teaching stem is rocket science · teaching stem is rocket science zach greenberg 1 october 7, ......
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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Teaching STEM is Rocket Science
Zach Greenberg
1
October 7, 2015
© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Introductions: Orbital ATK
New Global Aerospace and Defense Company Established by Merger of Orbital and Alliant
Techsystems in Early 2015
About $4.5 Billion in Pro Forma Revenue Targeted for 2015
Leading Developer and Manufacturer of Innovative, Affordable Products for Government
and Commercial Customers
Launch Vehicles, Propulsion Systems and Aerospace Structures
Missile Products, Defense Electronics, Armament Systems and Ammunition
Satellites, Space Components and Technical Services
12,000 Employees, Including 4,000 Engineers and Scientists
Over $12 billion in Contract Backlog with Strong Near-term Growth Prospects
Strong Revenue Growth, Earnings Accretion and Cash Flow Outlook
Orbital ATK, Inc. - Overview 2
Aerospace Systems
Defense Systems
Innovation… Delivered
© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Core Values and Guiding Principles
For our customers, we will always
act with integrity and responsiveness,
working to earn and maintain their
loyalty every day.
For our investors, we will
manage our business with
discipline and deploy its capital
to enhance long-term returns to
shareholders.
For our employees, we will
encourage the highest levels of
engagement, diligence and
creativity, and reward their
dedication and teamwork.
For our suppliers, we will be
honest and fair, seeking
opportunities for beneficial
collaboration in long-term
alliances.
For our country, we are proudly patriotic and deeply
grateful to those who defend our freedom. In addition, we
are an involved and responsible corporate citizen of the
communities where we live and work. Orbital ATK, Inc. - Overview 3
Our Mission: To conceive, develop and manufacture space, defense
and aviation systems and products that are innovative, reliable and
affordable. By doing so, we assist our customers in protecting the
Unites States and our allies; in providing global transportation,
communications and monitoring; and in conducting space
sciences and exploration missions.
Our Vision: To create the most innovative and
affordable aerospace and defense systems and
products, enabling individuals, business and
governments to be more secure, connected,
informed and inspired.
Our Values: Safety, reliability and
integrity are the three absolutes in
everything we do.
© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Top Customers and Revenue Composition
52%
20%
28%
National Security NASA/Civil
Government
Commercial/
International
Approximate Revenue Distribution Orbital ATK, Inc. - Overview 4
© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
David Thompson – President & CEO
Blake Larson – Chief Operating Officer
Garrett Pierce – Chief Financial Officer
Organizational Structure and Leadership
Antonio Elias – Executive Vice
President/Chief Technical Officer
Chris Wolf – Senior Vice President/
Human Resources
Tom McCabe – Senior Vice
President/General Counsel
Flight Systems Group
Scott Lehr – Group President
Ronald Grabe – Senior Advisor
Defense Systems Group
Michael Kahn – Group President
Space Systems Group
Frank Culbertson – Group President
Michael Larkin– Senior Vice President
Propulsion Systems – Charles Precourt
Launch Vehicles – Rich Straka
Antares Program – Mike Pinkston
Aerospace Structures – Steve Earl
Missile Products – Pat Nolan
Defense Electronics – Cary Ralston
Armament Systems – Dan Olson
Ammunition – Kent Holiday
Commercial Satellites – Chris Richmond
Government Satellites – Tom Wilson (Act)
Space Components – David Shanahan
Technical Services – John Pullen
Orbital ATK, Inc. - Overview Feb2015 5
Edward Fortunato - Senior Vice
President/Government Relations
Dave Wise - Vice President/Strategy
and Integration
Greg Jones – Vice President/Business
Development and International
© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
More than 12,500 Employees Dedicated to
Aerospace and Defense Customers
4,150 Engineers and Scientists
7,000 Manufacturing and Operations
Specialists
1,000 Management and
Administration Personnel
Facilities in 17 States With Over 19
Million Sq. Ft. of R&D, Manufacturing,
Test, Operations and Office Space
6.1 Million Sq. Ft. Owned
5.3 Million Sq. Ft. Leased
8.1 Million Sq. Ft. Government Owned
Extensive Human and Physical Resources
Orbital ATK, Inc. - Overview Feb2015 6
© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
A History of Innovation and Operations Excellence
Flight Systems
First Private Developer and
Operator of Space Launch
Vehicles… More Than 85 Flown
or in Production
Leading Producer of Solid Rocket
Propulsion Systems… Over 16,000
Motors Built to Date
Primary Supplier of Long-Range
Missile Defense Interceptors and
Target Systems… More Than 300
Vehicles Built or Under Contract
Innovator in Advanced Composite
Structures Engineering and
Manufacturing for Aerospace
Applications
7 Orbital ATK, Inc. - Overview Feb2015
Defense Systems
Pioneer in Tactical Missile
Propulsion, Precision-Guided
Munitions and Advanced Weapons
World’s Largest Manufacturer
of Small- and Medium-Caliber
Ammunition… More Than 8
Billion Rounds Produced in
Last 5 Years
Principal Supplier of Medium-
Caliber Gun Systems for U.S.
and NATO… 15,000-Unit
Installed Base
Leading Domestic Armament
Facility Operator and International
Co-Production Partner
Space Systems
Major Builder of Satellites for
Commercial and Government
Customers… Over 165 Delivered
and Another 95 in Production
Pioneer in Human and Robotic In-
Space Satellite Servicing and
Logistics Systems
Industry-Standard Supplier of
Spacecraft Components and
Subsystems… Products on More
Than 800 In-Orbit Satellites
Leading Operator of Small
Research Rockets and High-
altitude Scientific Balloons…
30 Missions Conducted Per Year
© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Three Operating Groups and 12 Product Lines
Flight Systems Group • Space Launch Vehicles
• Rocket Propulsion Systems
• Missile Defense Systems
• Aerospace Structures
Space Systems Group • Commercial Satellites
• Government Satellites
• Spacecraft Components
• Space Technical Services
Defense Systems Group • Tactical Missile Products
• Defense Electronic Systems
• Armament Systems
• Ammunition and Energetics
33%
40%
27%
Approximate Revenue Distribution Orbital ATK, Inc. - Overview Feb2015 8
© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Flight Systems Group Overview
Medium-Class Launch Vehicles Large-Class Launch Vehicle
Propulsion Systems
Strategic Missile
Propulsion Systems
Small-Class Launch Vehicles
Suborbital Targets Commercial Aerostructures Military Aerostructures Missile Defense Interceptors
Annual Sales of About $1.5 Billion
Workforce of Approximately 4,500 People
Major Operations in Arizona, Utah, Virginia,
Ohio, Alabama and Mississippi Orbital ATK, Inc. - Overview Feb2015 9
© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Defense Systems Group Overview
Missile Propulsion Systems Precision-Guided Munitions Aircraft Protection Systems Advanced Tactical Missiles
Advanced Gun Systems Medium-Caliber Systems Small-Caliber Ammunition Light Gunships
Annual Sales of About $1.9 Billion
Workforce of Approximately 4,600 People
Major Operations in Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia,
Missouri, Minnesota, Arizona, Texas, Florida and California Orbital ATK, Inc. - Overview Feb2015 10
© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Space Systems Group Overview
Scientific Spacecraft Human Space Systems National Security Satellites Commercial Satellites
Space Components Space Engineering Services Research Rocket and
Balloon Operations
Advanced Space Systems
Annual Sales of About $1.2 Billion
Workforce of Approximately 2,700 People
Major Operations in Virginia, Maryland, California,
Arizona, Texas and Utah Orbital ATK, Inc. - Overview Feb2015
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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Introductions: Zach Greenberg
Education:
Bachelor of Science in Engineering, Aerospace Engineering University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
− Aircraft, spacecraft, structures, controls, programming, engineering principles, technical communications
Master of Engineering, Space Systems Engineering Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
− Program and project management, human and robotic spaceflight, operations, analysis, modeling and simulation
Work Experience
Launch Vehicles
− Flight Termination and Stage Separation
Space Vehicles
− Propulsion Systems
− Mission Operations
− System Architecture Design and Suitability
− Business Development, Bids, and Proposals
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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
My Context
How I Contribute to Orbital ATK
Roles
− Formerly, Lead Propulsion Analyst
◦ How much propellant is left?
◦ How will the system perform?
− Lead Propulsion Engineer
◦ All elements of cost, schedule, and technical performance
− “Utility” Systems Engineer
◦ Mission operations, business development
Programs
− Cygnus – International Space Station Resupply
◦ Bring supplies to the astronauts aboard ISS
− Commercial Communications Spacecraft
• GEOStar-2 and GEOStar-3
• Direct-to-home communication services
• Data relay and communication services
− National Programs
◦ Support the nation by contributing to advanced, reliable space based capabilities
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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
My Involvement With Education
Many teachers in my family
Volunteering for youth groups
What I’ve Learned
Excellent classroom assembly, disassembly, and relocation skills
Students are highly impressionable, at all levels
There is no such thing as enough planning time
Take every opportunity to help and support education and educators
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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Engineering Motivation
What’s Next?
Your students in your STEM classes will determine that
Engineering Careers
Technical challenges, innovation, intellectual stimulation
Constant demand, opportunities to contribute across many subject areas
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Image Source: http://www.wikipedia.org
Image Source: http://www.wikipedia.org
© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Problem Solving Activity
Tell me every piece of information about a student that you would need in order to determine if: (1) he/she will be a good student, (2) verify that he/she is a good student once you’ve started to teach him/her, and (3) determine the cause of any problems which may arise over the course of his/her instruction.
Constraints and Outputs:
(1) The student is coming from a school in a foreign country, and that school can only provide you with three pieces of information. Those three pieces of information can either each be a number, or a phrase with no more than five words. What three pieces of information do you request?
(2) The student does not speak the same languages that you do, and is from a culture where gestures and images have significantly different meanings from those in your language and culture. Fortunately, a translator who knows the language and the culture is available. After school each day, the translator will take your lessons and translate them for the student, so he/she receives all of the necessary instruction. Unfortunately, the translator can only be in class with you for one hour each day. This is your only time for assessment and communication directly with this student. It takes six minutes to translate from your language into the student’s, allow time for the student to answer, and then translate back into your language. So, you’ll only be able to ask the student 10 questions in this time each day, with answers that can be no longer than a single sentence. Provide some general methodologies or strategies for handling this unique assessment situation.
(3) For emergencies, the translator will make you a set of three questions in the student’s language, written out with up to four answers each. You may use this any time you wish, point to a question, and the student will point to an answer. What are those three questions and answers?
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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Problem Solving Activity – Tie In
Tell me every piece of information about a student [spacecraft] that you would need in order to determine if he/she [it] will be a good student [successfully accomplish its mission], verify that he/she [the spacecraft] is a good student [properly accomplishing its mission] once you’ve started to teach him/her [it has launched], and determine the cause of any problems which may arise over the course of his/her instruction [its mission].
Constraints:
This mission will be adapted from a heritage mission, with some overlap, but will operate in a significantly different environment with brand new mission requirements. Only minimal information from this heritage mission is applicable going forward. What elements of heritage can be applied to this new mission?
This mission will fly in a orbit that only provides you with 3 hours of contact with the spacecraft each day. During those contacts, only a limited amount of data can be acquired from the spacecraft. What information do you put on the data channel to verify the spacecraft is performing its mission properly?
If there is a major anomaly, the spacecraft will go into safe mode, providing only critical functions and critical data. What are those critical functions and critical data necessary to keep the spacecraft healthy and to provide the ground controllers with sufficient information to diagnose and fix the problem?
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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Engineering Careers – Skills and Perspectives
Problem Solving
Understand all of the constraints of a given problem space
Clearly bound the problem with explicit assumptions
Evaluate various methods to solve the problem
Select the best method to solve the problem
Execute the chosen method
Iterate and adapt the methodology as appropriate
Document the methodology and solution
Technical Communication
Present technical information to non-technical people
Present technical information to people who know more about it than you do
Unambiguously communicate assumptions, methodologies, and results
Explain in terms your audience is comfortable with
− I’m a propulsion engineer, if someone is explaining circuits to me, it’s more easily digested if analogies to valves and tubing are used to help the explanation along
Insufficient emphasis in STEM courses, both in primary and secondary education
19
© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Effective Technical Communication
Poor Technical Communication
Hydrazine is used in some REA
types, which is stored in tanks with
special PMDs, which make use of
surface tension. Due to the strongest
force in orbit being surface tension,
these hydrazine flow structures are
made to ensure the engines always
have propellant.
Improved Technical Communication
The Hydrazine used by the Rocket
Engine Assemblies (REAs) is stored
in the propellant tanks. Constant
propellant flow is maintained using
surface tension Propellant
Management Devices (PMDs).
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Acronyms (which we love in engineering) are not defined on first use
Excellent way to create issues – no-one wants to have to be the one to ask “what does that stand for”
Technical information is not well organized
Are the REAs stored in tanks, or is the Hydrazine?
Extraneous information is included
“It’s not necessary to prove you’re the smartest one in the room”
Suggested Reference:
“The Elements of Style”, William
Strunk Jr. and E.B. White.
© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Engineering Careers – Skills and Perspectives
Perfection vs. Experimentation Balance
Both of the following are true:
− Aerospace and Defense has no tolerance for mistakes, it has to work the first time
− Aerospace and Defense is a major source of innovations and technology development
Seemingly contradictory
− Innovation requires experimentation, which may succeed or fail
− Critical missions (e.g. manned spaceflight) require perfection, with no room for error
Need to train “technical chameleons” capable of living in both of these worlds
− Apply the right approach at the right time
− Ensure technical solutions are neither over or under constrained
Risk Management
Ability to find all of the “hard” elements of a problem
Don’t shy away from them – figure out how to gain confidence in them
No forward progress without risks
− No forward progress if our risks are continually realized, resulting in failures
Carefully articulated balance – Risk Management is an art and a science
How can risk management be taught in the classroom?
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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Engineering Careers – Skills and Perspectives
Precision Achievement
A scientist and an engineer are placed in a room with a $1,000,000 check at the other
end. They are told that when they reach the check, they may have it. They are also
told that they may only advance towards the check once per minute, and that each
time they move, they may traverse half the distance remaining to the check. The
scientist becomes furious stating “this is impossible, doing that, I’ll never actually
reach the check!” The engineer smiles and says “that’s OK, after a short while, I’ll be
close enough for all practical purposes.” The scientist would spend infinity trying to
truly reach the check, where the engineer would get within arm’s reach, and grab it.
Significant emphasis on complete achievement, and going above and beyond
Equal emphasis necessary on understanding the practical realities and achieving them
Dimensional Analysis
Anything can be multiplied by 1, but 1 is not always just 1
− 2.20462 lbm / 1 kg = 1; 9 degrees Rankine / 5 degrees Kelvin = 1
One of the most useful analytical tools (and analytical mindsets) I’ve ever learned
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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Dangerous Mistakes – Check Your Units
Engine Vendor Specification
“Through nominal operations of the
Rocket Engine Assemble (REA),
temperatures of up to 1400 degrees
are observed in test. These
conditions are acceptable for on-
orbit operations.”
23
Graph indicates safe engine operation
based upon the vendor information
Or does it?
Inconel is a common aerospace
material used in high-temperature
applications
Melting point: 2460ºF (1350ºC)
Your engine just melted
Engine Vendor Specification
“Through nominal operations of the Rocket Engine Assemble (REA), temperatures of up to 1400 degrees Fahrenheit are observed in test. These conditions are acceptable for on-orbit operations.”
Finding, catching, and correcting imprecise details and missing information is a crucial engineering skill
0
500
1000
1500
0 10 20 Ch
amb
er
Tem
p (
°C)
Time (Minutes)
Max Temp
1375ºC
© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
A Word On Accidents (Different from Mistakes)
Rocket Launch Failure
Rocket Failure Seconds into the 5th launch of Antares (4th launch of Cygnus to
the ISS)
Alternate launch vehicle for next launch to ISS
Antares main engine replaced on accelerated schedule
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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Engineering Careers – Skills and Perspectives
Resiliency
Everything does not always work
There is not always an answer
Accidents and Mistakes are a reality of engineering
Redundancy, backup plans, and recovery plans are critical
Engineer for the best, plan for the worst
Intuition, Creativity and Curiosity
Find new and interesting ways to make things work
Exhaust all possibilities to find the answer
An unanswered question is an opportunity
− It may also be the key to saving a mission or a life
An ability to “understand everything,” even outside of one’s area of expertise
A Strong Demand for Excellence
A Strong Desire to Work On Really Cool Stuff
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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Orbital Commercial Cargo Program
Under the joint NASA / Orbital Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) Program, Orbital ATK developed the “Cygnus” Advanced Maneuvering Space Vehicle, Which is Designed to Meet the Stringent Safety Requirements for International Space Station (ISS) Cargo Operations
Developed through Space Act Agreement (2008)
Successful Antares Test Flight Accomplished in April 2013
ISS Demonstration Mission and 2 Operational Missions Completed
Following the COTS Demonstration Mission, Orbital ATK is Providing Cargo Resupply to ISS Under the Cargo Resupply Services Contract
10 Flights Over Period From 2013-2017
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Drawing Upon Its 30 Years Of Satellite And Major Space Systems
Development And Operations Experience, Orbital ATK Embarked On A
Venture To Provide Low Earth Orbit Cargo Transfer Services To NASA’s
ISS Program
© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Cygnus Overview
The Cygnus vehicle is comprised of two modules -
Service Module (SM)
Orbital ATK GEO and LEO missions heritage
with fault tolerant 4 flight computer architecture
Power : 2 Fixed Wing Solar Arrays
Propulsion: 1 engine for major orbit shaping , 3
thruster sets for attitude control and ISS
rendezvous maneuvers
Navigation: GPS, ISS Relative GPS Navigation,
LIDAR
Communication: RF directly to ISS, RF to
TDRSS/Ground Stations, 1553 direct to ISS
(berthed)
Pressurized Cargo Module (PCM)
Heritage: Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (ISS); ATV
Total Payload Mass: 2,000 kg, passive and powered
Pressurized Volume: 18.7 m3
Berthing at ISS: Node 2 Common Berthing Mechanism
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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Cygnus Mission Control
Cygnus missions are operated from Orbital's state-of-the-art Mission Control Complex in
Dulles, Virginia, in concert with NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.
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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Cygnus Service Modules in Final Assembly and Test
at Orbital’s Satellite Manufacturing Facility
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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Orb-D1 Mission Summary Video
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Available At: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=udhxrpuA_Ys
© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.
Thank You!
Without the hard work, long hours, and devotion to student achievement characteristic of those devoted to education, none of us would be positioned to accomplish these great engineering feats.
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math education plays a significant role in shaping our future engineers.
Ensures the state of the art in all technical areas, including space, will continue to advance
Makes certain that the technologies and systems relied upon by those who defend our country and put their lives on the line for our freedom will always be of the highest caliber
Keeps those who risk life and limb for scientific advancement safe, secure, and able to push the boundaries of our knowledge of our world, and the universe around us
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Questions?