teaching in america
DESCRIPTION
Teaching in America. Elizabeth A. Self Doctoral Student Vanderbilt University’s Peabody College Department of Teaching and Learning Language, Literacy, and Culture. Overview. Historical Context Characteristics of Teachers Economic Status of Teacher Working Conditions Professional Status - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Teaching in America
Elizabeth A. SelfDoctoral Student
Vanderbilt University’s Peabody CollegeDepartment of Teaching and Learning
Language, Literacy, and Culture
Overview
Historical Context
Characteristics of Teachers
Economic Status of Teacher
Working Conditions
Professional Status
Current Issues
Our question for today:
Why is it so difficult to improve teaching in the U.S. on a mass
scale?
So what do you know?
Schoolteacher (Lortie, 1975)
Sociological study of teachers
“Teaching is unusual in that those who decide to enter it have had exceptional opportunity to observe members of the occupation at work” (p. 65)
Prior conceptions
Historical Contextthe abridged version
Pre-industrial period (17th and 18th centuries) -- teachers mostly men
Early industrial period (late 19th/early 20th century)-- more women teachers; moral stewards and reformers
Mature industrial period (early 20th century) -- job market opened for men, who left teaching; cash-poor school districts hired women, who accepted low wages because of limited options
Characteristics of Teachers
Typical American teacher is a 42-year-old, White, married woman with two children, who holds a graduate degree and has taught about 15 years
Gender -- approximately even in secondary levels, but disproportionately female in elementary school
Race -- in 2007-08, 82.3% White; African American teachers more likely to teach in schools with higher proportions of minority students
Age -- nearly the same for elementary and secondary levels, public/private, and all ethnicities
Diversifying the Demographic
Efforts to increase representation of minorities (Sleeter, 2001; Sleeter & Milner, 2011) -- must consider
Reliance on standardized tests in teacher education programs and licensing
Overwhelming Whiteness of TEP
Some efforts to increase number of men
What teachers make
Economic Status
Huge teacher shortages in early 20th century + eligible people did not want to enter teaching (not a “man’s task”) = people hired who were inexperienced and untrained
Low teacher pay is linked to teacher dissatisfaction and the number of new entrants
25% of public school teachers earn incomes from outside sources
Teacher’s salaries high for women compared to other women workers but low for men compared to other men workers
Would require a 25% increase in pay for US teachers to be comparable to teachers globally
Alternative Teacher
CompensationSigning bonuses, especially for math and science teachers, and other benefits
Performance- (or behavior-) based -- pay based on being a “good teacher”
Outcome-based -- “merit pay” or value-added (see Springer et al., 2010)
National Board Certification and/or bonuses for teachers to move to high-poverty schools (see Washington state)
Six-figure salaries for teachers -- The Equity Project, NY ($125k plus bonuses)
Working Conditions
Class size increases with budget shortfalls
Average number of hours per week (1997): 46-47
The more low-income students, the less access to materials
Safety a concern in urban and secondary schools
Level of isolation/collaboration varies and often determined by school climate
(Henke et al. 1997; Smith et al., 1997)
What teachers have to decide
What to teach (content knowledge) -- more standards, not necessarily a more standardized curriculum
How to teach it (pedagogy) -- method of instruction; what best meets the needs of each student?
How to assess it -- quizzes, tests, essay, project, presentations; tied to pedagogical approach
What and when to reteach
How to engage/motivate -- build intrinsic or extrinsic rewards; best motivator may vary by student
Let’s plan together
English/Language Arts
RL.11-12.4. Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone, including words with multiple meanings or language that is particularly fresh, engaging, or beautiful.
What teachers have to do
Administrative: take attendance, make copies, complete forms for fundraisers
Classroom management: seating charts, passing out and collecting papers, consequences, discipline
School functions: monitor hallways, lunch room, ISS, study hall; sell tickets at sporting events; supervise students at assemblies
Professional duties: departmental, grade-level, and faculty meetings; IEP/504 meetings, family nights, parent-teacher conferences
Planning: must consider standards (Common Core), ability levels, differentiation, motivation/engagement, growth
Instruction: lecture, manage group-work, meet with students one-on-one, respond to students’ questions/confusion/disengagement/unexpected interruptions
Assessment: formative and summative, grades, feedback, class-level and school-/district-/state-level
Social Class and School Culture
Race/ethnicity (Howard, 2010; Milner, 2010), social class (Lareau, 1987) make a difference in how teachers see their work, students, students’ families, and colleagues
Students sorted and selected early based on presumed ability (Rist, 1967; Gouldner, 1978)
Culturally responsive/relevant pedagogy (Gay, 2010; Ladson-Billings, 2011) and a more diverse teaching demographic needed
Professional Status
Considered by some as a semi- or quasi-profession; deskilled through highly specific tasks (ie. scripted curriculum)
Some sociologists have used a gender-neutral approach to studying the professional status of teachers; others emphasize that teaching is female-dominated
Look at conditions necessary to teachers’ professional fulfillment (optimistic, empowered, challenged)
Some Empirical Questions
What is the role of selectivity in recruiting highly-educated individuals to teaching? (Think TFA or read Martin Haberman.)
Are the skills of highly effective teachers the same in differing school contexts? If so, what would motivate them to move to high-need schools? If not, how should teacher education respond to this variation in necessary skill sets?
How will the changing national and student demographic affect the necessary knowledge base for teachers?
So what’s your answer?
Why is it so difficult to improve teaching in the U.S. on a mass
scale?