teaching by principle

8/7/2019 Teaching by principle

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Teaching by principle

: -

Chapter 1. Where do I begin ?

, , , , 2 -

.

1. A Classroom Observation

ESL

USA

15 -

(a beginning level)

- &

e whole language" - , , , four skills

- Vistas : An Interactive Course in English

10

, , .

-

1 50 .

2

How oft

n f

f .

3

How oft

n f .

4 . ( global

rrors .)

5 - ,

f .

6 pair work

How oft

n f

f .

- .

7air work , 8 98 pag

q . - 98pag

K

iko .

8

(cont

xt)" .

9 .

10 . -

or .

11 .

12 K

iko & ,

that's right" or

"that's wrong" . , .

13 pag

.

14 , .


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15 1 , 2 , 3

. work .

work . 3 4 .

16 3 10 .

17 , or .

18

Sh

typ

s usually l

tt

rs" , b

,

r .

19 page .

20 .

21 pair work .

22 pair , .

pair q, .

23 .

24 8 . 8

.

25 e Are you ever nervous?" .

26 . choral drill 1

.

27 , e f 5

3 e f . (, e f e Are

you ever angry?" .)

28 , , : .

29 .

30 u.

2. Beneath the Lesson

- , , .

- , 2 -

f . ,

?f .

- chapt

rs .

//(r

s

arch/th

ory/principl

s) //(classroom/t

aching/practic

)

. ,

(T

aching by Principl

s)" .

Chapt

r 2. A "Methodical" History of LanguageTeaching

2 - e(methods)"

.


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1. Approach, Method, Technique

- e(methods)" 2 -

, f(methods)" .

Edward Anthony

Approach : , , .

Method : approach , .

Technique: approach, method .

Jack Richards and TheodoreRodgers

Method :

Approach : .

Design : /- .

Procedure: approach design techniques practices.

Richards and Rodgers method

qedesignsf .

: objectives, syllabus( ), activities, learner roles,

teacher roles, theroles of instructional materials.

methodology .

2 -

Methodology : (pedagogical practices) -

. e y?f

methodology.

Approach : .

Method : .

- , / , ,

.

- - .

Curriculum : designs.

- - /

.

Syllabus() Curriculum() .

Technique: , - ,

2. Changing Winds and Shifting Sands

, .

Albert Marcwardt 4 .

,

: . 20

Audio Lingual Method( ALM) . ALM (TheGra-


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mmar Translation Method) , (the Dir-

ect Method) . ALM , , r

,

.

.

3. The Grammar Translation Method

- .

e f .

etheClassical Method" .

theClassical Method

r

(2 )

- 18, 19 , , (theClassical Method)

. 19 (theClassical Method)

(theGrammar Translation Method) .

theGrammar Translation Method (Prator Celce-Murcia )

( )

r ,

,

2 -

Richard and Rodgers , e f,

q .

theGrammar Translation Method ?

.

r , .

4. Gouin and theSeries Method

- 19 ef , Gouin theSeries Method

.

- Charles Berlitz theDirect Method ,

Gouin .


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- 3 , Gouin (or )

.

. 3 Gouin , 3

. , ,

Gouin .

- Gouin

Perception() Conception() .

conception() .

, .

, Gouin the Series Method

; (perceive) e(series)" () (

r ) u.

; , , , .

5. TheDirect Method

- Gouin e (naturalistic approach)f-

u - . ,

. , theDirect Method

- 20 .

theDirect Method (Gouin

s Series Method ) ?

; 2 .

(oral interaction)

Richards and Rodgers the Direct Method

.

u.

-

. u.

(modeling) (practice) u.

(), , q, u.

u.

.


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- the Direct Method 19 20 . , the

Direct Method ,

. The Direct Method

Charles Berlitz( the Direct Method BerlitzMethod .)

.

- , , , the Direct Method

. the Direct Method .

- 1925 the Direct Method .

the Grammar Translation Method Coleman ereading

approach( )f- - . ,

20 , the Direct Method the

Audiolingual Method( ) .

6. TheAudiolingual Method

- 1950 theDirect Method .

.

.

oral approach ( ) reading approach (

) . ,

() .

- 1929 Coleman . , 1930-40

e f theGrammar Translation Method .

- , 2 ,

. , theArmy Specialized Training Program(ASTP) Army Method

/ . 1950 the

Audiolingual Method( ) .

- TheAudio Lingual Method .

- 1940-50 :

(linguistic pattern)

- :

mimicry drill( ) pattern practice( )

Prtor Celce-Murcia the Audio Lingual Method

.

, , .


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u.

u.

. .

u.

, , .

.

.

.

.

- The Audio Lingual Method . , the

Audio Lingual Method .

The Audio Lingual Method

: .

.

: . .

7. 1970 eDesigner" Methods

- 1970 : . , 70 2 -

. , 70

. 70 / /

.

70 5 .

Community LanguageLearning

- N theAudio Lingual Method eNf

Chomsky e :f

. 70 , : , :

. Community LanguageLearning .

- Charles Curran eCounseling-Learning Model" Carl Rodgers (

e f , q ef )

. Charles Curran eCounseling-Learning Model" 2 -

fCommunity LanguageLearning" .

Charles Curran "Counseling-Learning Model"

ef .

.

e(community)" .

, () .

eCounseling-Learning Model" () .

eCommunity LanguageLearning"


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() , ()

.

, .

() 2 .

2 .

.

() 2 .

2 .

. , .

2 .

r .

, .

, 2 .

CLL Carl Rodgers . ,

() ()

.

CLL - 2 (, , ) .

CLL

2 . .

CLL , .

CLL , CLL 2 .

ex) CLL ( )

Suggestopedia ()

- Suggestopedia Georgi Lozanov . Georgi Lozanov

(ex, ) ,

. , CLL : Suggestopedia

:( ) . , ()

.

Suggestopedia - , Lozanov -

( , , , , ) . ,

- .

, , ef

. , e (suggestible)" .

Suggestopedia (Lozanov )


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.

.

.

.

.

, .

.

, .

, , .

Suggestopedia (Scovel )

Lozanov .

suggestopedia .

suggestopedia ef , : .

Suggestopedia

( ) . .

.

TheSilent Way ()

- Suggestopedia , : : .

The silent way Caleb Gattegno ef

, thesilent way (problem-solving approach) .

TheSilent Way (Richards and Rodgers )

, .

, .

.

- ef 1960 , ,

. ,

, Ausubel

ef . .

- TheSilent Way . The silent way Gattegno

, , ,

. , (

.), .

TheSilent Way

.


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: , , long/short , give/take/pick up/drop

: , , , :

// ,

, , .

.

The Silent Way

, .

.

, .

, .

The Silent Way

2 - .

.

Total Physical Response- Total Physical Response

. Gouin Series

Method . , ef

. James Asher

Total Physical Response .

. , 1

. , , ,

. , Asher .

Asher , , .

Asher , 2 - ,

. ,

.

Total Physical Response

.

.

y .

.

.

.

d ,

.

Total Physical Response

- TPR . ,

, -


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. TPR ,

. , TPR ,

.

The Natural Approach( )

- Stephan Krashen 2 Tracy Terrell

The Natural Approach . TPR Krashen

Terrell . , . ,

. , ef ef

. , the Natural Approach e

input()f TPR - .

- The Natural Approach .

e input( )e . ,

. f

e . input

- ( , , , ) .

TheNatural Approach q

: .

:

.

,

, .

:

. ,

role-plays, open-ended dialogues, discussions

.

.

TheNatural Approach

e(silent period)"

; ?

?

" input" .

TheNatural Approach

.

TPR input ,

.


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8. Beyond Method : Notional-Functional Syllabuses ( : - )

- The Council of Europe(Van Ek Alexander, 1975) ,

"(notional)" , 1970 Notional-Functional

Syllabuses .

Notional-functional Syllabus

function .

structural syllabus .

q ,

, Notional-Functional Syllabus approach() .

, approach .

Notions ( Van Ek Alexander )

General notions : , , , ,

) general notions q, ,

, , , .

Specific notions : e(contexts)" f

(situations)" . , , ,

, , specific notions .

) e (personal identification)f

specific notion , ,

.

Functions

, , , ,

, ,

.

Coffey ,,,

Fitting In .

, .

dialogue ?"

one-sided dialogue

nonverbal considerations

ecommunity exercisesf


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Notional-Functional Syllabuses

- .

method syllabus .

Communicative Language Teaching , syllabus()

( ) .

,

. NFS .

Notional-Functional Syllabus

- , (notions) ,

NFS method (CLT) .

Chapter 3. The present : An Informed "Approach"

- 1980 ,

. (approach)

- (techniques) (tasks)

- David Nunan . e

. 2

, (tasks) -

.

1. An Approach for Enlightened Eclectics

- , ,

. , approach( ) .

- approach , .

approach .

approach - . -

(feed-back) approach .

- approach . , approach

. , 2

.


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2. Communicative Language Teaching

- 2 - approach communicative language teaching

. 2 2 - .

4 communicative language teaching the Notional-Functional

Syllabus . , 2 -

, 2 ,

.

- 4 , :

. Chomsky ,

. , 2 - . ,

ef ,

.

- - . &

, , . e

f

.

, (tasks) ,

2 .

,

2 - .

David Nunan(1991) CLT 5

.

.

.

.

.

CLT

CLT . - CLT ,

CLT .

CLT . ,

. CLT

.

CLT .

Finocchiaro Brunfit(1983) ALM CLT

( )


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ALM CLT

, X

.

, ,

(mastery, or

overlearning)

(drill)

,

,

u

,

,

,

,

ALM CLT

,

,

q


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.

,

,

.

3. Untangling Some Current Jargon

-CLT 6 (learner-centered teaching, cooperative learning, Interactive learning,Whole Language Education, Content-centered Education, Task-based Learning)

. ,

. .

. ,

CLT .

Learner-centered teaching.

; .

, style, (techniques).

(: group-work, strategy training)

(Curricula)

, .

Cooperative learning.

; or .

pair works group works . eteam" .

, ef ,

.

Interactivelearning.

; . ,

.


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.

Pair work group work .

().

().

(tasks) .

.

, .

Whole language education

; 2 - ewhole languageeducation"

.

Wholelanguageeducation ( .)

//

(, ) (, ) .

.

Brown Wholelanguageeducation

- Whole languageeducation CLT

. , Brown whole language

.

2 : .

bottom-up

:(, , )

four skills .

Content-centered Education;Brinton, Snow, Wesch , . ,

, .

Content-centered Education

.

, ,

.

, y

.

Task-based learning

; task .

Task

, ,

tasks . (Michael Breen )


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q

(= )

: u fluency .

Automaticity . .

(use), (functional purposes) .

Meaningful Learning

- Automaticity .

- David Ausubel meaningful/rote learning

Meaningful Learning ?

; ef .

(= )

, .

& ef .

(rotelearning) qq .

TheAnticipation ofReward

- B.F. Skinner e f .

TheAnticipation ofReward ?

; e f , .

?

.

.

.

(= )

. ( )

.

,

. ( , /

.)

.

: .


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The intrinsic motivation principle

?

;

.

(= )

, .

y , .

Strategic investment

- 2 e" : , f e

.

- ef ef,

.

- , (the principles of strategic investment) .

?

; ef

ef 2 .

(= )

styles strategies .

.

.

, .

, Learner strategy training .

Learner strategy training :

2. Affective Principles - : 2 - .

Language Ego

?

; 2 // - , 2 -

e(= 2 )f 2 inhibition .

.

. ( . )

, .

2

d .

languageego .

? ?


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?

pairs group work ? ...

Self-Confidence

?

(=2 ) e f (==self-esteem)

.

.

.

Risk-Taking

?

2 2

.

.

.

risk-taking , ef risk-taking .

risk-taking .

The Language-Culture Connection

- ?

y , , q, //

.

.

(, .)

- .

.

.

2 .

2 2 u .

.

2 .

.

3. Linguistic Principles - 2 - .


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The Native Language Effect

?

; : ,

.

feed-

-back . , ,

.

.

, .

Interlanguage

?

; 2 , q,

(=) feedback .

.

.

, .

feedback ,

d

.

.

- ..

feedba

k affe

tive feedba

k

.

Communi

ative Competen

e

?

; ,

(organizational/pragmati

/strategi

/psy

homotor) , usage use ,

a

ura

y fluen

y , :

.

,

.

, : (, ) .

. .

.

.


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Chapter 5. Intrinsic Motivation In the Classroom

(=)

, :

.

1.

: Motivation is the extent to which you make choices

about goals to pursue and

the effort you will devote to that pursuit.

(

)

- , .

( the anticipation of reinforcement ).

, ef ef .

:, .

ef , e()"

(sources) (self-reward) e f .

.

Drive-theory ()

- .

- (=) : David Ausubel 6 (=)

(, , , , , )

(=) ('reinforcer') .

Hierarchy of needs theory ()

- Abraham Maslow

- 5

( , , , , )

- .

- - .

Self-control theory ( )

- :, . ( : Hunt)

- :, , .

2. Dead Poets Society

; e f .


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- ?

; (ef) .

.

; .

, , .

ef / / .

, .

3. /

(Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation)

Intrinsic Motivation(Edward Deci)

; ,

.

Extrinsic Motivation

: .

?

, , :, .

Piaget - Incongruity, Uncertainty, disequilibrium

.

Maslow -

. .

Jerome Bruner

- (self-reward) .

- (, ) .

( , )

positive feedback .

4.

(Intrinsic Motivation In Education)

.

. ,

(risk-taking) , .

- , .

- , ,

e f .

5. 2 -

- , 2 - .


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-

-

u

task-based

teaching(, )

,

,

,

, ESP

group work

q

=

(risk-taking)

.


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(=schema)

(language experience approach)

(oral fluency exercises)

(listening)

q

2

2

enabler rewarder .

: ,

.

(autonomy) .

: (feedback) ,

.

, .

.

; , - .

.

; , .

(test) .

: , ,

.


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2 : (Contexts of Teaching)

; , ,

. 6 , 7

, 8 & .

Chapter 6. : 1. Teaching Children

- 2 ,

. , .

, 2 ,

.

(peripheral attention) (focal attention)

.


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, : 2

, 2 .

, 2 , 2

. , , , q

.

- , 2

. 2 q 2

. 2

.

Intellectual development

- Piaget , (7 ) e f

.

d r

. ,

ef ,

.

, 2

.

r .

q 'pattern'

d .

pattern y

d .

Attention span

-

d . ,

attention span . ,

attention span .

attention span

d ,

activities .

activities .

. ,

. ,

.

Sensory input

- 5 . ,

activities .

5 activities

activities . ( : , games, TPR activities)

Project hands-on activities .

projects ?


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hands-on activities ?

(: , , , , )

. (: , )

Affective factor- inhibition( ) ,

inhibition( ) . (peer)

, .

.

, .

, () .

.

Authentic, meaningful language- .

, ( ) . ,

.

. , " e

. ( : , , )

.

Whole language approach .

. Four skills . , fourskills .

2. Teaching Adult

- 2 2 , 2

. Sensory input ,

. ,

,

. , .

2

r , (usage) u

(use) q .

attention span ,

2 activities .

2 sensory input , 5

.

. , 2 .


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. , ,

.

2

2

,

. , .

.

(: . ekids()f .)

. ,

.

. , , ,

.

3. Teaching in Between

- "Teens" .

eTeen" 2

(: ) . ,

(=) . ,

, , sex, (- )

attention span . , attention span

sensory input , .

, , . ,

.

- .

- .

- .

- .

- .

.

, .

Chapter 7. :

1. Defining Proficiency Levels

- , ACTFLProficiencyGuidelines(1986) . ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines

FSI levels . ILR (Interagency Language Roundtable) levels

FSI (Foreign Service Institute) levels FSI Oral Interview

11 . FSI Oral Interview ,

, , , , :

: .

- : FSI levels , , : ACTFL


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Proficiency levels . FSI levels FSI Oral Interview

, ACTFL Proficiency levels : .

2. Teaching Beginning Levels

- q . ,

.

q 10

Students' cognitive learning process

focal attention controlled processing //

, peripheral processing .

The role of the teacher

. , pair work group work

.

. ,

.

EFL . ,

.

Teacher talk

.

, .

.

EFL . , .

Authenticity of language

.

, .

Fluency and accuracy

. .

, , .

(, , , , ) .

.

Student creativity

.

() (): .

.


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.

Techniques

techniques .

- . ( : choral repetition, drilling)

- , Group / pair work .

.

Listening and speaking goals

(/ ) .

, , , &

.

Reading and writing goals

.

y .

Grammar

. .

.

- EFL ; .

ESL ; ( )

2. Teaching Intermediate levels

q 10

Student's cognitive learning processes.

automatic processing . / / / r

. , .

,

(=) .


pairs .

, - .

, .

(cooperative activities) .

Teacher talk

.

.

, .

Authenticity of language

.

, .



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.

, .

: 2

, .

Student creativity

,

d .

.

(= )

.

ESL : .

EFL : .

Techniques

.

- chain stories, surveys polls, paired interviews, role plays,

group problem solving, story telling


- .

, , ,

.

.


skimming scanning

, , , : .

.Grammar

.

f .

, .

3. Teaching Advanced Levels

Student's cognitive learning processes

, ,

(peripheral attention) . , focal attention

.

, focal

peripheral attention .


, .

, .

,

.


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Teacher talk

.

, feedback .

. ,

. Authenticity of language

.

, .


.

, .

Student creativity

.

.

Techniques

.

group debate, argumentations, complex role play, skimming

and scanning, writing essays and critiques .

2 ,

.


, , , , , , ,

:, , .


, , ,

.

Grammar

, ,

.

, .

Chapter 8. : q

1. Sociopolitical Contexts

- q : , 2

q .

q

.


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- q .

ESL EFL

EIL(English as an International Language)

2. Second and Foreign Language Contexts

ESL EFL

ESL : .

EFL : .

ESL - .

ESL

.

/ TV / /

.

feedback .

.

(- ) .

.

.

EFL - .

EFL

.

.

- .

.

, .

.

- .- TVRadio program .

- u .

- ( , )

- .

.

.

3. English as an International Language


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- 2 , .

.

, .

q .

.

- .

y?

.

:.

.

.

.

4. Language Policy Issues

- q :.

, .

- , .

English Only Movement' : dhome language'

English Plus' : home language , ESL

- : 2 , 2

.

ESL 2() -

2 2

Subtractive : 2 . ( : Spanish )

.

Additive : . ( : Quebec )

2 .

EFL 2()

: addictive - .

2() : .

EFL

. ,

.

,

.

EFL


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, 3 . ,

,

.

5. Institutional Contexts

- 2 .

.

q . , 2

.

Elementary and Secondary Schools

- , 2 . ,

LEP(Limited English Proficient) .

- EFL , ( : , )

.

LEP 2

Submersion : .

.

Subtractive .

, LEP ESL .

Immersion : .

.

.

EFL , additive .

Sheltered : Immersion program .

English , ESL

immersion .

ESL .

Main : ESL .

streaming ,

, main-streaming .

, , ESL

.

Transitional :ESL , .

bilingual , .

program - ,

. - , .

Maintenance : , .

bilingual - ,

program .

- , .

Enrichment : .

program , .


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,

.

( : , , bilingual education .)

Institutions of Higher Education

- 2 . 2

.

2 6

Pre-academic program

:

EAP (English for Academic Purpose)

: q

Pre-academic program

ESP (English for Special Purpose)

: ( - , )

ESP , Vocational/Technical English .

Vocational/technical

: (: , ), (: )

Literacy

: q

Survival / social

: ef q

, .

3 :

(Designing and Implementing Techniques)

; 1 2 ,

. 1,2 , . , 2

approach . -

. , .

Chapter 9. Techniques and Materials

1. Techniques Redefined

- Techniques .

Task:

.

Activity

:

, .

Procedure

: , , practices,


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Richard Rodgers , procedure technique .

Practice, behavior, exercise, strategy...

: technique .

Technique

: , tasks activities .

techniques .

techniques .

2. Categorizing Techniques : A Bit of History

- techniques . techniques .

techniques

Manipulation to communication

manipulative side : control, .

choral repetition, cued substitution drill, dictation, reading aloud.

communicative side: , :.

story-telling, brainstorming, role-plays, games.Mechanical, meaningful, and communicative drills.

drill - technique. (substitution drills, moving slot drills)

mechanical drill : . drill .

meaningful drill : , . ,

.

communicative drill : . ( )

choral drill : . individual drill : .

Controlled to free techniques.

controlled : , , structured, set curriculum. . .

free : , , open-ended, cooperative curri,

.

A Taxonomy of Techniques ( Crookes & Chaudron ) : .

Controlled techniques : content explanation. reading aloud, checking, drill, dictation,

Semicontrolled techniques: brainstorming, story-telling, referential, cued dialogue.

Free techniques : role-play, games, report, problem solving, drama, discussion.

5. Supporting materials : techniques .

Textbook .

Approach Language skills General content

Practice material General sociolinguistic factors

Format Accompanying materials Teacher's guide

Text textbook .

text : . or .

textbook : text .

Computer assisted language learning(CALL)

Tutorial program : .

program einteractive".

.

Text-building program : .


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Process writing : .

Games & simulations :

.

Computer adaptive "testing" : .

, .

item .

, , , , .

.

, , process writing.

, , .

.

Chapter 10. Interactive Language Teaching : Initiating Interaction.

1. Interaction

, , .

.

2. Interactive Principle : ( )

Automaticity Intrinsic motivation Strategic investment

Risk-taking. The language-culture connection Interlanguage

Communicative competence(grammatical, discourse, sociolinguistic, pragmatic, strategic).

3. Roles of the Interactive Teacher

Controller

: . ,

, ,

, .

Director

:

.

Manager

: Lessons, modules, course , ,

.

Facilitator

:

, . ,

.

Resourcer

: . ,

. , , , .

, ,

, .

, ,

.

4. Foreign Language Interaction Analysis


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( , )

. .

5. questioning strategy repertoire

.

.

.

Knowledge Q. ( Define, tell, Identify ) Comprehension Q ( Explain, Outline )

Application Q. ( Demonstrate, Illustrate) Inference Q ( How?, Why?, )

Analysis Q ( Distinguish, compare, contrast) Synthesis Q (Compose, combine)

Evaluation Q (Evaluate, , Choose why, Which is best, What's more important?)

.

Display( ) .

.

.

.

random .

Chapter 11. Interactive Language Teaching : Sustaining Interaction Through Group Work.

1. Group work .

.

: , , , ,

.

.

: .

.

.

.

2. Group work .

.

.

2 .

.

.

(security) . .

monitor .

.

3. group work .

Pair work ?

controlled .

. .


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Meaningful drill . brainstorming .

check . .

Group work .

Group techniques .

Games Role-play simulation Drama Projects Interview

Brainstorming Information gap Jigsaw Problem-solving //decision making

Opinion exchange

Planing group work

Technique ( ) techniques

Model the techniques explicit detailed instruction

clarification monitor Debriefing ( , ! )

Chapter 12. Learner Strategy Training

1. Strategic investment

; 2 .

2 . observing, focusing, practicing, monitoring, correcting .

r .

, .

2. Good learner

; , , , :, ,

, memory strategies ,

cue . tolerance of ambiguity .

3. styles

; 2 style(&) .

, , .

style : . .

strategy : . ,

, .

4. style

Informal self-check lists

Formal personality and cognitive style tests (Myers-Bring Type Inventory)

Reading, lecture, discussions

Impromptu teacher-initiated advice

5. Strategies y?

Strategies :

Direct and cognitive strategy : .

remembering more effectively

using all your cognitive processes

compensating for missing knowledge

Indirect or metacognitive strategy : .

organizing and evaluating your learning

managing your emotions

learning with others


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Interactive techniques .

Compensatory techniques( style ) .

low tolerance of ambiguity : brainstorming, retelling stories, role-play, jigsaw techniques

excessive impulsiveness : making interences, scanning for specific information,

syntactic or semantic clue searches, inductive rule generalization

excessive reflectiveness/caution : small group techniques, role-play, fluency techniques,

syntactic or semantic clue searches, information gap techniques

too much field dependence : integrative language techniques, fluency techniques,

retelling stories, skimming tasks

Strategy inventory .

Impromptu teacher-initiated advice.

6. Learner Strategy Training "Packaged Models".

Textbook-embedded training. - .

Adjunct self-help guides - .

Learning centers .

Chapter 13. Integrating the " Four Skills "

1. 'four skills' . ( Reading )

pre-reading .

series .

, scanning .

.

2. Integration ?

CLT , .

, .

.

3. Integration .

Production reception .

.

.

.

4. Integrating skills .

Content-based Teaching. ( Immersion, sheltered , ESP )

; 2 . , 2 .

. language forms

.

. ,

.

.


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.

(double expert) . team-teaching

models .

Theme-based Teaching. ( Content-based weak version )

; 2 . topic

. theme-based curriculum

. , issue

. , . - English for

Academic Purpose.

( ).

.

Experiential Learning.

; / .

: .

:

d .

The Episode Hypothesis

; Series Method (Gouin) Episode (John Oller)

.

. ( )

, .

u .

,

.

,

.

: episodes .

integrated-skills teaching

episode .

episode written/spoken form , reading writing skills .

episode , speaking or writing skill .

episode episode .

Task-based Teaching

; ( four skills )

Authentic text

.(, , )

(Nunan)

.

.

.

.


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.

Target tasks() :

:

giving personal information' , target task dgiving personal

information in a job interview'

Pedagogical tasks( ) :

: exercise, drill, listening, analyzing, discourse, role-play

tasks

. .

Chapter 14. Teaching Listening Comprehension

Listening Comprehension in Pedagogical Research

Total Physical Response(James Asher)

Natural Approach(Krashen and Terrell) - comprehensible input1. Listening comprehension 8 .

Raw speech .

. Schemata .

Literal meaning . Intended meaning . // .

form .

2. Spoken Language .

Monologue : Planned (, ) Unplanned ()

Dialogue : Interpersonal( ) Unfamiliar //Familiar --

Transactional() Unfamiliar //Familiar -- .

3. Listening ?

Clustering : .

Redundancy : , .

Reduced form : ('Djeetyet?' - 'Did you eat yet?'), (c I'll),

(d When will you be back?' '(I'll be back) Tomorrow, maybe.')

Performance variables : , , .

Colloquial language : , .

Rate of delivery : .

Stress/rhythm/intonation : .

Interaction : , , , , r

r .4. listening performance .

Reactive - choral drill.

Intensive - , . .

Responsive - short-stretch & .

Selective - scan .

Extensive - . Top-down .

Interactive - , , , role-play .


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5. Listening techniques .

four skill , listening .

.

authentic language & contexts .

.

: TPR, , ,

.

Listening strategy .

: , , , , ,

.

bottom-up top-down techniques .

bottom-up : , ,

, , , , .

top-down : , .

, .

.

bottom-up q .

Chapter 15. Teaching Oral Communication Skills

1. .

.

, , .

Language oriented . Message oriented .

: anxiety .

(interactive effect) .

2. c d ?

Clustering : .

Redundan

y : .

Redu

edform : .

Performan

e variables : , ,

.

Colloquial language : , , .

Rate of delivery : .

Stress/rhythm/intonation : .

Intera

tion

3. 'Tea

hing pronun

iation'

Audiolingualism ; .

70 : authenti

ity . . .

80 : / /

.

: , , : .

4. Pronun

iation .

: .

: .


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: (foreign accent) .

Exposure : , .

Innate phonetic ability : .

: , 2

.

good :

.

5. Speech Errors .

feedback , errors .

: , -

.

.

Hendrickson

global error ( )

: q .

local error ( )

: . .

6. Speaking performance .

Imitative

: .

.

drill guidlines

drill

drill

Intensive (self-initiated, work-activity )

: .

Responsive

: .

Transactional dialogue

: (transactional language)

(responsive language) .

Interpersonal dialogue

:

Extensive (oral report, short speech)

: oral report, summary, short speech.

7. Speaking Techniques

language-based message-based .

.

meaningful context, authentic language.

feedback correction

.

'

.

Speaking strategies .


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Chapter 16. Teaching Reading

1. Reading .

Reading =Psycholinguistic guessing game : Bottom-up (data-driven processing)

Schema theory and background knowledge : Top-down (conceptually driven)

schema

linguistic schema

: knowledge of the target language code

content schema

: one's store of concepts and expectations based on prior experience

formal schema

: understanding of how various kinds or types of descourse

: skill-based = bottom-up, // strategy-based = top-down.

Interactive model( )

,

, .

,

: q

:

physical text reader's knowledge and expectation

bottom-up model top-down model

.

.

. ,

, : .

, , ,

, ,

, ,

:

,

,

, , ,


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,

, ,

2.

Permanence : . .

Processing time : .

Distance : . ,

contextual clues . .

Orthography : (phoneme) (grapheme) .

, (read between the lines)

.Complexity : , .

Vocabulary : .

Formality : rhetorical / organizational .

3. Reading

: .

.

bottom-up decoding graphemic rules and patterns (beginning level)

: hint

grapheme-phoneme .

(intermediate & advanced level)

:

.

( ) .

skip.

.

Skimming

: . , ,

.

Scanning

: . academic reading scanning .

Semantic-mapping or clustering

: idea .

Guessing

: , , , , : .

competence gap .

Vocabulary analysis

: guessing .


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: top-down processing skill . ,

.

discourse markers

4. reading performance .

oral ( ) : - , // - ( )

(silent reading) : Intensive - // Extensive - .

intensive reading : linguistic & semantic .

skimming scanning .

extensive reading : skimming scanning .

5. Reading Techniques .

reading skill .

: guideline .

. (real life )

: , , . .

Authentic language & context .

simple text : , , .

simplifying of doctoring up : ( )

simplified text : .

.

bottom-up / top-down .

pre-reading / during-reading / after-reading technique . (2000 )

pre-reading : , schema : (guessing game),

, .

during-reading : , (main idea) , ,

. .

after-reading : , , , ,

Chapter 17. Teaching Writing Skills

1. Writing skill .

Process vs Product

; .

, .

Pre-writing, drafting, rewriting, revision .

.

or feedback .

Contrastive Rhetoric

; , .

Authenticity - .

;Real writing () - . - .

Display writing()-, . - .

Written language .

Permanence : ,

.


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Production time :

.

Distance : :.

Orthography : .

Complexity : r , , , ,

.

Vocabulary : .

Formality : . , , ,

.

2. writing performance

Imitative or writing down. : () , , .

.

.

.

.

, , .

Intensive or control led : Controlled- . Guided writing, dicto-composition.

dicto-composition

: y .

. : .

Self-writing : , .

Display writing : , .

Real writing : .

Academic : ,

(peer-editing)

. Vocational/technical : ,

.

Personal : , , , .

3. Writing techniques .

.

.

. ( - )

.

.

Pre-writing, drafting, revising technique .

pre-writing stage : , brainstorming, group work, freewriting .

drafting/revising stage ; .

. . peer-editing(

)

technique . ( ex: idea , peer-edit )

, .

: , .

first draft


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global errors .

.

, , .

, .

approach .

: .

Chapter 18. Teaching Grammar and Vocabulary

1. Grammar q.

Grammar : sentence r.

Discourse rules : sentences r.

Grammar - Semantics - Pragmatics .

2. To teach or not to teach Grammar.

.

.

.

.

.

.

: .

: u fluency .

: .

skill : .

Register : informal context .

Needs and goals : .

3. How to teach Grammar issues

. - / q.

communicative feel / r -

, in CLT ?

; , . / chart, visuals / /r .

d ?

; q . .

errors ?

; .

4. Grammar Te

hniques

Using

hart- .

Using obje

t- .

Using map & drawings - : q , , .

Using dialogues- , .

Using written texts- .


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5. Grammar Sequencing in Textbooks.

communicative competence .

6. Vocabulary teaching.

.

.

bilingual dictionary .

strategy .

eUnplanned vocabulary" teaching .

Chapter 19. Creating Interactive, Intrinsically Motivating Tests

1. Testing and Teaching

Teaching testing .

Testing : Formal testing(summativetest) // Informal testing(formative)

formal testing : .

. informal testing : skill

. .

2. Signs of Hopein languagetesting

Intelligence: Gardner, Sternberg

Test / / , wholelanguage

skill, learning process, creative, , interactiveskill .

Performance-based testing. ( , )

; open-end problems. hand-on projects, students portfolio, labs, essay writing.

Interactivelanguagetesting.

; L/S , R/W , speaking, requesting, responding, interacting .

3. Intrinsically motivating tests.

Theprincipleof giving students advancepreparation

test .

.

.

.

.

.

.

Theprincipleof facevalidity

.

. test .

test . .

bias for best : , ,

, .

Theprincipleof authenticity

.

.


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The principle of c washback'

test .

formal test .

test .

narrative evaluation .

4. Test .

test

test .

draft your test.

revise your test.

,

feedba

k ( , , )

Washba

kd .

5. Test .

.

.

feedba

k .

.

.

.

'tea

hing' .

Chapter 20. How to Plan a Lesson

1. Obje

tives

.

.

.

2. Individual differen

es

q

.

, .

.

, .

Chapter 21. Classroom Management

1.

.

.

, .

.


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.

.

.

.

2.

.

interactive work .

.

peer-editing, feedback .

.

, .

3.

Rapport .

feedback.

.

.

.

.

teaching by principle

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