tech transfer
TRANSCRIPT
Technology Transfer– changes in the materials and containers used to store and transport wine
- JOHAN MATHEW
History
• The earliest known vessel, that could have been used for wine is the Qvevri, which is a clay jar, said to date back to 6000 BC.
• 79 AD- First evidence of barrel. Romans stored their wine in wooden containers held together with loops.
• 1600’s- New glass making techniques started in England.
• Monk takes giant step from using wooden plugs to cork as a wine closure.
Amphora
• An Amphora is a vessel that was used to transport and store wine dating back as far as 800 B.C.
• Made from clay.• Chemical analysis reveals
fermented juice.• Earliest evidence of use in
Northern China.Why Amphora….??• Strong• Impermeable• Non-reactive
Why Amphora….???
Strong
Impermeable
Non-reactive
Why pointed base….???
Because they were used mainly in shipping
Wine protected from spoilage by…
A layer of olive oil or bees wax.
A soft clay stopper.
Stopper would be marked with contents and other information.
The bottle shape is born
• Initially hand blown glass.
• Bottle has a small capacity suitable for one drinking session.
• There was an issue, as each bottle was a different shape and size so the customer never knew exactly how much wine they were getting.
• Glass blowing became easier with time and the need for long flat shaped bottle became necessary.
• In 1979 U.S. set law for bottles to be 750 ml.
Bottle types
Bordeaux : High shoulder and straight and straight sides.
Burgundy : Sloping shoulders and tall.Champagne : Sloping sides and wider bottle.Rhine : Narrow and tall.
Fortified : Straight body with high, rounded shoulder.
Bottle Stoppers
Old : Layer of olive oil, soaked rags, wooden stoppers.
Corks• First recorded use in
Egypt.• First cork factory in
1750 in Spain.• Production boomed in
19th century.
Screw cap • No more cork taint.• Caps are cheap.• Maintains freshness.• Reduce oxidation.
Wooden Barrels
• Made from rounded oak.• Could be rolled and stacked.• Most convenient form of
transportation until 19th century.
Why wooden barrels?
• Oak imparts interesting aromas to the wine.
• Less susceptible to wood diseases.
Barrel Making ( )
• Split wood is passed through bandsaw.
• Metal ring is used to hold the staves.
• When circle is complete a third loop is hammered.
• Staves heated to bend.
• Oak is toasted in different degrees.
• After toasting, the hoops are removed from the middle of the barrel and the outside is sanded.
• Barrel is tightened.
Then after all…
• The bung-hole is drilled into the side of the barrel.
• The outside is given its final planning before the bottom lid are fitted.
READY TO FILL!
Conditions for transporting wine
• Ideal temperature must be maintained (13-16 degree Celsius).
• Humidity should remain constant.
• Wine movement should be minimal.
• Climate controlled containers used for transporting to minimise fluctuations in environment.
Modern methods for transporting wine
• Bulk wine transport
ISO Tanks Flexitanks
• Bottled wine transport
Bulk
• Limited lost space.
• Cost efficient.
• Oxidation occurs through entire product.
Vs.
Bottled
• Lower volume per container.
• More costly.
• Oxidation can be limited.
Future Storage Containers
Tetra Pack
Advantages-
Made from recyclable products.
Will reduce gas emissions.
92% less packaging.
54% less energy than glass.
30-40% less trucks to transport the same amount as bottled wine.
Disadvantages-
Not suitable for long term storage.
Wine cannot be seen through packaging.
PET Bottle
Advantages-
Can be recycled.
Very light.
Shatterproof
Flexible
Re-sealable Diadvantages-
Limited shelf life
Not suitable for long term maturation
Aluminium cans
Advantages-
Ready to drink
Single serving
No possible cork taint
Protects wine from UV rays
Disadvantages-
Chemical reaction will occur between wine and aluminium
Unpleasant taste
References and Resources•Before The Wine Bottle Existed. April 2009. Retrieved 24 July,
2013, from: http://salutwineco.wordpress.com/2009/04/27/historyof bottles/A Short History of Wine Bottles.
•History of Glass Wine Bottles. (n.d). Retrieved 24 July,2013, from:http://www.wineintro.com/history/glassware/general.html
•Pendleton, J. (2007). Wine History-When the Cork Met the Bottle. Retrieved 24 July,2013, from:http://thewinehistorian.blogspot.co.nz/2007 /09/wine-history-when-cork-met-bottle.html.
•Wine in PET Bottles: Will Plastic Replace Glass?. (n.d). Retrieved 24 July, 2013, from:http://www.wineanorak.com/wine_in_pet_bottles.html
•A History of Wine Storage. (n.d.). Retrieved 24 July, 2013, from:http://www.spiralcellars.co.uk/news/a-history-of-wine-storage2/
•Brostrom, G. G., Brostrom, J. (2008). The Business of Wine: An Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.
•Johnson, H. (1989). The Story of Wine. London: Mitchell Beazley International.
•Intardonato, J. (2008). Fermenting Wine in Cement Tanks. Retrieved 25 July, 2013, from:http://www.winebusiness.com/wbm/?go=getArticle&datald=55049
•Amphora. (2013). Retrieved 25 July, 2013, from:https://en.wikipedia.org/•wiki/Amphora