teaching demo (hgp)

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    HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

    Prepared by:

    LJ Silvestre

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    Genes and the HGP

    Genes are often described as the biological blueprints or recipes for

    life and are found in the DNA, carrying the genetic information from

    one generation to the next. Many people are convinced that genes

    are special, that they contain a person's essence, which has

    enormous spiritual and commercial value. We are who we are because of our genes.

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    Genes and the HGP

    The Human Genome Project is the process of sequencing/mapping

    of our genome.

    The sequence of our genome will ultimately allow us to discover

    the secrets of life's processes, the biochemical basis of our senses

    and our memory, our development and our aging, our similaritiesand individual differences.

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    Genes and the HGP

    The genome project itself offers no promises of cancer cures or

    quick fixes for Alzheimer's disease, and no detailed understanding

    of genius or schizophrenia.

    But this is the start to possibly prolonging our lives and even

    creating synthetic life.

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    Ethical Concerns

    Thanks to the sequencing of the genome, we are able figure out

    what sort of sicknesses we may have in the future. If this

    information were made public, there could be genetic

    discrimination.

    The question about employers knowing which kind of people not tohire based on the work conditions (but how about the welfare of

    the would-be employee?)

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    Ethical Concerns (raised in class)

    HGP reveals the whole identity of the subject, thus no more

    privacy

    Creates uncertainty about the definition of what it is to be normal

    The safety of the mutants from the normal and vice versa

    Might pave a way for bio weapons and bio terrorism (Nemesis T-

    type is no longer a fantasy)

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    Gene Therapy Procedure

    The technology of gene therapy is based on the effective

    delivery of the corrective genes and to do this, scientists have

    developed gene delivery vehicles called vectors. These vectors

    encapsulate therapeutic genes for delivery into the target

    cells. Many of the vectors currently in use are based onattenuated or modified versions of viruses.

    Plasmids, which are circular pieces of DNA extracted from

    bacteria, are also used as vectors.

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    Ex Vivo

    There are methods of inserting genes, such as

    addition of chemicals to allow the large DNA

    molecules in solution to pass through the cell

    membrane. This requires that the cells be removedfrom the body and treated in a laboratory, making it

    suitable for treatment of easily transplantable tissues

    such as blood and bone marrow. This type of gene

    therapy is referred to as ex vivo, as the cell to beimplanted are harvested from the patient, modified

    and then replaced.

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    In Vivo

    A technique that involves direct insertion of

    the vector into the patient is referred to as in

    vivo gene therapy.

    There are also other techniques, which

    include laser micropuncture of the cell

    membrane, electroporation and biolistics

    (using high velocity tungsten microprojectilesto insert DNA)

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    Some Ethical Concerns

    To treat a pre-embryo that carries a seriousgenetic defect before implantation into themother (this requires the use of in vitro

    fertilization techniques) To treat the germ cells (sperm or egg cells) of the

    afflicted adults so that their genetic defectswould not be passed on to their offspring. This

    approach requires the technical expertise toremove the defective genes and insert a properlyfunctioning replacement.

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    Stem Cell Research

    Stem cells are a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to

    differentiate into specialized cell types. Commonly, stem cells come

    from two main sources:

    Embryos formed during the blastocyst phase of embryological

    development (embryonic stem cells) and Adult tissue (adult stem cells)

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    Adult Stem Cells

    Adult or somatic stem cells exist throughout the body after

    embryonic development and are found inside of different types of

    tissue.

    These stem cells have been found in tissues such as the brain, bone

    marrow, blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, skin, and the liver. They remain in a quiescent or non-dividing state for years until

    activated by disease or tissue injury.

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    Embryonic Stem Cells

    Embryonic stem cells are derived from a four- or five-day-old

    human embryo that is in the blastocyst phase of development. The

    embryos are usually extras that have been created in IVF (in vitro

    fertilization) clinics where several eggs are fertilized in a test tube,

    but only one is implanted into a woman. When extracting embryonic stem cells, the blastocyst stage signals

    when to isolate stem cells by placing the "inner cell mass" of the

    blastocyst into a culture dish containing a nutrient-rich broth.

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    Lacking the necessary stimulation to differentiate, they begin to

    divide and replicate while maintaining their ability to become any

    cell type in the human body.

    Eventually, these undifferentiated cells can be stimulated to create

    specialized cells.

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    Stem Cell Cultures

    Stem cells are either extracted from adult tissue or from a dividing

    zygote in a culture dish.

    Once extracted, scientists place the cells in a controlled culture that

    prohibits them from further specializing or differentiating but

    usually allows them to divide and replicate. The process of growing large numbers of embryonic stem cells has

    been easier than growing large numbers of adult stem cells, but

    progress is being made for both cell types.

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    Ethical Issues in Stem Cell

    Research The debates surrounding stem cell research primarily are driven by

    methods concerning embryonic stem cell research. The main

    critique of this research is that it required the destruction of a

    human blastocyst. That is, a fertilized egg was not given the chance

    to develop into a fully-developed human. People also take issue with the creation of chimeras. A chimera is

    an organism that has both human and animal cells and tissues.

    Often in stem cell research, human cells are inserted into animals

    (like mice or rats) and allowed to develop. This creates the

    opportunity for researchers to see what happens when stem cellsare implanted. Many people, however, object to the creation of an

    organism that is "part human".

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    Xenotransplantation

    Xenotransplantation is the transplantation of living cells, tissues or

    organs from one species to another.

    These cells, tissues or organs are called xenografts or

    xenotransplants

    Xenotransplants could save thousands of patients waiting fordonated organs.

    The animal organ, probably from a pig or baboon could be

    genetically altered with human genes to trick a patients immune

    system into accepting it as a part of its own body.

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    Donors?

    Pigs are currently thought to be the best candidates for organ

    donation.

    The risk of cross-species disease transmission is decreased because

    of their increased phylogenetic distance from humans.

    They are readily available, their organs are anatomically comparablein size, and new infectious agents are less likely since they have

    been in close contact with humans through domestication for many

    generations.

    Current experiments in xenotransplantation most often use pigs as

    the donor, and baboons as human models.

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    Ethical Concerns

    Animal rights groups against the idea of

    harvesting animal organs for experimentation.

    Crossing the species border (having a pig

    heart, etc.)

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    This Could Save Your Life

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    Activity

    Pair up

    On a sheet of paper, list down at least 3

    ethical concerns connected with HGP and the

    Germ line therapy

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    References

    http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/students99/rothe.htm

    http://sgugenetics.pbworks.com/w/page/38231663/The%20Human%20Genome%20Project

    http://www.montegen.com/Montegen/Nature_of_Business/The_Library/Genomics/Germ_Line_Gene_Th

    erapy/germ_line_gene_therapy.htm

    http://www.angelfire.com/hi3/germline/

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuUpnAz5y1g&list=LL1S6I6KafLSwEVE2lkHjYeA&index=1&feature=plp

    p_video (Human Genome Project)

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4i6lYfYQzY&list=LL1S6I6KafLSwEVE2lkHjYeA&index=1&feature=plpp

    _video (How to Sequence a Genome: Introduction)

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfXK50Bxod8&feature=related (Gene Therapy Example)

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ce8ZVyUqY-I&feature=relmfu (Craig Venter)

    http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/stem_cell/

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUcE1Y_bOQE&feature=player_embedded (Stem Cells)

    http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/students99/rothe.htmhttp://sgugenetics.pbworks.com/w/page/38231663/The%20Human%20Genome%20Projecthttp://www.montegen.com/Montegen/Nature_of_Business/The_Library/Genomics/Germ_Line_Gene_Therapy/germ_line_gene_therapy.htmhttp://www.montegen.com/Montegen/Nature_of_Business/The_Library/Genomics/Germ_Line_Gene_Therapy/germ_line_gene_therapy.htmhttp://www.angelfire.com/hi3/germline/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuUpnAz5y1g&list=LL1S6I6KafLSwEVE2lkHjYeA&index=1&feature=plpp_videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuUpnAz5y1g&list=LL1S6I6KafLSwEVE2lkHjYeA&index=1&feature=plpp_videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4i6lYfYQzY&list=LL1S6I6KafLSwEVE2lkHjYeA&index=1&feature=plpp_videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4i6lYfYQzY&list=LL1S6I6KafLSwEVE2lkHjYeA&index=1&feature=plpp_videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfXK50Bxod8&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ce8ZVyUqY-I&feature=relmfuhttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/stem_cell/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUcE1Y_bOQE&feature=player_embeddedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUcE1Y_bOQE&feature=player_embeddedhttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/stem_cell/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ce8ZVyUqY-I&feature=relmfuhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ce8ZVyUqY-I&feature=relmfuhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ce8ZVyUqY-I&feature=relmfuhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfXK50Bxod8&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4i6lYfYQzY&list=LL1S6I6KafLSwEVE2lkHjYeA&index=1&feature=plpp_videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4i6lYfYQzY&list=LL1S6I6KafLSwEVE2lkHjYeA&index=1&feature=plpp_videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuUpnAz5y1g&list=LL1S6I6KafLSwEVE2lkHjYeA&index=1&feature=plpp_videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuUpnAz5y1g&list=LL1S6I6KafLSwEVE2lkHjYeA&index=1&feature=plpp_videohttp://www.angelfire.com/hi3/germline/http://www.montegen.com/Montegen/Nature_of_Business/The_Library/Genomics/Germ_Line_Gene_Therapy/germ_line_gene_therapy.htmhttp://www.montegen.com/Montegen/Nature_of_Business/The_Library/Genomics/Germ_Line_Gene_Therapy/germ_line_gene_therapy.htmhttp://sgugenetics.pbworks.com/w/page/38231663/The%20Human%20Genome%20Projecthttp://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/students99/rothe.htm
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