techdraw iug 2012-2013.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 1
Technical Drawingالرســــــــم الھــــــــــــندسيDr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa
![Page 2: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 2
Office: IT Building, Room: I413Office Hrs: 12:00 – 13:00 (So, Tue, We)Text Book: BASIC OF ENGINEERING DRAWING, A. Abu-Zarifa, IUG
Reference Books: Reference Books:§Technical Drawing, Giesecke etc. , Prentice Hall, 13th Edition, 2008§Engineering Drawing And Design, Jensen ect., McGraw-Hill Science, 7th Edition, 2007§Fundamentals of Graphics Communication, Bertoline etc., McGraw-Hill, 6th Edition, 2010§Basic Technical Drawing, M.S. Samy Mousa, Maktabat El Yazji, 2000§Mechanical Design of Machine Elements and Machines, Collins ect., Wiley, 2 Edition, 2009
Grading:Home works 25%Midterm 30%Final exam 45%
![Page 3: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 3
Technical Drawing (13th Edition) Frederick E. Giesecke
Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics Frederick E.
BASIC OF ENGINEERING DRAWING, A. Abu-Zarifa, IUG
![Page 4: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 4
Unit 1Introduction to Technical Drawing
![Page 5: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 5
Engineers: People who use technical means to solveproblems. They design products, systems, devices, andstructures to improve our living conditions.Technical Drawings: a clear, precise language used in thedesign process for communicating, solving problems, quicklyand accurately visualizing objects, and conducting analyses. Agraphical representation of objects and structures is doneusing freehand, mechanical, or computer methods.
![Page 6: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 6
•92% of the design process is graphical•The remaining 8% is mathematics and written communication
Breakdown of Engineer’s time Who uses engineering graphics?
![Page 7: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 7
Development of Engineering Graphics
Multiview DrawingsFrancesca (1420-92)
![Page 8: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 8
Artistic drawing vs. Technical drawing
What’s the difference?
![Page 9: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 9
Drawing Tools
Two mechanical pencils: 0.7 and 0.5 mm, or 0.5 and 0.3 mm combinations; Pencil grades – HB and H
One compass and one dividerOne set of 45- and 30/60-degree triangles
One scales (Metric unit) and T-Square
One protractor
A3 Paper format
One good eraser (and if you can afford, one erasing shield)
![Page 10: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
Drawing Tools
![Page 11: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 11
![Page 12: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 12
Alphabet of lines
![Page 13: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 13
Alphabet of lines cont.
![Page 14: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 14
Scales
![Page 15: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 15
Unit 2Geometric ConstructionsCompass and straightedge constructions
![Page 16: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 16
Regular Polygons
![Page 17: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 17
![Page 18: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 18
![Page 19: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 19
![Page 20: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 20
1. Bisect radius OD at C2. Strike arc AE, with C as center (Radius R)3. Stricke arc EB, with A as center (Radius r)4. Draw line AB5. Set of distances AB around the circumference
A regular pentagon has all sides of equal length and all interior angles are equal measure (108°)
![Page 21: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 21
![Page 22: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 22
![Page 23: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
ANY REGULAR POLYGON in A GIVEN CIRCUMSCRIBED CIRCLE
![Page 24: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
![Page 25: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 25
![Page 26: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
![Page 27: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
![Page 28: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 28
القوس یمس الدائرةمن الداخل
القوس یمس الدائرةالخارجمن
![Page 29: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 29
![Page 30: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 30
![Page 31: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 31
Unit 3Dimensioning Fundamentals
![Page 32: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 32
Dimensioning• Orthographic and isometric views define the shape and
general features of the object
• Dimensioning adds information that specifies
– Size of the object
– Location of features (e.g. holes)
– Characteristics of features (e.g. depth and diameter of hole)
• Dimensions also communicate the tolerance (or accuracy) required
![Page 33: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 33
How are Objects Dimensioned?• Objects are dimensioned based on two
criteria:
– Basic size of the object and size and locations of its features
– Details of construction for manufacturing
• Defined Standards from ANSI (American National Standards Institute) exist
![Page 34: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 34
Scaling vs. DimensioningDrawings can be different scales, but dimensions are ALWAYSat FULL scale
![Page 35: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 35
Units of Measure
• Length– English: Inches, unless
otherwise stated• Up to 72"• Feet and inches over 72"
– SI: millimeter, mm
• Angle– degrees, minutes, seconds
Angle Dimensions
![Page 36: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 36
Dimensioning – Terminology
![Page 37: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 37
Text Height and Standard Configurations
.25 in
.375 in
![Page 38: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 38
Dimensioning Basic Shapes • Rectangular Prism
![Page 39: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 39
Dimensioning Basic ShapesPositive Cylinders Negative Cylinders (solid)
(hole)
Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines
![Page 40: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 40
Dimensioning Basic Shapes
• Cone• Do not over
dimension
![Page 41: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 41
• Frustum
Dimensioning Basic Shapes
![Page 42: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 42
Dimensioning Shows:A) Size B) Location and Orientation
![Page 43: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 43
Principles of Good Dimensioning
• The overriding principle of dimensioning is CLARITY
• Principles – not an infallible rule set, need to apply good judgment.
• See 6.13 in Technical Graphics
![Page 44: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 44
General Guidelines: Clarity is the Goal
• Place dimension in view that most clearly describes feature
• A view where a feature is hidden is generally NOT the most descriptive
• Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines.
![Page 45: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 45
General Guidelines: Clarity is the Goal
• Dimension Outside of ViewAvoid Good Practice
![Page 46: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 46
General Dimensioning Guidelines• Start with basic outside dimensions of the object
– Height– Width– Depth
• Add dimension for location and size of removed features
• Add general and specific notes – such as tolerances
![Page 47: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 47
Practice ProblemHow many Dimensionsare needed?
![Page 48: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering DepartmentAU 2006
48
Practice Problem
How many Dimensionsare needed?
Answer: 8
![Page 49: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 49
Example Dimensioning
Step 1. Dimension basic outside dimensions:
1.25
2.00
1.004 HEIGHT
4 WIDTH
4 DEPTH
![Page 50: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 50
Practice ProblemGiven: Height: 2 mm
Width: 2 mmDepth: 1.5 mm Hole Diameter: 1 mm
![Page 51: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 51
Practice Problem
Φ 1.0
![Page 52: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 52
Unit 4Shap Description(Orthographic Projection)
![Page 53: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 53
Even simple, primitive shapes often need several views to fully describe their topology.
![Page 54: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 54
Holes and cylinders may appear “True Shape and Size” (TSS), or foreshortened depending on the view in which they appear. (Foreshortened circles will appear as ellipses.)
![Page 55: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 55
![Page 56: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 56
Orthographic ProjectionØOrthographic projection (sometimes referred to as multi-view projection),is a geometric procedure used in the engineering disciplines to projectmultiple graphic images of three-dimensional objects, onto a single two-dimensional plane. The procedure is also called engineering drawing ordrafting, and is the primary means of communication used by designers andengineers in the design process.
ØMultiple views in an orthogonal orientation (each rotated 90º from theother), is fundamental to the definition of feature and part characteristicssuch as size, location, orientation, and functional relationships.
ØThe object can only be viewed from the front, top, right side, left side,back, or bottom. With the images indelibly fixed on the planes, and the boxunfolded, the projected images or views would always be orientedorthographically, and aligned with each other, from view to view on thedrawing.
![Page 57: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 57
Ortho means “at 90 degrees”, and is a form of parallel projection.
Orthographic projections are used to show several views of the same object in one drawing set.
![Page 58: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 58
Orthographic Projection TheoryObservation of an object begins with the direction from which the object is to be viewed—the line of sight.
![Page 59: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 59
Viewing Stationat Infinity
Orthographic Projection Theory
∞
The viewing station for the observer is always an infinite distance from the object.
![Page 60: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 60
Line of Sight
Viewing Stationat Infinity
Projection Plane(Picture PlaneViewing Plane)
Orthographic Projection Theory
∞
The plane of projection is located between the viewing station and the object (third angle projection).
![Page 61: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 61
Line of Sight
Viewing Stationat Infinity
Projection Plane(Picture PlaneViewing Plane)
Orthographic Projection Theory
∞
The line of sight is always normal to the plane of projection
![Page 62: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 62
Object
Line of Sight
Viewing Stationat Infinity
Projection Plane(Picture PlaneViewing Plane)
Orthographic Projection Theory
∞
The object may be located anywhere behind the plane of projection
![Page 63: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 63
Parallel Visual Rays
Orthographic Projection Theory
Object
Line of Sight
Viewing Stationat Infinity
Projection Plane(Picture PlaneViewing Plane)
∞
Because the observation location is at infinity, parallel visual rays extend from the object to the plane of projection, and produce the image on the projection plane.
![Page 64: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
GLASS BOX CONCEPT
![Page 65: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 65
The glass box concept theorizes that an object is suspended inside a six-sided glass cube (notice the use of hidden lines on the glass box, depicting lines that would not be visible from the given perspective).
![Page 66: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 66
As the object is viewed from a specific orientation (perpendicular to one of the sides of the cube) visual rays project from the object to the projection plane. These projectors are always parallel to each other.
![Page 67: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 67
The object’s image is formed on the Frontal projection plane by the pierce points of the visual rays.
![Page 68: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 68
The process is repeated to construct the right side view on the profile plane
![Page 69: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 69
Similarly, the top view is projected to the horizontal plane
![Page 70: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 70
For many three-dimensional objects, two to three orthographic views are sufficient to describe their geometry.
![Page 71: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 71
The box can be unfolded to show the multiple views in a single x-y plane
![Page 72: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 72
FRONT
TOP
RIGHT SIDE
Because the observation point is located at infinity, the integrity of feature size and location are maintained, and the views are oriented orthogonally in relationship to each other.
![Page 73: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 73
FRONT
TOP
RIGHT SIDE
Notice that the projectors or extension lines, are perpendicular to the folding lines of the glass box. (Fold lines and extension lines are drawn very lightly, when used, and are not part of the finished drawing.)
![Page 74: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 74
Dimensional Data Can then be added to the drawingNotice the three basic line types:•Solid – A Visible Edge•Hidden - An Invisible Edge•Center – Center of a Cylinder (Internal or External)
![Page 75: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 75
The Glass Box Concept
Click on image to animate - click outside for next slide
![Page 76: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 76
ORIENTATION OF OBJECT FEATURES IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
ORIENTATION OF OBJECT FEATURES IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
![Page 77: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 77
RIGHT SIDEd
h
FRONT
TOP
d
w
w
h
Directional Orientation in Orthographic Projection
Two or three views of a 3-dimensional object are often sufficient for a complete definition of part geometry. Width and depth are displayed in the top view; height and width in the front view, height and depth in the side view.
Height = hWidth = wDepth = d
![Page 78: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
DIRECTION AND ORIENTATION IN
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
(PRINCIPAL PROJECTION PLANES)
![Page 79: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 79
FIRST-ANGLE PROJECTION
![Page 80: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 80
Projection methods:
3RD Angle (US Standard)
ISO (1ST Angle Metric Standard)
NOTE:
Reverse construction methods work just as well in 1ST Angle projection.
![Page 81: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
1st angle and 3rd angle Orthographics... The difference:
81
Third-angle Projection
First-angle Projection
![Page 82: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 82
Unit 5Creating Isometric Sketches
![Page 83: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 83
Introduction to Isometric Projection
• Isometric means equal measure• All planes are equally or proportionately shortened and tilted
• All the major axes (X, Y, Z) are 120 degrees apart
3CUBE4
![Page 84: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 84
Making an Isometric Sketch• Defining Axis
30o 30o
60o60o
Isometric Axis
![Page 85: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 85
WidthDepth
Height
Isometric Axis Convention
Making an Isometric Sketch• Axis Convention
Choose the longest dimension to be the
width or the depth for optical stability
![Page 86: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 86
Usage of the Grid Paper
Correct orientation Incorrect orientation
Note the alignment of the axes
![Page 87: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 87
Object for Practice
![Page 88: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 88
Blocking in the ObjectBegin with Front Face
Front Face
Height
Width
![Page 89: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 89
Blocking in the Object: Add Side Face
Height
Depth
Side Face
![Page 90: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 90
Blocking in the Object: Add Top FaceTop Face
![Page 91: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 91
Adding Detail Cut Outs – Part 1
![Page 92: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 92
Adding Detail Cut Outs – Part 2
![Page 93: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 93
Adding Detail Cut Outs – Part 3
![Page 94: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 94
Darken Final Lines - Part 4
Note: All visible edges will be darkened
![Page 95: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering DepartmentAU 2006
95
Isometric ellipses
• In an isometric drawing, the object is viewed at an angle, which makes circles appear as ellipses.
• Holes
• Cylinders
![Page 96: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 96
Ellipses Can be in Any of Three Planes
![Page 97: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 97
Sketching an Isometric Cylinder
![Page 98: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
Four Center Method of Drawing an Isometric Ellipse
![Page 99: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
![Page 100: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
![Page 101: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 101
Unit 6Missing Views
![Page 102: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
Construction Isometric Sketches from Ortho Views
Construction the third View (Missing View)
3-D Sketch from a Multi-view Drawing with Missing View
![Page 103: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
Missing Views
Given the front and right side view, determine the top and isometric views.
Square Grid
Isometric Grid
![Page 104: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
Step 1Create the Outline (Box) for Isometric View
?
![Page 105: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
Step 2 Draw known surfaces of Isometric view
?
![Page 106: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
?
Step 2 (contd)
Draw known surfaces of Isometric view
![Page 107: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
?
Step 2 (contd)
Draw known surfaces of Isometric view
![Page 108: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
?
Step 2 (contd)
Draw known surfaces of Isometric view
![Page 109: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
?
Step 3 Finalize Isometric View
![Page 110: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
Step 4A Add Outside Boundary(width and depth from front and right side views)
ADDING TOP VIEW
![Page 111: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
Step 4B Add Visible Lines
(for the Steps)
ADDING TOP VIEW
![Page 112: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
Step 4C Add Hidden Line
![Page 113: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
![Page 114: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 114
Unit 7Sectional Views
![Page 115: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 115
• Section views are used when important hidden details are in the interior of an object.
• These details appear as hidden lines in one of the orthographic principal views; therefore, their shapes are not very well described by pure orthographic projection.
Section Views
![Page 116: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 116
Types of Section Views
• Full sections• Half sections• Offset sections• Broken-out sections• Revolved sections• Removed sections
![Page 117: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 117
Cutting Plane• Section views show how an object would look if a
cutting plane (or saw) cut through the object and the material in front of the cutting plane is removed
![Page 118: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 118
Section Lines• Section lines can be used
to show different types of materials or different parts of the same material.
• Refer to Technical Graphics text for a complete list
![Page 119: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 119
Full Section View
• In a full section view, the cutting plane cuts across the entire object
• Note that hidden lines become visible in a section view
![Page 120: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 120
Full Section View• Show cutting plane in the top view• Make a full section in the front view • Note how the cutting plane is drawn and how the crosshatching lines mark
the surfaces of material cut by the cutting plane.
![Page 121: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 121
Full Section View
• No hidden lines on the section view, if possible.
• Note: Interior lines behind cutting plane became visible.
![Page 122: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 122
![Page 123: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 123
Multiple Sectioned Views
SECTION A-A
AA
SECTION B-B B
B
Note the directionsof arrows on the cutting plane.
![Page 124: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 124
Half Section View
• The cutting planes do not cut all the way through to the object.
• They cut only half way and intersect at the centerline.
![Page 125: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 125
Half Section used mainly for symmetric objects
Half Section View
![Page 126: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 126
Offset Sections
Offset sections are used to show interior features that do not lie along a straight line
![Page 127: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 127
Offset Sections
![Page 128: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering DepartmentAU 2005
128
Offset Sections
![Page 129: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 129
Name the Three Types of Sections
• Full Section (half of the object is removed)• Half Section (a quarter of the object is
removed)• Offset Section (the cutting plane line is drawn
to pick up an object's features)
![Page 130: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 130
Broken Out Sections
A broken-out section view is created by breaking off part of the object to reveal interior features
![Page 131: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 131
Broken Out Sections
Hidden lines are used only when needed for clarity.
![Page 132: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 132
Revolved Sections
A Revolved section is created by passing a cutting plane through the object, then revolving the cross section 90 degrees
![Page 133: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 133
Revolved SectionsRevolved sections show the shape of an object's cross-section superimposed on a longitudinal view
![Page 134: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 134
Revolved Sections – Tubes
![Page 135: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 135
Revolved Sections – I Beam
![Page 136: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 136
Removed Sections
A removed section view is created by making a cross section, then moving it to an area adjacent to the view.
![Page 137: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 137
Removed Sections
• Removed sections are like revolved sections but moved aside.
• Note how they are named.
A
A
Section A-A
C CSection C-C
B
B
Section B-B
![Page 138: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department 138
Unit 7Introduction to AutoCad
![Page 139: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
OUTLINE
• Giving commands• Object snap• Zooming and panning• Drawing 2D shapes• Drawing 3D shapes• Editing
![Page 140: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
How do we give a command?
• Command line
• Toolbars(view/Toolbars)
• Drop-down menus
You can pick any one(s) that you are comfortable with.
![Page 141: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
![Page 142: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
What is OSNAP?• Osnap (Object Snap) settings make it easier to select a 2d
object’s points– Endpoint– Midpoint– Perpendicular– Center– İntersection
• Osnap will be active when AutoCAD is expecting you to pick a point on the working area• Type osnap on your command window:
![Page 143: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
Zooming...• You will need to zoom in and out while drawing with
AutoCAD. This doesnt change your objects or UCS, only the way you see your working space. This can be done in many ways:
1. Scroll bars2. Typing z or zoom in your command window.
• All• Center• Dynamic• Extents• Previous• Scale• Window
![Page 144: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
Lets draw a LINE:• remember that AutoCAD recognizes an object by its
coordinates. You will need two given points to draw a line.
• You can start at a random point on your WCS for your FIRST POINT, but you should specify the coordinates of your SECOND POINT.
(x1,y1,z1)
(x2,y2,z2)
![Page 145: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
Lets draw a LINE (1):
1. Give the command– Type “line” on the command window, OR– Click on the line icon on the Draw toolbar, OR– Select Line on the Draw menu
2. Specify the first point (a)– Click on a random point on your working area (black space)
3. Specify the second point in relation to the first point – @distance<degrees– @5<30
30a
b
![Page 146: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
Lets draw a LINE (2):
1. Hit F8 (ortho on)2. Give the command3. Specify the first point4. Specify the second point in relation to the first point
– Point the cursor to the left hand side. You will see that the cursor snaps only to 0o-90o-180o-270o
– Type 7 and hit enter
a b7 units
![Page 147: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
Lets draw a LINE (3):
If we know the coordinates of the line we want to draw, we can simply type them into the command line. (However, this mostly is not the case.)
1. Give the command2. Specify the first point (4,8,11)3. Specify the second point (5,11,23)
a
b
(4,8,11)
(5,22,13)
![Page 148: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
What else?• Rectangle: two diagonal lines(pick first point, select the second one with
relation to the first. @5<-33)
• Circle/Arc: center and radius
• Polygon: specify the number of edges and length of a side
A small tip: you can use the EXPLODE command for the tool to split the object into its components or lines
a
b
ad
d
![Page 149: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
Editing… • COPY
• MOVE
• MIRROR
o ARRAY
o SCALE
o STRETCH
![Page 150: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
More editing…• STRETCH
• EXPLODE
o OFFSET
o ROTATE
o ERASE
![Page 151: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
Hatching• Hatching is used to add shaded patterns to objects and shapes within an
Autocad drawing. Hatch patterns can be used to indicate a material to be used, such as a concrete hatch. Alternatively it could be used to make an area of a drawing stand out.
• You will pick:– Pattern– Scale– Angle– points
![Page 152: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department
We can create solids by extruding as well
• If you “extrude” a surface into the third dimension, you simply add a thickness in section. This basically is same as creating a “solid” object
Extrude 5 units 5 units
Extrude -4 units
4 units
![Page 153: TechDraw IUG 2012-2013.pdf](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050809/55cf938c550346f57b9dc992/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
Dr. Anwar Abu-Zarifa . Islamic University Gaza . Industrial Engineering Department