teaching grammar and language functions
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Teaching Grammar and Language Functions. MA in English Language Teaching NYME BTK 2011 Foki Lívia. Definitions. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
MA IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
NYME BTK2011
FOKI LÍVIA
Teaching Grammar and Language Functions
Definitions
“At its heart, then, grammar consists of two fundamental ingredients – syntax and morphology – and together they help us to identify grammatical forms which serve to enhance and sharpen the expression of meaning.”
Batstone, Product and process: Grammar in the second language classroom. In Bygate, M., Tonkyn, A. and Williams, E. (eds.) Grammar and the Language Teacher. pp. 224-236. London: Prentice Hall. 1994b:4
Definitions
“Grammar is a set of rules that define how words are combined or changed to form acceptable units of meaning within language.”
Ur, A Course in Language Teaching. Cambridge: CUP. 1996:87
Definitions
“…grammar(ing) is one of the dynamic linguistic processes of pattern formulation in language, which can be used by humans for making meaning in context-appropriate ways.”
Larsen-Freeman, Teaching Language: From Grammar to Grammaring. Boston: Thomson, Heinle. 2003:142
Purpose of grammar teaching
To enable learners to use linguistic forms
accuratelymeaningfullyappropriately
to achieve communicative competence
Communicative Competence
Chomsky’s competence:The native speaker's perfect knowledge of the
grammatical rules, lexis and the sound system knowing what is grammatically correct.
Hymes communicative competenceThe ability not only to apply the grammatical
rules of a language in order to form grammatically correct sentences but also to know when and where to use these sentences and to whom.
Communicative Competence
Canale and Swain
1. Linguistic2. Sociolinguistic 3. Discourse4. Strategic
Theories and approaches related to grammar teaching
The Grammar Translation Method
“grammar translation approaches the language first through detailed analysis of its grammar rules, followed by application of this knowledge to the task of translating
sentences and texts into and out of the target language. It hence views language learning as consisting of little more than memorizing rules and facts in order to
understand and manipulate the morphology and syntax of the foreign language”
(Richards and Rogers,1986:3).
Theories and approaches related to grammar teaching
The Audiolingual Method
• Structural patterns are taught using repetitive drills, grammar explanation is not given.
• Inductive explanation of grammar is preferred.
• Structures are taught one at a time and then sequenced based on contrastive analysis
Theories and approaches related to grammar teaching
The Communicative Approach
• Distinction is made between acquisition and learning.
• Language should be learnt by experiencing it meaningfully as a tool for communication.
• Problems occur in contexts where the availability of the communicative use of the language is limited, and exams require a high level of grammatical accuracy.
Processes involved in grammar teaching and
learning
Comprehensible inputThe learner progresses along a natural order when
receiving input that is one step beyond the learner’s current stage of linguistic competence (i+1) (Krashen's Input Hypothesis)
Consciousness-raising/awareness raisingAn approach to the teaching of grammar in which
instruction is viewed as a way of raising the learner’s awareness of grammatical features of the language. This approach is contrasted with traditional approaches to the teaching of grammar, in which the goal is to instill correct grammatical patterns and habits directly.
Processes involved in grammar teaching and
learning
Noticingconscious intake of new languagenoticing is an interface between explicit and implicit
knowledge: conscious intake of new languagenoticing the form is facilitated when the input is
meaningful to the learner Inductive and deductive approachinductive approach the rule is inferred through
some form of guided discovery.deductive approach the rule is presented and
the language is produced based on the rule.
Processes involved in grammar teaching and
learning
Declarative and procedural knowledgeDeclarative knowledge (explicit) is available to consciousness
and can be used as a set of instructions to guide behaviour through interpretative, problem-solving or analogy-forming procedures
Procedural knowledge (implicit) is not conscious and only comes about by repeated use of declarative knowledge in productions
Input and intakeInput: language resources, textbooks, materials, and classroom
discourse that are used to initiate the language learning process.
Intake :that part of the input that has actually been processed and turned to knowledge of some kind.
The PPP lesson
Presentation - Practice – Production
1. Presentation stage: - learners receive input concerning a certain language phenomenon- through various presentation techniques the teacher leads the
learners to notice the language form in focus
General model for introducing new grammar:
FORM - FUNCTION - MEANING lead-in elicitation highlighting form and pronunciation accurate reproduction concept checking
2. Practicecomprises a series of activities which can be seen as
progressing on a control cline. At the controlled end the focus is on the form, at the free end the focus is on the meaning
Controlled practice-drilling Free practice
3. ProductionFree language use is fostered by the use of
Communicative/information gap activities.
Principles of teaching grammar
Grammar should be taught frequently and in little bits with a lot of recycling and revision
Grammar should be taught systematically with enough flexibility to react to learners' needs.
Grammar should be presented and practiced in meaning-oriented activities.
A combination of inductive and deductive presentations should be used.
Limited use of the L1 should be made possible. Problem-solving grammar activities should be used to
develop learners' active knowledge of grammar. Elicitation and corrective feedback .should be used
Bibliography
Bygate, M., Tonkyn, A. and Williams, E. (1994)(eds.) Grammar and the Language Teacher. London: Prentice Hall.
Scrivener, J. (2010) Teaching English Grammar. Macmillan.
Thornbury, S. (1999) How to Teach Grammar. LongmanThornbury, S (2001) Uncovering Grammar. Macmillan
Heinemann.Ur, P. (1988) Grammar Practice Activities. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.Ur, P. (1996) A Course in Language Teaching.
Cambridge: CUP.