tech rain water bst
TRANSCRIPT
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RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Author : Bhawani Shankar
Sch. No. : 091110232
2nd semester, B.Planning
ABSTRACT :
Water has been an essential resource for every living being. Thus it has
been very important to use it judiciously and conserve it. The world has been facing theproblem of shortage of water. Thus many influential steps had been taken to overcome
the situation, one of which is rain water harvesting, ground water recharge, water
recycling and treatment plants etc.
INTRODUCTION :
The serious need for conservation of water has led to the introduction of
new method of conservation of water i.e. rain water harvesting, which takes care of
ground water recharge, it is economical, successful, and an important method of
conserving water.
The method of Rain water harvesting system doesnt uses any power
instead it is installed in the houses or buildings. The roof of the building collects the rain
water and the slope of the roof provides direction to the water to flow through a
channel which has got a filter to clean the water and then the water directly flows down
to the underground tank which collects the rain water that can be used afterwards for
the household purposes and the tanks sometimes doesnt have plastered walls which
means it is directly for the purpose of ground water recharge . Thus it is an efficient and
productive method of conserving water.
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A house installed with rain water harvesting system
1. Consumption of water and its availability :More than 85% of the earth is covered from water out of which 2.5% is
fresh water & the rest water is saline water. The fresh water are found in rivers and
lakes, ground water and the glaciers, which cover 0.3%, 30.8% & 60.9% of freshwater respectively in them. However the sad part is industrialization, population
explosion, pollution etc. had become threat to the water bodies since these are the
main cause of creating the problem of shortage of water by polluting the water
bodies.
The per capita consumption of water across the world
Activities Litres per person per day
Drinking 3
Cooking 4
Bathing 20Flushing 40
Washing clothes 25
Washing utensils 20
Gardening 23
Total 135
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In many parts of the world people dont get drinking water so they are
bound to drink dirty water and thus they are easily prone to diseases.
2. Rainfall across india :India is receiving rainfall, annually counts within the top 6 countries in the
world, even then our country faces scarcity of water since we do not conserve the
rain water the north eastern part of the country receives the highest amount of
rainfall though that area is rural but it can be used up there. Rainwater harvesting in
urban areas can have manifold reasons. Some of the reasons rainwater harvesting
can be adopted in cities are to provide supplemental water for the city's
requirements, to increase soil moisture levels for urban greenery, to increase the
ground water table through artificial recharge, to mitigate urban flooding and to
improve the quality of groundwater. In urban areas of the developed world, at a
household level, harvested rainwater can be used for flushing toilets and washing
laundry. Indeed in hard water areas it is superior to mains water for this. It can also
be used for showering or bathing. It may require treatment prior to use for drinking.
Whereas in rural areas the rain water harvesting is done by collecting rain water in
ponds, checking river water making stop dams etc.
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Rain water harvesting in rural areas
3. Components of rain water harvesting :3.1. Ground catchment systems :
Ground catchments systems channel water from a prepared catchment area into
storage. Generally they are only considered in areas where rainwater is very scarce and
other sources of water are not available. They are more suited to small communities than
individual families. If properly designed, ground catchments can collect large quantities of
rainwater.
3.2. Roof catchment systems :Roof catchment systems channel rainwater that falls onto a roof into storage via
a system of gutters and pipes. The first flush of rainwater after a dry season should be
allowed to run to waste as it will be contaminated with dust, bird droppings etc. Roof
gutters should have sufficient incline to avoid standing water. They must be strong enough,
and large enough to carry peak flows. Storage tanks should be covered to prevent mosquito
breeding and to reduce evaporation losses, contamination and algal growth. Rainwater
harvesting systems require regular maintenance and cleaning to keep the system hygienic
and in good working order.
3.3. Subsurface dyke :A subsurface dyke is built in an aquifer to obstruct the natural flow of
groundwater, thereby raising the groundwater level and increasing the amount of water
stored in the aquifer.
3.4. Groundwater recharge :Rainwater may also be used for groundwater recharge, where the runoff on the
ground is collected and allowed to be absorbed, adding to the groundwater. In the US,
rooftop rainwater is collected and stored in sump In India this includes Bawdis and johads,
or ponds which collect the run-off from small streams in wide area.
In India, reservoirs called tankas were used to store water; typically they were
shallow with mud walls. Ancient tankas still exist in some places.
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3.5. Quality :As rainwater may be contaminated, it is often not considered suitable for
drinking without treatment. However, there are many examples of rainwater being used for
all purposes including drinking following suitable treatment.
Rainwater harvested from roofs can contain animal and bird faeces, mosses
and lichens, windblown dust, particulates from urban pollution, pesticides, and inorganic
ions from the sea (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4), and dissolved gases (CO2, NOx, SOx). High levels of
pesticide have been found in rainwater in Europe with the highest concentrations occurring
in the first rain immediately after a dry spell the concentration of these and other
contaminants are reduced significantly by diverting the initial flow of water to waste as
described above. The water may need to be analysed properly, and used in a way
appropriate to its safety. In the Gansu province for example, harvested rainwater is boiled in
parabolic solar cookers before being used for drinking In Brazil alum and chlorine is added to
disinfect water before consumption. So-called "appropriate technology" methods, such as
solar water disinfection, provide low-cost disinfection options for treatment of stored
rainwater for drinking.
3.6. System sizing :It is important that the system is sized to meet the water demand throughout
the dry season. Generally speaking, the size of the storage tank should be big enough to
meet the daily water requirement throughout the dry season. In addition, the size of the
catchment area or roof should be large enough to fill the tank.
4. Advantages of rain water harvesting :
An ideal solution of water problem in areas having inadequate water resources. The ground water level will rise. Mitigates the effect of drought & achieves drought proofing. Reduces the runoff which chokes the storm water drains. Flooding of roads is reduced. Quality of water improves. Soil erosion will be reduced. Saving of energy per well for lifting of ground water one meter of rise in water
level saves about
0.40 KWH of electricity.5. Disadvantages of rain water harvesting :
The disadvantages of rainwater harvesting technologies are mainly due to
the limited supply and uncertainty of rainfall. Adoption of this technology requires a
bottom up approach rather than the more usual top down approach employed in
other water resources development projects. This may make rainwater harvesting less
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attractive to some governmental agencies tasked with providing water supplies in
developing countries, but the mobilization of local government can serve the same basic
role in the development of rainwater-based schemes as water resources development
agencies in the larger, more traditional public water supply schemes.
CONCLUSION :
The weight of merit over to the demerits, in context of rain water
harvesting is much higher and thus it is the best way of conserving rain water and
solving out the problem of scarcity of fresh water. All parts of the world must practice
out this method and the stored water must be supplied to the areas receiving less
rainfall and facing shortage of water. Thus practicing rain water harvesting may give us
better life with an eco friendly approach.
REFERENCES :
1. Definition of rainwater harvesting2. Rainwater Harvesting and Water Purification System.3. Geology , Parbin Singh4. Internet