tech. feasibility report.doc

8/10/2019 TECH. FEASIBILITY REPORT.doc

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Introduction to the feasibility study

This feasibility study report relates to BAMA FARMS, a subsidiary of BAMAINNOVATIONS LIMITED, which was established on 29th December, 2005 for thepurpose of carrying on the business of farming, general contractors and merchandising. TheFarm was set up in December 2005 and is sited at Afero illage, about ! "m off #agos$%pe%&pressway in %pe #ocal 'o(ernment of #agos )tate, *igeria. The Farm is an integratedfarm and is engaged in the following agricultural sectors+ oultry, iggery, Fishery, snailery,grasscutter rearing, rabbitry, crop production and de(elopment and processing and storageunits.The Farm plans to e&pand its present capacity of !"!!! layers birds" !!"!!! fish" #!!$i%s" #!! snails" ! rabbits" #!! %rasscutters and (ast land foroil $al' culti(ation and$rocessin%" rice $roduction and $rocessin% and fruit )uice $roduction*

The purpose of this report is to help management raise "!+,",+"!!! naira -about .Sdollar , 'illion/ in loan to help finance the e&pansion. The Farm intends to be a ma-or

producer of chic"en, eggs, pigs, fish, rice and fruit -uice.This business plan was compiled by A/A FA/) /anagement team led by rince 1ale3ye"oya, 4%3, and assisted by /r.ehinde 3ladega of /3 4onsulting 6/anagement 7Ta& %&perts8 during uly$August 2009.

The location of the farm predisposes it to many agricultural opportunities especially in termsof mar"et outlets, input sources, networ"ing among sta"eholders in the agricultural sectorand infrastructure de(elopments. ama farms *igeria limited proposes to e&pand an e&istingintegrated farm in terms of infrastructural de(elopment and (enturing into other sectors ofagriculture.

0* The pro-ect is situated on a !!!1acreland with only :00 acres fully de(eloped. Theoptimal use of the land with en(ironmental consideration especially in the area of farm wastedisposal and water effluent will be of priority in the de(elopment of physical structures suchas pens for the li(estoc", fishponds, farm office; house, processing unit, cold room,slaughtering slab, power; generator house etc.

%pe is located in the %astern part of #agos )tate where (ast agricultural acti(itiesabound. %pe %&pressway that leads to the farm site will only be motorable all year roundwhen rehabilitated. The present condition of the road to the farm off the e&pressway will

:


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ma"e the e(acuation of farm products and supply of inputs (ery difficult at certain period ofthe year if not rehabilitated.

Ade=uate pro(ision has to be made for power generation with the procurement of an

additional industrial generator for the farm to compliment the e&isting one because theelectricity from the mains at the pro-ect site is not a(ailable.

%pe and its en(ironment are generally agrarian, a(ailability of farm labour andagricultural based resources; raw materials ; inputs for the farm are relati(ely a(ailable allyear round. For e&ample, in %pe di(ision of #agos )tate, where %pe is a principal town, areto be found readily traditional artisan fishermen 6who ha(e mastered the fishing and needslittle empowerment to perfect the art of fish farming8, small and medium scale cassa(a;mai?e producers and processors for the supply of feed ingredients among others. The

location of the farm also predisposes it to e&tension ser(ices, agricultural and (eterinarypersonnel all year round.

0*+4limatically, though there are no records for %pe itself but the data a(ailable for


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0*#The operational principle of the farm would be based on the 2ero E'ission ResearchInitiati(e -2ERI/"which is one of the foundations of organic farming. Thus, waste from theli(estoc" units in form of organic manure will be used for crop production. This approach is preferred in order to align the farm to the global challenges of organic

farming.

0*3ecord "eeping is an essential component of commercial agriculture. The records to be"ept on the farm should be detailed, reliable, and up$to$date. ecords pro(ide informationfor determining growth rate, feed efficiency, culling of unproducti(e animals, selection of

breeding stoc", determining costs and returns on in(estment. Two main types of records areto be "ept, namely, financial and production records. The financial records ta"e care ofmonetary transactions while production records ta"e care of the identification, stoc" position,

breeding, production performance etc.

0*,ob creation and employment abound in the farm, as this will create opportunities for thedwellers in and around the farm to be fully engaged either casually or permanently. )incemost of the dwellers are practising farmers in all the sectors, which ama Farms intends toe&plore, the dwellers will ha(e the opportunities of wor"ing in a different farming settlementthat has all the technologically impro(ed farming tools and e=uipment at their disposal. Thisgesture will pro(ide employment for appro&imately #!!people in the s"illed, semi$s"illedand uns"illed labour mar"et.

Bouths in the area will also be fully engaged.

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&*! THE PROJECT&* BRIEF DES4RI5TION OF 5RO6E4T

BAMA FARMSis one of the principal industrial scale farming enterprises in #agos)tate, )outh$est *igeria, and is the subsidiary of BAMA INNOVATIONS LIMITED

6pro-ect sponsors8 who are acti(ely in(ol(ed in the management of the farm.


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sited at Afero illage, about !"m off #agos > %pe %&pressway in %pe #ocal 'o(ernment of #agos)tate, )outh > est *igeria.

The farm is planning to grow from small$scale to medium$scaleE it is an integrated farm engaged inthe following agricultural enterprises+ poultry, piggery, fishery, oil$palm plantation and cassa(afarming.

The financial performance of the farm for the past three years > 200, 200 and 200 ha(e beenimpre!ssi(e 6see appendi& ...8. The farm is being managed by e&perienced farm manager with a cropof dedicated wor"force. The staff are being regularly trained to cope with e(er$ increasing dailychallenges on the farm. /anagement proposed to result additional personnel for the proposed

pro-ect.

0*!+ 5ro$osed Mana%e'ent Arran%e'ents

The farm planned to recruit a general manager who would co$ordinate entire operations and staff ofthe farm for efficiency proper e&ecution of tas"s assigned.

The farm is presently being managed by a farm manager > /r. ............... Gis curriculum (itae isincluded in the appendices. The 4(s of other management staff are also included in the appendices.

0*!& Descri$tion of Technical arran%e'ents and na'es and curriculu' (itae of Mana%ers

4urrently, the farm ma"es use of technical ser(ices from the #agos )tate Agricultural De(elopmentAuthority and other consulting agricultural e&perts on e(ery area of the farm business operations.


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ith good access roads around the farm especially the #agos$%pe %&pressway, the farm is able tomo(e its products to the cosmopolitan areas of #agos and en(irons.

lans are underway to supply the farm products especially poultry products to establishedrestaurants, eateries and fast food supermar"ets which are now growing (ery rapidly due tourbani?ation.

Farm products and inputs li"e day$old chic"s are being procured from large farms li"e Iartech farms,4hi farms, among others. The products are of high =uality, high yielding, sustainable and reliablemeans.


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3*!0 A(ailability of 'an$o?er and infrastructure facilities9 $ The location of the farm is (ery strategic.All categories of manpower are within the reach of the farm. The lin"ing roads are motorable and areconstantly being impro(ed upon. The farm is near the #agos$%pe %&pressway. The farm is in ari(erine area, so water supply is no problem.

ecause of the e&pansion programme there is need for more borehole for constant water supply.

arious means of communications are a(ailable > e$mail and telephone especially. ower supply is achallenge. %lectricity supply is not reliable. )o we run on generator. e planned to get highercapacity generator > :50A.

3*!# Brea;do?n of $ro)ected o$eratin% cost9)ee pro-ected income statements in the appendices.

3*!3 Source" cost and @uality of ra? 'aterial su$$ly and relation ?ith su$$ort industries9$ arious

farm inputs and materials are pro(ided by go(ernment agencies and leading agro$allied companies atgood =uality and competiti(e prices.

3*!, There are no i'$ort restrictions on re@uired ra? 'aterials*

3*! 5ro$osed $lant location in relation to su$$liers" 'ar;ets" infrastructure and 'an$o?er9$ Theproposed farm pro-ects are to be sited within the farm which is =uite accessible to suppliers,mar"eters and manpower.

3*! 5ro$osed $lant siCe9The farm is growing from small to medium$si?e. There are few medium$si?e inthe area.

3*! 5otential en(iron'ental issues and ho? those issues are addressed9 $ There are no seriousen(ironmental issues on the farm. Gowe(er, any en(ironmental and ad(erse social impacts can bea(oided or mitigated by adhering to en(ironmental protection laws and regulations of the state6#A)%A8 and generally recogni?ed performance standards and guidelines.

,*! INVESTMENT RE.IREMENTS" 5RO6E4T FINAN4IN8 AND RET.RNS9

,*! Esti'ate of total $ro)ect cost9

S/no. Proposed Project CapitalWorkingCapital TOTAL TOTAL

Expenditre !A"RA#$%%%& !A"RA#$%%%& 'S (OLLAR

!A"RA#$%%%& #$%%%&

1 Fishery/Aquaculture 9,150.020 14,533.200 23,683.220 $157.888

2 Piggery Far 95,601.450 313,650.000 409,251.450 $2,728.343

3 !rasscutter Pr"#ucti" 2,407.200 3,813.000 6,220.200 $41.468


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4 %ail Pr"#ucti" 514.800 261.800 776.600 $5.177

5 &a''it Pr"#ucti" 1,364.165 617.840 1,982.005 $13.213

6a P"ultry()ayer *ir#s 227,674.700 67,920.000 295,594.700 $1,970.631

6' P"ultry(*r"iler *ir#s 40,800.000 3,591.900 44,391.900 $295.946

6c P"ultry(+"cerel *ir#s 40,800.000 3,591.900 44,391.900 $295.946

6# P"ultry(-atchery 119.235 119.235 $0.795

6e P"ultry ee# lat 5,250.000 2,250.000 7,500.000 $50.000

7 *eeeeig 250.000 250.000 $1.667

8 &ice ill 91,579.400 46,695.000 138,274.400 $921.829

9 il Pal Platati" 1,858.000 970.200 2,828.200 $18.855

10 Pieale Platati" 2,602.500 215.250 2,817.750 $18.785

11+"l#r""/%t"rageFacility 15,000.000 15,000.000 $100.000

12 P"er geerat"r 10,000.000 10,000.000 $66.667TOTAL )**+,-.*-% *)+%.%,% +%%0+%.)1% 1+1-.2%

,*!+ 5ro$osed financial structure9

The entire pro-ect cost is to be sourced from one source, through long$term loan.

O3erall in3est4ent plan is as 5ollo6s78

"te4 !aira 'S (ollars

+aital e#iture 544,971 $3,633.143

"rig +aital 458,110 $3,054.067

9rand total +%%0+%2 :1+1-.2%

T;e o3erall


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*! 8OVERNMENT S.55ORT RE8.LATIONS

*! Ni%eria is basically an a%rarian econo'y*

'o(ernment economic de(elopment and in(estment programmes include pro(iding land and farm

inputs at fair prices.

*!+ S$ecific %o(ern'ent incenti(es and su$$ort a(ailable to $ro)ect9

$ Ta& holidays for first three years.

$ %&port incenti(es for e&port products.

*!& E>$ected contribution of $ro)ect to econo'ic de(elo$'ent

The farmJs growth and de(elopment of the pro-ect will achie(e the following impacts+6i8 E'$loy'ent9 $ ama farmJs e&pansion plan is e&pected to boost employment and create

stable wor" positions in the rural areas where a significant portion of the population,especially the teeming youth, is either unemployed or underemployedE

6ii8 Far'ers lin;a%es9$


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The contact details of the "ey persons dealing with the proposal are as follow+

Mr* :ehinde Olade%a$/anaging 4onsultant, /3 4onsulting 3ffice address+ , 4o"er road,


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Fishery;A=uaculture is the rearing of a=uatic organisms in enclosed water bodies such asponds, dams, cages, pens and a=uariums. A=uaculture, as a term, is not limited to fishfarming alone, but co(ers the culturing of any organism in a=uatic habitat. Fish culture

therefore has its aim as the rational and -udicious rearing of fish including, notably, thecontrol of growth and breading.

*igeria with a population of o(er 0! 'illionpeople has her national fish demand ato(er *# 'illionmetric tons per annum. The current annual a=uaculture production isabout +#"!!!metric tons. These, combined with e(er$decreasing catch 6due to o(er$e&ploitation8 from the captured fisheries, ha(e not been able to meet the e(er > increasing

protein demand of the country. /ore o(er, the con(ersion rate of feed to flesh is high infish compared with other li(estoc"E all these coupled with the high prices of fresh fish in

the mar"et and e(er$a(ailable mar"et for fresh fish ma"es the fish farming a rewarding(enture for any intending in(estor.

The reason for de(eloping a fishing pro-ect on the farm is primarily because of thee&istence of ma-or mar"ets in #agos )tate and other ma-or cities such as 3de,which are within the reach of the farm by road in less than between 20 minutes and 2 :;2hours. The pro-ect site, that is, %pe is also a well$ "nown fishing community.

ecent study on catfish indicated that there is demand greater that the supply for catfish,and where the price is right, regular demand on a continual basis can be guaranteed.


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of food items, both plant and animal organisms. esearch findings ha(e also shown thatthey can be raised on commercial ; artificial feeds and domestic wastes. Fecundity6fertility8 is up to !0,000 eggs per spawn. The fry 6small ones8 also sur(i(es better whencompared to species such as tilapia. The growth rate is fast and under a (ery sound

management, they can reach the weight of more than *!;%within #months of stoc"ing.enturing into the production of other fish type by the farm in future is a function offactors such as the change in the taste of the people, mar"et re=uirements, and scientific

brea"through in their production practices for increased profits and so on.

3*0 FIS7 FEED AND FIN8ERLIN8S

)ince the cost of feed usually ta"es about 50C of the total running cost of a fish farm, thefarm produces product its own feed in order to cut down cost and ensure good feed =uality.A hatchery comple& is proposed for the unit in order to ensure all$year$ round a(ailability

of fingerlings.

3*# MODE OF O5ERATION

The fish farm will ha(e a hatching section 6hatchery8 for the production of fingerlings asstated abo(e. The de(elopment of the hatchery will go simultaneously with the first cycleof production in the concrete ponds. This is because of the high proficiency re=uirementsfor the fingerlings production.

The stoc"ing of and output from the concrete fishponds will be designed in such a way thatwill allow bi$monthly off$ta"e from the farm.


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ser(e the need of the unit especially in the area of electricity supply for breeding wor"ssuch as for o&ygen administration and so on.

3* ESSENTIAL MATERIALS FOR T7E FIS7ER< .NIT

The followings are the components of the plant, machinery, e=uipment and tools on theunit+

)torage tan"s

ater pumps

ni(es, cutlasses, etc

heel barrows

Thermometers, obser(ation bowl, scoop nets, hoses, etc.

3* =ATER DIS5OSALThe nearness of the farm to a non$seasonal stream and swamps is a ma-or ad(antage, as

e&cess water and other li=uid discharge from the farm would not constitute menace ordanger to the farm it self, as well as, to the neighbours.

3*! 5ERSONNEL RE.IREMENTS

The day$to$day management of the farm will be the responsibility of Fish /anager whowould not ha(e les than years post =ualification e&perience in fisheries management.Ge ;)he is e&pected to reside in the farmhouse located within the farm comple&. Two

super(isors with minimum re=uirement of 3*D in general agriculture will assist the fish/anager. %ight 68 attendants would be engaged to carry out menial -obs in the Hnit.

3* MANA8EMENT 5RA4TI4ES


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to the fish gradually to a(oid food wastage and water pollution, which could in turn resultto contamination and e(entually lead to high mortality rate in the fishes.

The water would be replaced more fre=uently especially in the first three wee"s of stoc"ing

on order to ensure that aeration is ade=uate. Thereafter, the rate of water change isrecommended to be twice a wee" but this is also sub-ect to the rate of pond waterfertili?ation where there is algae bloomE water change can be more regular. Turbid,greenish patches on the pond surface, un$consumed feed rising to the water surface ande(en at the pond bottom, foam on the water, foul smell are all signs of water pollution andwould, as a matter of policy of the farm, be a(oided as much as possible.

3*+ 5RESENT STAT.S OF T7E FIS7EER< .NIT

resently, there are 50 numbers earthen ponds of si?e !0 by 0J roughly :5s=. meters each

with a population of about :00,000 fishes. The fishes are doing fine and the demand is (eryhigh.There is also a hatchery, which currently produces :0,000 fingerlings and 5,000 -u(eniles.

3*& 5RO5OSED 5LAN FOR T7E FIS7ER< .NIT -DESI8N 4ON4E5T/

The dominant acti(ities of the fishery unit are commercial catfish and fingerling production.


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:: Tangit gum 6big si?e8 :2 units 50 :0,200

:2 utty and yarn #ump $ :2,000

:! :JJ 4 pipe :00 lengths 500 50,000

:@ :JJ %lbow 0 units 250 :,500

:5 :JJ T$-uncture 0 units 250 :,500: :JJ 'ate (al(e 0 units 250 :,500

: 3ther plumbing materials #ump $ @0,000

: Gatchery de(elopment #ump $ !,000,000

:94hic"en wire gau?e;net !0 bundles !,500 :05,000

20 2&2 1J plan"s 00 pieces 250 :50,000

2: Tie rods 00 pieces 5 @5,000

22 *ails #ump $ 5,000

2! #abour for carpentry,

plumbing andbric"laying -obs

00,000

2@ 4ontingencies 6:0C8 9,20

TOTAL ",3#"!+!Table -b/

OT7ER MATERIALS E.I5MENT NAIRA

owls, buc"ets and sie(es !0,000*et for sorting 7 har(esting 20,000)cales 6 nos8 6:0"g, 50"g 7 :50"g8 :20,000

:,000 'allon storage tan" 6@8 0,000elleti?er and grinder ::0,000/iscellaneous 6:0C8 !5,000S.B TOTAL "!!!

TOTAL 4A5ITAL EH5ENDIT.RE FOR FIS7ERIES "#!"!+! Naira

Table + -a/ ESTIMATED =OR:IN8 4A5ITAL FOR ONE 5ROD.4TION 4


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re=uirement appro&imately 20 liter;wee"

5 !90,000

@ Drugs #ump $ 0,000

5 Appropriated salary

and wages for 6Farm /anager,#abourers and)ecurity ser(ices8

Table ! 6#ump8

$

!,:50,000

/aintenance andrepairs

#ump $ :2,000

:0C contingencies :,!2:,000

TOTAL 0"#&&"+!!

Table + -b/ ESTIMATED REVEN.E FROM A #15OND 4OM5ARTMENT

Maturity $eriod 3 'onths -'a>i'u'/A(erage weight at har(est 0.5"g%stimated har(estable clarias at :0C loss 59,@00 piecesGar(ested clarias in "g 50,@90"g4urrent mar"et price of clarias in "g !0 naira

E>$ected re(enue fro' #!"0!;% clarias "3"+!!

'i(en two production cycles in a year, )ales becomes :9,:,200&2 This gi(es a total of &"&,+"0!!Naira.

3*0 FINANA4IAL 5LAN

A total sum of "#!"!+! nairawould be needed for the capital e&penditure while therecurrent e&penditure to start a :2 units of 5 > pond compartment and run it for one

production cycle will cost 0"#&&"+!!for the fishery unit of the farm.The capital e&penditure cost is to be written off o(er a period of ten 6:08 years.

Table & DE5RE4IATION S47ED.LE FOR 5ONDSGE.I5MENT

Ite's ty

.nit

(alue

in

Naira

Life

s$an

-yr/

De$re

ciatio

n rate

5ro)ect

sal(a%e

(alueGunit

in Naira


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ased on the simple financial and technical analysis abo(e and for the fact catfish is wellaccepted in the western part of *igeria where the farm is located the pro-ect is technically,socially and economically feasible it is therefore recommended for e&ecution.

,*! 5I88ER< FARM

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,* 5resent Status

resently, there is a piggery farm with a population of #!! pigs comprising of breeders,weaners;growers and fatteners.There are three piggery ens each measuring 0 by !0 feet with different number of rooms.

%ach of the buildings;ens ser(es as reeding pen, eaners;'rowers ens andFattening;Animals for mar"et en respecti(ely.'al(ani?ed /etal oles will be used as pillars for the pen and Asbestos roofing sheets will

be used. atering and feeding Troughs will be constructed within each room.

,*+ 5ro$osed 5roduction 5lan

The iggery Farm proposed to e&pand to a larger farm. The Farm will stoc" :,000 piglets,which will grow to produce more pigs for sale. Two months old piglets will be procuredfrom well$established suppliers at a cost of ,000 naira each gi(ing a total cost of ,000,000

naira. The iggery farm will be established on a land measuring 5 acres of land.The cost of feeds for the piggery farm is estimated at :0 naira per "g. Throughout theanalysis period, it has been assumed that the feeds for the pigs will ha(e to be mi&ed at thefarm. )ince a lot of rice is being grown and milled in the farm area and many moreagricultural acti(ities are ta"ing place in the area, obtaining raw materials for the feeds is(ery feasible as this has been the practice presently.


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,*0 In(est'ent 5rofitability Analysis

,*0* Notes and Assu'$tions

The assumed opportunity cost is :C

All the feeds will be mi&ed at the farmBear0, in the piggery pro-ect is made of : months, which represents the growing period

before sale of pigs start.

The mar"et$selling price of months old pig is estimated at :90 naira per "g and the

weight of carcass is assumed to be !0"gs.

A mortality rate of 5C of the pigs purchased has been assumed.

%ach sow has been assumed to produce piglets.

The analysis period is :0 years considered to ha(e ade=uate to assess the in(estment.

,*# Viability Indicators

a/ Net 5resent Value -N5V/

The * of a pro-ect is defined as the (alue obtained by discounting separately for eachyearE the cash net flows accruing throughout the life of the pro-ect at a fi&ed predeterminedinterest rate .le )7 Capital expenditre

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!O (ESCR"PT"O! '!"T BT RATE8!A"RA A?O'!T !A"RA

1 *l"cs ( 15,000 120 1,800,000

2 %"t sa# rucs/tiers 170 12,000 2,040,000

3 !rael rucs/tiers 110 17,000 1,870,000

4 etallic ie 10t Pcs 120 8,000 960,000

5 %har sa# rucs/tiers 180 17,000 3,060,000

6 +eet *ags 800 2,000 1,600,000

7 ""# 4:4: Pcs 120 7,500 900,000

8 ;r" sheets Pcs 200 1,700 340,000

9 Total +)-%+%%%

Ta>le -#>& 2!(@LOC

!O (ESCR"PT"O! '!"T BT RATE8!A"RA A?O'!T !A"RA

1 *l"cs ( 16,000 120 1,920,000

2 %"t sa# rucs/tiers 200 12,000 2,400,000

3 !rael rucs/tiers 140 17,000 2,380,000

4 %har sa# rucs/tiers 180 17,000 3,060,000

5 +eet *ags 950 2,000 1,900,000

6 etallic ies Pcs 2500 8,000 20,000,000

7 ""# Pcs 1100 7,500 8,250,000

8 ;r" sheets Pcs 280 1,700 476,000

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9 31.51? @caati"

0%%+%%%

irds )+**1+2)%

Site Clearance )%%+%%%

All costs as a>o3e +0,1+)%%

Ta>le 7S44ar= o5capital costPigger= Project !A"RA

1st *l"c 18,570,000

2# *l"c 47,716,000

)a'"ur )ie 12,672,700

is"sa'le Pit 300,000

"ilet 1,396,500

Fece 5,446,250

%ite +learace 500,000Total 1+1%+*)%

,*3 5roduction $ara'eters for the $i%%ery enter$rise

Assuming 5 C mortality rate, the pro-ect shall remain with #!pigs.


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This gi(es 0#"++!"!!! nairaper si& months.

,*, Mar;et As$ects

ith pig production on a large scale, there are se(eral options to mar"et the products.

O )elling piglets at two months old to other farmers either for breeding orfattening.O )elling young pigs usually at the age pf si& months for por".O )elling adult pigs for baconO )elling cull pigs after useful producti(e life.

Hnder this pro-ect, the main sale option will be selling off si&$month pigs for por".rospecti(e buyers can collect the pigs from the farm gate or arrangements can be made withfarm management to deli(er the pigs to them using the deli(ery (an. The demand for por" in

and around #agos )tate is =uite high.

*! 8RASS4.TTER 5ROD.4TION15RO5OSED 5RO6E4T

The grass$cutter or cane$ rat, Thryonomys swinderianusT., which is also called cuttinggrass, is a rodent from the wild but found to do well in capti(ity. 'rass cutters are hea(ily

built animals with rounded mu??le, small round ears, short tail and bristly fur. They ha(e apeculiar bristle$tail, which readily fractures near the base when sei?ed which is of

2@


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tremendous protecti(e (alue. The colour of the fur is dar" brown, spec"led with yellow orgray abo(e and butter white bellow. The total body length Phead to end of the tailQ rangedfrom !5 to 0 cm and itJs tail length ranges from to 25 cm.

* Econo'ic i'$ortance of 8rasscutter:. The meat has high carcass =uality and protein le(el is comparable to that of poultry.2. The neat tastes well and highly relished.!. Their is no "nown religious discrimination against grass$cutter meat and no

competition with man for food.@. )ource of income to farmers.5. )ource of employment.. 'rass$cutter re=uires minimal capital outlay, thus can ser(e as considerable

income earner for peri$urban or rural li(estoc" farmer.

*+ Site Selection

cutter can be raised, the following points must be put intoconsideration+

*+* 7ousin%

'rass$cuter, li"e reared under shade and could be of (arious types. Gowe(er, for the purposeof this sur(ey, the :, 2 or ! tier cage type is recommended.


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The grass >cutters are herbi(orous -ust li"e rabbits and can therefore feed on (arieties ofgrass. )pecifically, elephant grass stems are fa(oured but lea(es and other grasses may beincluded in the dry season when grasses are lignified. )ugar cane can also be gi(en but thisshould not be must since they will ha(e problems with theirs teeth when ta"en in large

=uantity. /atured green paw$paw, carrot and fruits that are not too soft are also highlyrelished. 'liricidia sepium, stylosanthes, 'uinea grass, giant star grass, mai?e stem, mai?estem, rice stal"s etc can also be fed to the grass$cutters. cutter meat is so large that it is not

being met. /ar"ets for it already e&ist o(er much of Africa. Apart from the money that can

be reali?ed from the sale, it is one of those rose rare animals that e almost wholly edibleEmost of its parts can be eaten 6smo"ed8 the only e&ceptions being the claws and pattlet of

2


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faces and fur 6which are used in traditional medicine8. Their stomach and gut contents arealso used to fla(our food, while the pancreas is belie(e to be rich n insulin, which can beused to produce a drug used in curing diabetes.

*# Econo'ics of 8rass14utter 5roductionThe e&pected re(enue abo(e is based on -ust production cycle of the females. Hnder a soundmanagement practice, a female grass > cutter can reproduce times in her lifetime beforeculling. The a(erage weigh of a mature home > raised grass > cutter is @$"g. The a(erage"illing > out 6dressed carcass8 is @ percent. 4ost of weaners 6pre$breeders8 at 900$:200gand 2:;2 to 5 months age ranges between *@, 000 and *, 000. An adult grass > cutter ::;2to 2 years weighing 5$"g sells for between *, 000 and *9, 000.The scale of operation for this particular pro-ect is considered medium to large scale. The

presentation abo(e highlighted the fi&ed capital re=uirement for the establish'ent of a +!!

breedin% %rass1cutter far'at ratio of @0 doeto :0 buc;s*

Table 8RASS14.TTER 7O.SE

MATERIALS

T urban migration of youths.

!*+ Mana%e'ent $ractices for rabbit $roduction

!*+* 7ousin%

The rabbit$ rearing pro-ect would re=uire a @m & m > land space. The building will be madewith bloc"s, wooden plan"s would be used to raise the building and the walls be totallyco(ered with wire$mesh to "eep predators out. A shallow gutter would be made round thehouse to "eep soldier ants while the flour of the house should be cemented.

abbits are reared in cases called hutches, which can be made with wood, iron, asbestossheet and wire$ mesh. A cage dimension of 50cm & @5cm will house : rabbit doe and her

litter until wearing stage. The base of the hutch must be reinforced with chic"en wire nettingif wood or bamboo is used. The cage will be of ! tiers of 9 hutches or cage. Flat plastic traysor corrugated metal sheet must be placed at the base of the 2 ndand !rdtie to collect manureand should be cleaned in the morning.

The cage would be placed under the pen house roofed with asbestos sheet. :0 cages of 9hutches;cage would be made to house the :0 breeding stoc" and weaners reali?ed from the

breeding e&ercise.

!*& Selection for Breedin%:. )elect animals with no ob(ious deformity2. animals with s"in diseases or diagnose must a(oided!. male animal must ha(e 2 bean shaped testes@. female animal must ha(e eight or more functional teats5. Animal to be selected must ha(e good body confirmation not this.. /ale and female rabbits must be purchases from same location to pre(ent

inbreeding.

!*0 Matin% of Rabbits

!


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Doesare ready of mating as from 5$ months while buc"s should be used for breeding at$9 months of age. 3ther things to note in rabbit mating include+

abbits should be mated at am > :0am 0r @$pm

/ating of rabbits should be all year round in capti(ity

/ating fre=uency+ 2 time daily 6morning 7 %(ening8 /ate rabbit of 2.5"g and upward for both se&es

/ale rabbits should be sparingly used to mate 62$! times ;wee"8.

abbits to be bred should not be more than 2:;2 $!years of age.

!*# Matin% Techni@ues

:. 4olony Matin%+ abbits are reared on the floor and as such a buc" can mate anydoe.


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will drop off. The green can also be cut in the morning and allow to wilt, and then it can befed in the e(ening. 8reens should not be cut and immediately fed to rabbits.

!* 4o'$ounded Ration

The rabbit can be gi(en compounded rationE this (aries for different class of the animal. :!$:C crude protein contents are ade=uate for rabbit.

Table 39 Feed re@uire'ent

4lass of Rabbit A%e K 4rude 5rotein Feed Re@uired

-d'/ 7eadG Day

'rower @$:2 wee"s :5 0$:20g

regnant doe 5 months :5 :50$:0

*ursing doe

L"ittens

: 250$!50g

uc" 5 months :5 :20g

The feed can be made into pellets to reduce wastage by rabbits and pre(ent in haling of thefeed because of rapid rate of breathing action of rabbits. 4ool clean water must be pro(idedfor the rabbit and lib. itchen left o(er li"e yam peels, coo"ed rice, plantain peels etc can beser(ed to rabbit. hate(er the "itchen waste, it must not be too peppery.

!* 7ealth 4are

The hutches and en(ironment must be "ept in a saniti?ed condition by washing the manuretray e(eryday and washing of the floors, as this will reduce disease incidence andectoparasitic infestation.So'e co''on diseases" $arasitic $roble's" and control 'ethods are as follo?s9

$ Man%e9This is caused by ectoparasite called mites white lesion and appear on thenose, mouth and head.


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Dogs, cats, rats, sna"es etc. attac" rabbits.


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*! 5O.LTR< 5ROD.4TION AND 5RO4ESSIN8

oultry are mainly reared for egg and meat production in *igeria. The utili?ation of poultryby products in *igeria is still at (ery low ebb.

3ne of the ma-or considerations the must be gi(en to poultry rearing is the wastemanagement. This could constitute a ma-or threat to the production if proper waste is

proposal methods are not put in place.

* 5RESENT STAT.S

resently, the oultry farm has three 6!8 established enterprises namely+:. :0,000 layer birds2. 5,000 roiler birds and!. 5,000 4oc"erel birds

The egg capacity of the laying birds is !50 crates per day.The oultry farm also has a feed mill of :20Sby :00S

The #ayers are reared mainly for egg production while the broilers and coc"erels are rearedfor meat production. During the festi(e periods li"e %aster festi(ities, amadan festi(ities,

@:


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4hristmas festi(ities etc, demand for poultry especially broiler and coc"erel chic"en areusually high. The combination of broiler and coc"erel birds on the poultry farm gi(escustomers choice of preferences for either broiler bird or coc"erel bird or both.

*+ 5RO5OSED EH5ANSION 5LANThe farm proposed to de(elop from small scale to medium scale by establishing

:. a new 50,000 capacity layer birds for egg production2. a new :0,000 broiler farm!. additional :0,000 4oc"erel farm@. a Gatchery for day old chic" production and5. a high$tech feed processing plant.

*+* Ne? #!"!!!1ca$acity layer birds for e%% $roduction

*+* 4a$ital Ite's

*+** Land


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3fficers, 5 )tore Assistants, 5 Accounts Assistants, 5 )alesmen, 25 farm Attendants and 2)ecurity 'uards. Their monthly wage bill is estimated at :,095,000 naira.

*+**# Feed


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Table +!9 4ost Esti'ates

Ite' uantity

.nit

cost-Naira/ A'ount-Naira/

6a8 urchase of

Day old

chic"s 50,000 :50 ,500,000

Sub total ,"#!!"!!!

6b8 Feeding

:$0 days 5 "gs & 50,000 N 250,000 "gs 25 ,250,000

Sub total 3"+#!"!!!

6c 8 0$:0days

:00 birds consume "gs per day,50,000

birds consume &50,000; :00 N @000"gsFor :20 days N @000&:20 N@0,000"gs 25 :2,000,000

Sub total +"!!!"!!!

6d8 #aying

period Assuming 5C mortality then we shall

5@0 days remain with+

50,000$65;:00 & 50,0008 N@,500 birds%ach :00 birds consume :2 "gs offeed.

Therefore @,500 birds will consume

:2 & @,500N5,00 "gs of feeds per day

:00For 5@0days N5,00&5@0 N!,0,000"gs 2@ !,2,000

Sub total ,&",+"!!!

-e/ Dru%s O 4hic" formula : sachet per :00 birds

so 50,000;:00N500 sachets 200 :00,000

@@


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!otes and Ass4ptions

C he assue# ""rtuity c"st is 18

C A crate " eggs h"l#s 30 eggsC he aret sellig rice " a crate " eggs is estiate# at 400 aira

each.

C he aret sellig rice " a "(layer is estiate# at 250 aira.

C he c"st " ee#s "r the "ultry eterrise is estiate# at 25 aira er g. ;t

is assue# that s"e " the ee#s ill 'e '"ught r" the "e aret hile

"thers ill 'e ie# at the ar.

C he #ereciati" rate "r the "t"r ehicle is 20 er au hereas that "r the

uriture a# equiet is 15 er au.CDear 0, i the "ultry r"Eect is a#e " six 4ont;shich reresets

the gr"ig eri"# 'e"re the layig " eggs 'egis.

C he aret sellig rice " six 4ont;s"l# ig is estiate# at 190 aira er

g a# the eight " carcass is assue# t" 'e 30gs.

C A "rtality rate " 5 " the 'ir#s has als" 'ee assue#.

C he r"#ucti" rate " eggs er #ay ill ary 'etee 65 a# 90

#ee#ig " the tie rae " the layig eri"#.

he aalysis eri"# is tenyears c"si#ere# t" hae a#equate t"

assess the iestet.

@


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Table +0 -a8

@"LL O< B'A!T"T"ES s"t? rucs/tiers 600 17,000 10,200,000

4 *l"cs ( 252,000 120 30,240,000

5 +eet *ags 3,5

00 2,000 7,000,000

7 ""# 4:2: Pcs4,500 7,500 33,750,000

8 ;r" sheets Pcs 2,6

00 1,700 4,420,000

9 or 8 88 ( ( ( ( 21,960,000

S> Total 0+)-%+%%%

Ta>le 2* #>&

@ROO(ER@LOC

!O (ESCR"PT"O! '!"T BT

RATE8

!A"RA A?O'!T !A"RA

1 !rael rucs/tiers 75 17,000 1,275,000

2 %har sa# rucs/tiers 150 8,500 1,275,000

3 %a#>s"t? rucs/tiers 150 17,000 2,550,000

4 ""# 4:2: Pcs 563 7,500 4,222,500

5 ;r" sheets Pcs 575 1,700 977,500

@


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6 *l"cs ( 31500 120 3,780,000

7 +eet *ags 438 2,000 876,000

9 s"t? rucs/tiers 50 17,000 850,000

4 ""# Pcs 225 7,500 1,687,500

5 ;r" %heets Pcs 100 1,700 170,000

6 *l"cs ( 40000 120 4,800,000

7 +eet *ags 150 2,000 300,000

8 *urgly? ( 10 80,000 800,000

10 i#"s >*urgly? ( 30 40,000 1,200,000

11&ei"rceet'ars >40t? Pcs 40 10,500 420,000

12%hru' 6#iaeter Pcs 50 15,000 750,000

13*i#ig ire, -""ier =g ( ( 12,500

14 iscellae"us ( ( ( 1,250,000

15 )a'"ur ( ( ( 2,243,500

@9


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3 %har sa# rucs/tiers 75 17,000 1,275,000

4 ""# 4:2: Pcs 350 500 175,000

5 ;r" %heets Pcs 200 1,700 340,000

6 *l"cs ( 22,500 120 2,700,000

7 +eet *ags 100 2,000 200,000

8


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5 %a# rucs/tiers 50 10,000 500,000

6 +eet *ags 390 2,000 780,000

7 )a'"ur ( ( ( 3,000,000

S> Total %+,2+)%%

Ta>le 2* #g&'!(ER9RO'!(TA!#-x0x)4&

!O (ESCR"PT"O! '!"T BTRATE8!A"RA A?O'!T !A"RA

1 *l"cs ( 20,000 120 2,400,000

2 !rael rucs 14 17,000 238,000

3 %a# rucs 2217,000 374,000

4 +eet *ags 80 2,000 160,000

5 ire esh >48t? Pcs 5 1,500 7,500

6&ei"rceet'ars Pcs 20 10,500 210,000

7 ""# Pcs 20 7,500 150,000

8 iscellae"us ( ( ( 500,000

9 )a'"ur ( ( ( 3,500,000

52


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S> Total -+)0,+)%%

TOTALS>8totals #a&to #g& a>o3e ,1+-*+-%%

*+*+ BROILER FARM -ADDITIONAL !"!!! BIRDS/

*+*+* INTROD.4TION

The broiler farm is a pro-ect of li(estoc" sector, in which, the day old chic"s 6DocJs8are raised on high protein feed for a period of ten wee"s. This business can be started

both in rural and semi$urban areas in sheds.

The broiler birds are sold to traders and the whole sellers mar"eters in the urban areas.

)ometimes birds can also sold directly to the shop"eepers in the urban mar"ets.

roiler farming is a profitable (enture depending on the demand of the meat in the

mar"et.

Annually, si> floc;sof birds will be raised on the same premises of a farm.

*+*+*+ O$$ortunity Rationale

roiler meat is the cheapest source of animal protein a(ailable in the country. The timere=uired for raising boiler birds is lesser than that for big animals. The consumption ofwhite meat is increasing due to growing health consciousness in the masses.

5!


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The e&isting daily a(ailability of protein =uantity per capital in *igeria deri(ing fromanimal source including beef, mutton, poultry and fish combined amounts to :: grams.This is far less than the recommended daily dietary protein allowance from animalsources of 2 gram according to the orld Gealth 3rgani?ation standards.

*+*+*& Total 5ro)ect 4ost

A broiler farm with a population of :0,000 birds established on a farm needs a capitalin(estment of about @0,00,000 naira for purchasing farm machinery and e=uipment. weight basis. The time spent in getting broilers

from the farm to the retail shop is brief. Although collection and handling of birds hasimpro(ed with the use of loader (ehicles, but it is an established fact that greater thedistance between the poultry producer and consumer, more complicated is themar"eting system including their collection, handling and transportation to theconsumer or processing plants. The processing plant is to produce dressed chic"en6slaughtered and cleaned8. Gowe(er, a (ery small amount of dressed chic"en isa(ailable in the local retail mar"et. The integrated processing units distribute fro?enand dressed chic"en pac"ed in whole or cut > ups to the consumer through retail shopsunder their brand names.

5@


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The tric" in mar"eting is =uic" a(ailability of mar"et information of chic"en supplyand demand, which will determine the selling price.

*+*+*, Far' Mana%e'ent

Farm input re=uired for a broiler farm includes farm e=uipment 6drin"ers, feed trays,brooders and feeders8, electronic fi&tures and other consumer items 6feed, (accinesand medicines, rice > hus" or saw dust, water, electricity etc8.

*+*+* Day1 Old 4hic;s

The chic"s should be of uniform si?e, acti(e, alert and bright eyed. The shan" or leg

co(ering 6s"in8 of healthy chic"s appears bright and shiny.

*+*+* Broodin%

roper brooding temperature is re=uired to "eep the chic"s in comfort. 4oal orsawdust is burnt for supplying heat at the stage of brooding in the poultry farm.


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ice polish :0.00 20.00

'roundnut ca"e :5.00 ::.00

)unflower ca"e :5.00 ::.00

Fish meal .00 5.!0

/eat meal .00 5.50lood meal 0.25 0.2

Animal fat 2.00 :.25

one meal 0.5 0.

#imestone 0.5 0.

)alt 0.25 0.25

/ineral and itamin mi&ture 0.: 0.:

Total !!*!! !!*!!

*+*+* 7ousin%

The chic"s should be "ept in a clean, dry and well (entilated room. roiler houseshould ha(e proper (entilation as this pro(ides the birds fresh air and carries offmoisture. The entire building including liter and all e=uipment should be fumigated.

*+*+*+ Feeders

2 hours period, has indicated significantly impro(ed feed efficiently, initially, for thefirst fifteen density should be @0$0 watts per 200s= ft of space and this can bereplaced by :5 watts bulb in beginning of third wee". The feasibility has ta"enmonthly electricity charge of :0,000 naira.

*+*+*0 Dri(ers

Ade=uate drin"ing space should also be pro(ided to the birds. The drin"er shouldcontain fresh, clean and cold water, it is necessary to pro(ide e&tra water duringsummer. 3ne drin"er is sufficient for 50 birds.

5


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*+*+*# Litter

#itter is spread on the floor to pre(ent the direct contact with the floor. )traw, ricehus" and sawdust are generally used for ma"ing the litter.


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arious type of farm e=uipment are needed for feeding, drin"ing and handling thebirds. #ist of farm e=uipment, which will be needed is as under+

Table +39 Far' E@ui$'ent

Far' E@ui$'ent No* NairaG .nit Naira

4hic" lastic feeders @00 ::0 @@,000

4hic" lastic drin"ers @00 :0 @,000

S & @S wooden feeders @00 :0 @,000

/edium si?e pots :00 :0 :,000

sto(e @0 2500 :00,000

/edium si?e plastic bowls @0 :0 ,@00

)coop si?e plastic bowls

3thers

@0 ::0 @,@00

!5,200Total Far' E@ui$'ent

4ost

0+! "+!!"!!!

Table +,9 Other consu'ables

Other consu'ables No* NairaG .nit Naira

charcoal 0 bags 550 !!,000"erosene 200

litres0 :,000

olythene sheets 0 rolls @@0 !5,200

Gard cardboard6@S & S 0 nos. 255 :5,!00

TOTAL "#!!

Table +9 Man$o?er re@uire'ent

Man$o?er re@uired No* SalaryG'th Naira

)uper(isors 2 :00,000 200,000Attendants ! :0,000 !0,000

TOTAL # +&!"!!!

.2.2.2% Tec;nical anal=sis o5 t;e @roiler >ird project*esi#es the c"st " c"structi" " the 'r"iler h"uses, 'el" are the iacial

c"st estiates "r 1%+%%% >roilers7

Ta>le 2,7 Cost Esti4ates"te4 Bantit= 'nit A4ont#!aira&

5


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cost#!aira&>a? Purchase " ay"l#

chics 10,000 120 1,200,000

S> total +2%%+%%%

>'? Fee#ig *r"iler starter ash

1(30 #ays10,000 + 0.75'agc? >#? a'"e +-*2+*%%

TOTAL 2+,*2+*%%

Ta>le 0%7 Ot;ers8@rooding and 3accination

"te4 Bantit='nit

cost#!aira& A4ont#!aira&

*r""#ig 10,000 15 150,000

acciati" 10,000 22 170,000

S> total 02%+%%%

These e=uipments are to be used for at least 20 production cycles.Therefore" cost $er cycle"+!!"!!!G+!3!"!!! naira -de$reciation/

*+*+*+ B.ILDIN8

Table &9 1 S$ace Re@uire'ent

S$ace Re@uire'ent Re@uired Area -S@* ff/

/anagement building :00

)hed space 6:s=. ff; bird8 ,500)tore rooms :0

59


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ooms for 'uard and wor"ers :@@

Total pro-ect space re=uirement ,"+0

ented cost 6)=. ff; *aira8 :.50

Total building rental cost 6*aira8 per month "3

*+*+*++ Infrastructure Re@uire'ent

oultryJs farming needs to be handled tactically, right from the selection of the site tothe final stage when the birds are sold. The farm should be located at the place wheretransportation of birds and feed can be handled easily.

The entrepreneur should ma"e sure that the following things are a(ailable at the farmsite before setting up the farm.

%lectricity connection

Drin"ing =uality water

Table &+9 1 5ro)ect Return

5ro)ect


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The farm super(isor should be (igilant and should ensure timely feeding and(accination, so that the birds stay healthy and disease > free.

Mar;et Infor'ation

The entrepreneur should be well aware of the supply and demand of chic"en in thecity. This will help the entrepreneur to negotiate well the sale price of birds. The priceof chic"en meant fluctuates tremendously during a year.

Mortality losses

/ortality can only be controlled if the farm conditions are hygienic. /ortalitylosses should be "ept below C by timely (accination and medication.

*+*+*+0 T7REATS

The poultry industry has some inherent issues, which cannot be controlled by anindi(idual entrepreneur following are some threats faced by this industry.

Disease E$ide'ic

Diseases li"e *ew 4astle are e&tremely dangerous. They can eradicate the entire bird

population, so the birds need to be protected against such type of diseases, by proper(accination and medication.

8o(ern'ent Re%ulations

hen the go(ernment imposed a loan on marriage dinners, the industry suffers hea(ylosses.

*+*+*+# FINAN4IAL ANAL


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*uil#igs 35,000,000

Purchase " +ages 4,500,000

Furiture a# Far t""ls/quiet 800,000

Purchase " ic(u as 0Preliiary a# re("eratieeeses>la# clearig etc? 500,000

Total Capital expenditre *%+%%+%%%

;itial "rig +aital 3,591,900

Total "n3est4ent **+0,+,%%

Working Capital Pro3ision

Ta>le 7 Working Capital

"te4 Co3er ?ont;s A4ont8!aira

Purchase " #ay "l# chics 0 1,200,000

Fee#s "r *r"ilers 2.5 1,742,400

)a'"ur c"sts "r *r"ilers 2.5 230,000

*r""#ig a# acciati" 3 320,000

c"sua'les 99,500

Total Working Capital 0+),+,%%

*+*+*+3 :ey Assu'$tions

1 5roduction Assu'$tions

/a&imum capacity utili?ation :00C*o. of irds per floc" ,500*o. of Floc" per year /ortality rate !$5CAnnual roduction 6irds8 @5,000Time re=uired per floc" 6days8 @2

2


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#ag time between the floc" 6wee"s8 2A(erage weight; ird 6"g8 :.

21 Econo'y Related Assu'$tions

%lectricity growth rate :0Cage growth rate :0C

!1 Re(enue Assu'$tion)ales price *aira 50)ales price growth rate C

@1 E>$enses Assu'$tionDay old chic"s in *aira :50

4ost of 'ood )old growth rate 5CA(erage feed re=uirement; bird; day; "g 0.0

5$4ash flo? Assu'$tionsaw material in(entory 6months production8 :Accounts recei(able cycle 6days8 !Accounts payable cycle 6days8 !9

1 Financial Assu'$tionsro-ect life 6yrs8 :0


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Total wor"ing capital N !,59:,900 TOTAL 00"&"!!

*+*0 7AT47ER< FOR DA


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No*

:00C 0C 0C 0C

:. Fi&ed 4ost @0.00 2@@.0 25.0 !2.@0

2. ariable 4ost @.00 @5.@0 [email protected] ::.20

!. 4ost of roduction :,:2.00 0!.00 20.00 9!.0@. ro-ected )ales :,@00.00 @0.00 90.00 :,:20.00

5. 'ross )urplus 22.00 :!.0 :59.0 :2.00

. %&pected *et )urplus :!.00 2.00 :05.00 :2.00

+*! BEE:EE5IN8 -NE= 5RO6E4T/

ee"eeping or apiculture, from latin apis, a bee is the practice of intentional maintenance ofhoney bee colonies, commonly in hi(es, by humans. A bee"eeper or apiarist may "eep beesin order to collect honey and beeswa&, or for the purpose of pollinating crop, or to produce

bees for sale to other bee"eepers. A location where bees are "ept is called apiary.

ee"eeping was traditionally practiced for the beesJ honey har(est, although nowadays croppollination ser(ices can often pro(ide a greater part of a commercial bee"eeperJs income.3ther hi(e products are pollen, royal -elly, and propolis, which are also used for nutritionaland medicinal purposes, and beeswa&, which is used in candle ma"ing, cosmetics, wood

polish, and for modeling. The modern use of hi(eroducts has changed little since ancient times.

+*Art of Bee ;ee$in%

The control of a colony mainly consists in ta"ing care of the state of the VdemographyS ofthe hi(es. Although some call it a VscienceS, the VartS of the bee"eeper is in managing acolonyJs population so that the ma&imum number of bees is a(ailable for a tas" at a

particular time. /ost bee"eepers are interested in a surplus of honey. /a&imal honeyproduction occurs when the most wor"er bees 6both foragers and ripeness8 are present at thee&act some time that nectar$producing flowers 6in both numbers and nectar production8 arealso at an optimum.

A colony of bees is composed of a single =ueen, many wor"ers 6infertile females8, drones6males8, and a brood 6eggs, lar(ae, and pupae8. A hi(e is the bo& used by bee"eepers to housea colony.

A colony of bees tries to accumulate a surplus of pro(isions 6nectar and pollen8 during themore fa(orable seasons 6when there is a lot of forage, such as flowers a(ailable, along with

5


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good weather8 in order to be able to sur(i(e the more unfa(ourable seasons and reproduce.This period is the dry season.

The population of the colony (aries according to the seasons. ee"eeping is the primary source of income+*+*+ Sideliner$ bee"eeping is a secondary source of income.+*+*& 7obbist> bee"eeping is not a significant source of income.

+*& Ty$es of Bee;ee$in% e@ui$'ent+ There are considerable regional (ariations in the typeof hi(e in which bees are "ept. A hi(e is a set of wooden bo&es filled with frames that eachholds a sheet of wa& or plastic foundation. The bottom bo&, or brood chamber, contains the=ueen and most of the beesE the upper bo&es, or supers, contain -ust honey. The bees producewa& build honey comb using the wa& sheets as a starting point, after which they may raise

brood or deposit honey and pollen in the calls of the comb. These frames can be freelymanipulated and honey supers with frames full of honey can be ta"en and e&tracted for theirhoney crop.


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fuels. )mo"e calms beesE it initiates a feeding response in anticipation of possible hi(eabandonment due to fire. )mo"e also mas"s alarm pheromones released by guard bees orwhen beeJs are s=uashed in an inspection. The ensuing confusion creates an opportunity forthe ee"eeper to open the hi(e and wor" without triggering a defensi(e reaction.


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crops rice. /a&imum of 2,250 hectares of land would be allocated for productionunder this system.

!. Irri%ated Lo? Land Rice 5roduction+ This system encompasses lowlands with

good water control, enabling two crops per year. The a(erage yield e&pectedunder this system is @.0 tons;hectare ./a&imum of :,250 hectares would be alllocated for production under this system. 4hoice of


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Ba'a Far's intendsto use between 0$:00"g of seeds per hectare. #and preparations willbe mainly by ploghing once and harrowing twice to ma"e good till. asal application offertili?er shall be applied before final harrowing. Direct contact would be made with the

ma-or products or suppliers of fertili?ers to ensure its all year a(ailability.

/echanical direct seeding in row > to row$ distance of 20$25cm apart and plant to plantcontinuous by drilling method would be employed on the farm. The weed control would bedone with the use of chemical as a result of the scale of the farm. Agro > chemicals such asgrammo&one preforan at @ liters;ha immediately or a day after seeding and basagram #2 5litres;ha as post emergence, :@$2: days after seeding are recommended.

&*0 Bird control+ birds are problems after seeding and during grain maturity. har(esting technology applied on paddy rice. This could bedi(ided into pre$milling 6har(esting, threshing, winnowing; cleaning, parboiling and drying8,milling 6including de$stoning8 and post > milling 6grading, sorting, pac"aging etc8 acti(ities.


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operations. These operations include winnowing paddy, drying, de$stoning, parboiling ande(entually pac"ing.

'etting =uality rice from processing operations start from har(esting. ice should be

har(ested when the panicles ha(e turned yellow


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TABLE & + STAFFIN8 AND RE4R.ITMENT J DIRE4T RI4E 5ROD.4TION FARM

SG

n

Desi%natio

n

Mini'u' @ualifications No SalaryGannu'

-includin%

allo?ances/ NAIRA: )uper(isors G*D Agric. ith minimum of 2

years post =ualification e&perience2 :,200,000

2 Foremen 3*D Agric. ith cognatee&perience

! 900,000

! Fieldrecord cler"

3*D Agric. ith ! yearse&perience

: :0,000

@ Dri(ersincludes

tractoroperators

/ust be literate with currentdri(ing license.

@ 20,000

5 4asual $ 5 00,000

TOTAL &"3!!"!!!

TABLE &9 Staffin% and Recruit'ent J Rice 5rocessin% 4entre

);n

Desi%natio

n

Mini'u' @ualifications No SalaryGannu'

-includin%

allo?ances /

: )uper(isors G*D Agric. ith minimum of 2years post =ualification e&perience : 00,000

2 )tore"eeper

3*D Agric. ith cognatee&perience

:!00,000

! ermanentlabour

4ognate e&perience ::20,000

Total "!+!"!!!

4a$ital 4osts for Direct Rice 5roduction Far'

Table 0!9 Land and de(elo$'ent

sGn

te' .nit of

'easure'ent

ty

.nit

cost

-N!!!/

Total

cost

-N!!!/

Re'ar;s

: #ay out, clearing,canali?ation,contour;bundconstruction,felling of trees,

boundarydemarcation etc.

Gectare 500 50 25,000 The cost willbe spreado(er 5 years.

:


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2 /achinery 7e=uipment shed

)=uare meter @00 5 2,000 To beconstructed inthe first year.

! )eed, fertili?er 7

chemical store

)=uare meter @00 .5 !,000 To be

constructed inthe first year.

@ :0Ccontingencies

!,000

5 TOTAL &&"!!!

Sub total for land de(elo$'ent under direct rice $roduction N&&"!!!"!!!

2


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TABLE 0 Land and de(elo$'ent

sGn Ite' .nit of

'easure'ent

uit .nit

cost

-N!!!/

Total

cost

-N!!!/

Re'ar;s

:


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Table 0&+RE4.RRENT 4OSTS -=or;in% ca$ital/ FOR DIRE4T RI4E 5ROD.4TION FARMBASED ON 4.LTIVATION OF #!! 7E4TARES

sG

n

Ite' .nit of

'easure'ent

uit .nit

cost-N!!!/

Total

cost-N!!!/

Re'ar;s

: )eeds g 25,000

0.2 5,000


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Gighlighted in blow are details on the anticipated returnsa %&pected yield $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$:,000 tons 6i.e. :,000,000"g or 20,000 bags

of 50 "g each8 of processed rice.b 4urrent cost of rice in *igerian open mar"et is *:50;"g 6i.e. *,500 ; 50"g bag8 but

*:00;"g 6i.e *5,000;50"g bag8 is used for this study as farm gate price.c. %&pected returns using farm gate price $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$:,000,000 & :00

N N!!" !!!" !!!

5


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0*! OIL 5ALM 5LANTATION

resently, the farm has ,000 trees already planted. Gowe(er, the farm proposed to e&pand

by culti(ating additional 20 hectares of plantation.

5ro$osed Oil 5al' 5lantation in a +!7A of land*A. $enses9 #KG+!7a 03"+!!

8rand total - ha/ A P B P 4 +"!! P 03"+!! P +"&!

0"0! Naira

8rand total - ha/ A P B P 4 " #"!!! P +0"!!! P 03"+!!

+"+"+!! Naira

#*! 5INE A55LE 5LANTATION -5RO5OSED 5RO6E4T/Table 0# 94OST IM5LI4ATION FOR T7E ESTABLIS7MENT OF 5INEA55LE ON #7A LAND


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A. IN5.TS 4OSTS G7A AMO.NT Naira:. :,000 suc"er of pineapple M *50;suc"er 500,0002 @ ags of inorganic fertili?er M * 2,00;ag :0,00

!. eed control+ Gerbicide, litres M *:,500;#tr. :0,500Sub1Total A 7A #+!"!!!

Sub1 Total A # 7A +"3!0"#!!

B LABO.R 4OSTG7A AMO.NT Naira

:. #and clearing and reparation $$$$$$$$$2. lanting 3peration 5,000!. eed control

$ )upplementary weeding 62ce8 20,000

$ Gerbicide Application ,000@. Fertili?er application 5,0005. Gar(esting 5,000

Sub1Total B 7A 0"!!!

Sub1Total B # 7A +!#"!!!

4 4ontin%ency e>$enses9 +G#K

Sub total 4 7a 0"!0,* #

Sub total 4 +! 7a ,!"+&,*#

8rand total - ha/ A P B P 4 #+!"!! P 0"!!! P 0"!0,*#

N#,# " 0,*#

8rand total -# ha/ A P B P 4 +" 3!0"#!! P +!#"!!! P ,!"+&,*#

+" ,",&,*#Naira


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tech. feasibility report.doc

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