan,
King Country Chronicle, Te Kuiti, 1976
New Zealand Historic Places Trust, Raglan County, New Zealand Historic Places Trust,
Wellington, 1983
New Zealand Historic Places Trust, Historic Places Inventory: Waitomo District, New
Zealand Historic Places Trust, Wellington, 1983
New Zealand Historic Places Trust, Otorohonga County, New Zealand Historic Places
Trust, Wellington, 1983
New Zealand Historic Places Trust, Waikato Regional Committee, Waikato-Northern
King Country: Historical guide, The Trust, Wellington, 1985
New Zealand Historic Places Trust, Raglan County (including Huntly Borough,
Ngaruawahia Borough), [New ed.], New Zealand Historic Places Trust, Wellington,
c1988
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
24
New Zealand Historic Places Trust, Waitomo County, Otorohanga County, New Zealand
Historic Places Trust, 1989
Vernon, R T, Around Raglan: Index of names, prepared by J.M. Gibbons, Hamilton
Public Library, Hamilton, 1981?
Wilkes, Owen, ‘Site recording, Site Types, and Site Distribution on the King Country
Coastline’, Archaeology in New Zealand, vol. 38, No. 4, December 1995, pp 236-256
Personal Recollections
Alexander, Rev. R W W (Robert William Wiseman), The Experiences of the Rev. R W W
Alexander among the Russians, Lumberjacks, Cowboys in Western Canada: and in the
Backblocks of New Zealand at Whangamomona, Kawhia, Murchison, R Lucas & Son
(Nelson Mail), Nelson, 1946, new edition by Kiwi Publishers, Christchurch, c1995
Bryers, Dudie, edited by Judith Holloway, A King Country Life, Bryers Family, Otaki,
2000
Cooke, Ron, ed., Waitanguru: The great transformation: A collection of memories
depicting optimism, disaster and progress of the Waitanguru, Mangaotaki, Ngapaenga
and Mairoa districts, compiled by Stan Frederikson, published for Waitanguru Jubilee
Committee by C & S Publications, Taumarunui, 1990
Cowan, James, The Bush Explorers: A memory of the King Country: swag and camp in
the Rohepotae forest (about 1891 or 1892), and Mt Egmont; further reminiscences,
Canterbury Times, Christchurch, 1916
Fitz-William, Elsie, Life at the Oaks: Memories of Raglan & Hamilton 1890-1912, edited
by Joyce Neill; with a foreword by H C M Norris, Pegasus, Christchurch, 1975
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
25
Hayman, Frances, with a foreword by Mary Scott, King Country Nurse, Blackwood and
Janet Paul, Auckland, 1964
Hopkins, H W, A Settler’s Story: Former King Country resident, the late Mr. Hopkins’
experiences, Taumarunui Press, Taumarunui, 1953-1955
Johnstone, Bernice Monrath, Not a Pioneer!: A memoir of Waipa and Raglan, 1871-
1960: Memories of Bernice Monrath Johnstone of Three Oaks, Whatawhata, New
Zealand, edited and annotated by Patricia R. Roberts, P R Roberts, Ottawa, 2004
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Wyatt, P, ‘The Old Land Claims and the Concept of Sale’, MA thesis, University of
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Luxton, C T J, Reverend James Wallis, Wesleyan Historical Society, Auckland, 1965,
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century New Zealand, Huia Publishers, Wellington, 2008
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Maori and the Crown
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Ward, Alan, ‘The Origins of the Anglo-Maori Wars: A reconsideration’, New Zealand
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Parsonson, Ann R, ‘Te Mana o Te Kingitanga: A Study of Waikato-Ngatimaniapoto
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Atkinson, Neill, Trainland: How Railways Made New Zealand, Ministry of Culture and
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Heron, G W, ‘The Development of Railway Policy in N. Z. and the Growth of the North
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Johnson, Christine, Larson, Ruth & Ramshaw, Kevin (compilers), Main Trunk: Portait of
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Leitch, D B, Railways of New Zealand, Newton Abbot, David Charles, 1972
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‘Plan of route and report of exploring survey party sent by the Provincial Government of
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Binney, Judith, ‘The Native Land Court and the Maori Communities 1865-1890’, in
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Parsonson, Ann, ‘Stories for Land: Oral Narratives in the Maori land Court’ in Bain
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Kotahitanga
Cox, Lindsay, ‘Kotahitanga: The search for Maori political unity’, MA thesis, Massey
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O'Malley, V, Agents of Autonomy: Maori Committees in the Nineteenth century, Huia
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Belgrave, Michael, ‘Pre-emption, the Treaty of Waitangi and the Politics of Crown
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Boast, R, Buying the Land, Selling the Land: Government and Maori Land in the North
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MA thesis, Auckland 1945
Sorrenson, M. P K, ‘The Purchase of Maori Lands, 1865-1892’, MA thesis, Auckland
University College, University of New Zealand, 1955
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Native reserves
Boulton, Leanne, ‘Native Reserves, Assimilation and Self-determination: Te Atiawa, the
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2004
Johnson, Ralph, The Trust Administration of Maori Reserves, 1840-1913, Rangahaua
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Dempsey, P E, ‘The Land Policy of the Stout-Vogel Ministry, 1884-1887’, MA thesis,
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Walkington, Rachel Catharine, ‘The Greatest Mechanism ever for Solving the Maori
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Politics and Government
Armstrong, W R, ‘The Politics of Development: A study of the structure of politics from
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Blackburn, Nicola, ‘An Ambivalent Agency: The administration of Native affairs by the
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Dempsey, P E, ‘The Land Policy of the Stout-Vogel Ministry, 1884-1887’, MA thesis,
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Dighton, J L, ‘Life and Work of John Ballance’, thesis, 1928
Fargher, Ray, The Best Man who ever Served the Crown?: A life of Donald McLean,
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Martin, R J, ‘Aspects of Maori Affairs in the Liberal Period’, MA thesis, Victoria
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McIvor, Timothy J, ‘On Ballance: A biography of John Ballance, journalist and
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________________, The Rainmaker: A biography of John Ballance, journalist and
politician, 1839-1893, Heinemann Reed, Auckland, 1989
Palmer, P B, ‘The Native Ministry of Donald McLean’, thesis, University of Canterbury,
1936
Robinson, Wanda M. ‘The Pacification of the Waikato, 1869-76: A study of the Native
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50
Histories of Government departments
Butterworth, G Vand Young H R, A History of the Deportment of Maori Affairs, GP
Books, Wellington, 1990
McGill, David (Rogers, Anna (ed.), The Guardians at the Gate: The History of the New
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Noonan, R J, By Design: A Brief History of the Public Works Department, Ministry of
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Brooking, T. ‘“Busting Up” the Greatest Estate of All: Liberal Maori Land Policy, 1891-
1911’, New Zealand Journal of History, April 1992, vol. 26, No. 1, pp 78-98
Brooking, T, ‘Use it or Lose it: Unravlelling the Land Debate in Late Nineteenth Century
New Zealand, in New Zealand Journal of History, October 1996, Vol. 30 No. 2, pp 141-
162
Davis, Sarah-Jane Birgetta, ‘Nineteenth Century Native Land Legislation versus
Customary Maori Tenure: Case studies: Motukaraka, Te Tapuwae, Te Karae’, MA thesis,
University of Auckland, 1995
Duncan, J S, ‘The Land for the People: Land Settlement and Rural Population
Movements, 1886-1906’, in M McCaskill, ed., Land and Livelihood: Geographical
essays in honour of George Jobberns, New Zealand Geographical Society, Christchurch,
1962, pp 170-190
Fairweather J R, Land Policy and Land Settlement in New Zealand: An analysis of land
policy goals, Agricultural Economics Research Unit, Lincoln, 1985
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January 2009
51
Jourdain, W R, Land Legislation and Settlement in New Zealand, Department of Lands
and Survey, Government Printer, Wellington, 1925
Kawharu, Ian Hugh, ‘Maori Land Tenure’, D. Phil thesis, Oxford University, 1963
Kizito, Joe, ‘The Administration of State Land Development and Settlement in New
Zealand’, MA thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 1969
McDonald, J D N, ‘A Brief Survey of Land Policy in New Zealand from 1876-1900’,
MA thesis, University of Auckland, 1945
McDonald, J D N ‘New Zealand Land Legislation,’ Historical Studies Australia & New
Zealand vol. 5, No. 19, November 1952, pp 195-211
Mackay, James, Our Dealings with Maori Lands; or, comments on European Dealings
for the Purchase and Lease of Native Lands, and the Legislation Thereon, Kidd &
Wildman, Auckland, 1887
McKinney, John Bolton, ‘The Evolution of a Legal Title to Land formerly held under
Maori Custom and Usage; or, the effect of Native Land Laws on Maori Custom’, MA
thesis, Victoria University College, 1939
Riseborough, Hazel, ‘Policies and Prophesies: Aspects of Government Native Policy,
1878-1884’, PhD thesis, Massey University, 1987
Salmond, Sir John, ‘Notes on the History of Native-Land Legislation’, reprinted in vol. 6
of The Public Acts of New Zealand 1908-1931, Butterworth, Wellington, 1932
Smith, Norman, Native Custom and Law Affecting Native Land, Maori Purposes Fund
Board, Wellington, 1942
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January 2009
52
Ward, Alan. A Show of Justice: ‘Racial Amalgamation’ in Nineteenth Century New
Zealand. Auckland, 1974
Young, Grant; Belgrave, Michael & Bennion, Tom, Native and Maori Land Legislation
in the Superior Courts, 1840-1980, School of Social and Cultural Studies, University of
Auckland, Auckland, 2005
Social history & anthropology
Duff, Heather, Reconsidering masculinities in early twentieth-century King Country: the
role of religious ideas in shaping identities, 2004
Regional studies
Beer, E and Gascoigne, A Plough of the Pakeha, A Cambridge regional history,
Cambridge, New Zealand, 1975
Stokes, Evelyn, Mokau: Maori Cultural and Historical Perspectives, University of
Waikato, Hamilton, 1988
Stokes, E, ‘King Country Pioneers’, New Zealand’s Heritage, 1972, vol. 5, no. 64, pp
1771-1775
Demography
Pool, David, Ian, ‘Maori Population of New Zealand’, PhD thesis, Australian National
University, 1964
Pool, Ian, Te Iwi Maori: A New Zealand Population Past, Present and Projected,
Auckland University Press, Auckland, 1991
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
53
Other
McCan, David, Whatiwhatihoe: The Waikato Raupatu Claim, Huia Publishers,
Wellington, 2001
Curnow Jennifer; Hopa, Ngapare, and McRae, Jane (eds.), Rere Atu Taku Manu!
Discovering History, Language & Politics in the Maori Language Newspapers, Auckland
University Press, Auckland, 2002
Reports of the Waitangi Tribunal
Waitangi Tribunal, The Pouakani Report, Legislation Direct, Wellington, 1993
Waitangi Tribunal, Turanga Tangata Turanga Whenua: The Report on the Turanganui a
Kiwa Claims, Legislation Direct, Wellington, 2004
Waitangi Tribunal, The Hauraki Report, Legislation Direct, Wellington, 2006
Waitangi Tribunal, He Maunga Rongo: Report on Central North Island Claims Stage
One, Legislation Direct, Wellington, 2008
Waitangi Tribunal research and other reports
Rohe Potae and surrounding inquiry districts
Ahikaa Research Ltd., ‘Ngati Tuwharetoa Oral and Traditional History Report’, Wai 903,
#A150 [Confidential refer to #2.3.61 for confidentiality restrictions]
Anderson, Robyn, ‘Whanganui Iwi & the Crown 1865-1880’, Wai 903 #A70
Anderson, Robyn, ‘Whanganui Iwi & the Crown 1880-1900, Wai 903, #A71
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January 2009
54
Bargh, Brian and Cross, Suzanne, The Whanganui District, (Rangahaua Whanui District
9), April 1996
Byrnes, Giselle, ‘Ngati Tama Ancillary Claims’, report commissioned by the Waitangi
Tribunal, 1995, Wai 143, #M21
Herlihy, B, ‘The Mokau-Mohakatino & Mohakatino-Paranihinihi Blocks (including
Rohepotae block), Wai 143, #I24
Loveridge, Donald, ‘The Crown and the Opening of the King Country, 1882-1885’, Wai
1130, #A72
Marr, Cathy, The Alienation of Maori Land in the Rohe Potae (Aotea Block), 1840-1920,
December 1996
__________, The Alienation of Maori Land in the Rohe Potae (Aotea Block), Part 2:
1900 – 1960, August 1999
__________,‘The Waimarino Purchase Report: The investigation, purchase and creation
of reserves in the Waimarino block, and associated issues’, 2004, Wai 903, #A60
Stirling, Bruce, ‘Taupo-Kaingaroa Nineteenth Century Overview (Central North Island
Inquiry)’, Crown Forestry Rental Trust, 2004, 2 vols, Wai 1200, #A71
Ward, Alan, ‘Whanganui ki Maniapoto: preliminary historical report Wai 48 and related
claims’, Wai 903 #A11
Young, Grant, ‘Northern Whanganui Cluster Oral and Traditional History Report’, Wai
903, #A114 [Confidential, refer to #2.3.61 for confidentiality restrictions]
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
55
Young, Grant and Belgrave, Michael, ‘Ngati Haua Oral and Traditional History Report’,
Wai 903, #A108 [Confidential, refer to #2.3.61 for confidentiality restrictions]
Iwi specific
Moore, Duncan, ‘Explanatory information in Support of the Ngati Raukawa Land
Alienation Maps and Database’, Wai 443 (no document number assigned)
Block histories
Byrnes, Giselle M, ‘The Mohakatino-Parininihi Block and the Mokau Mohakatino No. 1
Block’, Wai 143, #M21
Herlihy, Brian, ‘Mokau–Mohakatino and Mohakatino-Parininihi Blocks (including
Rohepotae block)’, Wai 143, #I2
Marr, Cathy, ‘The Mokau Blocks and the Ngati Maniapoto Urgency Claim’, Wai 800,
#A1
Taitoko, Wayne, ‘A History of the Tokanui Blocks’, Wai 440, #A1
Old land claims (Pre-Treaty transactions)
Armstrong, David Anderson, ‘The Land Claims Commission – practice and procedure,
1840–1845’, Wai 45, #I4
Ballara, Angela, ‘Customary Maori Land Tenure in Te Tau Ihu (the Northern South
Island), 1820–1860’, Wai 785, #D1
Bayley, Nicholas, ‘Aspects of the Economic History of Whanganui Maori in the
Whanganui Inquiry District (Wai 903) 1880-2000’, Wai 903, #A145
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
56
Loveridge, D M, ‘The New Zealand Land Claims Act of 1840’. Wai 45, #I2
Berwick, Patricia E, ‘Land and Land Ownership in the Wellington Tenths and Taranaki:
The gap between tangata whenua and Crown concepts in the 1840s’, Wai 145, #E9
Geiringer, Claudia; Wyatt, Philippa, ‘Issues from the Evidence of Dr A Gould and F
Sinclair, Relating to Crown in Muriwhenua 1850-1865’, Wai 45, #L5
Head, L F, ‘An Analysis of in the Report of Dr. M Mutu on Crown Purchases in
Muriwhenua, 1840-1865’, Wai 45, #J7
Head, L and MacDonald, L, ‘Maori Land Tenure and Chiefly Authority in Whanganui,
1840-1865: A study based in contemporary Maori writing’, Wai 903, #A113
Head, L F, ‘An Analysis of Linguistic Issues Raised in Margaret Mutuu (1992) “Tuku
Whenua or Land Sale” and Joan Metge (1992) “Cross Cultural Communications and
Land Transfer in Western Muriwhenua 1832-1840” ’, Wai 45, #G5
Loveridge, Donald M, ‘ “Object of the First Importance”: Rights, Claims and
Colonization in New Zealand, 1839-1852’, Wai 863, #A81
Metge, Joan, ‘Cross-Cultural Communication and Land Transfer in Western Muriwhenua
1832-40’, Wai 45, #F13
Moore, Duncan; Rigby, Barry; Russell, Matthew, Old Land Claims, Rangahaua Whanui
Series, National Theme A, 1997
Mutu, Margaret, ‘Tuku Whenua or Land Sale?’, Wai 45, #F12
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
57
Phillipson, Grant, ‘Bay of Islands and the Crown, 1793-1853: An exploratory overview
for the CFRT’, August 2005’ [see chapter 4, Culture change and land: Pakeha sale or
customary transaction? pp 99-205]
Salmond, A, ‘Likely Maori Understanding of Tuku and Hoko’, Wai 45, #D17
Sinclair, F, ‘Issues Arising From Pre-Treaty Land Transactions’, Wai 45, #I3
Smith, T, ‘Tukuwhenua and Maori Land Tenure in Wairarapa’, Wai 863, #A45
Stirling, Bruce and Towers, Richard, ‘Northland Old land Claims, Surplus Land and
Scrip Land [Draft], a report commissioned by the Crown Forestry Rental Trust, July 2006
Wyatt, Philippa, ‘Issues Arising from the Evidence of F Sinclair, D Armstrong and B
Stirling – in reference to pre-Treaty land transactions’, Wai 45, #L6
Wyatt, Philippa, ‘The “Sale” of Land in Muriwhenua, a historical report on pre-1840 land
transactions, Wai 45, #F17
Pre-1865 Crown purchasing
Bassett, K and R, ‘Maori Reserves from the 1848 Crown Purchase of the Whanganui
Block c.1865-2002’, Wai 903, #A64
Gould, Ashley, ‘Crown Purchases in Muriwhenua to 1865’, Wai 45, #J4(b)
McHugh, Stephanie Louise, ‘The Issue of the Hawkes Bay Purchase Instructions, June
1848-Ooctober 1850’, Wai 201, #C2
McHugh, Stephanie Louise, ‘The Purchase of the Mohaka Block, December 1851’, Wai
201, #C4
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
58
O’Malley, Vincent, ‘The Ahuriri Purchase: An Overview Report’, Wai 201, #J10
O’Malley, Vincent, “The Treaty of Ahuriri”: Supplementary evidence of Vincent
O’Malley in relation to the Ahuriri Purchase of 1851’, Wai 201, #O2
Parsonson, Ann, ‘Nga Whenua Tautohetohe o Taranaki: Land and conflict in Taranaki,
1839-1859, Wai 143 #A1(a)
Riddell, Kate, ‘Pre-1865 Crown purchases in the Coromandel Peninsula and Hauraki
region’, Wai 686, #A4
Rigby, Barry, ‘Empire on the Cheap: Crown policies and purchases in Muriwhenua,
1840-1850’, Wai 45, #F8
Rigby, Barry, ‘Question of Extinguishment: Crown in Muriwhenua, 1850-1865’, Wai 45,
#F9
Rigby, Barry; Francis, Andrew, ‘Wairarapa Crown Purchases, 1853–1854’, Wai 863,
#A33
Sinclair, Fergus, ‘Crown in Muriwhenua to 1865’, Wai 45, #J4(a)
Sinclair, Keith, ‘Evidence [re: Donald McLean]’, Wai 201, #A56
Wyatt, Philippa, ‘Crown Purchases in Muriwhenua, 1850-1865’, Wai 45, #H9
Maori land legislation – general
Boast, Richard, Maori Land Legislation 1862-1909: Vols 1 & 2, Wai 903, #A6 (ROI says
these are held in the Waitangi Tribunal Library)
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
59
Boast, Richard, Legislation re Acquisition of Lands in Rohe Potae, 1864-1910, Wai 903
#A7 (ROI says it is held in the Waitangi Tribunal Library)
Nikora, Tarah and Bennion, Tom, Maori Land Legislation, 1862-1908, Waitangi
Tribunal Occasional Publication Series (1993), No. 1, 1993
Paul, Rachel, ‘Native Land Legislation from 1862 to 1880’, Wai 894, #A94
Surveying and surveyors
Cox, M, ‘A Report on Survey aspects [Pouakani district]’, Wai 33, #A2
Native Land Court - general
Gilling, Bryan, ‘The Nineteenth-Century Native Land Court Judges: An Introductory
Report’, Wai 814, #A78
___________, ‘The People, the Courts and the Lands: A Research Report for Ngariki
Kaiputahi’, Wai 814, #A32
Goldstone, Paul, ‘The Native Court at Wairarapa, 1865–1882’, Wai 863, #A86
Goldstone, Paul, ‘Hamiora Pere (Peri) – Part of 6’, Wai 814 G6 ‘The Native Land Court
at Poverty Bay, Turanga, 1874–1884 (Issues 12 and 13)’, Wai 814, #F4
Hayes, Robert, ‘Native Land Legislation, Post-1865 and the Operation of the Native Land
Court in Hauraki’, Wai 1200, #A86
Hayes, Robert, ‘Study of the origins of the Crown’s policy on imposing restrictions on
land alienation and its administration’, Wai 215, #M11
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
60
Hayes, Robert, ‘Crown Purchases (16) [Gisborne]’, Wai 814 F22‘Joint Tenancy
(issue11)’, Wai 814, #F8
Hayes, Robert, ‘A Study of the Uses and Misuses of the 1891 Native Land Laws
Commission’, Wai 903, #A155
Head, L and MacDonald, L, ‘Maori Land Tenure and Chiefly Authority in Whanganui,
1840-1865: A study based in contemporary Maori writing’, Wai 903, #A113
Loveridge, Donald, ‘The Origins of the Native Land Acts and the Native Land Court in
New Zealand, Wai 1200, #A72
Phillipson, Grant, ‘The Ten Owner Rule: A Selection of Official Documents with
Commentary’, Wai 64, #K13
Pickens, Keith, ‘Introduction and Operation of the Native Court in the Central North
Island’, Wai 1200, #A78
Small, Fiona; Cleaver, Philip, ‘Rongowhakaata and the Native Land Court, 1873–1900’,
Wai 814, #A24
Native Land Court - leasing
Hayes, Robert, ‘Native Land Court: Leasing; Issue 14 [Gisborne]’, Wai 814, #F34
Loveridge, Donald, ‘The Adoption of Perpetually-Renewable Leases for Maori Reserved
Lands, 1887-1896, Wai 145, #C2
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
61
Trust Commissioners
Hayes, Robert, ‘Commentary – Part One: Trust Commissioner Regime in the Wairarapa’,
Wai 863, # H4
Hayes, Robert, Protection Mechanisms: issue 17 [re: the role and performance of the
Trust Commissioners]’, Wai 814, #F15
Crown purchasing after 1865
Alexander, David James, ‘19th Century Crown Purchases of Ngati Makino Lands, Wai
1200, #A3
Belgrave, Michael, Auckland: Counting the hectares: quantifying Maori land loss in the
Auckland district, 1865-1908, Waitangi Tribunal, Rangahaua Whanui Series, District 1,
part 2, 1997
Edwards, Cecilia, ‘Crown purchasing in the Whanganui Inquiry District, 1865-1900’,
Wai 903, #A102
Hearn, Terry, “Creating a Public Estate”: Crown land purchasing in the Whanganui
Inquiry District 1865 to 2000’, Wai 903. #A110
Joel, A, ‘The Funding of Crown Purchases of Maori Lands in the North Island, 1870-
1910’, 2004, Wai 1200, #A77(a)
Loveridge, Donald, ‘The Development of Crown Policy on the Purchase of Maori Lands,
1865-1910: A preliminary survey’, Wai 1200, #A77
Macky, Michael, ‘Crown Purchasing in the Central District, 1870-1890’, Wai 1200,
#A81
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
62
Mitchell, James S, ‘The Native Land Court and Maori Land Alienation Patterns in the
Whanganui District, 1865-1900’, Wai 903, #A58
Mitchell, James S, ‘Alienations in the Wairarapa, 1880-1900’, Wai 863, #A3
Pickens, Keith, ‘Introduction & Operation of the Native Land Court in the Whanganui
Inquiry District 1866-1899’, Wai 903, #A83
Rose, Kathryn, ‘The Bait and the Hook: Crown purchasing in Taupo and the Central Bay
of Plenty in the 1870s; An overview report’ Wai 1200, #A54
Walzl, Tony, ‘Purchasing in the Wairarapa, 1840-1854’, Wai 863, #A44
__________, ‘Evidence on the Pouakani purchases, 1885-1899’, Wai 33, #B6
Willan, R, Maori Land Sales, 1900-1930, Crown Forestry Rental Trust Twentieth
Century Land Administration Project Reports, 1996
Young, Grant, ‘The Alienation by Sale of the Hapu Estate of Ngati He at Tauranga
Moana; Volume one: The nineteenth century’, Wai 215, #L2
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
63
Bibliography of primary sources for 19thc
century land issues projects in the Rohe Potae
Inquiry District
(1840 – 1907)
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
64
Early Land Transactions and Old Land Claims
Purchase deeds
Turton’s deeds
Reference Page Block Date Price (£) Area (a:r:p)
Deed 406 370 Ahuahu, &c. (Kawhia) 20 November
1834
Cash and
goods
160
Deed 407 373 Puketutu, &c. (Kawhia) 30 January 1836 Cash and
goods
600
Deed 404 369 Nihinihi (Whaingaroa) 27 February 1839 Goods 90
Deed 402 366 Maraetai, &c. (Waikato) 3 July 1839 Goods 80
Deed 408 376 Tetoteko, &c. (Kawhia) 3 January 1840 Cash and
goods
4
Deed 403 368 Te Kopua (Waipa) 5 May 1840 30 40:00:18
Deed 405 370 Raoraokauere (Aotea) 14 March 1844 Cash and
goods
167
Deed 409 376 Ponewe (Kawhia) 11 March 1846 33 44
Official publications
Appendices to the Journal of the House of Representatives (AJHR)
Reports
Reference Description Dates
AJHR 1860, F-1 Report on the Select Committee on the Petition of Charles
Davis and Frederick and Leopold Yates*
Sept-Oct 1860
AJHR 1860, F-2 Report on the Select Committee on the Petition of Charles
Davis and Frederick and Leopold Yates
Sept-Oct 1861
AJHR 1860, G-1 Petition of Charles Davis and Frederick and Leopold Yates 15 Aug 1860
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
65
relative to the compulsory abandonment of their establishment
at Kawhia, 1857
AJHR 1860, G-2 Petition of Frederick and Leopold Yates relative to a case tried
at Raglan arising out of an alleged breach of 'the Arms
Importation Ordinance'.
21 Aug 1860
AJHR 1878, H - 26 Return of Land claims finally settled 1878
AJHR 1921 Sess.I,
G-5, pp 1 - 4
Report of the Native Land Claims Commission 1921
*See also Thesis by Craig Innes re Arms Control 1854-1861 for Kawhia in this period
Petitions to Parliament
Year Pet ref. Name of
petitioner/s
JHR /JLC ref. AJHR ref. Subject Block/Region
1857 ? Charles Davis
and Frederick
and Leopold
Yates
N/A 1860, G1 Relative to the
compulsory
abandonment of their
station at Kawhia
Kawhia
1871 ? Ann Charlton of
Ruapuke, Aotea,
Auckland
1871, p XIX ? For relief, in
consequence of having
been driven from her
property there by the
Maori King Party
Aotea
1872 162/1872 Samuel Morgan 1872, p XXII ? That compensation
may be awarded to
him for losses
sustained by him at
Kawhia in the year
1867, on account of
Native disturbances
Kawhia
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
66
Year Pet ref. Name of
petitioner/s
JHR /JLC ref. AJHR ref. Subject Block/Region
1872 163/1872 Friendly Natives
of Kawhia,
Auckland
1872, p XXII ? That inquiry may be
made to ascertain the
amount of loss
sustained by them
owing to the hostile
action of Hau Haus in
the month of April,
1867
Kawhia
1888 129/1888 Frederick Laurie 1888, p XXIX 1888, I5, p
5
For compensation for
land taken at Kawhia
Kawhia
British Parliamentary Papers for the Colonies: New Zealand (BPP)
Volume Reference Pages* Title of Document Contents Dates
BPPNZ10 1860[2719] 365 – 390 No. 105 Governor’s
circular, Encl. No. 5
Asked whether Native
Affairs could be handled by
Government’s responsible
advisors. Replies from
following missionaries:
Schnackenberg, Mokau
Skinner, Kawhia
Wallis, Whaingaroa
Smales, Aotea
Buttle, Waipa,
Morgan, Otawhao
31 July
1856
BPPNZ10 1860[2719] 240-355 No. 103 Copy of
Despatch from
Governor T Gore
Forwards copy of the Land
Claims Settlement Act 1856
and Select Committee report
25 Aug
1856
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
67
Browne to the Right
Hon. Henry
Labouchere
on the nature and extent of
outstanding Land Claims
and the best mode of finally
disposing of the same.
*NB: Page numbers are for that particular document not the page numbers for the volume
itself.
Newspapers1
Daily Southern Cross
16 October 1857, p 3 - ‘Local Intelligence’ [summary of NZ Gazette notices declaring
Native title extinguished]
16 November 1858, p 4 – ‘Extract from the Journals of the House of Representatives’ [re
Polling Booth at Kawhia customs house]
Archives and manuscripts
Archives New Zealand, Wellington
Land Information New Zealand, National Office (ABWN)
Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Description Dates
ABWN 8090 W5274 427 5 Crown Grants Register - Old Land Claims
Commission Auckland
1844 - 1844
ABWN 8090 W5280 143 15 Crown Grants - Land Claims 1857 - 1861
ABWN 8090 W5280 85 117.1 Crown Grants - Record of Land Claims
Commission
1857 - 1859
ABWN 8090 W5280 86 117.2 Crown Grants - Record of Land Claims
Commission
1859 - 1862
1 These are articles not listed on the newspapers spreadsheet supplied by CFRT
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
68
Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Description Dates
ABWN 8090 W5280 87 117.3 Crown Grants - Record of Land Claims
Commission
1862 - 1874
ABWN 8090 W5280 144 15A Crown Grants - Land Claims 1858 - 1864
ABWN 8090 W5274 428 5.A. Crown Grants Register - Old Land Claims
Commission Auckland
1844 - 1844
ABWN 8090 W5274 429 5.B. Crown Grants Register - Old Land Claims
Commission Auckland
1844 - 1844
ABWN 8090 W5274 430 5.C. Crown Grants Register - Old Land Claims
Commission Auckland Taranaki
Wellington Otago
1844 - 1845
ABWN 8090 W5274 432 R.5.E. Crown Grants Register - Old Land Claims
Commission Auckland
1850 - 1856
Department of Internal Affairs, (IA)
Agency Series Record Description Dates
IA 91 1 Claims and awards for losses in Maori Wars, Bay of
Islands - 1845-1846; Auckland, Kawhia, Raglan,
Wanganui, Taranaki, Napier - c.1863-1867; Partly
registered files of the Colonial Secretary's Office
1845 - 1867
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
69
Agency Series Record Description Dates
IA 91 2 Correspondence relative to the payment of the
compensation money, 1866-1867, including petitions to
Parliament; Registered files of the Colonial Secretary's
Office
1866 - 1867
IA 91 3 Miscellaneous papers including accounts relating to the
confiscated estate; Attached is a note dated 2 February
1871, from A M Smith, Clerk in the Colonial Secretary's
Office forwarding these papers to Dr. Knight, Auditor
General, and indicating that all the other papers of which
these are just a remnant, had been forwarded to Beckham
and Pollen. Dr. Knight returned the papers and suggested
that they should all be returned to Auckland
1871-1871
Legislative Department (LE)
Agency Series Box/item Record Part Description Dates
LE 1 5 1855/7 Messages from the Officer Administering
the Government - Number 12 and
enclosures. Transmitting information
relative to Old Land Claims
1855 - 1855
LE 1 12 1856/52 1 Governor's Messages - Number 8.
Expenditure of Surveyor-General's
Department for 1855, land claims
correspondence, Correspondence relative
to exportation of gun powder from New
South Wales
1856 - 1856
LE 1 12 1856/52 2 Governor's Messages - Number 8.
Expenditure of Surveyor-General's
Department for 1855, land claims
1856 - 1856
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
70
Agency Series Box/item Record Part Description Dates
correspondence, Correspondence relative
to exportation of gun powder from New
South Wales
LE 1 12 1856/52 3 Governor's Messages - Number 8.
Expenditure of Surveyor-General's
Department for 1855, land claims
correspondence, Correspondence relative
to exportation of gun powder from New
South Wales
1856 - 1856
LE 1 33 1862/7 Committees - Land Claims
Commissioner's Report
1862 - 1862
LE 1 36 1863/3 Committees - Minutes Sharing Same
Book - Land Claims Settlement,
Representation
1863 - 1863
LE 1 36 1863/9 Committees - Separate Books - Land
Claims Settlement
1863 - 1863
Department of Lands and Survey, Head Office (LS)
Agency Series Box/item Record Part Description Dates
LS 24 5 Copies of Deeds of Old Private Land
Purchases in New Zealand from the year
1815 to 1840 with pre-emptive and other
claims, together with a list of the Old Land
Claims and the report of Mr Commissioner F
Dillon Bell
1882 - 1882
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
71
Maori Affairs Department (MA)
Agency Series Box/item Record Alt
No.
Description Dates
MA 2 1 to 26 &
44
[Maori Affairs Dept] Register of
inwards letters written in English
1835 - 1911
MA 7 1 [Maori Affairs Dept] Governor's
letterbook - 19 January 1846 - 10 May
1847; Letters from Maori to the
Governor and his replies; At back of
book, Native Secretary's outwards
letters to Maoris - 24 August 1854 - 4
May 1855
1846 - 1855
MA 7 2 [Maori Affairs Dept] Governor's
outwards letterbook to Maori - 22
February 1846 - 29 October 1852
1846 - 1852
MA 24 24 [Maori Affairs Dept] Miscellaneous
Maori Letters [Special file (part only)
37]
1844 - 1870
MA 61 1 Minute book of reinvestigation of
European compensation claims - 15
October - 13 November - [not originally
included in Special file 121]
1866 - 1866
MA 61 2 Six volumes of rough notes on
particular claims showing bases on
which the awards were made
no date - no date
MA 61 3 Return of compensation claims,
showing amount of original claim,
amount of original award and the
amount deducted at the reinvestigation
of 1866
1866 - 1866
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
72
Agency Series Box/item Record Alt
No.
Description Dates
MA 61 4
1860/24
7
28 Schedule of European and Maori claims
reinvestigated in 1867 and 1868,
showing nature of loss, amount of claim
and date
1867 - 1868
MA 61 5
1868/13
6
144
A
Schedule of claimants showing amount
of original award, the amount
disallowed at the reinvestigation, money
actually received by the claimant and
the balance due to him
no date - no date
MA 61 6 Auckland Provincial Government -
Inwards correspondence relating to
Beckham Awards
1866 - 1867
MA 61 7 Miscellaneous correspondence of the
Colonial Secretary, the Native
Department, Native Land Court and
Compensation Court
1867 - 1867
MA 61 8 List of grants of land awarded to
particular persons, most of whom were
Maoris, and the date of the award
c.1867 - 1872
MA 61 9 Schedule of reinvestigated and further
Maori claims 1868, memorandum from
Pollen on compensation claim papers
1877, and papers on a claim relating to
Donald McCaskill 1928: (N&D
77/4198)
1868 - 1877
MA 61 1a Depositions and evidence taken before
T Beckham, Resident Magistrate,
Commissioner for investigating claims
1867 - 1868
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
73
Agency Series Box/item Record Alt
No.
Description Dates
for compensation for losses occasioned
by the Native Rebellion subsequent to
11 July 1863, 2 December 1867 - 25
January 1868
Old Land Claims Commission (OLC)
Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Description Dates
OLC 1 50 OLC 946 Case files [Wesleyan Mission,
Whangaroa], [Use copy REPRO 157]
no date - no date
OLC 1 50 OLC 947 Case files [Wesleyan Mission,
Kawhia]
no date - no date
OLC 1 50 OLC 948 Case files [Wesleyan Mission,
Kawhia]
no date - no date
OLC 1 53 OLC 1008 Case files [John Israel Montefiore,
Kawhia]
no date - no date
OLC 1 53 OLC 1026 Case files [John Vittoria Cowell and
Edward Lee, Kawhia]
no date - no date
OLC 1 55 OLC 1040 Case files [William Johnson, Kawhia] no date - no date
OLC 1 69 OLC
1314A
Case files [John Laurie and Samuel
Aron Joseph, Kawhia]
no date - no date
OLC 1 70 OLC 1353 Case files [George Charlton, Kawhia]
[Use copy REPRO 1651; MICRO
5354]
no date - no date
OLC 8 1 Outwards Letters - 9 Dec 1840 - 30
Sep 1844 [Used by Godfrey &
Richmond - Index]
1840 - 1844
OLC 8 2 Outwards Letters - 27 Nov 1856 - 16 1856 - 1860
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
74
Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Description Dates
Feb 1860 [Used by Bell - Index]
OLC 8 3 Outwards Letters - 24 Feb 1860 - 21
May 1869 - [Used by Bell & Domett -
Index]
1860 - 1869
OLC 8 4 Outwards Letters - 26 May 1869 - 11
Feb 1873 [Used by Domett,
Moorhouse & O'Rorke - Index]
1869 - 1873
OLC 8 5 Outwards Letters - 26 Feb 1873 - 27
Sep 1881 [Used by O'Rorke, Atkinson
& Stout - Index]
1873 - 1881
OLC 9 3 Case Files [typescript] - cases 616-
1044
no date - no date
OLC 9 5 Case Files [typescript] - cases 1260-
1361
no date - no date
Archives New Zealand, Auckland
Agent for the General Government, Auckland (AGG-A)
Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Description Dates
AGG-A 1 2 335/67 James Bullen, Auck - Requests payment of
balance of scrip due in compensation to the
Wesleyan Mission at Waipa
27 April 1867
AGG-A 1 4 69/316 Compensation - Wesleyan Mission -
correspondence with J Buller and W
Rolleston, relative to a claim for
compensation to be paid to the Wesleyan
Mission in the form of land, and which they
wish to be made out to an individual, rather
than to a trust, so as to facilitate its sale.
17 Jan - 4 May
1869
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
75
Lands and Survey Office, Auckland (BAAZ)
Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Description Dates
BAAZ 1108 88 2173 Old Land Claims 1877-1902
Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington
Reference Description Creator Dates
MS-Papers-1500-19 Articles relating to John Rodolphus
Kent
Ross, John O'Connell 1828-1982
MS-Papers-0075-001 Correspondence - Maori land
claims
White, John 1840-1858
MS-Papers-2634-1/05 Land sale documents for land near
Kawhia
Treadwells: legal
documents
11 Sept 1839
MS-papers-2634-1/06 Land sale documents for land near
Kawhia
Treadwells: legal
documents
12 Nov 1839
fMS-Papers-1787 Charlton, George - papers Charlton, George 1840
Other Museums and Archives
Te Awamutu Museum
Reference Description Dates
ARC2164 NORTHCROFT, Henry William, 1844-1923 – papers
[Casebook: Waikato Resident Magistrate, and newspaper
clippings, 1865-1868. (Case notes are William Searanckes’,
not Northcroft’s)]
1865-1868
ARC2165 NORTHCROFT, Henry William, 1844-1923 – papers
[Casebook: Te Awamutu Resident Magistrate, minutes of
cases, 1879-1883]
1879-1883
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
76
Reference Description Dates
ARC2164 NORTHCROFT, Henry William, 1844-1923 – papers
[Casebook: Waikato Resident Magistrate, and newspaper
clippings, 1865-1868. (Case notes are William Searanckes’,
not Northcroft’s)]
1865-1868
ARC2926/1 Copies of letters from George Charleton regarding complaints
over sale of liquor at Kawhia, 26/7/1853; copies of letters to &
from Sir George Grey in answer to Charleton’s application for
bush license and “irregularities” at Public House at Kawhia;
memorandum regarding Charleton’s land claim at Kawhia.
Photocopies
1853-1857
ARC3774 document: interim account of the Edwards and Cowell
families from “One Saga of Kawhia”
unclear
ARC2197 newspaper clippings: reminiscences of Jim Morgan on early
Kawhia
unclear
ARC1718 generally historical correspondence: Louis Batt of Kawhia unclear
ARC1744 generally historical correspondence; letter from George Howe
regarding Cowell family
Unclear
ARC1784 generally historical correspondence: Kawhia town early
history
Unclear
ARC1793 generally historical correspondence: Kawhia, Rev. John
Morgan and family
unclear
ARC1796 generally historical correspondence: map of old mission
stations
unclear
TEMP120 Rev. John Morgan’s letters to Gore-Browne, 1861-1865. Two
volumes of typescript letters prepared from microfilm
(original at Archives NZ, Wellington)
1861-1865
TEMP120 Captain J.C. Johnstone’s Letterbook, March 1881 – July 1882,
writing from Raglan. This is an old, untitled accounts book,
which Johnstone used as a letterbook. Much of his writing
1881-1882
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
77
Reference Description Dates
ARC2164 NORTHCROFT, Henry William, 1844-1923 – papers
[Casebook: Waikato Resident Magistrate, and newspaper
clippings, 1865-1868. (Case notes are William Searanckes’,
not Northcroft’s)]
1865-1868
appears to be petitions related to his claim to an early land
purchase on the south side of the Whaingaroa harbor. This has
been copied for the Tribunal. A copy is also to be retained by
the University of Waikato library.
Maps and Plans
Auckland City Library, Auckland
Classification Map No. Title Date
NZSP 559.5 H68
1859
Map No. 6569 The harbours and bays of Aotea and
Kawhia, topographically and
geologically explored by Dr
Ferdinand von Hochstetter 1859.
1859
D 995.197 aj 1836 Map No. 4612 Chart of Kawhia Harbour, drawn by
Captain Thomas Wing, 1836
1836
Photographs and Drawings
Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington
Reference Description Date
PA1-0-207-10 House and gardens at Takatahi, Kawhia,
photographed in 1859 by Bruno Hamel. Two
whare may be seen within the grounds of the
house, and another in the middle distance.
Vegetable gardens may be seen at the back of the
1859
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
78
Reference Description Date
house, to the left of the picture. There is erosion
on the hills in the background.
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
79
Pre-1865 Crown purchasing in Te Rohe Potae Inquiry District
Purchase Deeds
Turton’s Deeds
Deeds and Deed Receipts
Deed No.* Page Block District Date Price Area
(acres)
Deed 432 (D) 596 Whaingaroa 22 March 1851 400 8,000
Deed 452 (D) 623 Awakino Mokau district 28 March 1854 £530 16,000
Deed 133 (R) 776 Paparata Aotea district 14 April 1854 £10
Deed 453 (D) 625 Mokau (lands
within)
Mokau district 1 May 1854 £100 2,500
Deed 434 (R) 599 Haroto (Te) 3 May 1854 £100 4,000
Deed 448 (D) 618 Aotea Deed Aotea district 6 June 1854 £100 not given
Deed 134 (R) 776 Te Kauri Kawhia district 30 May 1854 £5
Deed 135 (R) 777 Kawhia (land at) Kawhia district 8 July 1854 £64
Deed 136 (R) 777 Awakino (claims) Mokau district 1 August 1854 £100
Deed 437 (R) 601 Haroto (Te) 25 August 1854 £100 4,000
Deed 454 (D) 627 Taumata Maire Mokau district 1 January 1855 500 24,000
Deed 438 (D) 602 Karioi 5 November 1855 £575 12,000
Deed 137 (R) 778 Awakino (Mihi
Peka)
Mokau district 3 January 1856 £20
Deed 138 (R) 778 Awakino and
Mokau
Mokau district 3 January 1856 £20
Deed 139 (R) 779 Awakino
(Ngatirarua)
Mokau district 30 January 1856 £10
Deed 439 (D) 604 Ruapuke 2 February 1856 £300 6,000
Deed 455 (D) 630 Rauroa (Awakino) Mokau district 30 July 1857 400 12,000
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
80
Deed No.* Page Block District Date Price Area
(acres)
Deed 451 (D) 622 Harihari No. 2 Kawhia district 10 August 1857 £200 6,000
Deed 441 (D) 607 Wahatane 24 August 1857 20 500
Deed 443 (D) 609 Wharauroa 2 December 1857 410 5,000
Deed 449 (D) 619 Parish of Pirongia,
Allotment 327
Aotea district 4 June 1875 £250 566
* D = Deed, R = Deed Receipt
Deeds of Gift
Deed No. Page Block District Date Purpose
Deed No. 5 788 Kahikatea Kawhia district 18 January 1854 for a school
Deed No. 6 789 Te Kowhata Aotea district 25 January 1854 for a school
Deed No. 7 791 Kotoretoto Aotea district 25 January 1854 for a school
Official Publications
Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives (AJHR)
Year Reference Title Date Purchase
1861 C - 1, No. 1 Whaingaroa District - Chief
Commissioner to Mr Rogan - General
- instructions to Mr Rogan
29 Mar 1854 General
1861 C - 1, No. 2 Whaingaroa District - Chief
Commissioner to Mr Cooper -
Awakino - informing him of the
purchase of a Block of land from
Takerei
29 Mar 1854 Awakino
1861 C - 1, No. 3 Whaingaroa District - Chief
Commissioner to the Colonial
Secretary - Awakino - Has bought a
Block of land at Awakino near Mokau,
1 April 1854 Awakino
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
81
Year Reference Title Date Purchase
forwarding deed and translation
1861 C - 1, No. 4 Whaingaroa District - Chief
Commissioner to Mr Rogan - Mokau -
Acknowledging receipt ot deed of land
at the entrance of the Mokau River.
Authority to expend money
8 May 1854 Mokau
1861 C - 1, No. 5 Whaingaroa District - Chief
Commissioner to the Colonial
Secretary - General - has instructed Mr
Rogan to carry on negotiations for the
purchase of land in the Waikato
district
22 May 1854 General
1861 C - 1, No. 7 Whaingaroa District - Chief
Commissioner to Mr Rogan - General
- appointed District land Purchase
Commissioner
31 July 1854 General
1861 C - 1, No. 8 Whaingaroa District - Chief
Commissioner to Mr Rogan -
Whaingaroa - to ascertain position and
extent of various blocks on which
advances have been made
13 July 1855 Whaingaroa
1861 C - 1, No. 9 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the
Chief Commissioner - Karioi -
reporting completion of the survey of
the Karioi block
9 August 1855 Karioi
1861 C - 1, No. 10 Whaingaroa District - Chief
Commissioner to Mr Rogan - Karioi -
approving of price offered for Karioi
Block
17 August
1855
Karioi
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
82
Year Reference Title Date Purchase
1861 C - 1, No. 11 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the
Chief Commissioner - Ruapuke - Has
completed survey of Ruapuke. The
Natives will not accept &300 for it
23 August
1855
Ruapuke
1861 C - 1, No. 12 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the
Chief Commissioner - Ruapuke -
Natives will not agree to payments
being made in Auckland to absentees
24 August
1855
Ruapuke
1861 C - 1, No. 13 Whaingaroa District - Chief
Commissioner to Mr Rogan - Ruapuke
- to report more fully as the price fixed
for this block
12 September
1855
Ruapuke
1861 C - 1, No. 14 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the
Chief Commissioner - Ruapuke -
Natives have consented to accept the
&300 previously offered
8 October
1855
Ruapuke
1861 C - 1, No. 15 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the
Chief Commissioner - Te Mata
Reserve - Has made a sketch survey of
Te Mata Reserve
8 October
1855
Te Mata Reserve
1861 C - 1, No. 16 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the
Chief Commissioner - Hauraki -
reporting on the Hauraki purchase
13 October
1855
Hauraki
1861 C - 1, No. 17 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the
Chief Commissioner - Karioi - The
Native owners of this Block will
accept &475 for the same
13 October
1855
General
1861 C - 1, No. 18 Whaingaroa District - Chief
Commissioner to Mr Rogan - General
22 October
1855
General
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
83
Year Reference Title Date Purchase
- to furnish a report of sums that may
be required by him for land purchases
1861 C - 1, No. 19 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the
Chief Commissioner - Karioi -
forwarding deed of sale of Karioi
Block
6 November
1855
Karioi
1861 C - 1, No. 20 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the
Chief Commissioner - Tawhatahi,
Oioroa - reporting on these blocks
15 November
1855
Tawhatahi, Oioroa
1861 C - 1, No. 21 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the
Chief Commissioner - general report -
forwarding a return of lands surveyed
in his district (enclosure to No. 21)
16 November
1855
General
1861 C - 1, No. 22 Whaingaroa District - Mr Johnson, for
the Chief Commissioner to Mr Rogan
- Aotea - the sum of &300 for Aotea
has been authorised
7 December
1855
Aotea
1861 C - 1, No. 23 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the
Chief Commissioner - Ruapuke -
forwarding deed of sale for a block of
land near Aotea
4 February
1856
Ruapuke
1861 C - 1, No. 24 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the
Chief Commissioner - Karioi - certain
lands claimed by Ruihana are
excluded from the Karioi purchase
7 April 1856 Karioi
1861 C - 1, No. 25 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the
Chief Commissioner - Ruaroa, Mokau
District - forwarding deed of sale of a
Block of land called Te Rauroa
8 August 1857 Ruaroa
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
84
Year Reference Title Date Purchase
1861 C - 1, No. 26 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the
Chief Commissioner - General -
forwarding deed of sale of certain
lands near Kawhia and Whaingaoa
15 September
1857
General
1861 C - 1, No. 27 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the
Chief Commissioner - Wharauroa -
forwarding deed of sale of Te
Wharauroa Block
28 December
1857
Wharauroa
1861 C - 1, No. 28 Whaingaroa District - Mr Rogan to the
Chief Commissioner - Te Mata, N.R -
has concluded the purchase of Te
Mata Native Reserve
18 June 1857
[1858?]
Te Mata Reserve
British Parliamentary Papers for the Colonies: New Zealand (BPP)
Vol Reference Pages Title of item Notes Date
NZ9 1854[1779] 166-168 No. 73 Copy of a Despatch
from Governor Sir G Grey
to the Right Hon. Sir John
S Pakington, 15 November
1852, Encl No. 1 in No.
73: John Morgan,
Otawhao to Sir George
Grey
Reporting on
Economic and
social development
in S Waikato and
West Coast
(Kawhia & Aotea)
3 September
1852
NZ10 1860[2719] 11 List of Native Mills' C L
Nugent, Native Secretary,
Auckland
List of native mills
incl. Those already
built, underway or
funds collected for
in South Waikato
and Kawhia
24 December
1853
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
85
Vol Reference Pages Title of item Notes Date
[accompanying
map btw p 10 & p
11.
NZ10 1860[2719] 66 Enclosure in No. 39 (No.
39 R H Wynyard, Officer
administering the
government to Sir George
Grey, 5 January 1855 -
'Province of Auckland.
Return showing the
number of acres purchased
by Mr Commissioner
McLean during the Year
1854'
Include land begin
purchased at in the
Mokau, Kawhia,
Whangaroa and
Aotea districts.
Notes district,
location, acres
(notes says
'estimated
quantities.
Instalments paid on
most of these
blocks. Surveys are
being proceeded
with.'
18 December
1854
NZ10 1860[2719] 69-70 Enclosure in No. 41 (No.
41 R H Wynyard, officer
administering the
Government to Sir George
Grey, 13 January 1855) C.
O Davis, Interpreter
[undated account of
meeting between the
governor and 'three chiefs
of celebrity from the
inland districts' on 10
Te Haratua
Kiripakopako
Pingareka spoke
opposing the
selling of land at
Kawhia and Aotea.
13 January
1855
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
86
Vol Reference Pages Title of item Notes Date
January 1855 in Auckland]
NZ10 1860[2719] 139-140 No. 66 - Copy of a
despatch from Acting
Governor Wynyard to the
Right Hon Lord John
Russell enclosing No. 1 -
Kikileoi, Hori Te Waru,
Nuitone & Hoani of
Kawhia to the Governor
and reply
These chiefs at
Kawhia were asked
by Turton to send
warriors to protect
the [friendly]
natives and settlers
at New Plymouth
[during Puketapu
feud].
6 & 15
August 1856
NZ10 1860[2719] 235-337 [Report, minutes and
correspondence relating to
Board appointed to inquire
into the system of
purchasing land from the
natives, and other matters]
some very specific
material from
witnesses that
relates to
purchasing at
Kawhia and Aotea
etc
23 July 1856
NZ11 1860(492) 140 J Williamson,
Superintendent, Auckland
Province to the Colonial
Secretary attaching a
'Return showing the
estimated number of acres
in the Province of
Auckland, on the 1st
January 1859, over which
the Native title has been
extinguished, and which
has been handed over for
Return lists land by
name in columns
under various
descriptive heading
relating to the
quantity of the land
and its usefulness
for survey and
settlement.
Includes many
names mentioned
in Berghan's report
11 July 1859
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
87
Vol Reference Pages Title of item Notes Date
sale and disposal, showing
the estimated number of
acres now in the
possession of the
Government.'
on pre-1865 Crown
purchases in the
inquiry district.
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
88
Petitions to Parliament
Year Pet Ref. Name of
petitioner/s
JHR /JLC ref. AJHR ref. Subject Block/Region
1879 96/1879 Kereopa
Hone Hone
and 35 others
1879, sess II, p
XIX
1880, I2, p 2 The petitioners state that
certain lands at Karioi (in
Raglan District) as per
boundaries stated in the
petition, was
appropriated to them.
This land was not
surveyed at the time it
was granted. When
surveyors were
appointed, they
proceeded to lay out only
600 acres, quite
irrespective of the
boundaries named. The
petitioners pray that the
boundaries should be
consistent with the names
of places named in the
original purchase
Karioi
1881 64/1881 Major Te
Wheoro
1881, p XVII 1881, I2, P 1 Petitioner says that the
sum of ₤75 is due to him
as balance of purchase
money for Karioi
Karioi
1900 391/1900 Renai Taiko
and 2 others
1900, p
XXXIX
1901, I3, p 13 Petitioners pray for
payment of balance of
the purchase money in
Karioi
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
89
Year Pet Ref. Name of
petitioner/s
JHR /JLC ref. AJHR ref. Subject Block/Region
connection with the Te
Whanga, part Karioi
block, which they allege
was held back in Sir
Donald McLean's time
1901 Not
provided
Rewi Maaka JLC 1901, p
XVI
See below For payment of the
balance of the purchase
money agreed to be given
for the land known as
Karioi, near Raglan
Karioi
1901
1201/190
1
Rewi Maaka 1901, p XXV 1903, I3, p 5 Petitioner prays for
redress of certain alleged
grievances in connection
with the purchase of the
Karioi block
Karioi
1914 376/1914 Te Awarutu
Te Awaitaia
and 2 others
1914, p XXI 1915, I3, p 4 Praying that balance of
purchase-money re
Whaingaroa, alleged to
have been withheld in
error by Native
Department, be paid to
them
Whaingaroa
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
90
Archives and Manuscripts
Archives New Zealand, Wellington
Department of Lands and Survey, Head Office (AADS)
Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Description Dates
AADS W3562 331 22/3009 Awakino and Mokau Native
Reserves
no date – no date
Land Information New Zealand, National Office (ABWN)
Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Alt No. Description Dates
ABWN 8879 W5278 85 229.14 [Index - Native Deeds] 1841 - 1874
ABWN 8930 W5278 94 200.5 Deeds of Conveyance
[Auckland]
1858 - 1862
ABWN 8930 W5278 95 200.6 Deeds of Conveyance
[Auckland]
1862 – 1864
ABWN 8090 W5280 144 15A Crown Grants - Land Claims 1858 - 1864
ABWN 8102 W5279 15 AUC 132 WHARAUROA -
WHANGAROA
1857 - 1857
ABWN 8102 W5279 15 AUC 135 WAHATANE - WHANGAROA 1891 - 1891
ABWN 8102 W5279 15 AUC 136 RUAPUKE - WHANGAROA 1856 - 1856
ABWN 8102 W5279 15 AUC 133 TE MATA, PART OF -
WHANGAROA
1857 - 1857
ABWN 8102 W5279 15 AUC 134 TE MATA - WHANGAROA 1857 - 1857
ABWN 8102 W5279 15 AUC 137 KARIOI - WHANGAROA 1855 - 1855
ABWN 8102 W5279 15 AUC 138 TE HAROTO - WHANGAROA 1854 - 1854
ABWN 8102 W5279 15 AUC 139 WAITETUNA & WAIPA
RIVERS, LAND BETWEEN -
WHANGAROA
1864 - 1864
ABWN 8102 W5279 15 AUC 140 AOTEA, WHANGAROA, & 1858 - 1858
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
91
Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Alt No. Description Dates
KAWHIA - WHANGAROA
ABWN 8102 W5279 16 AUC 141 TE MATA - WHANGAROA 1858 - 1858
ABWN 8102 W5279 16 AUC 142 WHANGAROA 1851 - 1851
ABWN 8102 W5279 16 AUC 143 HOREA - WHANGAROA 1850 - 1850
ABWN 8102 W5279 16 AUC 144 TE WHARAUROA -
WHANGAROA
1855 - 1855
ABWN 8102 W5279 16 AUC 145 TUREIKINA - WHANGAROA 1854 - 1854
ABWN 8102 W5279 16 AUC 146 HAURAKI - WHANGAROA 1854 - 1854
ABWN 8102 W5279 16 AUC 147 TE MATA - WHANGAROA 1854 - 1854
ABWN 8102 W5279 16 AUC 148 TE KOTUKU - WHANGAROA 1854 - 1854
ABWN 8102 W5279 16 AUC 149 TE HAROTO - WHANGAROA 1854 - 1854
ABWN 8102 W5279 20 AUC 329 AWAROA AND OTANA -
WAIKATO RIVER
1865 - 1865
ABWN 8102 W5279 22 AUC 391 HARIHARI NO. 2 - KAWHIA 1854 - 1854
ABWN 8102 W5279 22 AUC 395 TE AWAMUTU - WAIKATO 1850 - 1850
ABWN 8102 W5279 23 AUC 415 AOTEA 1854 - 1854
ABWN 8102 W5279 23 AUC 417 AWAKINO MOKAU 1854 - 1854
ABWN 8102 W5279 f76 AUC 581 SEP
150
KAREHARE - WHAINGAROA 1854 - 1854
ABWN 8102 W5279 26 AUC 605 HARURUNUI OR TE
KOWHATU - AOTEA
1854 - 1854
ABWN 8102 W5279 26 AUC 607 OHANA TE HORANGA -
KAWHIA
1854 - 1854
ABWN 8102 W5279 27 AUC 651 AWAKINO AND MOKAU 1856 - 1856
ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 723 WAIKARAKIA -
WHANGAROA
1854 - 1854
ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 724 HUI POKOHUKA -
WHANGAROA
1854 - 1854
ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 725 POKARANGI - WHANGAROA 1854 - 1854
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
92
Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Alt No. Description Dates
ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 728 WHAINGAROA LAND 1854 - 1854
ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 729 WHANGAROA LANDS 1854 - 1854
ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 730 TE HUTIWAI, WHANGAROA
- MATAKAHIA, POKARANGI
1854 - 1854
ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 731 WHAINGAROA LAND 1854 - 1854
ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 733 WHAINGAROA 1854 - 1854
ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 738 WHAINGAROA -
WHAINGAROA
1854 - 1854
ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 739 PATIKIRAU TAKAMAWHI
TIWHITI WAKAANAKITAHI
KAWAKAWA PUKURUKU
AND TAUTEREI -
WHAINGAROA
1854 - 1854
ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 741 AOTEA WHAINGAROA
KARIOI TE AKAU -
AUCKLAND
1856 - 1856
ABWN 8102 W5279 8 AUC 742 AWAKINO - MOKAU 1856 - 1856
ABWN 8771 W5280 44 400.1 Register of Reserves Prior to
1878
1868 - 1878
ABWN 8771 W5280 45 400.2 North Island Register of
Reserves 1878-1898
1878 - 1898
ABWN 8771 W5280 47 400.4 Register of Reserves 1898-1937 1898 - 1937
ABWN 8771 W5280 52 402.3 Old Reserves Taranaki 1863 - 1877
ABWN 8771 W5280 175 402.5 Old Reserves Taranaki, Previous
to 1 January 1878
1853 - c.1880
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
93
Army Department (AD)
Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Description Dates
AD 1 1865/4303 Hari Hari Block - Kawhia [23 Nov
1865: ltr & Map of govt block; 4,000
acres called Hari Hari Block bought
1856-57 by Mr McLean
1865 - 1865
New Zealand Forest Service (F)
Agency Series Box/item Record Description Dates
F 1 43/316 Timber Exports, Whitaker and Piercey, Tokanui 1854 - 1854
Governor (G)
Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Description Dates
G 36 3 [Governor] Miscellaneous outwards
correspondence - 18 December
1853 - 14 May 1863
1853 – 1863
G 36 4 [Governor] Miscellaneous outwards
correspondence
28 May 1863 - 27
November 1867
Legislative Department (LE)
Agency Series
Box/
item
Record Alt No. Description Dates
LE 1 1860/228 Return of all lands purchased in various
provinces [reprinted in AJHR 1861, E-6]
1860
LE 1 30 1861/9 [Legislative Dept] Committees - Native
Land Title
1861 - 1861
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
94
Agency Series
Box/
item
Record Alt No. Description Dates
LE 1 1862/126 Despatch re Native efforts to compel Gorst
to leave Waikato
1862
LE 1 4 1854/106 Accounts and papers laid before the House -
[Papers apparently brought before the House,
but not recorded in the Journals] - Session II
- Correspondence from Donald McLean
concerning the organisation of land
purchases from the Maori
1854 - 1854
LE 1 7 1855/28 Messages from the Officer Administering
the Government - Number 40 and
enclosures. Transmitting three returns from
Mr Commissioner McLean of purchases of
native lands up to 30 June 1855
1855 - 1855
LE 1 13 1856/57 Governor's Messages - Number 16.
Correspondence regarding special scrip
issued by sir G Grey to certain native chiefs
1856 - 1856
LE 1 15 1856/123 62 Papers laid upon the table of the House of
Representatives - Johnstone, J C, Captain,
Correspondence with General Government
respecting his land purchase at Whangaroa
1856 - 1856
LE 1 15 1856/127 65 Papers laid upon the table of the House of
Representatives - Land Purchase
Department. Return showing the expenditure
of Mr McLean in the purchase of lands
1856-1856
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
95
Agency Series
Box/
item
Record Alt No. Description Dates
LE 1 15 1856/131 55 Papers laid upon the table of the House of
Representatives - Land Revenue, disposal of,
Circular letter respecting the disposal of the
land fund, and transfer of Crown lands to
Provincial authorities
1856 - 1856
LE 1 15 1856/139 39a Papers laid upon the table of the House of
Representatives - Natives, outstanding Loans
to. Return of outstanding loans in the
Province of Auckland
1856 - 1856
LE 1 15 1856/129 29 Papers laid upon the table of the House of
Representatives - Lands sold. Return of the
number of acres of land sold in all the
Provinces, in each quarter, from 5 July 1850
to 31 March 1856
1856 - 1856
LE 1 15 1856/200 Miscellaneous - Copies of correspondence
relating to native land purchases
1856 - 1856
LE 1 15 1856/201 [Legislative Dept] Miscellaneous - Loose
papers
1856 –1856
LE 1 17 1858/205 90 Schedule of accounts and papers laid upon
the table - Auckland Waste Lands Bill, 1858,
Correspondence between Colonial Secretary
1858 - 1858
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
96
Agency Series
Box/
item
Record Alt No. Description Dates
and Superintendent of Auckland, relative to
LE 1 17 1858/212 24 Schedule of accounts and papers laid upon
the table - Customs, Returns of Customs
Revenue at the several Ports of New Zealand
for 1857
1858 - 1858
LE 1 17 1858/213 26 Schedule of accounts and papers laid upon
the table - Customs, Returns of value of
Imports and Exports at and from the several
Ports of New Zealand for 1857
1858 - 1858
LE 1 17 1858/214 27 Schedule of accounts and papers laid upon
the table - Customs, Returns of quantities
and value of exports from the several Ports
of New Zealand for 1857
1858 - 1858
LE 1 17 1858/215 25 Schedule of accounts and papers laid upon
the table - Customs, Returns of number,
tonnage, and crews of Vessels entered
outward at
1858 - 1858
LE 1 18 1858/226 40 Schedule of accounts and papers laid upon
the table - Land Purchases from Natives,
Correspondence between the Governor and
his Ministers relative to
1858 - 1858
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
97
Agency Series
Box/
item
Record Alt No. Description Dates
LE 1 19 1858/234 76 Schedule of accounts and papers laid upon
the table - Native Vessels, Return of the
names and tonnage of, entering Auckland,
and the value of cargoes imported into the
several Ports of Entry in the years 185, 1856
and 1857
1858 - 1858
LE 1 27 1860/228 61 Schedule of Accounts and Papers laid upon
the table - Native Lands, Return of all lands
purchased in the various Provinces
1860 - 1860
LE 1 28 1860/229 47 Schedule of Accounts and Papers laid upon
the table - Native Lands, A statement of the
various sums expended out of the £180,000
being the portion of the Loan of £500,000
allocated for the purchase of Native Lands in
the Northern Island, such Return to specify
the number of acres purchased in each
District, the date of purchase, by what
Commissioner effected, and the price per
acre. Such return also to state the amount of
the said ?180,000 unexpended, the Balance
due on each Provincial Account, and how
such balances are now invested (Appendix
C-1)
1860 - 1860
LE 1 28 1860/230 103 Schedule of Accounts and Papers laid upon 1860 - 1860
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
98
Agency Series
Box/
item
Record Alt No. Description Dates
the table - Native Lands, A return of all
outstanding contracts for the purchase of
Native Lands and of all pending negotiations
for the same, the amount paid, and payable
and when, the nature and extent of unsettled
claims, the probable amount thereof, the
persons by whom such negotiations are
being carried on, and the amounts in the
hands of the Land Purchase Commissioner
and District Commissioners, upon Imprest,
upon the 30 June 1860
LE 1 31 1861/206 69 Schedule of Accounts and papers laid upon
the table - Crown Grants, A return of all
Crown Grants issued, or in course of
preparation, to Native subjects of Her
Majesty
1861-1861
LE 1 31 1861/216 123 Schedule of Accounts and papers laid upon
the table - Finance Accounts, Return
showing the amount remaining unexpended
on 30 June 1861, of the sum of ?180,000
allocated to the Northern Island for
extinguishing the Native Title therein, and
particularising the same
1861 - 1861
LE 1 32 1861/245 56 Schedule of Accounts and papers laid upon 1861 - 1861
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
99
Agency Series
Box/
item
Record Alt No. Description Dates
the table - Native Lands, Return of the
quantity of Land over which the Native Title
has been extinguished during the twelve
months ended June 1st 1861, also number of
acres surveyed by Surveyors in the Land
Purchase Department during the same period
LE 1 32 1861/260 29 Schedule of Accounts and papers laid upon
the table - Waste Lands, Return of the
number of acres of Waste Lands sold, or
otherwise disposed of, in each quarter, from
the 1st January 1860 to 31st December 1860,
in the several Provinces of New Zealand,
together with the nature and amount of
consideration received, and the rate per acre
paid, distinguishing Crown and Suburban
Lands from Country Lands, being in
continuation of Sessional Papers
1861 - 1861
LE 1 32 1861/261 97 Schedule of Accounts and papers laid upon
the table - Waste Lands, Return of all
contracts and promises entered into by the
Governor since the passing of the Waste
Lands Act 1861, and fulfilled under the 11th
Section of the Act, specifying the grants
actually delivered to the grantees, those
retained, and the cause of retention
1861 - 1861
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
100
Agency Series
Box/
item
Record Alt No. Description Dates
LE 1 35 1862/200 Miscellaneous papers - Statement of sales of
land in Auckland Province from the proceeds
of which ten per cent has been guaranteed to
be expended for native purposes, January
1854 to June 1862
1862 - 1862
LE 1 36 1863/1 Committees - Minutes Sharing Same Book -
Auckland Waste Lands, library and Printing
1863 - 1863
LE 1 36 1863/8 Committees - Separate Books - Auckland
Waste Land
1863 - 1863
LE 1 38 1863/122 41 Schedule of Accounts and papers laid upon
the table - Waste Lands, Papers respecting
proposed alterations in the Waste Land
Regulations of the Province of Auckland
1863 – 1863
LE 1 42 1865/137 22 Schedule of Accounts and papers laid upon
the table - Accounts (see Finance) - Native
Affairs, Letter from Mr Dillon Bell to
Waikato Chiefs dated 7 May 1863
1865 - 1865
LE 1 49 1866/121 69 Accounts and Papers - Schedule of Accounts
and Papers laid upon the table - Accounts
(See Finance) - Native Insurrection, Return
of Arms and ammunition supplied to
Friendly Natives
1866 - 1866
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
101
Department of Lands and Survey, Head Office (LS)
Agency Series Box/item Record Description Dates
LS 1 8/01/2004 Grazing Runs - S.G.R. [Small Grazing
Run] Number 11, Harihari
no date- no date
LS 1 25/1133 Townships – Harihari no date -no date
LS 1 1337 1884/1873 Mokau Block no date -no date
LS 1 1340 35424/2 J Rattenbury, Tongaporutu - Mokau Visit no date -no date
Department of Maori Affairs (MA)
Agency Series Record Description Dates
MA 1 1863/362 Memoranda from W Fox to E Shortland,
forwarded to Defence Office 15 December
1863: Instructs Shortland to write to Major
McGregor and tell him not to allow cattle
belonging to or brought by rebel natives to pass
through. [Raglan]
1863
MA 1 1863/487 Report concerning arrangements re Awamutu
estate [re attack on school, seizure of printing
press, abandonment and events leading to
abandonment
1863
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
102
Maori Affairs Department (MA)
Agency Series Box/item Record Alt No. Description Dates
MA 1 835 1863/277 Memoranda from Reader Wood to
the Native Secretary, forwarded to
Defence Office 22 September 1863;
Authorises Major McGregor to spend
up to £10 on tobacco for Wiremu
Nero of Whaingaroa
1863
MA 1 1863/166 Memoranda from FD Bell to the
Governor, forwarded to Defence
Office 18 May 1863; Describes
measures taken for the evacuation of
families from Raglan
1863
MA 1 1863/167 Memoranda from FD Bell, Taranaki,
to the Governor, forwarded to
Defence Office 30 April 1863;
Outlines the history of the school at
the Awamutu, and the increasing
opposition of the natives, which led
to its suppression and the expulsion
of Gorst
1863
MA 1 1863/196 Memoranda from Takerei te Naeroa,
Pukekawa, Waikato, to Rewi
Maniapoto, forwarded to Defence
Office 8 April 1863; Advises Rewi
not to drive Gorst out but rather to
keep the children away from the
school
1863
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
103
Agency Series Box/item Record Alt No. Description Dates
MA 1 1863/277 Memoranda from JE Gorst to the
Native Minister, forwarded to
Defence Office 25 February 1863;
Narrates substance of letter from
some chiefs of Mokau addressed to
Rewi, Reihana Taati and others
expressing suspicion of the Colonel's
and Parris' visit, and advising the
expulsion of himself (ie Gorst) from
the Awamutu. [Copy]
1863-1863
MA 1 1863/362 Memoranda from W Fox to E
Shortland, forwarded to Defence
Office 15 December 1863: Instructs
Shortland to write to Major
McGregor and tell him not to allow
cattle belonging to or brought by
rebel natives to pass through.
[Raglan]
1863
MA 1 1863/487 Report concerning arrangements re
Awamutu estate [re attack on school,
seizure of printing press,
abandonment and events leading to
abandonment
1863
MA 2 1 to 26 &
44
[Maori Affairs Dept] Register of
inwards letters written in English
1835 -
1911
MA 2 36 to 43 [Maori Affairs Dept] Register of
inward letters written in Maori
1847 -
1872
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
104
Agency Series Box/item Record Alt No. Description Dates
MA 2 3 Register of inwards letters written in
English - 1 January 1854 - 23 June
1858; Record numbers 1854/1-136,
1855/1-192, 1856/1-446, 1858/1-248;
Also includes: Letters re land
purchases mostly received by D
McLean - 26 April 1848 - 29
November 1852; Register of Deeds,
Whaingaroa papers, 25 June - 21
November 1856; and Index to Native
Land Purchase 1848-1853
1848 -
1858
MA 2 45 [Maori Affairs Dept] Register of
Inwards Memoranda, Memoranda
and Miscellanea and miscellaneous
letters in English
1853-1861
MA 2 46 [Maori Affairs Dept] Register of
Inwards Memoranda; At back of
book register of letters received by
Land Commissioner Donald McLean
- 13 July 1855 - 30 March 1860
1855-1863
MA 4 1 to 56 [Maori Affairs Dept] General English
Outwards Letterbook
1840-1892
MA 4 71 to 103 [Maori Affairs Dept] General Maori
Letterbook
1857-1900,
1905-1906
MA 7 2 [Maori Affairs Dept] Governor's 1846 -
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
105
Agency Series Box/item Record Alt No. Description Dates
outwards letterbook to Maori - 22
February 1846 - 29 October 1852
1852
MA 16 4 Bundle of miscellaneous deeds
relating to land
no date -
no date
MA 24 22 [Maori Affairs Dept] Miscellaneous
Correspondence and other Papers
1845-1913. (Very miscellaneous
documents probably a bundle which
survived the 1907 Parliament
Buildings file). [Special file (part
only) 41 and 42]
1945 -
1913
MA 24 24 [Maori Affairs Dept] Miscellaneous
Maori Letters [Special file (part only)
37]
1844 -
1870
MA 24 30 Miscellaneous papers a). H Halse,
Assistant Native Secretary,
miscellaneous inwards letters, 1865-
1872; b) Miscellaneous
correspondence and telegrams,
c.1869-1920; c) Originals of Orders
in Council, 1867-1870; d)
Miscellaneous printed papers; e)
Miscellaneous unidentified papers
1865 -
1920
MA 29 1 to 4 [Maori Affairs Dept] Registers of
Inward letters [to the Native
Minister]
1867- 1876
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
106
Maori Affairs - Maori Land Purchasing Department (MA-MLP)
Agency Series Box/item Record Description Dates
MA-MLP 1 1890/243 For specific refs see Berghan
MA-MLP 1 1891/94 For specific refs see Berghan
MA-MLP 1 1900/76 For specific refs see Berghan 1886-1900
MA-MLP 6 5 Copies of requests to the Crown Lands
Department for Crown Grants on
reserves set aside for Maoris - 31 May
1881 - 11 July 1892. Also alphabetical
index of blocks of land or reserves.
Bundle of Land Purchase vouchers
c.1871 - c.1908
Archives New Zealand, Auckland
Auckland Provincial Government (AP)
Agency Series Box/item Record Description Dates
AP 2 55 2517/76 10 August - 20 October 1876 - Roads -
Waitetuna Area - Correspondence concerning
construction of a road through W Cogswell's
property at Waitetuna and through the
Puketutu Maori Reserve
1876 - 1876
AP 4 1 Index to Letter Books [outward letters of
Superintendent of Auck Prov] nos 67-72*
1853-1876
AP 5 5 Papers relating to Steamer Services no date - no date
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
107
* Also see unindexed inward letters to Superintendent Auck Province (AP series 8180)
and the outward letters themselves (AP series 8181)
Agent for the General Government, Auckland (AGG-A)
Agency Series Box/
item
Record Description Dates
AGG-A 1 1 1/65 B Graham, Te Awamutu - telegram
requesting that statement in The Southern
Cross, 31 May 1865, be contradicted
concerning 1) Relative status of Maori
King and Queen Victoria 2) acquisition of
land 3) its relationship to negotiations left
to the discretion of French-man 4) a
conversation between Mr Mainwaring and
Mr Thompson
3 June 1865
AGG-A 1 1 55/65 Charles Heaphy, Auck - enquires about
interpretation of Auckland Waste Lands
Act, 1858 copy of memo
19 July 1865
AGG-A 1 1 199/65 S Morgan, Kawhia - encloses letter from
Hone Te One to Governor Grey, and
comments on the intense Kingite
sympathies in the district. [Hone Te One's
letter is missing]
14 September
1865
AGG-A 1 1 no
number?
p 22 of series list Hone Te One, Kawhia, to
Governor Grey - Warns him that Kingites
have threatened to attack Kawhia, Aotea
and Whaingaroa, and pleads for military
protection.
14 September
1865
AGG-A 1 1 251/65 Thomas Buddle, Auck - forwards returns 24 October
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
108
Agency Series Box/
item
Record Description Dates
of Wesleyan Native Industrial Schools.
Copy of schedules and returns subsquently
sent to the Native Minister.
1865
AGG-A 1 1 307/65 J Allen, Raglan - sends documents
requested in earlier letter - encloses copy
of agreement between a Maori of the Nae
Nae tribe and George Cooper, entitling the
latter to lease some land in the Waipa
district.
20 November
1865
AGG-A 1 1 367/66 Reports hostility of Maoris, and their
King's refusal to accept surveyors working
around Pirongia
23 October
1866
AGG-A 1 2 400/67 Formation of a Volunteer Corps, Raglan -
Correspondence from R O Stewart,
Resident Magistrate, relative to a public
meeting, at which certain resolutions for
local defence were passed and at which 39
men volunteered and resolved to request
the governor to form them into a corps for
local defence
14 May 1867
AGG-A 1 2 521/67 W Gisborne, Wgt - Refers to enclosure in
No. 1040 and states that the Government
does not think it desirable to send more
arms to Raglan than needed to arm the
Europeans, and that it wishes to get back
arms from the Maoris when they are no
longer needed.
24 June 1867
AGG-A 1 4 69/213 Local defence-Raglan district - 15 March - 8
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
109
Agency Series Box/
item
Record Description Dates
Correspondence from W N Searancke, J C
Johnstone and R O Stewart, relative to the
defence of Raglan against possible attack
by the King Maoris and to an attempted
theft of ammunition
November
1869
AGG-A 1 4 69/261 Disputed survey - Aotea - Correspondence
from Hone Te One and other Maoris, from
H W Brabant, W N Searancke and JK
McDonald, expressing fear that continuing
with the survey at Aotea, will provoke
attack from the Hauhaus.
30 March - 1
April 1869
AGG-A 1 4 69/287 W N Searancke, Hamilton - reports that he
has heard that there is to be a meeting of
the Taupiri Maoris and Te Wheoro and the
Ngatimato at Hangatiki, and makes
observations as to their intentions, in the
light of this.
15 April
1869
AGG-A 1 4 69/360 J C Firth, Auck - forwards copies of letters
from Hohaia and Te Raihi, which he has
sent to the authorities, and urges the
importance of the Duke of Edinburgh's
meeting Tawhaio, Rewi and Tamati at
Ngaruawahia. Reports that his arrangement
to rent land on the Waiho is to be adhered
to , as before Wi Tamihana's death
[Encloses 3 letters]
15 May 1869
AGG-A 1 4 69/381 J A Wilson, Alexandra - reports on his
negotaiations with Tawhaio, Rewi and
24 May 1869
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box! Record Description Dates
item
Tamati, attempting to clear up a
misunderstanding about the visit ofthe
Duke of Edinbmgh and a meeting of the
Waikatos with him at Ngamawahia
AGG-A 1 4 69/399 J Mackay jr., Ngamawahia - forwards a 2 June 1869
translation of a letter received from Andrea
Barton, relative to Te Wheoro's invitation
to Matutaera, Rewi and Tamati Ngapora,
to meet the Governor at Ngaruawhia
AGG-A 1 4 69/446 J A Wilson, Auck - fOlwards three letters 19 June 1869
from Commissioner Clarke, and feels that
they have cause for apprehension as the
behaviom of Firth and others at
Tokongamutu is provocative to the
Hauhaus. Reports that Te Kooti and band
have gone into the King Country.
AGG-A 1 4 69/476 W N Searancke, Alexandra - reports on his 5 July 1869
investigation into the Maori situation. A
number of strange Maoris have been in the
Rangiaohia district, and the settlers are
uneasy. Te Kooti has been seeking the
kingship and asked Tawhaio to resign to
him.
AGG-A I 5 69/563 Hetaraka Nero, Raglan-Asks the Govt to 28 July 1869
emol40 of his men as a guard for Raglan,
which is totally unprotected. Maori and
translation. Minute by W N Searancke
acknowledges that the area is unprotected,
110
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box! Record Description Dates
item
but states that the stationing of a few of the
armed constabulary in the blockhouse
would be preferable as the Maori guard
would not have the settler's confidence.
[missing as at June 1997]
AGG-A 1 5 69/620 H W Brabant, Raglan - reports that bands 13 August
of atmed Maoris have been seen at Aotea, 1869
bound for Kawhia, and suggests that Hone
Te One be authorised to search such
parties. [missing as at June 1997]
AGG-A 1 5 69/675 Rawiri Te Rangikarua, Raglan - Asks that 6 September
he be shown where his acres of land at 1869
Waipa or Waikato are situated and that the
Crown Grant in the name of Hone Te One
be issued. Maori and translation. [missing
as atJune 1997]
AGG-A 1 9 73/771 Inwards letters. 31 October 1873 - J La 1873-1874
Frohe, Karioi - Asks whether right of road
was reserved through the Papahua Native
Reserve, as it will be necessary to traverse
it to put through the road to Raglan. -
Attachment: 1. J Rogan to W Gisborne, 14
November 1873 in reply. Sketch of the
area by C Heaphy, 13 January 1874-
States that no right of road was made in
any Karioi reserve.
111
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Lands and Smvey Office, Auckland (BAAZ)
Agency Series Box/item Record Description Dates
BAAZ 1108 168 5399 Kawhia surveys 1904-1912
BAAZ 4708 la New Zealand [Army] pensioners pre-emption 1853 - 1856
selections
Maori Land COUli, Waikato-Maniapoto District (BACS)
Agency Acc Box/item Record Description Dates
BACS A622 181d KW1209 Dismissed - Applications (Formerly under 1900 - 1949
KW Titles) 1. Harihari; 2. Kahotea; 3.
Mangangarongaro; 4. Te Nauhau; 5. Patahi;
6. Pukerimu; 7. Puti; 8. Whakapapa; 9.
Hawaiki; 10. Parish of Waipa - Applications
BACS A622 22b H704 Karioi No.2, 3, 4 - Applications 1875 -1952
BACS A806 1121 D2006 Taumatamaire - From: Ngati Maniapoto To: 1855 - 1855
Her Majesty Queen Victoria
BACS A806 117 KW953 Mokau B - From: Ngati Maniapoto To: Her 1854 - 1854
Majesty Queen Victoria
Department of Survey and Land Information, Auckland District Office (BAIE)
Agency Series Box/item Record Description Dates
BAIE 4308 la Maories [Maori] Letter Book 1849 - 1854
112
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Maori Laod Court, Auckland (BBOP)
Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Description Dates
BBOP A52 28/64
BBOP A52 43/97
BBOP 4309 2a-138
BBOP 4309 2a-153
BBOP 4309 2a-212
BBOP 4309 2a-213
BBOP 4309 2a-214
BBOP 4309 2a-215
BBOP 4309 2a-22
COlTespondence Regarding Land at 1858 -1864
Waipa
Deeds in Abeyance - Index
Attached
1865 - 1885
186611671 From: Retireti Te Tapihaoa, Maketu 1866 - 1866
- Subject: King Natives - cannot
pass tln'ough their land to attend
court at Cambridge
1866/1060 From: Hamilton TN, Resident 1866 - 1866
Magistrate, Raglan - Subject:
Notice of Sittings acknowledging
letter 870 Raglan
186611933 From: Tewi Wiremu, Heretunga- 1866 - 1866
Subject: Claiming land at Kawhia
and Waipa
1866/1907 From: Turton H Hanson, Auckland 1866 - 1866
- Subject: Overcharges returned
through Dr Harsant RM [Resident
Magistrate 1 Raglan
186611901 From: Tmton H Hanson, Auckland 1866 - 1866
- Subject: Crown Grant Purchases at
Waipa Reserves
1866/1901 From: Hetaraka Nero, Raglan- 1866 - 1866
Subject: Turton, land purchased
tln'ough him, grants not received
Tawawhati
1866/881 From: MacKay Alexander, Nelson - 1866 - 1866
113
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Acc Boxlitem Record Description Dates
Subj ect: F Olwarding celiain land
claims Kawhia Region
BBOP 4309 2a-23 1866/881 From: Hautain T, Under Secretary, 1866 - 1866
Native Depmiment - Subject:
MacKay Alexander - land claims
Kawhia Region
BBOP 4309 3b-99 18681794 From: Piripi Otene - Subject: 1868 ~ 1868
Hetaraka Nero enclosing letter from
BBOP 4309 9a-254 18631125 From: Rogan John, Judge Native 1863- 1863
Land Court, Kaipara - Subject:
Nero's Offer of Land memo re
Block between Waitetuna and
Waipu
BBOP 4309 l1a-8 1883/52 From: Hakopa Kotuku, Waitetuna 1883 ~ 1883
and Another - Subject: Asking if to
be surveyed and requesting
information re sale etc Kawhia
BBOP 5966 33 1 Waikato local registers 1865 ~ 1873
BBOP 5966 38 1 Raglan and Aotea local registers 1865-1892
BBOP 5966 39 1 Kawhia and Mokau local registers 1865 - 1901
Land information New Zealand (LINZ), Hamilton
Reference Description Details of contents
Maori Historicial 13111 originals [File 1) Large cadastral map with added colous and text
Records SA 2157 box with green patch on showing Awakino, Mokau etc purchases
top of spine - marked in 2) Typed .extracts from MLC MBK Otorohanga
pencil "Awakino, 72, pp 342 - 352 (held at Awakino, 19 Aug
114
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
J anualY 2009
Reference Description Details of contents
Mokau, Taumatamaire 1941) recording hearing of 1938 petition re
purchases"] Taumatamarie and other blocks
3) Typed schedule of Native Reserves at Mokau,
Awakino etc b1ks
4) Original grants to Maori for those Native
reserves under The Lands Act 1892
5) Typed copy of the 1938 petition re
Taumatamarie and other blocks
6) Typed Chronology of events on these blocks
with dates and document references
7) File of papers marked faintly "Awakino Mokau
Taumatamarie ... produced at Native Land
Court at Awakino 19 August 1941 [judge's
signature] - contents not photographed or are
the papers all inside this folder?
Alex(lIIder TlIl'1lbllll Librmy, Wellington
Papers of Sir Donald McLean
i. Letters in Maori to McLeanji·om Maori individuals at Kawhia & Raglan
Reference Description Dates
MS-Papers-0032-0678B-01 Letter fi·om Tamihana Niutone and Te Waru to 2 May 1854
McLean
MS-Papers-0032-0678B-10 Letter from Paora to McLean (with translation) 22 Aug 1854
[Written from Waikawau and Mokau regarding
lands and includes copy with a translation and a
covering note from Schnackenberg]
MS-Papers-0032-0678A-17 Letter fi·om Taati and Te Kawau to McLean
and Kupa (with translation)
16 Mar 1854
115
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping repOli on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
MS-Papers-0032-068IA Inward letters to Donald McLean in Maori Jan-Jun 1857
MS-Papers-0032-0683A-06 Letter from Nuitone Te Pakaru to Wiremu Nera 14 Feb 1859
ii, Letters to McLeanfi'om missionaries and settlers at Kawhia and Raglan
Refm'ence Description Dates
MS-Papers-0032-0244 Inward letters - Surnames, Del- Dod [Specifically 1849-1876, nd
letter to McLean from W W Dixon (miller at
Kawhia), 1867 re purchase of land at Koutukowai
MS-Papers-0032-0344 Inward letters - Surnames, Hom-Hop
Josiah Hopkins at Kawhia to McLean, 1854
MS-Papers-0032-0361 Inward letters - Surnames, Jor-Jou
(letters (8) to McLean from R A Joseph from
Sydney and Kawhia between 1854 and 1867)
1854-1875, nd
1854-1871
MS-Papers-0032-0333 Inward letters - George W Drummond Hay 1857-1870
MS-Papers-0032-0459 Inward letters - John Morgan 1847-1861
MS-Papers-0032-0537 Inward letters - Surnames, Reimenschneider 1849-1870
MS-Papers-0032-0561 Inward letters - CH Schnackenberg 1845-1876, nd
MS-Papers-0032-0576 Inward letters - Surnames, Sin - Sma [Contains 7 1845-1876
letters from Thomas Skinner (Aotea and Rotorua) to
McLean between 1848 and 1861, Also contains two
letters from Gideon Smales, Aotea & East Tamaki,
1854 & 1870]
MS-Papers-0032-0618 Inward letters - Surnames, Wal- Wan [Includes 4 1857-1876
letters from Rev James Wallis, Auckland &
Waingaroa [Raglan], 1858-1860]
MS-Papers-0032-0634 Inward letters - Rev John Whiteley 1844-1861
MS-Papers-0032-0722 Outward drafts and fragments [Contains draft letters 1847-1854
to Thomas Skinner at Aotea]
MS-Papers-0032-0723 Outward drafts and fragments 1851, 1855-1860
[specifically letter re Mr Schnackenberg (resident
116
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Reference Description Dates
missionaty) and settlers at Kawhia, April 1860]
MS-Papers-0032-0338 Inward letters - Louis Hetet [23 letters written ii'om 1849-1871
Mokau, Alexandra and Otorohanga, 1849-1871.
Includes typed transcripts]
iii. Letters to McLean fi'olll Government officials
Reference Description Dates
MS-Papers-0032-0316 Inward letters - Hemy Halse 1858-1860
MS-Papers-1187-129 John Rogan - Letters to Donald McLean 3 Feb 1854, 6 Aug 1855
(also available as Micro-
MS-0714)
MS-Papers-0032-0540 Inward letters - John Rogan 1852-1858
MS-Papers-0032-0541 Inward letters - John Rogan 1859-1863
MS-Papers-0032-0542 Inward letters - John Rogan [40 letters written 1864-1870
from New Plymouth, Mt Albert (Auckland),
. Mangawhare, Ie Makiri (Kaipara), Matamata,
Wellington, Cambridge]
MS-Papers-0032-0544 Inward letters - John Rogan
117
1850s-1870s
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
JanualY 2009
iv. McLean's records of his work in varia liS Government roles
Reference
qMS-1193
MS-1197
MS-1199
MS-1201
MS-1205
MS-1283
MS-1290
MS-1291
MS-Papers-0032-0003A
MS-Papers-0032-0004
MS-Papers-0032-0008A
MS-Papers-0032-0017
MS-Papers-0032-0034
MS-Papers-0032-0043
Description Dates
Protector of Aborigines, Taranaki - Letter 5 Aug 1844-30 Jun 1846
book
Diary
Diary
Diary
Notebook relating to Mokau
Extracts from a joumal kept during a visit
to the interior ofthe Northem Island of
New Zealand
Land Purchase Department - Accounts
Land purchase accounts
Native Land Purchase Commissioner -
Papers
Native Land Purchase Commissioner
Papers
Sketches and rough maps relating to land
purchases
Miscellaneous Native affairs
22 Apr 1845-18 May 1846
19 Jan-l Feb 1846
10-21 Feb, 21 Mar 1846
19 Jan 1845,20-22 Jan
1846
1845
Apr 1854-Feb 1856
1853-1854,1855-1856
1850
1851-1857
unclear
1851-1863, 1865
Native Minister - Taranaki native meetings 1873
Native Minister - Miscellaneous papers rca 1855-1874]
MS-Papers-0032-0122B House of Representatives. McLean and
Fox. Criticisms of Grey's policy
1847-1876
MS-Papers-0032-0 125
MS-Papers-0032-0 126
Papers relating to provincial affairs -
Taranaki. Inspector of police
Papers relating to provincial affairs -
Taranaki. Inspector of Police
118
1850-1851
1851-1856
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
J anumy 2009
Reference
MS-Papers-0032-0 140
Description Dates
Papers relating to land - Printed papers re 1850-1877
land
Papers of other individuals
Reference
82-174
MS-Papers-0229
MS-Papers-2625-1
qMS-1393
qMS-1390-1392
MS-Papers-0944
MS-Papers-l 018
Micro-MS-0304
Description Dates
Schnackenberg, COli Hemy - Papers [Twenty volumes of 1846-1886
letterbooks (photocopy of type scripts), including letters
in German and Maori giving detailed accounts of his own
work and mission progress as well as local Maori politics
(patiial inventory available)]
Pratt family - Correspondence. Letters written to relatives 1855-1858, nd
in England from Edward and Sarah Pratt, New Plymouth.
Particular reference to the native mill at Mokau, which
Edward Pratt was engaged to erect.
Letters [to the Wesleyan Missionary Society]- Includes 1836-1849
letters by Rev James Wallis at Whaingaroa [Raglan]
inventory available
Narrative of adventures of early missionaries [by Rev
John Morgan]
1833-1850
Letters and journals of the Rev John Morgan, missionary 1833-1865
atOtawhao
Smales, Gideon 1817-1894: Letters - 1 Jan 1843-12 Mar 1843 - 1845
1845
Smales, Gideon 1817-1894: Papers -1786,1831-1890,
1957
Smales, Gideon 1817-1894: Papers
1831 - 1890
1839-1894
MS-1950 (MS-Copy- Thomas Skinner: Journal
Micro-0222)
1849-1856
119
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Reference
MS-Papers-0402
MS-Papers-2507
Description Dates
Newman-Buttle family papers [Includes letters from Rev 1831-1885
George Buttle - Divided into personal and business
correspondence - Piece-level inventory available]
Newman, William, d 1906: papers [Includes letters from 1808-1908
Rev George Buttle - Divided into personal and business
correspondence - Piece-level inventory available]
Micro-MS-06l2-01 Diary of Rev George Buttle; John Aldred's shipboard 1832-1874,1839-
1840
qMS-2212-2213
joumal
Whiteley, John - Joumal [covers of his work as Wesleyan 1832-1869
missionary (inc!. At Kawhia) and dealings with George
Grey, Donald McLean and Robert Parris re Maori-Piikehii
relations. NB: missing entries for 1837, Jnl1843 -
1860]
MS-Papers-0088-1A Inward c011'espondence - Church Missionary Society and 1847-1865
MS-Papers-2625-3
qMS-2175
MS-Papers-2625-2
others [includes letters by Rev John Morgan to the CMS.
See inventory for full description of contents of this
folder]
[Wesleyan Missionary Society] Letters and other papers - 1856-1859
Letters between various Wesleyan missionaries. Also
includes minutes of a meeting of the Missionary
Committee, 12 Aug 1856. Inventory available]
Wesleyan Mission Papers Vol 3 - [includes, Letters of
Thomas Buddie, 1866-1878; Letters and papers of Rev
Smales, 1855-1878; Letters and papers of Revs Turton
and Wallis 1856-1875; Miscellaneous letters and papers,
1856-1879]
1866-1879
[Wesleyan Missionary Society] Letters and other papers - 1850-1856
Revs Whitley, Buttle and Smales as contributors,
Inventory available]
120
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Reference Description Dates
MS-Papers-2625-4 [Wesleyan Missionary Society] Letters [Letters between 1859-1870
various Wesleyan missionaries and others. Inventory
available]
MS-Papers-0077-6 COll'espondence [to Edward Catchpool]- [including from 1855-1862
Rev John Morgan, inventory available]
MS-Papers-0048-21 Miscellenous Maori material [held by Walter Lawry
Buller] - specifically document re lands ceded to John
White at Kawhia, 1840 'from D McLean 1884'
MS-Papers-0057-131 Personal papers - Letter from Rewi Maniapoto, and
promissory notes
Micro-MS-Coll-04-57 CMS missionaries and employees - Papers [includes
letters by Rev John Morgan to the CMS]
1840-1884
1863, 1845
1827-1877
Micro-MS-Coll-04-27 Early correspondence [of Rev John Morgan] (CNIE) and 1852-1883
letterbooks (CN/I 1, CN/I 2) [Two outward letterbooks
Jan 1852-Sep 1883 containg letters to individual
missionaries (including Rev John Mogan)]
Other museums alld libraries
Auckland Wm' Memorial Museum Library, Auckland
Ref Description Contents Dates
Y1372 SMALES, Gideon, See inventory list downloaded from National 1822 1839-1871
1817-1894, papers Register of Archives and Records [are these 1893-18941971
the same as Smales papers at ATL MS-
papers-l01877]
MS213(I) MORGAN, John, (1) Adventures of early missionaries 1833- 1833-1850 1836-
1810-1865, papers 1850, and Letters from Otawhao. 1850 1833-1865
(Typescript, 1 volume, 73, 61eaves); (2)
121
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Ref Description Contents
Letters to a friend. Written from Otawhao,
covering the period; 1836 to 1850, but
apparently written at a later date. (Typescript
copy, 1 bound volume, 80 leaves, 33.5 cm);
(3) Letters and journals of the Reverend
Joho Morgan, missionary at Otawhao, 1833-
1865.
Joho Kinder Theological Library, Auckland
Ref Description Contents
MET003 Wesleyan Missionary Series 1: Letters and papers, Wesleyan
Letters Collection.
Letters 1813-1933
missionaries, 1828-1932, (42 items); Series 7:
Methodist Land transactions paper, 1831-1892,
(38 items); Series 10: Letterbook, 1856-1858,
Methodist Church of Australasia. Department of
overseas missions letters.
MET004 Wesleyan Methodist Chronological order. A collection ofletters,
Missionary Society. including diary extracts which the Wesleyan
Letters to the missionaries were required to send to the
Secretaries, typescript Society on a regular basis.
MET013 Whiteley, John, 1806- Includes Whiteley's journal for 1832-1863
1869. Collection,
1832-1983
(typescript), as well as other items related to
Whiteley.
MET014 Wallis, James. 1809- Collection of items relating to James Wallis and
1895. Collection, the Wallis family
122
Dates
Dates
1813-1933
unclear
1806-1869
1845-1941
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Ref Description Contents
1845-1941
MET017 RishwOlth, John S. Journal entries cover the period April 1864 to
Journal, 1864-1867 January 1867, and his activities at Karakariki,
Waipa. Typescript also available.
MET019 Schnackenberg, COlt [No description of content in source catalogue]
Hemy,1812-1880,
Papers, 1846-1880
Te Awamutu Museum, Te Awarnutu
Ref
ARC1874
Description Contents
SW ARBRICK, generally historical cOl1"espondence: E.H.
Hemy Augustus, Schnackenberg and Kawhia
1889-1968
Dates
1864-1867
1846-1880
Dates
unclear
ARC2632; MORGAN, John, Includes his correspondence to the Church 1833-1865
ARC3747/13; diary and Missionary Society, Govemor Browne, as well
ARC2365- c011"espondence as journal entries over this period. Transcribed
378 photocopies (16 items)
Pukeariki Museum, New Plymouth
Creator
Flight, Josiah, 1800-
1884
RICHMOND, Hemy
Robert
Reference Description Dates
N/A The collection ofletters (51 items) is almost 1848-1888
exclusively from H.H. Turton ofKawhia and
Auckland, and D. McLean of Wellington and
Auckland.
ARC2001- In this letter to his mother, Richmond gives an 1851
160 account of his joumey with his brother
123
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
overland from Auckland to Taranaki in 1851.
It is a descriptive account detailing both the
social and physical geography of the country
between. Typescript
Christchurch Methodist Archives
Ref
N/A
N/A
NlA
N/A
Description
Wallis, James. 1809-1895, papers
Contents Dates
Reminiscences about the Reverend James c.l880s-1895
Wallis' missionary work in the
Whaingaroa circuit 1834-1863 written for
his grandson, Rev. Tom J Wallis, c 1880-
1890. Typescripts
Wallis, James. 1809-1895, papers Collection of papers including a 1834-c1895
Whiteley, Rev. John,
cOll'espondence
Whiteley, Rev. John,
cOll'espondence
handwritten obituary of Rev. James
Wallis, by Rev. Hemy H Lawry c 1895, a
letter to Rev. Thomas Jackson Wallis
from his grandfather, the Reverend James
Wallis, outlining his missionary carreer in
NZ. Original deeds plus photocopy
Letters to Mr. and Mrs James Whiteley, 1833-1844
from their son, Rev. John Whiteley, 4
May 1839, Kawhia. Typescript
Papers, notes or part of a letter from John c.1840
Whiteley relating to the purchase of land
for new mission stations in New Zealand.
Annotated typescript
124
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Maps and Plans
British Parliamentary Papers for the Colonies: New Zealalld (BPP)
Volume Reference Title
BPPNZ10 1860 [2719[ Vol. Map of New Zealand shewing the sites of flour
XLVI mills, the property of the Aborigines, Jolm
Arrowsmith, Litho [accompanying schedule on
page 11]
BPPNZ11 1860 (492) Vol. Map of New Zealand shewing approximately the
XLVII extent ofland acquired from the Natives (signed by
Andrew Sinclair, Government Sm'Veyor) [Sept
1859]
BPPNZ14 1866 [3695] Vol. L Map showing conquered te11'itory in NOlihem Pali
ofNolih Island of New Zealand
BPPNZ14 1865 [3425] Vol. Sketch Map of the Waikato District, signed by
XXXVII George Graham, 13 June 1864 [enclosed with copy
of a despatch from Govemor Sir George Grey to the
Right Honorable Edward Cardwell, 7 July 1864, p
54]
BPPNZ14 1865 [3425] Vol. Map of the Districts proposed to be included within
XXXVII the operation of the New Zealand Settlements Act
[n/d but enclosed with a copy of a despatch from
Govemor Sir George Grey to the Right Honorable
Edward Cardwell, 3 September 1864, p 110]
BPPNZ14 1865 [3425] Vol. Map shewing approximately the te11'itory proposed
XXXVII to be confiscated in the Waikato country, in the
priovince of Taranaki and near Wanganui [n/d but
enclosed with a copy of a despatch form Governor
Sir George Grey to the Right Hon Edward
125
Date
December
1853
n/d but
letter
attached is
dated 20
September
1859
1864
July 1864
Sept 1864
Oct 1864
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rolle Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Volume Reference
BPPNZ14 1865 [3455] Vol.
XXXVII
BPPNZ14 1865 [3455] Vol.
XXXVII
Title
Cardwell, 8 October 1864, pp 149-150]
Map showing proposed frontier line of fortified
posts &c. [nld but cited in enclosure 2 to No.3
Memorandum by Govemor Grey of 5 November
1864, pp 7 - 8]
Map showing the proposed frontier line from
Tauranga to Raglan [nld but cited in enclosure 2 to
No.3 Memorandum by Governor Grey of5
November 1864, pp 7 - 9]
Date
Nov 1864
Nov 1864
BPPNZ14 1865 [3455] Vol. Map of the Districts proposed to be included within Nov 1864
XXXVII the operation of the New Zealand Settlements Act
[with additional pink line - nld cited in enclosure 2
to No.3 Memorandum by Govemor Grey of 5
November 1864, pp 7 - 9]
Photographs and Drawings
Alexander TUl'nbull Libl'my, Wellington
Reference Title
A-208-006 View of Raglan Harbour
A-208-007 Settlements on the South
Description Date
Drawing by Ashworth, Edward (1814- 1843
1896) An extensive view from a high
standpoint, looking down over Raglan
Harbour. A tree fern, ferns and tree bunks
with epiphytes in the foreground, and the
church and mission station of Rev. James
Wallis at Nihinihi in the distance, close to
the water. Further hills in the background.
Drawing by Ashworth, Edward (1814- 1843
Creek ofWaingaroa harbour 1896) An extensive view from a high
126
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Reference
B-088-014
PUBL-0139-
105
Title Description
shewing Karioi (carry owee) standpoint looking down over Raglan
Mt., New Zealand Harbour. The buildings on the right in the
distance are those of Rev. J. Wallis's
Wesleyan Mission house and chapel.
Sketched on Ashworth's trip to the
Waikato, December 1843. Taken from
The world was all before me; journals
and watercolours of Edward Ashworth
Fom the collections of the Alexander
Turnbull Library. National Library
Gallery, 27 April - 29 July 2001.
Date
Wesleyan mission station at A church and mission station on the north 1836
Waingaroa, New Zealand. side of the Waingaro (Raglan) Harbour,
Natives assembling to Waikato. Te Horea, the first mission
worship Baxter's Patent Oil station of James and Mary Ann Wallis is
Printing. London, Wesleyan
Missionary Society, 1846.
shown. There are Maori and Pakeha
walking up the path to the church, others
standing on the bank ofthe river and two
canoes emptying NB: Rev. James Wallis
occupied two different mission statioris
on the shores of Raglan Harbour, the first,
Te Horea near the northem mouth of the
harbour, the later, from 1838-1862, at
Nihinihi, somewhat inland and south of
the harbour.
Wesleyan Mission Station at Wood engraving showing three buildings 1846
Kawhia Harbour at the Wesleyan Mission Station at
Kawhia Harbour, including the home of
127
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scopiug report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Reference
A-015-025
A-020-013
E-296-q-148-1
PA1-0-207-10
Title
Wesleyan mission station at
Raglan (Whaingaroa)
Rev. J. Morgan's mission
station, Waikato [Otawhao 1
The mission house,
Otawhao, Waikato. Rev.
John Morgan's station.
House and gardens at
Takatahi, Kawhia
Description
the missionaries (the large building in the
centre) and possibly the school or church
in the distance, The foreground building
appears to be a barn. The area is fenced
with some gardens and agricultural
activities being ca11'ied out. Part of the
harbour with yachts can be seen to the
left.
Coloured engraving of the station as seen
from across the river Waikato.
Pencil drawing by George French Angas
shows the mission station as a medium-
sized house with several outbuildings and
a small church to the right. The whole
area is fenced and there is a stream, lower
right.
Pen and Ink drawing by Rev Richard
Taylor showing the front of a house with
front verandah and a surrounding garden.
The front windows have shutters. The
church can be seen at the extreme right
background.
Photographed by Bruno Hamel. Two
whare may be seen within the grounds of
the house, and another in the middle
distance. Vegetable gardens may be seen
128
Date
1846
1844
1847
1859
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Reference Title Description Date
at the back of the house, to the left of the
picture. There is erosion on the hills in the
background.
129
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping repOll on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
The search for and creation of new form of title and the use and
alienation of Maori land in the Rohe Potae Inquiry District (1870-1907)
Notes: This bibliography excludes all files that are about specific blocks as these were
too numerous to list. They have been identified and listed in a spreadsheet as part of this
scoping exercise.
Official publications
Appendices to the JOlll'llals of the HOllse of Representatives (AJHR)
COlTes12ondence and re120lis
Year Reference No.! Pages Title
1872 D -5 Report of Resident Engineer, James Stewart, to engineer-in-
chief, Public Works Depmiment
1873 A-1a No. 11 Further Despatches from Govt NZ: Description of visit to
Kawhia and meeting Tawhiao. RepOli on conditions of
Natives
1874 E - 3 Report of John CalTuthers, Engineer-in-chief, Public Works
Depmiment
1875 G-4 No. 15 - No. Native Minister meeting with Tawhiao: Notes on McLean's
18 visit to Waikato/Waitomo
1875 G-4 No. 19 Native Minister meeting with Tawhiao: Mair to under sec.
Native Dept. Alexandra. Notes on McLean's visit
1877 G - 1 No. 10 Reports from officers in Native Districts: Bush to Native
Minister - visit to Ngati Haua
1878 G-12 No.1 and Rewi's invitation to his Excellency: Copy ofletter from
No.2 Rewi to Governor requesting a meeting
1878 G- 3 Waikato and Waitara native meetings: Extracts from
newspapers
130
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centmy land issues,
January 2009
Year Reference No.fPages Title
1878 G- 3a Notes on meeting between Grey, Rewi and Native Minister
at Puniu
1879 G - lc No.1 to 2 Native Matters at Raglan: Resident Magistrate Bush to
Native Minister regarding meeting with Tawhiao at Kawhia
1879 G - Ic No.3 to 5 Native Matters at Raglan: Resident magistrate Bush to
Native minister - general activities, disputes over road
construction
1879 G - Ic No.6 to 8 Native Matters at Raglan: Resident Magistrate Bush to
Native Minister c travelling the district.
1879 G-2 Te Kopua Meeting: Letters and reports on meeting between
Grey and Tawhiao.
1879 G-9 Tawhiao and Native matters in Waikato: Major Te Wheoro
to Native Minister. General activities since Kopua meeting
1881 G-9 No.1 Tawhiao 's visit to Waikato settlements: Report from Mail',
meeting Rewi and Tawhiao
1881 G-9 No.8 Tawhiao 's visit to Waikato settlements: Mair's account of
meeting with Tawhiao
1881 G-9 No.2 to 7 Tawhiao 's visit to Waikato settlements: Exchange of
correspondence between Mail' and Tawhiao
1882 G-4 Letter from Te Wheoro forwarding proposals from Tawhiao
on ceasing sales, making of roads etc
1882 G-4a No.1 Tawhiao's Meeting at Whatiwhatihoe: Resident Magistrate
Bush's account to Native Minister. Description of meeting
1882 G-4b Letter from Rewi Maniapoto calling for Parliament to be
moved to Auckland
1883 A - 8 No. I Native Affairs and the amnesty: Jervois to Governor.
Decision to re-open to port of Kawhia
1883 A- 8 No.2 Native Affairs and the amnesty: Jervois to Governor.
Quoting memo from Bryce on commencing Main Trunk
131
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centnry land issues,
January 2009
Year Reference No.lPages Title
Line extension. Mention of some unrest. Support from Rewi
and Wahanui
1883 A- 8 Enell Native Affairs and the amnesty: Bryce to Governor.
Expression of confidence in road and railway surveys to
commence folloWing greetings at Kawhia
1883 A- 8 Enel2 Native Affairs and the amnesty: Bryce to Governor. Talk of
breakthrough in King Country. Survey of railway to go
ahead, Tawhiao losing support.
1883 J - 1 Rohe Potae and Ngati Tuwharetoa petition
1884 A-I No. 10 Despatches from the Governor - Jervois to Sec State for
Colonies: Progress on railway satisfactory
1884 Sess I, D - 5 Report on the Main Trunk Railway
1885 D-6 NOlih Island Trunk Railway commencing Malion to Te
Awamutu, section of
1885 G -1 Transcript of discussion between Ballance and Natives at
Kihikihi. Wahanui reference to Compact with Bryce.
1885 G - 1 pp 12-24 Notes of a meeting between the Hon. Mr Balance and the
Natives at Kihikihi, on the 4th February 1885
1885 G -1 pp 24 - 29 Notes of a meeting between the Hon. Mr Balance and
Tawhaio at Whatiwhatihoe, on the 6th February 1885
1886 G-3 Native meeting Poutu, Taupo: Scannell account of meeting
1886 G-8 Notes on inquiry by Native Minister at Kihikihi: Inquiry into
satisfaction of Amnesty Act; referring to murder of Moffatt
1888 D -1 Report on the Main Trunk Railway
1889 G-7 The Tauponuiatia Block: Report of the Royal Commission
on
1889 G-7a The Tauponuiatia Commission: Memo by Under Sec to
Native Minister. Dubious nature of Grace actions
1884 A-I No. 13 Despatches fi'om the Governor: Jervois to Sec State for
132
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Year Reference No.lPages Title
Colonies. Opening of Kawhia harbour progressing well.
Natives expressed pleaslli'e at the opening
1884 Sess II, C- Rohe Potae survey
1
1884 G - 1 Opening ofKawhia Harbolli': Memo by Native Minister on
opening and recent establishment of constabulary post in
locality. Account of little disruption. Tawhiao placated
1885 A-2 No.3 & Enc1 Despatches from sec. of state. To Govemor: Copy of letter
from Tawhiao and others to Imperial Govt. Complaint over
taking land and entering Kawhia
1885 C - la No.2 Slli'veys of New Zealand - Appendix 2: Report of Lawrence
Cussen, Slli'veyor, 1884: Reports from Chief Slli'veyors in
charge of settlement operations; Auckland - triangulation of
King Country has started. Slli'vey of Wahauroa Block
1885 G-9 Survey of Maod land in the King Country, reports from the
Chief Slli'veyors, Auckland in relation to: Consent to slli'vey
given by Wahanui et al.
1886 A-I No. 15 Despatches from Govemor to Sec of State: Tawhiao letter to
lervois. Complaints about Govt abuse of Treaty. Particular
reference to Kawhia
1886 C - la No.4 Slli'veys of New Zealand - Appendix 4: Roads to open crown
lands for sale; Kawhia - Waipa; Kawhia - Aotea
1887 A-I No. 22 Despatches from Govemor to Sec of State: Memo from
Minister Native Affairs - Account of the resolution to the
dispute leading to constabulary posted at Kawhia; mention
of King movement broken and beyond revival
1887 A-2 No.9 Despatches from Sec state to Govemor: COlTespondence
between Tawhiao and Gorst. Calling of Govemment
behaviolli' oppressive. Reference to soldiers stationed at
133
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Year Reference No./Pages
1887 C-2 No.3
1888 C-1a No.2
1890
1891
1891
1892
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1900
1901
1907
1907
C - 5
C - 1a
C -la
I - 9
0-1
C - 1
C - 1
C - 1
C - 1
C -1
C -1
C - 1
o -lb
0-10
No.1
No.1
No.2
Title
Kawhia
Surveys of New Zealand - Appendix 3 - Roads to open
Crown lands for sale; Kawhia - Waipa; Kawhia - Aotea
Surveys of New Zealand - Appendix 2 - Auckland roads
survey, Fairbum. Whaingaroa - Waitetuna; Kawhia
Alexandra
Surveys of New Zealand - Appendix 1 - Auckland survey,
Humphries. Update on King Country survey
Surveys of New Zealand - Appendix 1 - Auckland survey,
Mueller. Including update on King Country survey
Surveys of New Zealand - Appendix 1 - RepOli on roads in
King Country; Waitomo Caves Road, Otorohanga - Kihikihi.
Report on roads to main trunk railway
RepOli on the Main Trunk Railway
Pakeha and Maori: A Narrative of the Premier's [Seddon]
Trip through the Native Districts of the NOlih Island
Appendix 3 - roads [Hursthouse, NOlih Island Central; Te
Kuiti - A wakino]
Appendix 3 - roads [Hursthouse, North Island Central]
Appendix 3 - roads [Hursthouse, North Island Central]
Appendix 3 - roads [Auckland Central, Hursthouse]
Appendix 3- roads [Central Auckland, Burd. Bridle track
and roads formed in blocks]
Appendix 2 - surveys - Auckland, Mueller. RepOli from
chief surveyor
Appendix 3- roads [Central Auckland, Mueller]
Interim RepOli on Native Lands in Rohe Potae District
[Stout-Ngata Commission]
RepOli of Native Land Commission [Stout-Ngata] on Native
134
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centmy land issues,
January 2009
Year Reference No./Pages Title
1907 G - 10
1907 G - 3a
1909 C-2
lands in the Rohe Potae District
Table showing Native Lands and Native land tenure for each
county
Appendix Maori Land purchase options - Report from W H Grace,
Kihikihi on Land Settlement Act
Appendix 3 Surveys of New Zealand - Roads to open crown lands for
sale; description ofWaikato River to Awaroa
Returns and tables (general)
Year Reference Title
1880 G - 3b Retmn of Native Reserves in NOllh Island
1885 G - 6 Lands passed through the Native Land Comt and purchased by
Europeans, (return of) since 1873
1888 G - 2 Native Land Purchases in the NOlth Island, (retmn of) since 1 st April
1884
1891 C - 8 Table showing Land Acquired for settlement along NOlth Island Main
Trunk Railway [Area of Freehold and leasehold land between 1881-
1891]
1891 G - 10 Native Lands in the Colony [shows lands within area reserved by Main
Trunk railway loan application Act]
Return ofland purchased and leased from Natives in NOlth Island
Year Reference
1889 C - 6
1890 G-4
1892 G-4
1893 G-4
135
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
1894 0-3
1895 0-2
1896 0-3
1897 0-3
1897 0-3
1898 0-3
1899 0-3
1901 0-3
1902 0- 3
1909 0-3
Petitions
(i) Petitions regarding the Aotea Block
Year Pet ref. Name of
petitionerls
JHR IJLC AJHR Subject
ref. ref.
1892 385/1892 Pouwharetapu 1892, p 1893, 13, That through wrong
Tuirirangi XXXVII & p 20 survey ofthe Aotea-
1893,p
XXXVI
Manuaitu block, his tribe
has lost a large portion of
their land
B1ocklRegion
Aotea
1892 58011892 Te Ngarupiki 1892, p 1893,13, Petitioner alleges that a Aotea
XXX p 4 block ofland called
136
Aotea has been surveyed
by a surveyor named
'Rakapata' (Rochfort?),
who is pressing the
Natives for payment of
his fees. Petitioner prays
for relief
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
(N) Petitions about Blocks taken through the Native Land Court
Petitions regarding original survey/application for surveyor boundaries
Year Pet ref. Name of
petitioner/s
JHR /JLC AJHR Subject
ref. ref.
1891 598/1891 TohaRahurahu 1891,p 1891, Petitioners pray that they
and others XXXIII 13, P 33 have heard that Donnelly
and Arini Donelly have
applied for a survey of the
Kaiwaka block and they
pray that their application
may not be granted
Petitions regarding boundaries of particular blocks
Year Pet ref. Name of JHR/JLC AJHR Subject
petitioner/s ref. ref.
1940 73/1940 Pouaka Wehi 1940, p 169 1941,13, For the inclusion in
and 22 others & 1947,p p2 Maraeroa C block of an
418 area of 3,890 scares
allegedly included in
Maraeroa B block in
error
1947 23/1947 Mahuri 1947, p 419 1947,13, That the subject matter
Tawhanaand p 10 of petition 74/1940,
others (Ngati Maraeroa C block, be
Rereahu) refe11'ed to two judges
of the Native Land
COutt
1947 28/1947 TeUruHone 1947, p 417 1947,13, That the area of surplus
Pihama p 10 land in the Maraeroa
137
BIock/Region
Kaiwaka
BIock/Region
Maraeroa
Maraeroa
Maraeroa
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Year Pet ref. Name of JHR /JLC AJHR Subject B1ocIdRegion
petitioner/s ref. ref.
block taken by the
Crown be referred to
the Commission
Petitions requesting special legislation for a specific block
Year Pet ref.
1907 589/1907
1907 645/1907
Name of JHR /JLC AJHR ref. Subject BlocklRegion
petitioner/s ref.
Kauki Tauira 1907, p
and 27 others XXXIX
(Ngati
Mahanga,
Ngati te Wehi,
Ngati
Wairama,
Ngati te DIU
and others)
Kura Tamaki 1907,p
and 8 others XXXIX
138
1907,13, p Petitioners pray for Moerangi-
11 special legislation re Matakowhai
the Moerangi-
Matakowhai block
1907,13, p Petitioners pray that Moerangi-
12 a celiain petition in Matakowhai
reference to the
Moerangi-
Matakowhai block
may be set aside
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centmy land issues,
January 2009
Petitions regarding wahi tapu and/or reserves promised
Year Pet Ref. Name of JHR IJLC AJHR Subject BlocklRegion
petitionerls ref. ref.
1885 385/1885 Mihaka 1885,p 1885, 12, Petitioners state that their Moerangi
Rererangi and XXXI
others
p 27 burial ground at
Moerangi has been
desecrated by the
Europeans. They state
that they were promised
by the Government that
their burial place should
be preserved. They now
ask for 400 acres of land
where there burial place
IS
Petitions regarding ownership and/or allocation of shares
Year Pet ref. Name of JHR IJLC AJHR ref. Subject BlocklRegion
1903
petitionerls ref.
452/1903 Hema 1903, p 1903, I3, p 26 Petitioners pray for a Aotea South
Ngapua and XXIX & & 1904,13, P 7 further hearing as to
another XL the ownership of the
Maukutea or
Manawaitu-Aotea
South block
1903 859/1903 Te Ngunguru 1903, p 1903, I3, P 27 That her name, and Aotea South
XL
1930 135/1930 Henare 1930,p
139
those of her family,
be put in the title of
Aotea South A block
1931, I3, p 3 Praying for a Hauturu
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Year Pet ref. Name of JHR /JLC AJHR ref. Subject BlocklRegion
petitioner/s ref.
Ahuriri and XXI redistribution of
another,ofTe shares in the Hauturu
Araroa 2 block
1937 16411937 Parekura 1937-38, p 1937-8, I3, P For a redistribution Hauturu
Tureiaand 246 14 of shares in Hauturu
others 2 block
1921 150/1921 Ngamihi 1921-22, 1921-22, I3, p Praying for inquiry Kaingapipi
Ngarotata sess II, p 10 as to the ownership
XXXII ofKaingapipi 2B
1895 485/1895 Te Ahirau 1895, p 1896, I3, P 4 Petitioners pray that Kawhia Block
Waitai and 2 XXXIV a fuliher
others investigation may be
held into the
ownership of part of
the Kawhia block,
known as Paringatai
1903 68811903 Mutu Te Ake 1903, p 1903, I3, p 24 Petitioners pray for a Kawhia Block
and 3 others XVII rehearing in
connection with Te
Papa-o-Karewa or
Kawhia M block
1903 827/1903 Hone Kaora 1903,p 1903, I3, P 25 Petitioners pray that Kawhia Block
and 5 others XXXII the petition of Mutu
te Ake and others in
relation to Papa-o-
Karewa, Kawhia M,
may not be given
effect to
140
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Year Pet ref. Name of JHR IJLC AJHR ref. Subject Block/Region
petitionerls ref.
1889 31111889 AroaHaereiti 1889,p ? That a rehearing of Kinohaku
and others XXI Kinohaku Block may
be granted
1896 42111896 Hotutaua 1896,p 1896,13, P 25 Petitioners pray for a Kinohaku East
Pakukohatu XXI rehearing in regard
and 51 others to Kinohaku East 2
(pakeho), part of the
Rohepotae
1896 474/1896 Te Ata Erana 1896, p 1896,13, p 25 Petitioner prays for Kinohaku East
XIX rehearing in
connection with
Kinohaku East 1
1927 128/1927 Paetai 1927,p 1927,13, p 15 For rehearing in Kopua
Kaimoana XXV connection with
and 7 others Kopua C block
1910 516/1910 Potahi Te 1910,p 1910,13, P 21 Petitioner prays for a Manuaitu Aotea
Tihirahi XXXIII rehearing re South
(Ngati definition of interests
Mahuta) in Manuaitu Aotea
South (or Te
Kakawa) block
1905 359/1905 Te 1905,p 1905,13, p 17 Petitioners pray for Maukutea, part
Katuwhero XXIV rehearing in of Aotea South,
and 8 others connection with Manawaitu
(N gati Reko) Maukutea, part of
Aotea South,
Manawaitu block
1911 66/1911 Kauki Tauit'a 1911, P 1911,13, P 5 Petitioner prays for a Moerangi
141
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Year Pet ref. Name of JHR IJLC AJHR ref. Subject B1ocklRegion
petitionerls ref.
of XXVII rehearing re the
MOlTinsville Moerangi block
1911 202/1911 Te Tawharau 1911, p 1911,13, P 10 Petitioner prays for a Moerangi
Rapana XXV rehearing re the
distribution of shares
in Moerangi block
1890 23/1890 Tohengaroa 1890, p 1890,13,p 12 Petitioners pray for a Orahiri and
Te Rauroha XXIII rehearing of the Waitomo
and 42 others blocks ofland
known by the names
of Orahiri 1 and
Waitomo 2 on the
ground that some
claimants were
wrongfully admitted
by the Chief of the
Native Land Court
1913 415/1913 Omipi Math'e 1914, p 1914,13, P 13 For an investigation Otorohanga
XIX in re the Otorohanga
PNo.2 block
1931 133/1931 Tamati Tana 1931, p 1931,13,p9 Praying for relief in Otorohanga
and 2 others, XXII connection with the
of Otorohanga block
Otorohanga
Petitions requesting inclusion of names
Year Pet ref. Name of JHR IJLC AJHR Subject B1ocklRegion
petitionerls ref. ref.
142
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
1926 22211926 Rutu Here
Mokena
1926, p 1926, I3, Praying for inquiry into Kaipiha
1913
XXV p 9 her claims to be included
in the ownership of
Kaipiha Block, and for
relief
1913, P XXI 1913, I3, Praying for a Kawhia Block 4611913 Haki
Amopoand
another
P 12 reinvestigation to enable and Karewa
the inclusion of their Township
names in the title to
Kawhia S Block, Kawhia
A block, Kawhia W Block
and Karewa Township
Petitions regarding disputed partitions
Year Pet ref. Name of JHR /JLC AJHR Subject
petitioner/s ref. ref.
1916 4311916 KahoBarton 1916,p 1916, Prayingthatthepartition
of Kawhia XXII I3, P 23 order re Kawhia R2B be
& 1917, cancelled, and the said block
13, P 8 repartitioned
BlocklRegion
Kawhia
1903 858/1903 Tukorehu and 1903, p L 1904, Petitioners pray that a Mangamahoe
10 others 13, p 19 rehearing may be held in
connection with the pattition
of the patts of the
Mangamahoe block
Petitions regarding request for partition by non-seller
Year Pet ref. Name of JHR /JLC AJHR ref. Subject
petitioner/s ref.
143
BlocklRegion
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
1914 631/1914 Punopo
Pouwhare
1914, P 1915,13, p Praying that certain
XXI
Petitions regarding succession
9 interests in Kawhia S
block be partitioned off,
as owners dissented to
the sale of the said block
Year Pet ref. Name of JHR IJLC AJHR ref. Subject
petitionerls ref.
1915 335/1915 Hohipera 1915, p 1916, 13, P Praying for a rehearing re
Tuwaerenga XLI 8 succession to interests ofTe
and 20 Piu Toi (deceased) in
others Kinohaku East and other
blocks
1919 7511919 MereTe 1919,p 1920,13, P Praying for inquiry into the
Rongo and XXXV 13 decision of the Native Land
6 others CoU\1 in appointing a
successor to the interest of
Tarahuia Nahona in
Kinohaku East 2 and 9, and
also that a caveat be issued
against the title of the said
block to prevent any transfer
of the said land.
1894 150/1894 Arapeta 1894,p 1894,13, P Petitioner prays for
Patuof XV 4 legislation to enable a
Kawhia rehearing to be made of a
succession order to land
known as the MUl'iwai
block, which he alleges has
144
Kawhia Block
B1ocklRegion
Kinohaku East
Kinohaku East
Muriwai
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centUlY land issues,
January 2009
Year Pet ref. Name of JHR IJLC AJHR ref. Subject BlocklRegion
petitionerls ref.
been wrongfully awarded
owing to the suppression of
certain facts
1914 298/1914 Tamati
Huihi of
Pirongia,
Auckland
1914, P
XXIX
1915, I3, p Praying that he be appointed Parihoro and
9 a successor to the interests Kakepuku
of various deceased persons
in Parihoro 2A and
Kakepuku 7A
1915 117/1915 Tamati
Huihi of
Pirongia,
Auckland
1915, P
XXIX
1915, I3, p Praying that he be appointed Parihoro and
30 a successor to the interests Kakepuku
of various deceased persons
in Parihoro 2A and
Kakepuku 7A
Petitions regarding timber licences
Year Pet Ref. Name of JHR/JLC AJHRref. Subject BlocklRegion
petitionerls·
1913 31511913 The Parker
Lamb Trader
Company
(Limited) of
Auckland
ref ..
1913, P 1913, I3, p Praying for legislation Kinohaku East
XXXVI 25 to enable validation of
contracts re timber on
Kinohaku East lA,
sections 2 and 3, and
other blocks
145
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Petitions regarding partitioning of land for survey liens
Year Pet ref. Name of
petitionerls
1916 511916 Ngamihi Te
Huiaand 3
others of
Otorohanga
Partitions regarding leases
JHR IJLC AJHR Subject
ref.
1916, p
XXVII
ref.
1916,13, Praying for reliefre the
p 25 partitioniug-off of a portion of
Kinohaku East No.5E, section
2, in satisfaction of survey lien
BlocklRegion
Kinohaku East
Year Pet ref. Name of JHR IJLC AJHR ref. Subject BlocklRegion
1886
petitionerls ref.
370/1886 Henry R.
Richmond
1886, P
XXIX
146
1886,12, P Petitioner prays that the Mangapapa
22 block of land described
as Mangapapa in NZ
Gazette 27 May 1886
may be exempted fi'om
the provisions of 'The
Native Land
Administration Act
1886' excepting only
the 46th section or that
a company consisting of
both European and
Natives may be enabled
to negotiate for a lease
of the said land on
which their coal mine is
situated
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping repOll on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centUlY land issues,
January 2009
Year Pet ref. Name of JHR /JLC AJHR ref. SUbject Biock/Region
petitioner/s ref.
1886 41011886 Wetere Te 1886,p 1886,12, P Petitioner prays that the Mangapapa
Rerengaand XXX 31 block of land described
others as Mangapapa in NZ
Gazette 27 May 1886
may be exempted from
the provisions of 'The
Native Land
Administration Act
1886' excepting only
the 46th section so that
they may be able to
lease the said land to
Nevil Walker and H R
Richmond for coal
mining purposes
1891 59411891 Richard 1891, p 1892, 13, p Petitioner prays that Mangapapa
Laishley XXVII 6 investigation may be
made as to what
compensation he is
entitled to in connection
with troubles arising out
of the purchase of a
block of land called
Mangapapa 1B
1885 247/1885 Epiha Karoro 1885, p 1885,12, P Petitioners state that a Mokau
and others XXVI 19 person named Poole got
pennission from them
to occupy a portion of
147
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Year Pet ref. Name of JHR IJLC AJHR ref. Subject BlocklRegion
petitionerls ref.
their land near Mokau,
which was pegged off
by Poole. He
afterwards occupied
more of their land
without their pennission
and erected a jetty.
Some of the petitioners
destroyed a portion of
the jetty, for which they
were summoned and
were ordered to pay,
with damages and costs
£47 8s. They say the
amount for the damage
to the jetty was
excessive and that the
Magistrate had no
power to deal with the
case. They pray that
inquiry be made into
their case.
1887 476/1887 MokauCoal 1888, p 1888, 13, p Petitioners pray that a Mokau
Company XX 21 certain lease to one
(Limited) and Nevil Walker may not
another be validated and that N
Walker may not be
empowered to complete
148
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Year Pet ref. Name of JHR /JLC AJHR ref. Subject Block/Region
1887
1891
petitioner/s ref.
253/1887 Atihur Owen 1888, p
XX
89/1891 Atthur Owen 1891, p
XXXII
149
the same or obtain the
execution of a new
lease until a full inquiIy
has been made
1888,13, P Petitioner who was in Mokau River
21 treaty with certain
Natives for the lease of
a block ofland on the
nOlih bank of the River
Mokau makes serious
charges against two
judges ofthe Native
Land Court and others
alleging that they have
used illegal means to
prevent him acquiring
the said land. He prays
that no action may be
taken by the
Govemment until a full
inquiry has been made
and justice done
1892,13, P Petitioner prays that full Mokau River
15 inquiry may be made
into his claim to land on
the north bank of the
Mokau River
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Commissions ofInguiry
Appendices to the Jallrnals a/the Hallse a/Representatives (AJHR)
Year Reference Title
1891 G - 1 Report of the Commission appointed to inquiry into Native Land Laws
(Rees/Carroll)
1891 G-3 Edwards, Otorohanga, on behalf of Ngati Maniapoto making suggestions
respecting Native Land Courts and dealings with Native lands
Reports from Officers in Native Districts - Waikato (including Waipa, Kawhia and Upper
Mokau)
Year Reference No.lPages
1871 F - 6a No. 12
1872 F - 3a No. 11
1872 F - 3a No. 12
1872 F - 3a No. 15
1873 G - 1 No.6 and No.7
1873 G - 1 No. 23
1873 G - Ib No.6
1874 G-2 No.9
1874 G-2 No. 10
1874 G-2 No.l1
1874 G-2b No.1 to No.5
1874 G-2b No.2
1874 G-2b No.3
1874 G-2b No.4
1874 G-2b No.6 to No.9
1874 G-2b No.8
150
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Year
1875
1875
1875
1875
1875
1877
1877
1877
1878
1878
1878
1879
1879
1879
1880
1881
1881
1882
1883
1883
1885
1886
1886
Census of Maori population
Reference
G - 1
G - 1
G -1
G- la
G-lh
G - 1
G - 1
G - 1
G - 1
G - 1
G - la
G - 1
G - 1
G - la
G-4a
G- 8
G- 8
G -1
G - 1
G - 1
G-2
G - 1
G-2
No./Pages
No.7
No.1
No.6
No.1
No.2
No.9
No.7
No.7
No. 10
No.9
No.2
No. 14
No. 18
No.1
No.5
No.6
No.9
No.2
No.9
No.9
No.5
No.5, pp 3 - 9
Year Reference No./Pages Title
1878 G - 2 No.9 and 10 Mail' to under sec. Native Dept regarding the
151
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Year
1878
1881
1886
1891
1896
1896
1901
1901
1906
1906
1911
1911
Reference
G-2
G- 3
G - 12
G-2
H-13b
H - 13b
H-26b
H-26b
H-26a
H-26a
H -14a
H -14a
No.lPages
Enc!.
No.4
No.6
No.3
No.4
Title
Census of Maori population 1878
Table of results from Census of Maori
population 1878
Mair to under sec. Native Dept commenting on
Maori population, Auckland, upper Waikato
Wilkinson's repOli on census of Maori
population, Alexandra
Wilkinson's repOli on King Country census of
Maori Population, Otorohanga
W H Grace, Kihikihi to Dept Justice regarding
census of Maori population
Summary of Maori census p 13
No.3 (App II) RepOli of Chief enumerator Mail', RotolUa on
Maori population census in Waikato, Raglan and
Kawhia
Summary table of Maori population census 1901
Repoli on census ofthe Maori Population for
Auckland - Waikato-Taupo
Summary table of Maori population census
RepOli on census of the Maori Population for
Auckland - Waikato-Taupo
Summary table of Maori population census
British Parliamelltmy Papers for the Colollies: New Zeahllld (BPP)
Vol Reference Pages Title of item Notes Date
NZ16 1870[c.83] 20-25 Copy of a despatch Firth was a merchant of 20 June 1869
from Govemor Sir G Auckland and a lessee of
F Bowen to the Earl Maori land
Granville enclosing
152
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Vol Reference Pages Title of item Notes Date
an account ofMr
Firth's visit to the
King Party in June
1869 (reprinted from
The Southern Cross
newspaper)
NZ17 1883[c.3689] 50-51 GovemorWFD Notes the 1882 Amnesty 19 Febmary
Jervois to the Right Act, permission for Te 1883
Hon. The Earl of Whiti and Tohu to return
Derby fi-om exile and the
decision of government
to reopen the port of
Kawhia (because it was
the only 'good harbour of
the west coast of the
North Island'
NZ17 1 883[c.3689] 51 reprinting NZ reprinting NZ Gazette 13 February
Gazette notice notice proclaiming 1883
proclaiming amnesty amnesty under The
under The Amnesty Amnesty Act 1882,
Act 1882, (dated 13 (dated 13 Feb 1883) on
Feb 1883) of the planks of the Rohe
Potae agreement so good
to have a copy.
NZ17 1883[ c.3689] 61-68 GovernorWFD There is some discussion 24 March
Jervois to the Right in the enclosed 1883
Hon. The Earl of documents regarding
Derby (+ enclosures) exploratory surveys for
the proposed main trunk
153
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Vol Reference Pages Title of item Notes Date
line as well as material
on the re-opening of
Kawhia Harbour. The
reports enclosed are from
John Bryce, Native
Minister and from
Frederick Whitaker.
NZ17 1883 [c.3689) 76-81 Hon. F Whitaker, AlTest ofTe Mahuki at 27 March
Premier and Alexandra [for the 1883
Attomey General to kidnapping of the
the Right Hon. The Surveyor Hursthouse) in
Earl of Derby (+ March 1883 - enclosed
enclosures) are reprinted newspaper
accounts of the incident
New Zealand Herald, 27
March 1883
NZ17 1883[c.3689) 81-88 GovemorWFD Enclosing newspaper 23 April
Jervois to the Right accounts of Bryce's 1883
Hon. The Earl of joumey through the King
Derby Country from Alexandra
to New Plymouth in the
company of Hurst house
New Zealand Herald and
Daily Southern Cross, 8,
20,21,23 April 1883
NZ17 1884-85[ c.4413) 1-31 Native Affairs - Set of documents relating 12 October
COlTespondence to Tawhaio's petition to 1883 - 20
relating to a Queen Victoria May 1885
memorial from
154
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Vol Reference Pages Title of item Notes Date
certain Maori Chiefs
1884-85[c.4413]
Vol. LIV
NZ17 1884-85 [c.4492] 1-43 Native Affairs - further documents 11 April to
Further relating to Tawhaio's 23 June 1885
cOlTespondence petition to Queen
relating to the Victoria
memorial 1884-
85[ c.4492] Vol. LIV
NZ17 1886(11 0) 1-5 Further further documents 16 Dec 1885
c011'espondence relating to Tawhaio's and 2 Feb
together with a petition to Queen 1886
translation of a letter Victoria
from ChiefTawhaio
to the Governor,
1886(11) Vol. XLVI
Archives and mannscripts
Land information New Zea[mld (LINZ), H(tmilton
Reference Description Details of contents
Maori Historicial Records SA 13112 originals 1) Typed schedule "Waikato Maniapoto
2157
155
Maori Land Court Survey Liens incUlTed
before 1916"
2) Outstanding survey liens and
compromised charges in the Aotea Maori
Land Court District (contents not
photographed)
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Hamilton Maori Land COllrt (records Iteld offsite)
Box No. File No. Title Start date
54 List showing the local news of blocks no date
in the Waikato Maniapoto District &
Taranaki Land District
72 Certificate of titles Auckland 13 Nos 03/0111867
1-11
77 Memorial of Ownerships Waikato Vol 26/0111877
1 folios 1-27
75 Memorials of Ownerships Vol 5 folios 1lI01l1878
447-499
75 Cel1ificate of Titles Waikato Nos 80- 14/0211883
158
74 Cel1ificates of Title 5A Nos 196-385 18/02/1870
68 Cel1ificate of titles Waikato 8 folios 1- 18/0111866
107
68 Cel1ificate of titles Taranaki Nos 1-5 23/0611882
8110 Miscellaneous Applications 08/0911897
Xerox Box 4 MUOl11 Rohe Potae
Box 9 Special Valuations 10/0311880
Alexander TlIl'llbllll Librmy, Wellington
Reference Title
MS-Papers-5059-16 J C Firth - Correspondence
MS-Papers-0032-0033 Native Minister [Donald McLean 1 -Meetings with
Waikato chiefs and final pacification of the King
Countly
MS-Papers-1377 Maniapoto, Rewi Manga ca 1815-1894 -letter
MS-Papers-0189-B022 H T Whatahoro Jury - Maori King movement
156
Close date
no date
29/03/1869
18/02/1881
29/07/1878
0711111884
03/0211872
09/0211884
28/0611886
611111959
27/0411982
Date
1865-1874
1869-1875
16 Jan 1879
1859,1872
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Reference Title Date
MS-Papers-0032-0194 Inward letters to Donald McLean from Robert S Bush 1870-1876
MS-Papers-0879
MS-Papers-0025
MS-1826
82-355-0111
82-355-05/1
82-355-08/1
77-248-06/2
77-248-06/4
82-355-0112
82-355-0113
82-355-03/3
[96 letters written between 1870-1876 from
Ohinemuri, Auckland, Ngamawahia, Raglan. In
includes letter in Maori from Hone Te One ofKawhia
re meeting the Maori King in Kawhia, 1873]
Searancke, William Nicholas, COll'espondence
[Chiefly correspondence relating to Searancke's
position as Resident Magistrate in the Waikato]
1847-1887
John Balance, Papers 1875 - 1898
Rolleston, Elizabeth Mmy 1845-1940, Diary recording 1883
joumey with her hnsband, daughter and the Hon J
Bryce, through the King Country, Bay ofIslands and
Rotoma Feb-Mm·ch 1883
William Rolleston, COlTespondence [includes letters 1883-1884
from John Bryce]
William Rolleston, COlTespondence Apri 1883 1883
[includes letters from John Bryce]
William Rolleston, COlTespondence Jan-March 1884 1884
[includes letters from John Bryce]
William Rolleston, C01l'espondence Jan-Sept 1883 1883
[includes letters from John Blyce]
William Rolleston, COlTespondence 1884 [includes 1884
letters from John Bryce]
William Rolleston, Correspondence Feb 1883 1883
[includes letters from John Blyce]
William Rolleston, Correspondence Mar 1883 1883
[includes letters from John Bryce]
William Rolleston, Correspondence 1882-1889 1882-1889
[includes letters from John Bryce]
157
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping repOli on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Reference
82-355-0612
82-355-07/2
82-355-07/3
82-355-08/2
MS-Papers-0039-12
MS-Papers-0072-07
Title
William Rolleston, COll'espondence and papers
[includes letters from John Bryce]
William Rolleston, Correspondence Nov 1883
[includes letters from John Bryce]
William Rolleston, COll'espondence Dec 1883
[includes letters from John Bryce]
William Rolleston, Correspondence Mar-May 1884
[includes letters from John Blyce]
Evidence of H Poutama in Rohe Potae land case,
Otorohanga [Evidence given in Native Land Comi in
the Rohe Potae case. Contains information about
Maori occupation of the King Country, including lists
of Pa, wahitapu, mahinga kai and battles in the area;
contains information about the election ofthe Maori
King and the New Zealand Wars]
Elsdon Best, Inward letters and miscellaneous papers
Date
1883
1883
1883
1884
1886
1852,1911 -
in Maori [Includes an account of a meeting between 1930
Tawhaio and John Balance in the early 1880s. May
also be Maori letters relevant to the King Country]
MS-Papers-0196-38717 George Eric Oakes Ramsden - Kingitanga papers
[Contains papers about the Kingitanga and the Tariao
cult, explaining the origin, theology and activities of
the cult, and the place of King Tawhiao in the belief
system; also contains correspondence to and from the
Kingitanga in the 1880s with regard to Maori political
representation, Maori sovereignty, land issues, pardons
for Te Kooti Arikirangi and others and the relationship
between the Kingitanga and the Government etc]
MS-Papers-2965 Te Wherowhero, Tawhiao Matutaera Potatau, 1825-
158
1860-1929
1884-1885
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Reference
MS-Papers-O 196-406
Title
1894. Material relating to visit to Great Britain
George Eric Oakes Ramsden - Kingitanga papers
[Also contains copies ofletters fi'om King Tawhiao to
various politicians waming them not to heed the land
claims of various people with regard to the Poutama
block near Mokau, because he controlled the land]
MS-Papers-0196-387!8 George Eric Oakes Ramsden - Kingitanga papers
fMS-Papers-O 196-
341B
MSX-4741
MSX-4742
[Statements of submission of land etc to the mana of
King Tawhiao by various hapu, with lists of names of
hapu members (including some signatures), with
boundaries ofland. Correspondence re survey, road
making and land issues, opinions and information re
Kingitanga petition to the British Govemment]
George Eric Oakes Ramsden - Kingitanga papers
[Contains copies of speeches by King Tawhiao and
others, on the occasion of the laying down of arms in
1881, together with a narrative account of this and
related events. Also contains copies of letters from
King Tawhiao to various politicians waming them not
to heed the land claims of various people with regard
to the Poutama block near Mokau, because he
controlled the land, and other material]
William Hemy Grace - Diary [Diary kept by W H
Grace mostly recording matters relating to land and
especially noting letters written and includes noting the
letters he wrote for Rewi Maniapoto]
William Hemy Grace - Diary [Diary kept by W H
Grace mostly recording matters relating to land, Native
Land Court hearings; a few personal notes. Particularly
159
Date
1881-1882
1886-1893
1860-1895
1882
1884
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Reference
qMS-0549
qMS-0548
qMS-0547
Title
describes negotiations involving Rewi Maniapoto]
Corkill, Thomas Eustace, 1861 - 1934, Through the
King Country on tramp, 1886
Corkill, Thomas Eustace, 1861 - 1934, More
Wanderings in King Country, 1887
Date
1886
1887
Corkill, Thomas Eustace, 1861 - 1934, Billy and me in 1888
hot water, 1888 (More wanderings through the King
Country with illustrations and maps)
MS-Papers-5059-16 J C Firth - Correspondence [includes corespondences 1865-1874
with King Country chiefs re land etc]
MS-Papers-0032-0863 Inward cOll'espondence [to Donald McLean]- Rho to 1871-1895
Ruf [includes letter(s) from Rogan to McLean]
MS-Papers-0032-0883 Outward cOlTespondence [from Donald McLean]- N - 1876 - 1894
R [includes letter(s) from McLean to Rogan]
MSY-5008
77-248-05/1
77-248-03/3
77-248-04/3
Maori Committee (Waikato) - Papers [OlTllsby family 1884-1950s
- Contains a variety of materials on; an 1884 meeting
in Alexandra (Pirongia) on the establishment of a
Maori committee to handle issues affecting the locals
such as land issues of the time; minutes of a further
meeting held in Te Kopua in 1885]
William, Rolleston - cOlTespondence - [includes
cOlTespondence from George Willkinson (most are
likely to be telegrams)]
William, Rolleston - cOlTespondence - [includes
cOlTespondence from George Willkinson (most are
likely to be telegrams)]
William, Rolleston - cOlTespondence - [includes
correspondence from George Willkinson (most are
likely to be telegrams)]
160
8-12 Oct 1881
Mar-May 1881
1-7 Oct 1881
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Reference
MS-Papers-6144-2
MSX-5787
MSY-6581
MS-Papers-7270-3
MS-Group-0937
MSY-4506 (use MS
Copy-Micro-0817)
Title
Background papers re W H Grace [Comprises
photocopies of clippings from the 'Waikato times' re
W H Grace, with index cards (1878-1882); letter from
W H Grace to Native Minister complaining about the
loss of his appointment as Government Native Agent,
Upper Waikato District (2 Feb 1880); and letter from
Prof E Stokes accompanying collection and describing
each item, its provenance and history (7 Oct 1997)]
[W H Grace] Letter book re land claims [Contains .
carbon copies of letters]
Date
1878-1997
1886-1887
Rohe potae case [Contains claimants accounts around 1886
disputed, confiscated lands in the King Country or
rohe potae area RESTRICTED]
[Grace family] Papers relating to the Maori Land
Settlement Act 1905 [Kooti Whenua Moari ki Mokau,
25 0 nga ra 0 Aperira, 1889 notice; and file,
Govemment valuations, the Maori Land Settlement
Act 1905, land suitable for settlement in the Auckland
Land District]
1888,1906
Ormsby family papers [Material relating to Maori land 1880-1984
issues in King Country and Kawhia region in 1884 and
1897, minutes of land court proceedings and misc
material]
William Henry Grace - Letter book [Letter book ofW 1880-1892
H Grace (1880-1892) relating to business and Maori
land matters, domestic items and accounts paid or due
and include letters to Joshua Jones. Also letters in
Maori including to Paraihe, Te Mete and others from
Rewi Maniapoto.
161
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Reference
MS-Papers-7270-2
fMS-Papers-7270
MSX-5788
85-173-5/6
MS-Papers-3391
qMS-0119
MS-Papers-O 190-07
MS-Papers-7270-1
MSX-5789
MS-Papers-7270-4
MS-Papers-7270-5
Title
[Grace family] Correspondence [Inward letters to
various people, some in Maori, some photocopies]
[Grace family] Various papers [Certificate of title,
return of income for William H Grace, agreement, land
deed etc]
Ballance letterbook
Date
1881-1919
1880-1994
May 1 892-Apr
1893
[Grace family] Volume re land claims 1892
Babbage, Alfred Whitemore, l872? - 1957 - Dairy ofa Oct-Nov 1899
journey from Waitara to Auckland including several
days at Kawhia, October-November 1899
[John] Ballance - Letter book
H W Williams - Inward correspondence [includes
correspondenGe from George Wilkinson]
[Grace family] Papers relating to land and whakapapa
[Notes on Omuwhero No 3, Otorohanga and Tokanui
blocks; whakapapa; and agreement, Fred Mace,
Pepene Eketone and William Hemy Grace relating to
procuration ofthe surveyor surveys of Rangitoto A
Block subdivisions for W Harrison]
[Grace family] Volume re land claims [Contains
minutes from land court proceedings]
[Grace family] Telegram book [Copies oftelegrams
sent by W H Grace]
[Grace family] William Grace - Diary [Photocopy of
diary, kept by William Grace, recounting his work,
health, activities, particularly in relation to land
matters]
162
Feb 1891-May
1892
rca 1890s]-1908
1890-1910
1902
14 May-24 Jul
1907
1906
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Reference
78-184-3
MS-Papers-6605-7
fMS-Papers-6831-2
MS-Papers-6889-2
MSY-5005
MS-Papers-O 189-168
Title Date
[Grace, Puatata Alfi·ed] W H Grace - Personal diary 1904
[Thomas Willam Fisher] Business correspondence and 1910-1916
papers (c) [includes letters by Pepene Eketone with
translations re Mokau lands]
[Alexander Francis McDonnell] Memoranda of leases 1900-1920
and other legal documents [Leases and transfers
mostly of land in the Kawhia region:
Takahangapounamu Elk 4C, Kawhia, Hauturu West
No.2, Pirongia, application for patiition, Te Awai 2C,
by Merea Wikiriwhi]
[Olmsby family] Miscellaneous Maori material
[Contains a wide range of materials including the
ratified minutes of a meeting held in Tokaanu in 1909
which have been annotated with the name Mahuta K.
Tawhiao which describe land issues affecting Ngati
Tuwharetoa and the greater Maori population and
other issues like bird reserves; also contains the pay
rates for land surveyors in 1880 and other material]
[Ormsby family] Maori Development Hui 1911
(Original) - Papers [Contains manuscript minutes
notes of the Maori development hui (1911) which was
hosted by Ngati Maniapoto in Te Kuiti and which was
attended by people like Sir Apirana Ngata and Peter
Buck and which addressed issues such as the future
development of the Maori people and Maori culture
and the impact oflaw and religion]
News clippings conceming the Mokau lands case
[Contains clippings about Maori land at Mokau,
Taranaki. RESTRICTED - No extensive
163
1880-1984
1911
1911
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Reference Title
photocopying or publication without pennission of
NZMPFB]
Date
Auckland War Memorial Museum Libra/Y, Auckland
Reference
N/A
MS 187
MS613
Title
Mace, Frederick George, 1849 - 1921 - field diary
[Deals with Minor Triangulation etc in the Kawhia
District 1889-1893" (label on cover of diary)]
MAIR, William Gilbert, 1832-1912 - Dairies [Original
diaries 1876-1912, except 1877, 36 volumes in 4
boxes]
Wilkinson, George T - Papers [Include 2 notebooks, 1
waiata book, 1 scrapbook, newpaper cuttings, letters,
papers, and maps. All material relates to Maori Land]
Date
1889-1893
1876-1912
unclear
Hamilton City Libra/J', Hamilton
Reference
WHSMS21
WHSMSI
MS0018
Title Date
McNicol, Archibald - MEMORANDUM OF LEASE: No date
Arapeta Te Rangituataka et al. to Archibald McNicol
SEARANCKE, William Nicholas, 1819-1904 - papers 1856-1904,
[Box 1: correspondence 1856-1883; 1880 diary. Box 1937
2: correspondence 1886-1904; 1884 diary; electoral
roll for the district ofWaikato 27/6/84]
WITHERS, E. S. - correspondence [Records,
correspondence from E.S. Withers to Messrs Hosking,
Corbett & Mossman re block of land at Kaipiha,
includes map [photocopy]
164
1886
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centUlY land issues,
January 2009
Otorohallga Historical Society Courthouse Museum, Otorohallga
Title and contents
MAORI COUNCIL: MAORI RECORD BOOKS Box (1492) [Three A4·size
hard·bound books saved from a fire at the OlIDSby house, Otorohanga]
Letterbook, John OlIDSby [Correspondence from John Ormsby (Hone Omipi)
writing as chairman of the Kawhia District Committee. English and Maori. Very
fragile condition]
Date
No date
1884·1905
Mace, Frederick George, 1849 -1921 - diary [includes Diary, 5 November 1899 1878; 1902·
-17 Febmary 1902, original, 2·5 line daily entries, 50 pp] 1921
LEASES LAND Folder - [Contains original leases of some 10 Maori land no date
blocks]
ORMSBY HOUSE Box - [Papers, cOl1"espondence, including deeds of lease of 1909
Kinohaku West K Sec 1 block, 1909; notes re Hemara Kaingapipi appeal [fire
damaged]
WILKINSON Box· Notebook, dated 21/3/1889 (Photocopy, original in private 1889
ownership). Notes on various topics, including land dealings, such as block
names, acreages, No. of owners, no. of shares etc]
WILKINSON Box - [Diary, dated 1/1/1891 (Photocopy, original in private 1891
ownership). Notes on various topics, not daily entries as such]
Pukeariki, New Plymouth
Reference Title
ARC2001·1 MOKAU Harbour Board - records [The Mokau
Harbour Board was formed in December 1900. The
165
Date
1901·1936
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping repOlt on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Reference
ARC2001-153,
ARC2001-425
ARC2001-491
ARC2002-172
Title Date
records consist of a minute book, 1901-36, of monthly
committee meetings of the board, and two ledgers,
1901-21, detailing cargoes into and out ofMokau
Harbour]
Unknown - diary - assisted in survey of North Island 1870-1893
Main Trunk Railway
ATKINS, Fred- Deed [A memorandum of agreement 1884
regarding a gold mining partnership between Fred
Atkins of Taranaki, Alexander Gilmour ofWaitara and
Hemy Phillips ofMokau. Dated 18 February 1884 and
witnessed by Thomas Finch]
SMITH, Edward Metcalf, 1839-1907 - papers [Smith
was interested in the region's mineral development,
specifically the mining of coal and limestone deposits
in the Mokau district and the utilisation of iron sand
deposits. The papers consist of various repOlts, letters,
pelmits, articles, and booklets relating to the iron and
steel industry and developments due to Smith's
involvement. There are also papers peltaining to
mineral deposits in which Smith held an interest.
LANDS & SURVEY, Department of, New Plymouth
- records ["Mokau River Harbour and Waterway", file
closed 1 June 1901. Includes plans, 1884-1896, of
Mokau river, river entrance, native reserves, signal
station; conespondence, 1886-1901 regarding river
"snagging", site of flagstaff etc. Mokau Coal fields,
file closed 7 May 1901. Contains plans, such as "Land
on NOlth Bank of Mokau River leased from Natives",
1899; and cOlTespondence regarding Te Kauri Native
166
1870-1965
1884-1901
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Reference
ARC2003-857
ARC2005-343
Title
Reserve; bridle track up Mokau river, and roads in
Awakino]
STOCKMAN, George - Deed [An agreement for the
sale and purchase of coal delivered at the Mokau River
between George Stockman and Te Huia, Te Rira,Te
Hapa, Te Aira, Mareikuia and others, dated February
1885]
STOCKMAN, George - Deed [Copy, dated 15 June
1887, of a memorandum of agreement between the
aboriginal natives of New Zealand and George
Stockman of Tikorangi for access to lands on the
northem side of the River Mokau for the prospecting
and mining of minerals, dated 7 December 1881]
Date
1885
1881
Te Awamlltu Museum, Te Awamutll
Reference
ARC2140
ARC 2142
ARC2143
Title
NORTHCROFT, Hemy William, 1844-1923-
cOlTespondence [W. Searancke to Native Minister
Donald McLean regarding murder of Richard Todd,
surveyor, dated 29 November 1870]
Date
1870
NORTHCROFT, Hemy William, 1844-1923 - papers 1875
[Document, newspaper clippings: Charge against
NOlihcroft of entering into communication with Maori
beyond the settled districts, while in charge ofthe
Kihikihi station, for the purpose of gaining pelmission
to travel from Waikato to Taranaki, 1875]
NORTHCROFT, Hemy William, 1844-1923 - c.1875
cOlTespondence [N Olihcroft to Gudgeon, an account of
joumey through Mokau to Taranaki]
167
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Reference
ARC2144
ARC2146
ARC2151
ARC2154
ARC2163
TEMP 120
Title
NORTHCROFT, Hemy William, 1844-1923-
cOlTespondence [letters from Donald McLean, 1871]
NORTHCROFT, Hemy William, 1844-1923-
conespondence [Conespondence: Letters (and
translations) from Patoromu Tamatea to Northcroft,
1878-1881]
NORTHCROFT, Hemy William, 1844-1923 - diary
[27 July 1883 - 25 December 1883, short daily entries,
based in Te Awamutu]
NORTHCROFT, Hemy William, 1844-1923 - papers
[Register, Native Trust Commission, December 1889-
August 1893, 18pp Relates to North Island land
transfers]
NORTH CROFT, Hemy William, 1844-1923 - papers
[Enquiry book: Trust Commison, and papers, 1892-
1894]
SWARBRICK, Hemy Augustus, 1889-1974-
correspondence [Rev. John Morgan's letters to Gore
Browne, 1861-1865. Two volumes of typescript letters
prepared fi'om microfilm (original at Archives NZ,
Wellington)]
Te KI/ili amI District Historical Society, Te KI/iti
Date
1871
1878-188'1
1883
1889-1893
1892-1894
1861-1865
Reference Title Date
Misc file item 0807 Letters related to Maori land dispute near Waitomo in 1906
1906
Ulliversity of Auckland Library, Aucklalld
Reference Title Date
168
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Reference
MSS & Archives A-31
Title
MAIR, William Gilbert, 1832-1912 - papers
[Includes transcripts of his diaries for 1876, 1878-
1904 (originals in the Auckland Institute and
Museum Library); letter and telegram book, 1871-
1875; thirteen volumes of evidence in the land courts,
1883-91; account book containing the return offees,
1882-1891.
MSS and Archives C-15 Te Rangituatahi Te Kanawa Manuscipts, 18807-
19307 Volume 3: a historical record of the King
Country, Waikato district, late 19th centmy, written
by Tuheka Retet
MSS & Archives C-36 BIGGS, Bruce, 1921- Rohe Potae transcript [A
transcript of portions ofvols. 6 and 7 ofW.G. Mair's
Native Land Comt Notebooks, 1883-91, concerning
the Rohe Potae case, a contest for ownership of a
block ofland in the King Country by five tribes. The
hearings were conducted in Otorohanga and were
notable for their orderly proceedings. Judge Mair was
commended for his handling ofthe case. Professor
Biggs has "attempted some analysis, by hyphenation,
of many of the place-names" and has also "used
double-vowel orthography to indicate long vowels".
University of Waikato Library, Hamilton
Reference
N/A
N/A
Title and contents
ORMSBY Family Papers - Kawhia Native Committee
Minutes; record of speeches at tribal hui; notes on Native
Land Court hearings, etc. [Maori and English 1 JONES, Pei Te Rurinui Collection [Large collection with
169
Date
1871-1904
1880-1930
1883
Date
1884-1914
1886-1887
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
NlA
NZC Archives
No.6
useful items in te reo Maori. Items of interests to my report
in English: (a) 3AlOll Native Land Court notes ofW.G.
Mail' 1886 (b) 3C2/3 War in Waikato - 1864 includes A
typescript letter from George Graham to Tawhiao, Nopera,
Rewi and all Maniapoto, undated, concerning settlement
between Europeans and Maori") (c) 3L III Hata
notebook 1887 (exercise book, manuscript, 44 pp 'the first
book ofNgati Tuwharetoa occupation of Taupo-nui-a-tia,
the account ofNgati Tuwharetoa na11'ated by Hoeta Te
Hata and recorded by Rev. Fletcher in 1887')
WILKINSON, George Thomas - Dairies
GRACE, WILLIAM HENRY - Diaries, land documents,
letters, telegram book [He was involved in land purchase
operations in the Waikato, King Country, Rotorua & Taupo
districts, and regularly appeared as an interpreter in the
Native Land COUli. His wife was Makere (Makereti)
Hinewai ofNgati Maniapoto. Diaries held: 1882, 1884,
1906; Telegram book: 14 May -24 July 1907 [NRAM]
Bound Letterbook 1886-1887; Unbound copied half page
size letters selected for historical interest by J. Gabriel
Elliot, copied by hand, covering dates 1880, 1882-85, 1892
and dairies for 1882 and 1884
Archives New Zealand, Wellington
Depmiment of Lands and Survey, Head Office (AADS)
Agency Accession Box/item Record
AADS W3740 F281 841
170
Description
Auckland Land District: Rural
lands for Lease in Perpetuity in
1881, 1904 and
1906
1880-1919
Dates
1906 - 1906
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
Januaty 2009
Pirongia Survey Districts,
Waitomo County
New Zealand Govemment Railways, General Manager's Office (AAEB)
Agency Accession Box/item Record Description
AAEB W3438 22/3342 Railway Depatlment paying
capital value for land
reserved for Railway
purposes and instlUction that
when Department sells land
full value to be obtained for
same
AAEB W3439 17521 Leasing and Disposal of
Railway Land
AAEB W3734 I to 28 [Railways Dept] Registers of
Inward Correspondence
Tranz Rail Limited, Corporate Office (AAJM)
Agency Series Accession Record Description
AAJM 7690 W5022 SI WR [Working Railway] Plans
AAJM 7696 W5022 1 New Zealand Railways - Land
Purchase Diagrams - North Island
Railways Corporations (AAOB)
Agency Accession Box/item
AAQB W4073 13
Record Description
19/578 Railways - North Island
Main TlUnk - Rochefort's
171
Dates
1896-1973
1897-1978
1898-1932
Dates
1880-1929
no date - no date
Dates
1946-1980
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centUlY land issues,
January 2009
Survey and GP Williams
Survey
New Zealand Railways Corporation, Corporate Services, Head Office (AA VK)
Agency Accession Box/item Record Description Dates
AAVK W3439 13 17521 Leasing and Disposal of Railway 1897-1978
Land
New Zealand Railways COllloration, Lower Hutt Office (ABIN)
Agency Accession Record Description Dates
ABIN W3337 149 Historical Files Collated by NZR Staff- no date - no date .
NZR Reports ~ Sawmills and Bush Areas,
Stores Branch
ABIN W3337 202 The Exploration and Survey of the North 1955-1956
Island Main Trunk Railway - Extract from
The Engineers and Assistants Yeat'book
ABIN W3337 225 Early Railway 1876-1909
Land InfOlmation New Zealand, National Office (ABWN)
Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Pt Description Dates
ABWN 8084 W5272 95 1 General Index - 1877 - c.1879
Department of Lands
[1-1900]
ABWN 8090 W5274 180 to 183 Crown Grants 1865 - 1910
Registers - Auckland
ABWN 8102 W5279 18 Crown Purchase 1872 - 1879
Deeds - Auckland
172
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Pt Description Dates
[AUC 1420 - 1499]
ABWN 8102 W5279 13 Crown Purchase 1874 - 1879
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 1060 - 1139]
ABWN 8102 W5279 14 Crown Purchase 1874 - 1880
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 1140 - 1219]
ABWN 8102 W5279 11 Crown Purchase 1877 - 1877
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 928 - 963]
ABWN 8102 W5279 12 Crown Purchase . 1877 - 1879
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 981 - 1059]
ABWN 8102 W5279 17 Crown Purchase 1876-1882
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 1341 - 1419]
ABWN 8102 W5279 16 Crown Purchase 1877 - 1882
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 1261 - 1339]
ABWN 8102 W5279 19 Crown Purchase 1879-1886
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 1500 - 1599]
ABWN 8115 W5280 129 1 Proclamation 1874-1880
Register (Railways
Purposes)
ABWN 8102 W5279 22 Crown Purchase 1871 - 1893
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 1740 - 1819]
ABWN 8771 W5280 45 400.2 North Island 1878 - 1898
173
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Pt Description Dates
Register of Reserves
1878-1898
ABWN 8115 W5280 131 3 Proclamation 1879-1902
Register (Railways
Purposes)
ABWN 8083 W5272 93 6.15 Surveyor-General's 1883 - 1883
Depatiment
Outwards
Letterbooks -
Miscellaneous
ABWN 8083 W5272 94 6.17 Surveyor-General's 1884 - 1884
Depatiment
Outwards
Letterbooks -
Miscellaneous
ABWN 8102 W5279 21 Crown Purchase 1883 - 1890
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 1660 - 1739]
ABWN 8102 W5279 20 Crown Purchase 1886 - 1887
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 1600 - 1659]
ABWN 8084 W5272 97 3 General Index - 1883 - 1891
Depatiment of Lands
[7800-14000]
ABWN 8115 W5280 130 2 Proclamation 1883-1902
Register (Railways
Purposes)
ABWN 8084 W5272 98 4 General Index - 1891 - 1893
Depaliment of Lands
174
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Pt Description Dates
[14000-20000]
ABWN 8084 W5272 99 5 General Index - 1893 - 1898
Depm1ment of Lands
[20000-40000]
ABWN 8102 W5279 23 Crown Purchase 1893 - 1894
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 1820 - 1879]
ABWN· 8102 W5279 28 Crown Purchase 1893 - 1897
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 2001 - 2039]
ABWN 8102 W5279 24 Crown Purchase 1895 - 1896
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 1880 - 1939]
ABWN 8102 W5279 25 Crown Purchase 1895 - 1895
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 1940 - 1960]
ABWN 8102 W5279 26 Crown Purchase 1895 - 1900
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 1961 - 1983]
ABWN 8102 W5279 27 Crown Purchase 1895 - 1896
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 1984 - 1999]
ABWN 8102 W5279 29 Crown Purchase 1897 - 1897
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 2040 - 2079]
ABWN 8102 W5279 30 Crown Purchase 1897 - 1899
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 2080 - 3039]
ABWN 8102 W5279 31 Crown Purchase 1897 - 1898
175
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Pt Description Dates
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 3040 - 3079]
ABWN 8102 W5279 32 Crown Purchase 1898 - 1899
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 3080 - 3119]
ABWN 8102 W5279 33 Crown Purchase 1899 - 1899
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 3120 - 3176]
ABWN 8102 W5279 34 Crown Purchase 1899 - 1899
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 3185 - 3191]
ABWN 8102 W5279 35 Crown Purchase 1899 - 1899
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 3192 - 3219]
ABWN 8102 W5279 36 Crown Purchase 1898 - 1900
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 3220 - 3279]
ABWN 8916 W5278 47 Registers of 1890 - 1890
Authorised Native
Survey
ABWN 8084 W5272 100 6 General Index - 1898 - c.1905
Depmiment of Lands
[40000-50000]
ABWN 8115 W5280 165 1 Register oflands 1890-1901
Acquired for
Railway purposes
ABWN 8771 W5280 47 400.4 Register of Reserves 1898 - 1937
1898-1937
ABWN 8880 W5280 23 122.1 1 Auckland Land 1894 - 1903
176
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Pt Description Dates
District - Leases [2-
150]
ABWN 8880 W5280 24 122.1 2 Auckland Land 1898 - 1902
District - Leases
[151-275]
ABWN 8897 W5280 66 501.1 Register of 1891 - 1910
Applications for
Unsurveyed Land -
Lands and Survey,
Wellington
ABWN 8915 W5278 86 Native Block 1894 - no
Register date
ABWN 8916 W5278 48 212.4 Registers of 1890 - 1903
Authorised Native
Survey
ABWN 8917 W5278 55 216.4 Native Land 1898 - 1911
Purchase J oumal
ABWN 8102 W5279 37 Crown Purchase 1900 - 1901
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 3280 - 3339]
ABWN 8102 W5279 38 Crown Purchase 1901 - 1901
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 3340 - 3420]
ABWN 8102 W5279 39 Crown Purchase 1901 - 1904
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 3421 - 3490]
ABWN 8102 W5279 40 Crown Purchase 1903 - 1904
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 3491 - 3532]
177
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Acc Box/item Record Pt Description
ABWN 8102 W5279 41 Crown Purchase
Deeds - Auckland
[AUC 3535 - 3626]
ABWN 8102 W5279 50 Crown Purchase
Deeds - Aucklaod
[AUC 4229 - 4263]
ABWN 8102 W5279 44 Crown Purchase
Deeds - Aucklaod
[AUC 3724 - 3810]
ABWN 8115 W5280 166 2 Register of lands
Acquired for
Railway purposes
ABWN 8916 W5278 49 213.1 Maori Land Survey
Register
ABWN 8110 W5280 128 Index to Sale Plans
ABWN 8928 W5278 85 229.5 Index to Restrictions
Removed
ABWN 8928 W5278 85 229.6 Register of
Restrictions
Removed
Registrar of Companies, Wellington (CO-W)
Agency Series Acc
CO-W W3445
Box/item Record Alt No. Description
515
178
1939/179 Tokanui
Timber
Company Ltd
Dates
1903 - no
date
1906-1920
1909-no
date
1901-1919
1910 - 1913
no date
c.1848 -
c.l906
1848 - 1906
Dates
no date
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Governor (G)
Agency Series Box/item Description Dates
G 36 5 [Governor] Miscellaneous 14 February 1868 - 11 June 1873, 3
G 36 6
Legislative DeQartment (LE}
Agency Series Box/item
LE 1
LE 1 59
LE 1 65
LE 1 107
outwards correspondence December 1874 - 11 January 1883
[Governor] Miscellaneous 20 January 1883 - 4 June 1889
outwards correspondence
Record Alt Description Dates
No.
18681129 Maori Runanga ofNgati 1868
Raukawa
1868/153 64 Accounts and Papers - 1868
Schedule of Accounts and
Papers laid upon the table -
Waikato Districts, Report
from Mr MacKay on the State
of the
18691134 73 Accounts and Papers - 1869
Schedule of Accounts and
Papers laid upon the table -
Native Affairs, RepOli by Mr
Fitih of his visit to the King
Party and his interview with
Tamati Ngapora [reprinted in
AJHR 1869, A-12, also see
BPP?]
1874/119 106 Accounts and Papers - 1874 - 1874
Schedule of Accounts and
179
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box/item Record AU Descl"iption Dates
No.
papers laid upon the table -
Native Land Act, 1873,
reports by Judges of the
Native Lands Comi on the
working of the
LE 1 147 1878/149 65 Accounts and Papers - 1878 - 1878
Schedule of Accounts and
papers laid upon the table -
Native Affairs, Rewi
Maniapoto, extract fOl1n
telegram containing message
from
LE 1 147 1878/150 99 Accounts and Papers - 1878 - 1878
Schedule of Accounts and
papers laid upon the table -
Native Affairs, Rewi
Maniapoto, letter of, in
reference to a speech made by
Honourable Mr Fox
LE 1 212 1883/150 99 Accounts and Papers - Native 1883 - 1883
Affairs, native land comi,
constitution and practice of
the
LE 1 18861136 Native meeting at Taupo 1886
LE 1 264 1887/124 89 Accounts and Papers - Native 1887 - 1887
Affairs, Alexandra and the
Mokau River, investigation of
title and survey of block of
180
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centmy land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box/item Record Ait Description Dates
No.
land between
.LE I 288 1889/152 24 Accounts and Papers - Native 1889-1889
Affairs, repOlis from officers
in native districts
LE I 311 18911152 207 Accounts and Papers - Native 1891 - 1891
Affairs, native land couti,
work performed by the judges
in the NOlih Island during the
year ending 31 July 1890
LE 1 338 1895/152 18 Accounts and Papers - Native 1895 - 1895
Affairs, native land court,
rules and regulations of
LE 1 345 1896/147 202 Accounts and Papers - Native no date
Affairs, liN ative Land Court
Act, 1894", additional rules
and regulations of the native
land coutis
Depatiment of Lands and Survey, Head Office (LS)
Agency Series Box/item Record Pt Description Dates
LS 1 34/244 Land Development Schemes - 1888 - 1959
Proposed committee to
consider deterioration,
roading and settlement of
lands south of Kawhia
Harbour
LS 1 1299 22668 Miscellaneous Reserves 1895 no date
181
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box/item Record Pt Description Dates
to 1899 inc. [inclusive]
LS 1 1339 28752/6 Surveyors' Charges no date
LS 1 1339 29950/1 W Hohepa, Te Kuiti - Survey no date
Charges
LS 1 1342 3644112 C W Hursthouse, Te Kuiti - no date
Expenses
LS 1 1342 39269 J McLelland, Auckland - 1898 - 1906
Petition re Survey Charges
LS 8 1 to 6 Outward circulars of the 1876-1907
Surveyor-General and
Depatiment of Lands and
Survey
LS 9 1 Outward Circulars of 1882 - 1890
Secretary for Crown Land,
Mat'ch 1882 - November
1890
LS 9 2 Index to Circulars of no date
Secretary for Crown Land
LS 10 1 to 10 Surveyor-General's outward 1864 - 1904
reference books
LS 13 1 1 Surveys authorised under the 1881 - 1883
Native Land Act 1880,
Febmary 1881 - September
1883
LS 13 2 2 Surveys authorised under the 1883 - 1890
Native Land Act 1880,
September 1883 - March
1890
LS 27 1 [Lands & Survey Dept] 1882 - 1912
182
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box/item Record Pt Description Dates
Record book of papers
presented [to Parliament],
May 1882 - November 1912
LS 48 7 List of Authorised Surveyors, 1896 - 1896
June 1896
LS 48 7 Alphabetical list of authorised no date
surveyors
LS 48 7 Rough index of surveyors no date
Marine DeQartment (M)
Agency Series Box/item Record Description Dates
M 1 3/3/110 Buoys and beacons - Harbours - 1897 - 1960
Buoys and beacons - Kawhia and
Raglan Harbour entrance
M 1 3/3/122 Buoys and beacons - Kawhia Harbour 1901 - 1954
- Leading beacons
M 1 3/13/743 Miscellaneous - RepOlis on New 1878 - 1946
Zealand harbours by Sir John Coode
1878-1880 - Letters and photocopies
of printed repOlis and plans- File
compiled - 1878-1880, 1945-1946
M 2 [Marine Dept] Registers ofInward 1870-1913
letters
M 3 [Marine Dept] Index of 1870-1913
correspondence
M 5 1 [Marine Dept] Entry book of minutes 1870~ 1887
noted on correspondence referred from
other depatiments 16 July 1870 - 18
183
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, seoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centmy land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box/item Record Description
M 5 2
DeQartment of Maori Affairs (MAl
Mat'ch 1887
[Marine Dept] Register of
correspondence from other
departments referred to the Marine
Depatiment for comment and returned
Agency Series Box/item Record Pt AU Description
No.
MA 1 109 5/13/20 Petition No.207/32 ofTimi
Piripi and other for enquiry
regarding Te Mata
Takapaunui Ohiapopoko
and Te Uku reserved fi'om
sale ofWhaingaroa Block
and exchange ofTe Uku for
Kario Block [MAYBE
RESTRICTED]
MA 4 104 to 120 [Maori Affairs Dept]
General Letterbook in
English and Maori
MA 5 1 to 20 [Maori Affairs Dept]
Outwards Telegrams
MA 6 1 [Maori Affairs Dept]
Outwards circulars -
Includes index - 15 January
1867 - 24 December 1884
MA 11 3 Papers relative to the
184
Dates
1907 - 1913
Dates
1893 - 1948
1906-1910
1869-1886
1867 - 1884
1883 - 1891
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box/item Record Pt Alt
No.
Description
Commission on the removal
of restrictions on the sale of
Native lands. Registered
files 1883-1891, including
the following items: (1)
Second report of the
Commissioner (printed); (2)
Memorandum of Julius
Vogel on Barton report,
November 1886; (3)
Memorandum of Barton
upon the repol1 of the
Native Affairs Committee
on the petition of Creagh
and Friedlander, September
1886; (4) Report of the
Native Affairs Committee
on the petition of Hugo
Friedlander and another; (5)
Petition of Friedlander and
Creagh; (6) Evidence and
proceedings; (7)
Correspondence to and from
the Commissioner. Also
printed copy ofthe report
[special file 9] AJHR Vol.
III, G-II, GIlA, 1886
MA 11 4 Commission appointed
185
Dates
1890 - 1891
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping repOlt on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centmy land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box/item Record Pt Alt Description Dates
No.
under the "Native Land
Courts Acts Amendment
Act 1889" General files of
the Native Office
containing: (I) Papers of the
Commission; (2) Papers
relating to the appointment
ofMr WB Edwards
(printed); (3) Minutes of
Evidence of Attorney-
General v. WB Edwards in
the Court of Appeal
(printed); (4) RepOli of the
Commissioners (printed).
[Special file No.8] AJHR
Sess II, H-13, H-3A, 1891
MA 12 6 I Waikato - [Volumes no date
containing printed forms
showing briefly the title to
Maori lands, the Act under
which the grant had been
made, locality, names of the
Maori grantees, date of the
grant and the restriction
placed on its alienation.
Volumes are divided
according to area]
MA 12 7 2 Waikato - [Volumes no date
186
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box/item Record Pt Alt
No.
Description
MA 12 8
MA 12 9
1
2
containing printed forms
showing briefly the title'to
Maori lands, the Act under
which the grant had been
made, locality, names of the
Maori grantees, date of the
grant and the restriction
placed on its alienation,
Volumes are divided
according to area]
Taranaki - [Volumes
containing printed fonns
showing briefly the title to
Maori lands, the Act under
which the grant had been
made, locality, names of the
Maori grantees, date of the
grant and the restriction
placed on its alienation,
Volumes are divided
according to area]
Taranaki - [Volumes
Dates
no date
no date - no
containing printed forms date
showing briefly the title to
Maori lands, the Act under
which the grant had been
made, locality, names of the
Maori grantees, date of the
187
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box/item Record Pt Ait Description Dates
No.
grant and the restriction
placed on its alienation.
Volumes are divided
MA 13 1 1 [d] Parliamentary Papers, 1903 - 1906
Special File No.90 - General
Correspondence relative to
Waikato-Maniapoto, King
Country, Kaiapoi, Mokai-
Mohakatino, A wakino
District - Reports and
Petitions to Manawatu,
Horowhenua, Opau, Kaiti,
Whakanenekeneke and
Waimarino Blocks
MA 13 4 2[n] A Reports on Native Land 1865-70
Bills, Special File No.43 -
Appendix to Colonial
Haultains repOll on the
workings of the Native Land
Act - Native Lands for Sale
in Province of Auckland
MA 13 93 Wahanui - King Country 1883 - 1885
MA 13 75 43 [a] King Country, Special File 1883 - 1885
No.61 - Correspondence,
Reports, Compensation,
Labour and Meetings
relating to N Ollh Island
Truck Railway in Maori and
188
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box/item Record Pt Alt Description Dates
No.
translated
MA 13 75 43[b] King Country, Special File 1883-1884
No.61 - Conespondence,
Interviews, Reports,
Compensation relating to
North Island Truck Railway
in Maori and translated
MA 13 122 78 [a] Rohe Potae Block, Special 1886 - 1889
File No. 89 - tracing on
Paper of Otorohanga Block,
4428 Acres - Sep 323
MA 13 122 78[b] Rohe Potae Block, Special 1889 - 1890
File No.89 - Map ofInterior
of the Auckland and
Taranaki - Including the
King Country
MA 13 122 78[c] Rohe Potae Block, Special 1890 - 1890
File No. 89 - tracing on
paper of Otorohanga Block,
4428 Acres - Sep 323
MA 13 122 78[d] AH Rohe Potae Block, Special 1890 - 1890
File No. 89 - tracing on
paper of Otorohanga Block,
4428 Acres - Sep 323
MA 13 122 78[e] Rohe Potae Block, Special 1891 - 1891
File No. 89 - tracing on
paper of Otorohanga Block,
4428 Acres - Sep 323
189
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box/item Record Pt Alt Description Dates
No.
MA 13 122 78[fj Rohe Potae Block, Special 1891 - 1891
File No. 89 - tracing on
paper of Otorohanga Block,
4428 Acres - Sep 323
MA 13 122 78[g] Rohe Potae Block, Special 1898 - 1898
File No. 89 - tracing on
paper of Otorohanga Block,
4428 Acres - Sep 323
MA 16 4 Bundle of miscellaneous no date
deeds relating to land
MA 23 2 Te Kuiti Gathering [special 1869 -1872
file 25]
MA 23 3 Tawhiao's Papers [special 1876 - 1892
file 101]
MA 23 4 Tawhiao's Papers [special 1881 - 1891
file 100]
MA 23 5 Te Mahuki - Mokau [special 1883 - 1892
file 128]
MA 23 6 Te Mahuki - Te Kuiti no date
[special file (pati only) 28]
MA 23 13 a [Maori Affairs Dept] Native 1880 - no
Committees [special file 40] date
MA 23 13 b [Maori Affairs Dept] Native no date-
Committees [special file 40] 1890
MA 24 9 Petitions from the Native 1883 - 1912
Affairs Committee
MA 24 8 3 Petition re Rohe Potae No date
190
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box/item Record Pt AU Description Dates
No.
MA 24 23 [Maori Affairs Dept] No date
Miscellaneous
MA 30 1 to 8 Outward letter books (inc!. 1870-1900
Travelling letter books) [of
the Native Minister]
MA 30 3 Minister of Maori Affairs: 1885
Outwards letterbook
MA 31 4 Rates on Maori lands No date
. (special file No. 138)
MA 31 5 Rates on Maori lands No date
MA 31 25 Folders of miscellaneous 1875? -
papers relative to land. 1930?
Includes: Parliamentary
papers; Notes of Sir Donald
McLean's visit to Waikato,
January 1875, to see
Tawhiao, the Maori King
MA 73 1 Native Land Laws 1891
Commission, 1891- Minutes
Books, proceedings
MA 73 3 Native Land Laws 1891
Commission, 1891-
Letterbook
MA 73 1 Minute book of Proceedings 1891
-March-May
MA 73 2 The [Rees-Carroll] 1891
Commission - 11 February
MA 73 3 Letter book of the 1891
191
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box/item Record Pt Alt Description
No.
MA 78
MA 78
l3a
13b
Commissions
Papers relating to the work
of the [Stout-Ngata]
Commission;
correspondence, schedules,
reports - King Country
Papers relating to the work
of the [Stout-Ngata]
Commission;
correspondence, schedules,
reports - King Country
Dates
no date
no date
MA 78 19 Papers relating to the work no date
Agency Accession Box/item
MA W1369 47
MA W1369 106
MA W2150 22
MA W2150 22
Record
[252]
ofthe [Stout-Ngata]
Commission;
correspondence, schedules,
reports - Rohe-Potae (King
Counhy)
Description
[Maori Affairs Dept] Miscellaneous
papers
[Maori Affairs Dept] Correspondence
Index - Inward
Court Application Register
[Maori Affairs Dept] Letter Register
Maori Affairs-Maori Land Purchase Office (MA-MLP)
Agency Series Box/item Record Description
192
Dates
1874 - 1919
1897 - 1900
1869 - 1900
1890 - 1892
Dates
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box/item Record Description Dates
MA-MLP 1 box 39 1895/428 Purchasing from owners 1895
living in other areas
MA-MLP 1 box 41 1896/140 Maori woman - Jane 1896
Kendall of Raglan selling
MA-MLP 1 box 54 1899198 land for roadlines to 1899
Kawhia harbour
MA-MLP 2 1 1873/1- Register ofInwards 1873 - 1888
1888/302 Letters - 9 October 1873 -
28 December 1888
MA-MLP 2 1a 1867/1- Register of Inwards 1867 - 1871
18711268 Letters [to the Maori Land
Purchase Office 1 7
February 1867 -
8 August 1871
MA-MLP 2 2 1889/1-1908/1 0 [Maori Land Purchase 1889 - 1908
Office 1 Register of
Inwards Letters - 5
January 1889 - 20
November 1908
MA-MLP 2 3a 18711354- Register of Outward 1871 - 1875
1875/819 Letters [ofthe Maori Land
Purchase Office 1 10 June
1871 - 8 October 1875
MA-MLP 2 4 to 7 Nominal Index to Inward 1873 - 1905
letters
MA-MLP 3 1 to 8 Outward Letters 1873-1909
MA-MLP 4 1 to 4 Outwards memoranda 1874-1908
MA-MLP 6 4 Native Land Court Judge's 1897 - 1901
decisions of purchases of
193
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box/item Record Description
blocks by the Crown
MA-MLP 6 5 Copies of requests to the
Crown Lands Depatiment
for Crown Grants on
reserves set aside for
Maoris - 31 May 1881 - 11
July 1892. Also
alphabetical index of
blocks of land or reserves.
Bundle of Land Purchase
vouchers
MA-MLP 7 7 to 15 Land purchase accounts
journal
MA-MLP 8 1 to 4 Deeds of Transfer
(incomplete)
Maori Land Court (MLC)
Agency Series Box/item Record Description
MLC 2 1 to 3
New Zealand Railways (ill
Agency Series Acc
R 3 W227
8
R 3 W227
Box/item
[Maori Land Court] Registers of
Inward letters
Record Pt Description
190111630 1 Construction of
Stratford - Main
Trunk Railway
1903/1989 1 Extension ofNOlih
194
Dates
c.1871 -
c.1908
1876-1900
1878-1894
Dates
1889-1908
Dates
1879-1910
1887-1908
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
8 Island Main Trunk
Line
R 3 W227 1910/39161 1 Fencing in main trunk 1880-1907
8 1 railway
R 3 W227 1915/3935 1 Leasing Railway land 1895-1956
8
R 4 55 1897/3218 Method of charging 1880-1897
timber
R 4 80 1898/2756 1 Maintenance of 1878-1930
railway boundary
fences
New Zealand Railways District Office, Wanganui (R-W)
Agency Series Record Description Dates
R-W 3 6214 Seymours lease near Mangamahoe 1893 - 1963
Public Works Department, Head Office (W)
Agency Series Acc Box! Record Pt Description Dates
item
W 1 19/578 NOlih Island Main Trunk 1883-1884
[NIMT] - Rochforts and
Williams surveys [burnt]
W 15 W2957 13109 Plans and drawings - NOlih 1885
Island Main Trunk railway-
Te Kuiti contract-
fOlmation and permanent
way
W 15 W2957 13129 Plans and drawings - North 1885
195
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
Januaty 2009
Agency Series Acc Box! Record Pt Description Dates
item
Island Main Trunk railway-
Te Kuiti contract-
formation and permanent
way
W 32 14 85/1 1 60,000 sleepers for NOlih 1878-1895
Island Main Trunk railway,
Marton-Te Awamutu
W 32 15 85/2 2 60,000 sleepers for NOlih 1878-1895
Island Main Trunk railway,
Marton-Te Awamutu
W 32 14 16153 1 North Island Main Trunk 1896
to railway, Waitara route
7
W 32 15 8513 2 60,000 sleepers for North 1878-1895
Island Main Trunk railway,
Marton-Te Awamutu
W 32 16 8711 1 11,000 sleepers for NOlih 1878-1895
Island Main Trunk railway,
Marton-Te Awamutu
W 32 16 8711 3 11 ,000 sleepers for North 1878-1895
Island Main Trunk railway,
Malion-Te Awamutu
W 32 16 87/2 11,000 sleepers for NOlih 1878-1895
Island Main Trunk railway,
Malion-Te Awamutu
W 32 16 87/3 11,000 sleepers for NOlih 1878-1895
Island Main Trunk railway,
Marton-Te Awamutu
196
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Acc Box! Record Pt Description Dates
item
W 32 16 8714 11,000 sleepers for North 1878-1895
Island Main Trunk railway,
Marton-Te Awamutu
W 32 16 87/5 11 ,000 sleepers for NOlih 1878-1895
Island Main Trunk railway,
Marton-Te Awamutu
W 32 16 87/6 11,000 sleepers for North 1878-1895
Island Main Trunk railway,
Mation-Te Awamutu
W 32 18 92/1 2 10,000 sleepers for North 1878-1895
Island Main Trunk railway
W 32 18 92/2 2 10,000 sleepers for NOlih 1878-1895
Island Main Trunk railway
Archives New Zealand, Auckland
Agent for the General Government, Auckland (AGG-A)
Agency Series Box! Record Description Dates
item
AGG-A 1 10 74/242 Inwards letters. 15 May 1874 - Joseph May, 1874 - 1874
Auckland to the Commissioner of
Confiscated lands, Auckland - Applies on
behalf of WH James for a license to cut
timber on the Pirongia Ranges. - Enclosure:
Tracing showing the area for which license
is desired.
AGG-A 1 10 74/430 Inwards letters. 12 November 1874 - JH 1874 - 1874
Edwards, Alexandra - Asks ifthere are
197
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
JanuaIY 2009
Agency Series Box! Record Description
item
timbered lands in the Pirongia mountains on
which he could cut, and if so how much a
license would cost.
Dates
AGG-A 1 11 78/57 Inwards letters. 18 March 1878 - AJ Dickey, 1878 - 1878
Auckland - Sends certificate of duty payable
on conveyance and lease of land at
Waitangirua, Puketutu, Wairoa, etc.
Agent for the General Government, Hawkes Bay CAGG-HB)
Agency Series Acc
AGG
HB
1 2
Description
7-12 December 1870 - Disturbances in Waikato
Correspondence between Dr Pollen, Lt Col Lyon, WN
Searancke and JD Ormond, relative to the disturbances
in the Waikato, subsequent to the attack at Pirongia on
a survey party, and presence of Tawhiao amongst the
Hauturu.
Auckland Provincial Government CAP)
Agency Series Box! Record Description
item
AP 2 3
AP 2 18
401173 14 Januaq - 7 February 1873 - Regarding
Puketutu Lease
2115174 24 June 1874 - JH Edwards - For
information about obtaining a timber
license to cut timber at Pirongia near
Alexandra
198
Dates
1870 - 1870
Dates
1873 - 1873
1874-1874
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box! Record Description Dates
item
AP 2 18 2252174 3 July 1874 - J Glasson - Repolis 1874 - 1874
discovery of coal at Pirongia Mountain and
asks for a grant ofpmi of mountain. Ifhe
discovers iron ore at Karehou Mountain
would a mining lease be granted him
AP 2 29 1052175 H Poh1en, Alexandra - Forwards letter no date
complaining about obshuction to certain
main and public roads in the Pirongia
Highway District
AP 2 55 2517/76 10 August - 20 October 1876 - Roads- 1876-1876
Waitetuna Area - Correspondence
conceming construction of a road tlu'ough
W Cogswell's propeliy at Waitetuna and
tlu'ough the Puketutu Maori Reserve
AP 5 1 Correspondence between Superintendent 1876-1876
[Auck Prov] and Govemor
AP 5 14 Copies of Correspondence with the 1872 - 1872
General Government - 1 May - 19
November 1872
AP 5 15 B Papers about Maoris and land unclear
Lands and Survey Office, Auckland (BAAZ)
Agency Series Box! Record Description Dates
item
BAAZ 1108 4 140 Native land Court Surveys (general) 1876-1884
BAAZ 1108 4 142 Native Land Comi Applications 1880-1884
BAAZ 1108 193 6776 Railway land 1904-1914
199
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box! Record Description Dates
item
BAAZ 1108 105 2413 Tauponuiatia Block 1887-1889
BAAZ 1108 106 2413 Tauponuiatia Block 1889-1898
BAAZ 1108 106 2413 Tauponuiatia Block 1889-1903
BAAZ 1108 116 2666 land grants to rebel natives 1889-1903
BAAZ 1108 135 3397 Timber floating licences (general) 1889-1900
BAAZ 1108 136 3397 Timber floating licences (general) 1900-1904
BAAZ 1108 140 3433 Derelict lands 1890-1892
BAAZ 1108 140 3443 Military and Naval claims 1896-1904
BAAZ 1108 158 4407 Native Land Court Claims 1894-1903
BAAZ 1108 159 4429 Plans to Land Purchase Officers 1895-1904
BAAZ 1108 164 5306 Advances to settlers 1904-1915
BAAZ 1108 191 6520 Survey Liens 1904-1914
BAAZ 1108 201 6725 Survey Liens 1905-1906
BAAZ 1108 201 6725 Survey Liens 1906-1907
BAAZ 1108 202 6725 Survey Liens 1907-1908
BAAZ 1108 202 6725 Survey Liens 1908-1909
BAAZ 1108 202 6725 Survey Liens 1909-1910
BAAZ 1111 212 8582 Crown grants 1906-1914
BAAZ 1113 215 8956 Valuations 1905-1907
BAAZ 1117 221 9834 Native Land Survey 1906-1910
BAAZ 1118 221 9834 Native Land Survey 1910-1914
BAAZ 1123 225 10482 miscellaneous survey 1907-1918
BAAZ 1124 225 10598 Survey Liens 1907-1914
BAAZ 1126 228 11634 Survey Liens 1908-1914
BAAZ 1129 231 13234 Native Land Court 1909-1914
BAAZ 4728 la Native Land in the Auckland Land District 19077 -19077
suitable for settlement; Retmn of Native
200
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping repOll on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box! Record Description
item
Land in North Island (Auckland Land
District)
Maori Land Court, Waikato-Maniapoto District (BACS)
Agency Accession Box/item Description
BACS A908 30a [Native Land Court] Old Panui
BACS A908 77c Te Kuiti Minutes (in Maori)
BACS A908 78a Otorohanga Minutes (in Maori)
Companies Office, Auckland (BADZ)
Dates
Dates
1870 -1899
1900 - 1901
1901 - 1901
Agency Acc Box!item Record Alt No. Description Dates
BADZ 5181 23 130 18741142 The Raglan and Waikato 1874-1874
Native Store Company
Ltd.
Department of Survey and Land InfOlmation, Auckland District Office (BAlE)
Agency Series Box! Record Description Dates
item
BAlE 4306 la Native Land Court Auckland - 1872 - 1887
Register of inwards blank cover
references [correspondence referred
by other Depts]
BAlE 4307 2a 1 Native Land Court Auckland - 1888 - 1911
Register of inwards blank cover
references [correspondence referred
201
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series
BAIE 4307
BAIE 4309
Boxl
item
Ib
1.00E-38
Record Description Dates
by other Depts]
2 Native Land Court Auckland - 1879-1893
Memo book
1869/744 From: Heta Tarawhiti, Parnell - 1869 - 1869
Subject: Has returned fi'om meeting
held at Hangatiki with Te Wheoro
and his people Hangatiki
BAIE 4309 If-17 1871/229 From: Ngatihaua, Ngatihourua and
all Waikato Tribes - Subject: Te
Whero objecting to his going to
attend the sitting of the Court at
Kaipara
High COUli, Auckland, Depmiment of Justice (BBAE)
Agency Series Boxl Description
item
BBAE 5075 1 Petitions Under the Land Transfer Act - Petitions
11-25
BBAE 5075 2 Petitions Under the Land Transfer Act - Petitions
26-42
BBAE 5648 la Auckland rating sales register [indexed]
Maori Land Court, Auckland (BBOP)
Agency Series Box!
item
Record Pt Description
BBOP 4309 4a-266 1874/1574 From: Falwasser Hemy J,
202
1871 - 1871
Dates
1882 - 1886
1888 -1897
1886 - 1921
Dates
1874 - 1874
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Boxl Record Pt Description Dates
item
Raglan - Subject: Re copy of
mortgage for registration -
lands near Raglan
BBOP 4309 4a-267 187411453 From: Falwasser Henry J, 1874 - 1874
Raglan - Subject: Ngatitamainu
Tribe Copy Deed of Mortgage
to Queen Raglan
BBOP 4309 4a-268 187411453 From: Ngatitamainu Tribe - 1874-1874
Subject: Copy Deed of
Mortgage to Queen Raglan
BBOP 4309 Sa-ISS 1874/939 From: Kataraina Ngati, Aotea - 1874 - 1874
Subject: Wishes it adjudicated
upon before the money is paid
Makora
BBOP 4309 5a-212 1874/577 From: Paraone Ngaweke, 1874 - 1874
Aotea and Others - Subject: Do
not wish it surveyed Aotea
BBOP 4309 5a-215 1874/532 From: Rauhi and Others, 1874 - 1874
Paheheheke - Subject: Asking
to have it surveyed by the
Government Aotea
BBOP 4309 6a-437 1876/1119 From: Waterea Motutara, 1876 - 1876
Raglan - Subject: Says has
been deprived of his land by
his father's rebellion
Rangiaowhia
BBOP 4309 6a-525 187611272 From: Horomona Wahanui, 1876-1876
Raglan - Subject: Giving the
203
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box! Record Pt Description Dates
item
boundaries of certain lands for
publication
BBOP 4309 7a-107 187612067 From: Te Reti Ngataki, 1876 - 1876
Alexandra - Subject: Enclosing
list of lands and wishing it to
be printed
BBOP 4309 10a-145 1882/2868 From: Morpeth JB - Subject: 1882 - 1882
Te Whero Major, advising re
petition certain succession
claims
BBOP 4309 10a-207 1882/3694 From: Morpeth WJ, for Under 1882 - 1882
Secretary, Native Depatiment -
Subject: Education
Depatiment. Lands taken for
native school sites
BBOP 4309 lla-ll 1883/228 From: Tamehana Te 1883 - 1883
Angatoheroa, Kopua - Subject:
Applying to have it withdrawn
Kakepuku
BBOP 4309 lla-224 1883/2184 From: Rees WL, Alexandra - 1883 - 1883
Subject: Wahanui wishes
Brown to go to him at
Alexandra.
BBOP 4309 lla-285 1883/3064 From: Rewi Maniapoto, 1883 - 1883
Kihikihi - Subject: Asking they
be heard at Kihikihi Waikeria
and Other Blocks
BBOP 4309 lla-9 1883/218 From: Hammond Edward, 1883 - 1883
204
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box! Record Pt Description Dates
item
Registrar Native Land Court,
Auckland - Subject:
Requesting that celiain plans
be handed to Mr Cussen
BBOP 4309 llb-84 1884/- From: Wilkinson T, Native 1884-1884
Agent, Alexandra - Subject:
Howard Mr - his timber matter
BBOP 4309 llb-127 1884/2756 From: Rihi Te Tahuti, Kihikihi 1884 - 1884
- Subject: Asking if any claims
have been sent in, within limits
for Puniu, Mangahamoe etc
BBOP 4309 11b-129 188412686 From: Rihi Te Tahuti, Kihikihi 1884 - 1884
- Subject: Ngati Maniapoto
have claims been received
within their boundaries[?]
BBOP 4309 llb-17 1884/552 From: Grace WH, Maketu - 1884-1884
Subject: When is Couli to sit at
Kihikihi for Maungatautari
BBOP 4309 llb-18 1884/568 From: Hopa Te Rangianini, 1884 - 1884
Kihikihi - Subject: Asking
what has delayed the hearing
of their claims
BBOP 4309 2a-142 1866/1622 From: Hetaraka Nero, Raglan - 1866 - 1866
Subject: Court Sitting
acknowledging receipt of
notice Pukerimu
BBOP 4309 7a-105 1876/2235 From: Te Reti Ngataki, 1876 - 1876
Alexandra - Subject: Wishing a
205
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box! Record Pt Description Dates
item
certain paper returned to him
BBOP 4309 9a-51 1880/1566 From: Te Aroa Hereiti, Kawhia 1880 - 1880
- Subject: Native Land Court
Session enquiring the dates of
sittings at Cambridge
BBOP 5962 1 1 NOlihem District titles indexes 1894 - 1910
BBOP 5963 1 Appeals Register 1895 - 1901
BBOP 5963 2 Appeals Register 1901 - 1906
BBOP 5963 3 Appeals Register 1906 - 1911
BBOP 5963 4 Appeals Register 1911 - 1915
BBOP 5966 34 2 Waikato local registers 1874 - 1881
[includes index to Books 1-2]
BBOP 5966 35 3 Waikato local registers 1881 - 1888
BBOP 5966 36 4 Waikato local registers 1888 - 1898
BBOP 5966 37 5 Waikato local registers 1901 - 1907
BBOP 5966 40 2 Kawhia and Mokau local 1902-1907
registers
BBOP 10001 15 1 Subdivision and patiition 1885 - 1908
registers - Auckland
BBOP 10002 1 Applications for determination 1881 - 1891
of survey chat'ges and survey
certificates
BBOP 10002 2 Applications for determination 1891 - 1895
of survey charges and survey
certificates
BBOP 10002 3 Applications for determination 1895 - 1895
of survey chat'ges and survey
206
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping repOlt on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth cenlmy land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box! Record Pt Description Dates
item
certificates
BBOP 10002 4 Applications for detel1nination 1895 - 1899
of survey charges and survey
celiificates
BBOP 10002 5 Applications for determination 1899 - 1908
of survey charges and survey
celiificates
BBOP 10002 6 Applications for determination 1908 - 1910
of survey charges and survey
celiificates
BBOP 10109 la Register of applications for 1883 - 1883
cancellation of Crown Grants
under Clause 24 Native
Reserves Act 1882
BBOP 10111 la I Register of Applications under 1887 - 1887
Section 24 of the Native Lands
Administration Act 1886
BBOP 10111 2a 2 Register of Applications under 1887 - 1887
Section 24 of the Native Lands
Administration Act 1886
BBOP 10118 la Personal Estate Register 1885 -1889
BBOP 10124 la Register ofInward Letters - 1874-1876
Native Land COUli Office,
NOlihern District
BBOP 10106 la Register of Applications under 1906 - 1909
Native Land COUli Act 1894
Section 39, 40 and 49
BBOP 10109 la Register of Applications for 1890-1898
207
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
Januaty 2009
Agency Series Box! Record Pt Description Dates
item
Removal of Restrictions
BBOP 10109 2a Register of Applications for 1898 - 1910
Removal of Restrictions
BBOP 10110 la Register of Applications under 1886 - 1895
Equitable Owners Act 1886
BBOP 10112 la Register of applications for 1896 - 1899
consent of Native Land Court
to sale and lease by TlUstees.
BBOP 10113 la Confirmation of alienation, 1894 - 1899
Index to names of blocks.
BBOP 10114 la Register of Applications for 1896 - 1910
Certificates of Age under the
Native Land Claims
Adjustment Act 1901
BBOP 10117 la Block Index to land No date
BBOP 10122 la Register and index to 1894-1897
cOlTespondence relating to
applications under the Native
Land COUli Act 1894
BBOP 10123 la Register of applications under 1895-1910
Sub-section II of Section 14
Apportionment of rent, and
orders under Section 71 of the
Native Land Laws Amendment
Act 1895
BBOP 10128 la Register of Applications under 1899 - 1909
Section 38 and 39, Native Land
COUli Act 1894
208
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Agency Series Box! Record Pt Description Dates
item
BBOP 10129 la Register of Applications under 1898 - 1905
Native Land Act 1894 Section
40
BBOP 10129 la Register of Applications under 1895 - 1899
Section 38 and 39, Native Land
COUlt Act 1894
BBOP 10129 la Register of Applications under 1897 - 1909
Section 49 Native Land Laws
Amendment Act 1895.
BBOP 10129 la Register of Applications under 1890 - 1895
Section 13 Native Land COUlt
Amendment Act 1889
BBOP 10130 la Register of Applications under 1894 - 1895
Sections 72 and 118 of Native
Land COUlt Act 1894
BBOP 10131 la Register of Applications under 1893 - 1910
Native Land (Validation of
Titles) Act 1892 and Sections
122 - 123 Native Land Act
1894
BBOP 10227 la Index to registers of no date - no
application for confirmation of date
alienation of land by lease or
sale
Agency Accession Box!item Title Dates
BBOP A52 25/59 NOlthem Court Fees 1878 - 1892
209
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
JanuaIY 2009
BBOP A52 45/109 Miscellaneous Loose Papers 1838 - 1904
Maps
Official publications
Appendices to the Journals ofthe House of Representatives (AJHR)
Maps showing New Zealand Wars sites and confiscated land
Year Reference
1864 E-2A
1864 E-9
Title
New Zealand NOlih Island [Areas shaded in pink/red are
proposed as confiscated. Also has provincal boundaries
and estimated area of each province, signed by Heaphy,
Chief Surveyor]
North Island New Zealand [Shows area that contributed
'rebels' to NZ Wars (blue), 'friendly' Maori territOlY
(white) and land under negotiation (red)]
Survey and early topographical maps o/the Rohe Potae
Year Reference
1884 Sess II, C - 1
1885 C -IA
1885 C - 3
Title
Sketch Map of the "King Country" based upon
Trigonometrical and Topographic Survey by L
Cussen, F H Edgecombe and W C C Spenser
Topographical Map of a pOliion of the Interior of
Auckland & Taranaki (including the King Country)
from Trigonometricial surveys, Laurence Cussen &
. H M Skeet, NZ Survey Dept
210
Surveys of New Zealand - Appendix 3 - Map:
interior of Auckland and Taranaki including the
King Country. Topographical with land use
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Maps showing proposed and actual routes for Main Trunk Line
Year Reference
1868 E- 5
1880 E- 3
1884 Sess I, D - 1
1884 Sess I, 16
1884 Sess II, D - 1
1884 Sess II, I6
1884 Sess II, I6
1884 Sess II, 16
1885 D - 1
1887 Sess I, D - 1
211
Title
Untitled (proposed railway lines, North Island]
Index Plan of the North Island, New Zealand to
accompany the report of the Railway Commission
1880
Map of the North Island, New Zealand showing
explorations for railway routes between Auckland
and Wellington
The NOlih Island Trunk Railway, plan showing
proposed routes, and the tenure of the country
through which they pass
Map showing Railways North Island New Zealand,
John Blackett M.Inst.CE Engineer in Charge
Sketch Plan of the Central Route Railway Line
Marton to Te Awamutu explored by Mr John
Rochfort refel1'ed to in the annual repOli of the
engineer in charge NOlih Island for 1883 - 1884
Map of the North Island, New Zealand showing
explorations for railway routes between Auckland
and Wellington
Sketch Plan of the Westem Route Railway Line
Stratford to Te Awamutu explored by Messrs R H
Holmes & M Carkeek referred to in the annual
report ofthe engineer in charge NOlih Island for
1883 - 1884
Sketch Map showing course of North Island Main
Trunk Railway with contracts let, advertised and
under survey. Also roads made and in progress
Map showing Railways NOlih Island New Zealand
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Year Reference
1887 Sess I, D - 1
1889 D - 1
1892 1-9
1894 D - 1
1899 D - 1
1899 D - 1
Maps showing land tenure
Year Reference
1884 Sess II, C - 1
1891 G- 5
1891 Sess II, G - 10
1892 C - 1
1903 C - 1
1903 C - 1
Title
Sketch Plan to accompany the Engineer in Chiefs
report. Showing suggested road lines to the Central
Railway
Sketch Map of the Central and Taranaki Routes
North Island main Trunk Railw,!y
Taranaki, 1892
Map of the Cnetral and Taranaki Routes Nmih
Island Main Trunk Railway
Map showing the Tenure etc ofthe lands adjacent
to the Central and Stratford Rly Routes
Taranaki - Auckland Railway, altemative
connections with Central Line: Plan accompanying
Mr Holme's repmi, 31st July, 1899
Title
Map ofthe Nmih Island New Zealand showing land
tenure, 30 June 1884
Native lands ofNZ showing the occupation and
tenure use
Map of the Native Lands of New Zealand shewing
their occupation tenure and use, compiled on the
order 6fthe House of Representatives 30 Jan 1891
on the motion of T Kenedy MacDonald MHR
Unoccupied Crown and Native Lands
North Island (Te-Ika-A-Maui) New Zealand
shewing the Land tenure, 1902 - 1903
Native lands ofNZ showing the occupation and
212
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centUlY land issues,
January 2009
Year Reference
1903 D-9
1904 C - 1
1904 C - 1
1905 C -I
1907 C - I
1907 G- 3a
1908 C - 1
Maps showing roads constructed
Year Reference
1887 C -2
1889 C -la
1889 C - la
1891 C - la
1892 C - 1
1893 C - I
1894 C - 1
1895 C - 1
1896 C - 1
1897 C - 1
213
Title
tenure use
N.I.M.T.Ry Plan showing tenure of land for twenty
five miles on each side of Awakino, Waitara,
Stratford and Central Routes
North Island (Te-Ika-A-Maui) New Zealand
shewing the Land tenure, 1903 - 1904
Native lands ofNZ showing the occupation and
tenure use
Native lands ofNZ showing the occupation and
tenure use
Native lands ofNZ showing the occupation and
tenure use
Map of Auckland region showing Blocks purchased
Native lands ofNZ showing the occupation and
tenure use
Title
Map of North Island Roads contructed 1881-87
Map ofNOlih Island Roads contructed 1881-89
Exploration of Roads, Taranaki - Ongaruhe
Map ofNZ roads contructed 1881-91
Roads to open Crown lands for sale
Roads to open Crown lands for sale
Roads to open Crown lands for sale
Roads to open Crown lands for sale
Roads to open Crown lands for sale
Roads to open Crown lands for sale
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Year Reference Title
1898 C - 1 Roads to open Crown lands for sale
1899 C - 1 Roads to open Crown lands for sale
1900 C - 1 Roads to open Crown lands for sale
1901 C - 1 Roads to open Crown lands for sale
1902 C -1 Roads to open Crown lands for sale
Maps showing land transactions
[Land available for settlement and land taken up for settlement during that year]
Year Reference
1890 C - 5
1894 C - 1
1895 C - 1
1896 C - 1
1897 C - 1
1898 C - 1
1899 C - 1
1900 C -1
1901 C - 1
1902 C - 1
1903 C - 1
1904 C -1
1905 C - 1
1906 C -1
1907 C - 1
1908 C - 1
1913 C -1
214
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Maps showing the state of public survey
Year Reference
1879 H - 19
1880 H -27
1881 c -4
1881 c -4
1882 C - 3
1882 C - 3
1883 C - 2
1883 C - 3
1883 C - 3
1884 Sess I, C - 1
1885 C - 3
1886 C -la
1887 C - 2
1888 C - la
1889 C -la
1890 C - 5
1890 C - 5
1891 C - la
1892 C - 1
1893 C -1
1894 C - 1
1895 C -1
1896 C - 1
1897 C -1
1898 C -1
1900 C -1
1901 C - 1
215
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping repolt on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
1902 C -1
1903 C - 1
1904 C - 1
1905 C - 1
1906 C - 1
Maps showing tribal boundaries
Year Reference
1870 D - 23
Title
Map showing Native tribal boundaries (NOlih
Island)
Auckland City Library, Auckland
Classification Map No. Title Date
D 995.09 gbb 1884 Map No. 6569 Native Land Settlement Bill: plan of 1884
the land included in the schedule.
Werllington: New Zealand General
Survey Office, 1884
Waikato University Library Map Room, Hamilton
Reference
530.1271 BH [ca. 19547]
530.1271 BH [ca. 19547]
530.1271 BH 1902
Title & Description
Kawhia Towns District (Gaz 1906, p 2720)
Kawhia Towns District (Gaz 1906, p 2720) Now
Merged in County of Kawhia as from 1st April
1954 (Gaz 1954, p 298)
Date
1954
1954
Auckland land District No. 641 - Rural Lands open 1902
for sale or selection in the survey districts of
Mangaorongo, Orahiri and Pirongia, County of
Kawhia, Fri 29 August 1902
216
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centmy land issues,
January 2009
Reference
530.1271 BH 1899
530.1271 BH 1902
530.1271 BH 1883
unclear
unclear
Photographs and Drawings
Title & Description Date
Auckland land District No. 438 - Rural Lands open 1899
for sale or selection in the Counties of Kawhia and
West Taupo, Mon 27 March 1899
Auckland land District No. 659 - Rural land open
for sale or selection in the survey districts of
Mangaorongo, Orahiri and Punui, County of
Kawhia,Fir 19 December 1902 [Kiokoi Blk is
written in pencil on the top of the plan]
Sketch Map of Explorations made in the King
Country by J H Ken'y-Nicolls [2 copies - one
facsmilie and one later printed colour version]
Wellington - Auckland Railway: Map to
accompany Mr H J Lowe's report re land tenure, 4th
September, 1899
Public Works Map showing the Railways North
Island of New Zealand, 1908
1902
1883
1899
1908
Alexallder Turnbull Library, Wellingtoll
Reference
1/1-025517-G
Title & Description
Overlooking land leading down to the sea at
Kawhia, with the steamship Hinemoa visible. A
waka is just visible on the piece of land alongside
the ship, in the middle distance. It was possibly
used for escorting officials to or from the ship
Photograph taken on Friday, 14th March 1884, by
William Williams, on the occasion of Governor W
F D Jervois' visit.
217
Date
1884
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
JanualY 2009
Reference
111-025747 -G
111-025748-G
1II-025749-G
111-025750-F
1II-025752-G
Title & Description
Armed Constabulary camp at Puti Point, Kawhia,
showing four tents and a wooden building.
Photographed 1884 by William Williams.
Kawhia A C's working in bush at Te Kauri camp
1884. T H W & W W. (Caption transcribed from
lantern slide). Photograph taken by William
Williams.
Powhiri (official welcoming ceremony) for
Governor Sir William Jervois, Lady Jervois, and
party (Miss A Jervois, Reverend W Jervois, Miss A
Richmond, and Major C V Eccles) at Kawhia, by
chiefs ofNgati Hikairo (Hone Te One, Hone
Wetere, and Pikia), the chief of Ngati Haua (Tetahi
Rahi), and Tiki Taimona. Shows a scene by a
house, where a group of Maori are seated under the
verandah. On the left, an unidentified Maori chief
holds a taiaha. The Governor, and his group, are on
the right. Photograph taken Friday, 14 March 1884,
by William Williams. The guests arrived on the S S
Hinemoa at 4pm and left at 6pm. See also New
Zealand Herald newspaper, 17.3.1884
Kawhia AImed Constabulary on parade under
Captain Messenger. Shows two rows of men
standing outside, holding rifles at their sides.
Photograph taken in 1884 at Kawhia by William
Williams.
Powhiri (official welcoming ceremony) for
Governor Sir William Jervois, Lady Jervois, and
party (Miss A Jervois, Reverend W Jervois, Miss A
218
Date
1884
1884
1884
1884
1884
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Reference
1I1-025756-G
Title & Description
Richmond, and Major C V Eccles) at Kawhia, by
chiefs ofNgati Hikairo (Hone Te One, Hone
Wetere, and Pikia), the chiefofNgati Haua (Tetahi
Rahi), and Tiki Taimona, Shows a scene by a
house, where a group of Maori are seated under the
verandah, On the left, an unidentified Maori chief
holds a taiaha, The Governor, and his group, are on
the right. Photograph taken Friday, 14 March 1884,
by William Williams, The guests arrived on the S S
Hinemoa at 4pm and left at 6pm, See also New
Zealand Herald newspaper, 17,3,1884
Overlooking King Tukaroto Matutaera Potatau Te
Wherowhero Tawhiao's pa at Whatiwhatihoe, with
a cultivated paddock in the foreground. Photograph
taken by William Williams while he was on his trip
to Kawhia in 1884.
Date
1884
1I1-025757-G View of Maketu Pa at Kawhia. Some whare can be 1884
1I1-025758-G
1/2-000414-G
112-000467 -G
seen and in the centre distance is a meeting house.
Taken by William Williams in 1884.
Soldiers in the Aimed Constabulary redoubt at
Kawhia. Shows men alongside tents. Photograph
taken by William Williams in 1884.
View of Kawhia township, looking over towards
the fatmhouse built by George Charlton in the
centre background. Photograph taken by Jon
Limited (Firm) between 1900-1930.
Oparau township and bridge, Waikato. There is a
stream in the foreground, several buildings are
located near the bridge and road, and hills in the
219
1884
1900 - 1930
1912
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth century land issues,
January 2009
Reference
1I2-000469-G
1I2-000470-G
1!2-002817-F
1I2-019363-F
1I2-060081-F
1I2-096175-G
1I2-140365-G
Title & Description
distance. One of the buildings visible is the general
store owned by Otto Sperling. Photographed circa
1912 by William Archer Price.
Kawhia township photograph taken, possibly by
Jonathan & Co, between 1900-1930.
Otto Sperling's store in Oparau, Waikato. A house
is visible behind the store and there are several
horses grazing in a field. Photographed circa 1912
by William Archer Price.
Date
1900 - 1930
1912
Overlooking the settlement of Kawhia, circa 1890s. 1890s
Photographer unidentified.
Overlooking Kawhia Pa towards Kawhia harbour, 1910
ca 1910. Several whare can be seen. Photograph
taken by Enos Silvanus Pegler.
Kawhia Pa, on the banks of Maketu Bay, circa
1880s
Group at the digging of the first sod for the Main
Trunk Railway. They stand at the confiscation line
at the southern bank of the Puniu River, 15 April
1885. Standing in the centre behind the balTow,
wearing a top hat, is Rewi Maniapoto. Immediately
to his left is his daughter, Te Kore. To her left and
behind is Sir Robert Stou~. The tall man wearing a
top hat, standing to the left of Stout, is Wahanui
Huatare. Photograph taken by Daniel Manders
Beere.
Powhiri (official welcoming ceremony) for
Govemor Sir William Jervois, Lady Jervois, and
party (Miss A Jervois, Reverend W Jervois, Miss A
220
1880s
1885
1884
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centmy land issues,
January 2009
Reference
A-045-015
A-045-015-a
Title & Description
Richmond, and Major C V Eccles) at Kawhia, by
chiefs ofNgati Hikairo (Hone Te One, Hone
Wetere, and Pikia), the chief of Ngati Haua (Tetahi
Rahi), and Tiki Taimona. Shows a scene by a
house, where a group of Maori are seated under the
verandah. On the left, an unidentified Maori chief
holds a taiaha. The Governor, and his group, are on
the right. Photograph taken Friday, 14 March 1884,
by William Williams. The guests alTived on the S S
Hinemoa at 4pm and left at 6pm. See also New
Zealand Herald newspaper, 17.3.1884
B&W Etching 90 x 127 mm by Edward William
Payton shows a Maori pa with two figures walking
past a hut. Whatiwhatihoe was once a royal village,
the home of the Maori King, Tawhiao.
B&W Etching 90 x 127 mm by Edward William
Payton shows a Maori pa with two figures walking
past a hut. Whatiwhatihoe was once a royal village,
the home ofthe Maori King, Tawhiao.
Date
1880s
1880s
PAI-0-091 Burton brothers album 16 includes scenes of Maod 1870 - 1885
P Al-q-630-13
PA7-19-37
life in the King Country. Lists Whatiwhatihoe in
fields for places. The album consists of about 71
pages, of which 25 are empty.
Studio portrait of William Hemy Grace, taken ca
1880 by Robert Hemy Bartlett of Auckland.
Photograph of Huingatini, at the King's residence,
Whatiwhatihoe (Muir & Moodie)
221
1880
1885?
Bibliography to accompany Boulton, scoping report on Te Rohe Potae nineteenth centmy land issues,
January 2009
Te Kuiti alld District Historical Society, Te Kuiti
Reference Title & Description
Maori settlement File: item Two photographs Te Kuiti Maori Pa 1884
0238
Te Kuiti Township file File: Photograph ofTe Kuiti Marae 1893
item 0023
Waitomo Caves Museum, Waitomo
Reference/location Title & Description
photo filing cabinet: Survey Survey party, 1887
parties, bush camps and
explorers, item 14
photo filing cabinet: Survey W. Cussen, B. Cashel and Survey Party
parties, bush camps and
explorers, item 474
photo filing cabinet: Survey Survey patiy 1883
patiies, bush camps and
explorers, item 479
photo filing cabinet: Survey Cussen's Survey Catnp
parties, bush camps and
explorers, item 484
Located in Slide Cabinet,
item 5s1
Located in Slide Cabinet,
item 5s2
Located in Slide Cabinet,
item 5s4
Located in Slide Cabinet,
item 5s11
Andrew Wilson's survey patiy, 1887
Andrew Wilson's survey patiy, 1887, close-up
old print calioon. "Objection to survey on part of
Native Ladies".
Cussen's survey camp
222
Date
1884
1893
Date
1887
unclear
1883
unclear
1887
1887
unclear
unclear