teaching the language of short stories dr. husniah sahamid facullty of educational studies...
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TEACHING THE LANGUAGE OF SHORT STORIES
DR. HUSNIAH SAHAMIDFacullty of Educational Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia [email protected],edu.my
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What can you tell me about the‘Short Story’?
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Short story• Short work of fiction• Written in prose• Usually 500- 15,000 words
Five Elements• Plot ?• Setting ?• Character ?• Conflict ?• Theme ?
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• What are other typical characteristics of the short story?
Take a guess….
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Typically – but NOT always
• Revolves : single incident, plot, setting• Small number of characters• Short period of time
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Typical Plot- Structure..BUT ?1. Exposition2. Rising Action3. Climax4. Falling Action/Denouement5. /Resolution
RISING ACTION Plot EXPOSITION Setting Character Introduction
CLIMAXhighest point of conflictturning point – shift in the story
DENOUEMENTuntying of the knot
RESOLUTIONconclusion
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• Brevity• Unlike Novel : time to develop • SS may not follow traditional plot structure:
- No exposition- begins in the middle (media res) - abrupt ending
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Setting• Time: hour, period/era/time of day• Place/ Location/ Site• Descriptions of landscape, scenery, season
weather, • Sometimes indirect• Infer sense of time/place
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Character
• Direct ? examples• Indirect ? Examples
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Theme
• central idea of the story • clearly stated through characters /events • can be inferred – close reading• Plot and theme - interwined
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Conflict
Struggle/fight between opposing forces:• Individual vs individual(s)• Individual vs society/circumstances• Individual vs self (desires etc)• Individual vs nature• Individual vs technology (?)
• Examples?
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• Storytelling part of human nature, discourse
• telling of personal histories – emotions
• Fable, parable, tale • Oral tradition• All cultures
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Fable, parable• Simple in structure• elements of short
story
• Aesop's Fables The Frogs Desiring a King
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The Frogs were living as happy as could be in a marshy swamp that just suited them; they went splashing about caring for nobody and nobody troubling with them. But some of them thought that this was not right, that they should have a king and a proper constitution, so they determined to send up a petition to Jove to give them what they wanted. "Mighty Jove," they cried, "send unto us a king that will rule over us and keep us in order." Jove laughed at their croaking, and threw down into the swamp a huge Log, which came down - kerplash! - into the swamp.
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The Frogs were frightened out of their lives by the commotion made in their midst, and all rushed to the bank to look at the horrible monster; but after a time, seeing that it did not move, one or two of the boldest of them ventured out towards the Log, and even dared to touch it;
still it did not move.
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Then the greatest hero of the Frogs jumped upon the Log and commenced dancing up and down upon it, thereupon all the Frogs came and did the same; and for some time the Frogs went about their business every day without taking the slightest
notice of their new King Log lying in their midst.
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But this did not suit them, so they sent another petition to Jove, and said to him, "We want a real king; one that will really rule over us." Now this made Jove angry, so he sent among them a big Stork that soon set to work gobbling them all up. Then the Frogs repented when too late.
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“Better no rule than cruel rule”
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• Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales – poetic form
• Boccaccio's Decameron (1351-1353)
• French translation: The Thousand and One Nights (1704)
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• Emerged about mid 19th century
• Why mid 19th century?• What was happening at this time?
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• Large literate middle class
• proliferation of literary magazines and journals
• latter 25 years of the 19th century
• created a market demand for short fiction
(stohttp://www.sfu.ca/english/Gillies/engl207/shortsto.htmries between 3,000 - 15,000 words )
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• So who wrote and published the first true modern short story?
(Boyd,http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2006/07/ashorthistoryoftheshortstory/)
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• Emergence of a large literate audience• Middle class• Life reflected in “faithful mirrors”• Often story of initiation
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The Beginning
• Anton Chekov (Russia), • Honore de Balzac ( France), • Guy de Maupassant (France),• Nathaniel Hawthorne & Edgar Allan Poe (?)
(US)
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Scenario - Britain
• In Britain• Did not flourished until later• Britain – hardly existed in mid-19th century• Hardy's Wessex Tales (1888) Robert Louis
Stevenson 1880’s
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Beginnings
• true beginnings – America• publication of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Twice-
Told Tales in 1837• Edgar Allan Poe – Tales of Mystery and
Imagination : suspense & horror
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• Edgar Allan Poe read Hawthorne:
• made the first real analysis
• a narrative that “can be read at one sitting.”
http://www.theshortstory.org.uk/downloads/boyd.pdf
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Short? Story • no fixed length• fiction, written in prose,
narrative• wide range of genres and styles
• long short story - Ernest Hemingway's (novella)
• The Old Man and the Sea: 1952
(Wikipedia)
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• Rich, concise – brevity• Meaning even in seemingly casual
conversation (Kennedy & Goaia, 1995• Cannot skip parts or miss importance
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• Epiphany – moment of insight/revelation
• Awakening
• Self discovery
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MODERN SHORT STORY
Charactersitics?- Plot: story with a beginning, middle and end?- Narrator as authority- Character: subjective reality- language: inner, stream of consciousness,
multiple voices
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• END of NOTES
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Point of View
• Who is telling the story?• First person• Third person• Omniscient
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Third person POV:
Narrator relates all action in third person- third person pronouns- "he" or "she.“- Third person, omniscient- Third person POV may be: omniscient or limited.