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Team Assignments

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Team Assignments. A Clayten Greenwell Elliot Magoto Jonathan Morgan Lisa Woosley B Joshua Cecil Zachary Rabold Richard Smith Robert Talley C Ryan Franklin Anthony Stegman Zachary Stucker Joshua Von Schlutter D Christian Pendleton Nathan Piersma Matthew Rogers - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Team Assignments

Team Assignments

Page 2: Team Assignments

Team Assignments

Page 3: Team Assignments

CE403 Construction Methodology

Earthwork Fundamentals

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Define the common Soil PropertiesSoil Properties and how to determine each.

Define Soil-Volume ChangesSoil-Volume Changes that occur during earthmoving operations.

Define SwellSwell, and ShrinkageShrinkage, and how to determine the LoadLoad & Shrinkage FactorsShrinkage Factors.

Define Angle of ReposeAngle of Repose for common Soil Materials. Describe the two common Soil Classification Soil Classification

SystemsSystems and Basic DefinitionsBasic Definitions.

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Soil Properties

Any mass of soil consists of solid particles with voids in between.

Soil solids are small grains of different minerals

Voids can be filled with either water or air

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Soil Properties

Total volume of the soil mass, Vt, consists of volume of soil solids, Vs, and the volume of voids, Vv

The volume of the Voids, Vv, consists of volume of water, Vw, and the volume of air, Va

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Soil Properties

We can schematically represent these three phases in a phase diagram.

Soil

H2O

Air

MT

MS

VT

VV

VS

VA

VW

MW

MA

= 0

Volume Mass

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Soil Properties

Three volumetric ratios1. Void ratio:

Normally expressed as a decimal Max range of e is between 0 and infinity Typical values: Sand (0.4 to 1.0); Clays (0.3 to 1.5)

S

VV

V = e

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Soil Properties

Three volumetric ratios2. Porosity

Normally expressed as a decimal Max range of n is between 0 and 100%

(%)100V

V = n

T

V x

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Soil Properties

Three volumetric ratios3. Degree of Saturation

The degree of saturation tells us what percentage of the total volume of voids contains water

If soil is completely dry, S=0. If the pores are completely filled with water, S=100%

(%)100V

V = S

V

W x

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Soil Properties

Mass relationships– Water (moisture) content:

Can range from zero (dry soil) to several hundred percent Water content for most soils is well under 100%, although it can

range up to 500% or higher in some marine and organic soils

x100(%)M

M = ω

S

W

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Soil Properties

Mass relationships– Total density:

Magnitude will depend on amount of water in the voids and density of the mineral grains

Typical values for most soils range from 1000 to 2400 kg/m3

VtMwMs

T

T V

M = ρ

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Soil Properties

Mass relationships– Solid density:

Typical values for most soils range from 2500 to 2800 kg/m3 (2.65 Mg/m3)

– Dry Density:

V

M = ρ

S

Ss

V

M = ρy Dry Densit

T

SDRY

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Soil Properties

Mass relationships– Density of Water:

The density of water varies slightly, depending on the temperature.

For most engineering work, it is sufficiently accurate to estimate pw=1000kg/m3=62.4lb/ft3

Vw

M = ρ ww

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Common Soil Properties

Soil

H2O

Air

MT

MS

VT

VV

VS

VA

VW

MW

MA

= 0

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Example Problem

Given the Following:

Vs=65 cm3, Vw=25 cm3, Va=10cm3

Ms = 175g, Mw=25g

Find:

Total Density, dry density, moisture content, void ratio, saturation, and porosity of the soil sample

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Soil Volume-Change Characteristics

Bank VolumeBank Volume - (BCYBCY) – Material is in natural state before disturbance

Loose VolumeLoose Volume - (LCYLCY) – Material has been excavated or loaded.

Compacted VolumeCompacted Volume - (CCYCCY) – Material after compaction.

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Soil Volume-Change Characteristics

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Swell

A soil increases in volume when it is excavated because the soil grains are loosened during excavation and air fills the void spaces created.

100%1 VolumeseWeight/Loo

VolumekWeight/BanSwell(%)

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Shrinkage

When soil is compacted, air is forced out of void spaces.

The soil will occupy less volume than it did under either bank or loose conditions.

100% VolumepactedWeight/Com

VolumekWeight/Ban1

(%) Shrinkage

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Load Factor

Swell%1

1Factor Load

Volumek Unit Weight/Ban

Volume Unit seWeight/LooFactor Load

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Shrinkage Factor

Shrinkage%1 Factor Shrinkage

Volume Unit pactedWeight/Com

Volumek Unit Weight/BanFactor Shrinkage

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Soil Weight & Volume Change Characteristics

Unit Weight lb/cuyd Loose Bank Compacted Clay 2,310 3,500 3,750 Common Earth 2,480 3,100 3,450 Rock Blasted 3,060 4,600 3,550 Sand & Gravel 2,860 3,200 3,650

Swell % Shrinkage % Load

Factor Shrinkage

Factor Clay 10 20 0.77 0.80 Common Earth 25 10 0.80 0.90 Rock Blasted 50 -30 0.67 1.30 Sand & Gravel 12 12 0.89 0.88

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Load & Shrinkage Example Problem

A soil weighs 1,960 lb/LCY, 2,800 lb/BCY and 3,500 lb/CCY.

b. How many BCY & CCY are contained in 1,000,000 LCY?Bank Volume

1,000,000 LCY x 1,960/2,800(BCY/LCY) == 1,000,000 LCY x 0.70(BCY/LCY) = 700,000 BCYCompacted Volume

1,000,000 LCY x 1,960/3,500 (CCY/LCY)= or= 700,000 BCY x 0.80 (CCY/BCY) = 560,000 CCY

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Unified Soil Classification System

Two Letter System– Symbols to represent soil type:

Symbol Soil TypeG GravelS SandM SiltC ClayPt Highly organic soil and peat.

– Symbols to represent index propertiesW Well-graded (for grain-size distribution)P Poorly-graded (for grain-size distribution)L Low to medium plasticityH High plasticity

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Angle of Repose

The angle that the sides of a spoil bank or pile naturally form with the horizontal when the excavated soil is dumped onto a pile.

The angle varies with the soil’s physical characteristics and its moisture content.

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Materials & Angle of Repose

Clay 35° Common Earth, Dry 32° Common Earth, Moist 37° Gravel 35° Sand, Dry 25° Sand, Moist 37°

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Spoil Pile

Dumped from a single fixed point

Volume =1/3 Base Area x HeightVolume =1/3 Base Area x Height

H

D

CF Volume,PileV

degRepose, of AngleR

ftBase, Pile of Diameter =D

ft Height, PileH

tan(R)2

DH

tan(R)

7.64VD

1/3

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Soil Identification & Classification

GRAVEL < 3” to > 1/4” diam. SAND < 1/4” to > 200 Sieve

SILT < 200 Sieve to > 0.002 mm

CLAY < 0.002 mm ORGANIC MATERIAL

Contains Decomposed Vegitatable Matter.

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Basic Definitions

The liquid limitliquid limit (LL) is the water content (%) at which the soil will just start to flow when subjected to standard shaking test. (Casagrande Test)

The plastic limitplastic limit is the moisture content (%) at which the soil just begins to crumble when rolled into a thread 1/4” in diameter.

The plastic indexplastic index is the numerical difference between the liquid and plastic limits and represents the range in moisture content over which the soil remains plastic.

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Page 33: Team Assignments

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Unified Soil Classification System

Two Letter System– Symbols to represent soil type:

Symbol Soil TypeG GravelS SandM SiltC ClayPt Highly organic soil and peat.

– Symbols to represent index propertiesW Well-graded (for grain-size distribution)P Poorly-graded (for grain-size distribution)L Low to medium plasticityH High plasticity

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AASHTO Soil Classification System

American Association of State Highway and American Association of State Highway and Transportation OfficialsTransportation Officials

A-1 through A-7 Table 2-3, Page 25.

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Construction Characteristics of Soils

1. Drainage

2. Construction Workability

3. Suitability for Subgrade

4. Suitability for Surfacing

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