technical manual entomophagous arthropods

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5I N S T I T U T E O F A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H

T E C H N I C A L M A N U A L

Entomophagous Arthropods

Technica l Manual No. 4


of Ethiopia

Eth iop ian J n r r u j o. AgriculturalF . z 'X ral

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of Ethiopia

A Catalog

Tsedeke Abate

Technical Manual No. 4

I N S T I T U T E O F A G R I C U L T U R A L R E S E A R C H

Published 1991

Institute of Agricultural ResearchP O Box 2003Addis Abeba, Ethiopia

Correct citation: Tsedeke Abate. 1991. Enlomophagous arthropods of Ethiopia: catalog. Technical Manual No. 4. Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia.

CONTENTS

Acknowledgments viIntroduction 1Parasitoids 3

Strepsiptera 3Stylopidae 3

Diptera 3Tachinidae 3

Hymenoptera 5Ichneumonidae 5Braconidae 6Aphidiidae 8Chalcidiidae 9Eurytomidae 9Pteromalidae 9Encyrtidae 11Eulophidae 16Eupelmidae 18Aphelinidae 18Trichogramnmtidae 22Scelionidae 22Eiasmidae 23Tetracampidae 23Torymidae 23Scoliidae 23

Predators 24Dermaptera 24

Forficulidae 24Heteroptera 24

Nabidae 24Reduviidae 24Anthocoridae 25Pentatomidae 25

Neuroptera 26Chrysopidae 26

Coleoptera 26Carabidae 26Staphylinidae 26

Coccinellidae 26Diptera 29

Syrphidae 29Chamaemyiidae 30

Hymenoptera 30Tiphiidae 30Pompilidae 30Eumenidae 31Vespidae 31Sphecidae 31

Acari 32Phytoseiidae 32Stigmatidae 32Tydeidae 32Pyemotidae 32

Araneae 32Araneidae 32

' Clubionidae 32Linyphiidae 32Lycosidae 32Oxyopidae 32Philodromidae 32Tetragnathidae 32Theridiidae 32Thomisidae 32

Checklist of pests 33References 40Annex 1. List of host insects 42

Homoptera 42Heteroptera 43Thysanoptera 43Lepidoptera 43Diptera 44Coleoptera 44

Annex 2. Host plants 45Map 46Index 48

v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am very grateful to Dr. M. Mackauer, Simon Fraser University, and Dr. Dan Gerling, Tel Aviv University, for making useful suggestions and corrections on the first draft of this manuscript. My sincere appreciation is due to Dr. Tadesse Gebremedhin, Institute o f Agricultural Research (IAR), and Dr. Assefa Gebre Amlak, Awasa College o f Agriculture, for their constructive criticisms, useful suggestions, and encouragement. Parts of insect identification fees were paid by FAO and CIAT; I am indebted to Ms. Daphne Mattravers (FAO, Addis Abeba) and Dr. Roger Kirkby (CIAT, Debre Zeit) for their help in arranging these payments. I would also like to thank Drs. K.M. Harris (director), M .S.K. Ghauri, and Z. Boucek, International Institute o f Entomology (HE), and Professor Genaro Viggiani, Istituto Entomologia Agraria, University o f Naples (Portici), Italy, for making prompt identification ot the specimens. The contributions and assistance of my colleague Ato Ferede Negasi and other members of the staff o f the Entomology Section, Nazret Research Center, in collecting and rearing some of the specimens are also acknowledged here.

Finally, my sincere appreciation is due to the Publications Department staff of IAR, in particular Ms. Helen van Houten and Ato Amare Molla, for their editorial assistance and diligent work in producing this manual.

INTRODUCTION

Since the establishment of the Institute of Agricultural Research in 1966, systematically organized activities of entomological research, including pest surveys, pest identification, and modest fundamental studies and experiments on control measures have been carried out; most arthropod pests attacking major crops are identified, and their importance is understood. By contrast, although a few species have been mentioned here and there in general reports of pest surveys (De Lotto and Nastasi 1955; Greathead 1968; Nastasi and Andemeskel 1968; Tsedeke 1984, 1988; Assefa 1981, 1985; Adugna and Tessema 1987), so far information on existing natural enemies of arthropod pests in Ethiopia has not been collated, nor surveys conducted specifically geared to determining them.

Studies on control measures against insect and mite pests o f agricultural importance in Ethiopia emphasized chemical control, at least until the 1980s, which saw some initiative towards studies on the use of cultural control measures and varietal resistance. Biological control in Ethiopia is one approach to pest management that has not been given the attention it deserves. Exploration and documentation of natural enemies is the first step towards establishing sound pest management programs, in which biological control should play an important role.

The bulk of this manual is based on surveys of entomophagous arthropods attacking insect and mite pests associated with horticultural crops and grain legumes carried out in the major production areas during the period from September 1979 to August 1986. It also includes survey results on natural enemies of pests of grain legumes that I conducted between 1987 and 1988. Lists of natural enemies of arthropod pests recorded by other workers are also given.

This manual is divided into three major sections. The first deals with parasitoid species. Lists of the parasitoid species are presented in alphabetical order within each family; these are followed by lists of host insects, arranged in the same order. The second section provides information on predators. As many predators are polyphagous, detailed accounts of specific hosts are not given; only general notes for each species or group of species are provided. Section three gives checklists of natural enemies of some host insects (pests).

1

2 In tr o d u c tio n

Insect orders and families are arranged according to the classification of Im m s’ Textbook of Entomology as revised by Richards and Davies (1977). Under each family, scientific names of natural enemies are presented in alphabetical order. The nomenclature is that currently in use by the International Institute of Entomology (HE). Aphytis qfricanus and parasitoids o f Aleuroplcitus cadabae were identified by Professor G. Viggiani, University of Naples; the identities o f the rest o f all my collections were verified by HE.

A list o f host insects of natural enemies mentioned in the text is given in Annex 1 and a list of host plants of insect pests in Annex 2. At the end of the manual is a map showing place names mentioned in the text.

Tsedeke Abate January 1991

PARASITOIDS

Parasitoids are the largest, and perhaps the most important, group of natural enemies recorded in Ethiopia. They are represented by three insect orders: Strepsiptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. The last order is by far the largest; the second is represented by only one family, Tachinidae. Only one species of Strepsiptera is a known parasitoid in Ethiopia. Brief accounts of these are presented below.

Strepsiptera

S t y l o p id a e

Corioxenus antestiae Blair Antestiopsis spp. on coffee. Attacks nymphs and adults (Million and Bayisa 1986); does not give effective control of the pest. Recorded by Greathead (1968), Jima.

Diptera

T a c h in id a e

Bogosia sp.Antestiopsis spp. on coffee. Eggs were observed on adult bugs at Jima (Greathead 1968); apparently not common.

Gonia (Pseudogonia) cinerascens Rondani Spodoptera exernpta. Recorded from high altitudes of Eritrea (Nastasi and Andemeskel 1968).

Linnaemyia spp.Chrysodeixis spp. on soybean and haricot bean Helicoverpa armigera on haricot bean. Common in bean-producing regions o f western and southern Ethiopia, such as Jima and Awasa.

Pales blepharipus Brauer and BergenstammSpodoptera exempta. Recorded by Nastasi and Andemeskel (1968) from high altitudes of Eritrea.

Palexorista sp.Helicoverpa armigera on haricot bean. Commonly found in western and southern Ethiopia (e.g. Awasa, Jima).

Periscepsia carbonaria (Panzer)Achaea sp. nr. infinira on soybean

3

4 Pa r a s it o id s

Helicoverpa armigera on haricot bean. Occurs in the Jima and the Awasa areas.

Periscepsia sp.Achaea sp. nr. infinita on soybean. Recorded from Jima.

Voria capensis Villeneuve Helicoverpa armigera on haricot bean; other Lepidoptera larvae. Recorded from Awasa. Most numerous tachinid; more abundant in diverse habitats than in bean monoculture (Tsedeke 1991b).

Voria ruralis Fallen Achaea sp. nr. infinita on soybeanHelicoverpa armigera on haricot bean; other Lepidoptera larvae. Collected from Jima and Awasa; less abundant than the previous species but with similar habits.

The following 47 species of Tachinidae were recorded by Crosskey (1980), but their status, host insects, or geographic distribution were not given. These are:

Alophora (Mormonomyia) nasuta Loew

Aplomya lycaena Curran Besseria zonaria Loew Billaea africana Villeneuve Billaea minor Villeneuve Billaea rhingiaeformis Emden Billaea sjostedti Speiser Blepharella fascipes Villeneuve Calozenillia africana Jaennicke Carcelia (Carcelia) bigoti

Jaennicke Chlorolydella glauca Karsch Chromatophania picta

Wiedemann Clara mangifera Bezzi Ctenophorocera polleniina Bezzi Cuphocera javana Wiedemann Cylindromyia ocypteroides Bezzi Cylindromyia xiphias Bezzi

Dejeania bombylans Fabricius Dejeania hecate Karsch Dejeania longirostris Emden Erynnia setibarba Bezzi Exorista echinaspis Bezzi Gymnosoma emdeni Mesnil Imitomyia mochii Bezzi Kiniatilops nigrapex Mesnil Linnaemyia aculeata Curran Linnaemyia ingrami Curran Linnaemyia longirostris Macquart Linnaemyia pallida Jaennicke Linnaemyia sulphurea Villeneuve Lubutana divaricata Villeneuve Macquartia erythromera Emden Mint ho argentea Bezzi Nemoraea rubellana Villeneuve Pales coerulea Jaennicke Pales sarcophagaeforms

Jaennicke

H ym e n o p te r a 5

Paratachina costae Jaennicke Siphona melania BezziPeleteria longipalpis Emden Siphona heterochaeta BezziPeriscepsia canina Mesnil Sisyropa subdistincta VilleneuvePeriscepsia decolor Emden Sturmia convergetis WiedemannPeriscepsia z-fuscum Emden Winthemia dasyops WiedemannPhorinia verritus Walker

Hymenoptera

ICHNEUMONIDAE

Charops spinitarsus (Cameron)Helicoverpa armigera on haricot beanTortrix dinota on soybean. Widely distributed in the Arsi Negele, the Awasa, and the Jima areas. May also parasitize other Lepidoptera larvae.

Cremastus sp.Hypargyria metaliferella. Recorded by Nastasi and Andemeskel (1968) from Durfo Valley in Eritrea.

Enicospilus rundiensis (Bischoff)Mentaxya ignicollis on tef. Recorded by Tadesse (1986) from Becho, Shewa, and other tef-growing areas o f Serbo near Jima and Bichena in Gojam.

Netelia sp.Caught in water traps in bean fields at Awasa (Tsedeke 1990). M ore abundant in open bean monocultures than in diverse, bean- maize intercrops or weedy plots; usually occurs in small numbers. Perhaps associated with Helicoverpa armigera and other Lepidoptera.

Pristomerus sp.Hypargyria metalliferella. Recorded by Nastasi and Andemeskel (1968) from Durfo Valley.

Procerochasmias nigromaculatus (Cameron)Busseola fusca on maizeChilo partellus on maize. Pupal parasitoid recorded by Assefa(1985) from Sidamo.

Mesochorus sp.Achaea sp. nr. infinita on soybean. Recorded from Jima. Species o f Mesochorus are known to be obligatory secondary parasitoids of other Ichneumonidae.


Venturia sp.Achaea sp. nr. infinita on soybean. Recorded from Jima; also caught in water traps in bean fields at Awasa, where it is probably associated with Helicoverpa armigera and other Lepidoptera.

Br a c o n id a e

Apanteles sp.Eublemma versicolora Pandemis sp. nr. ribeanaChrysodeixis chalcites. Recorded by Nastasi and Andemeskel (1968) from Asmara, Durfo and western lowlands.

Apanteles sp. (afer group)Tortrix dinota on soybean. Collected from Jima.

Apanteles sp. (ater group)Hedylepta indicata on soybeanTortrix dinota on soybean. Collected from Jima.

Apanteles sp. {glomeratus group)Agrotis spp. on haricot bean. Collected from Awasa.

Apanteles sp. nr. africanus (Cameron)Noctuid larvae on haricot bean. Widely distributed.

Apanteles sp. nr. prosper (Wilkinson)Plusiine larvae on citrus. Collected from Upper Awash.

Apanteles africanus (Cameron). Recorded by Hill (1966) on ‘chat’ from Harer. Perhaps associated with one or more of the following pests:

Alenella (Nadiasa) concava Aphilopota sp. phanerostigma Chrysopoloma crawshayi Chrysopoloma isabellina Cryptophlebia leucotreta Dysphylia viridella Etiella zinckenella Thalassodes digress us

Apanteles bordagei GiardLeucoptera caffeina on coffee. Larval parasitoid recorded by Greathead (1968).

Apanteles coffeae WilkinsonProphantis smaragdina on coffee. Reported by Million and Bayisa


(1986).Apanteles sesamiae Cameron

Busseola fusca on maize Chilo partellus on maize Sesamia calamistis on maizeSpodoptera exempta. Recorded by Nastasi and Andemeskel (1968) from Sabarguma in Eritrea, and by Assefa (1985) from western, southwestern, and southern Ethiopia. It is reported to parasitize 25.4-32.7% of B. fusca larvae.

Bathyaulax sp.Duomitus sp. on coffeeEulophonotus myrmeleon on coffee. Larval parasitoid recorded by Million and Bayisa (1986).

Bracon sp.Piezotrachelus Ivarius on mungbean. Collected from Shewa Robi.

Bracon sp. nr. celer SilvestriCeratitis capitata. Recorded by Nastasi and Andemeskel (1968) from eastern slopes of Eritrea.

Bracon hebetor SayBusseola fusca on maizeEphestia kuehniella. Recorded from Asmara (Nastasi and Andemeskel 1968) and Sidamo (Assefa 1985). Larval parasitoid.

Bracon sesatniae CameronBusseola fusca on maize. Larval parasitoid recorded by Assefa(1985) from Sidamo.

Chelonus sp.Phthorimaea operculella on potatoPiezotrachelus ?varius on mungbean. Attacks early instar larvae; parasitism levels of up to 20% were reported by Adhanom (1981). Recorded from Melkasa, Shewa Robi, and Asmara.

Diadegma molliplum (Hlmgr.)Phthorimaea operculella on potato. Recorded by Adhanom (1981) from Melkasa. Attacks early larval stage; up to 27% parasitization was recorded.

Iphiaulax sp.Noctuid larvae on haricot bean. Collected from Jima.

Mirax leucopterae WilkinsonLeucoptera caffeina on coffee. Reported by Million and Bayisa


(1986).Opius sp.

Carpomyia incompleta Becker. Recorded from medium and low altitudes o f western Eritrea (De Lotto and Nastasi 1955).

Opius sp. nr. africanus Szepl.Pterandrus rosa on coffee. Recorded by Greathead (1968) from Jima (Bada Buna); larval parasitoid.

Opius sp. nr. desideratus BridwelPterandrus rosa on coffee. Recorded by Greathead (1968) from Jima.

Opius sp. nr. dexter Silvestri Daculus oleae. Recorded by Nastasi and Andemeskel (1968) from Nefasit, Eritrea.

Opius phaseoli FischerOphiomyia phaseoli on haricot bean. Major pupal parasitoid widely distributed in Ethiopia. Up to 94% parasitization has been recorded in some parts o f the country, but this parasitoid does not give effective control on a standing crop (Tsedeke 1990).

Rogas sp.Hypargyria metalliferella. Recorded from Durfo (Nastasi and Andemeskel 1968).

A p h id iid a e

Aphidius sp.Aphis craccivora on hyacinth bean Brevicoryne brassicae on cabbageToxoptera aurantii on citrus. Collected from middle and upper Awash valley (e.g. Melka Werer, Wenji).

Aphidius hortensis (Marshal)Diuraphis noxius on barley Schizaphis graniinum on barleySitobion sp. on barley. Recorded by Adugna and Tessema (1987).

Aphidius setiger (Mackauer)Diuraphis noxius on barley Metapolophium dirhodum on barley Rhopalosiphum padi on barleySchizaphis graminum on barley. Recorded by Adugna and Tessema(1987).

H ym en o pter a 9

Aphidius lurticae (Haliday)Acyrthosiphon pisum on pigeon pea. Reared from specimens collected in the upper Awash.

Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh)Brevicoryne brassicae on cabbage. Reared from specimens collected at the Wenji area in the upper Awash.

Trioxys sp.Aphis craccivora on hyacinth bean. Reared from specimens collected in the middle and the upper Awash areas.

C h a l c id iid a e

Brachymeria sp.Hedylepta indicata on soybean. Reared from specimens collected at Awasa. These are pupal parasitoids that attack several species of Lepidoptera. They are especially abundant on the pupae of pierid butterflies that attack trees and shrubs following the ‘belg’ rains in many parts of the Rift Valley and upper and middle Awash. The last one is said to be a secondary parasitoid on tachinids that attack Lepidoptera.

Brachymeria sp. nr. inornata MasiEublemma versicolora. Recorded by Nastasi and Andemeskel (1968) from western lowlands of Eritrea.

Brachymeria lerythraea (Masi)Brachymeria kassalensis (Kirby)

E u ry to m id a e

E u ry to m a sp p .

Ophiomyia phaseoli on haricot bean. Recorded from Asmara (De Lotto and Nastasi 1955) and Awasa (Tsedeke 1990). Very rare'on O. phaseoli. May be more than two species.Stamnophora (= Urophora) vernoniicola Bezzi

Pt e r o m a l id a e

Anisopteromalus sp.Piezotrachelus Ivarius on mungbean. Reared from specimens collected at Shewa Robi.

Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard)

1 0 Pa r a s it o id s

Melanagromyza sojae on alfalfa ICallosobruchus chinensis on beansISitophilus zeamais on maize. Recorded from Harerge on storage pests (Walker and Boxall 1974) and from Wenji on the alfalfa pest.

Callitula filicornis DelucchiOphiomyia phaseoli on haricot bean and ‘yeayt m isir’. Reared from specimens collected at Shewa Robi and Pawe. Perhaps a secondary parasitoid.

Cyrtogaster sp.Ophiomyia phaseoli on haricot bean and ‘yeayt misir’ . Reared from specimens collected at Shewa Robi.

Habrocytus sp.Observed in maize crib in Kefa (Walker and Boxall 1974). Species of Habrocytus are known to be primary parasitoids o f the angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Zeller)

Halticoptera sp.Daculus oleae. Recorded from Nefasit (Nastasi and Andemeskel1968).

Halticoptera sp. ?circulus (Walker)Ophiomyia phaseoli on 'yeayt misir’. Reared from specimens collected at Melkasa. Occurs in small numbers (Tsedeke 1991a).

Herbertia sp.Ophiomyia phaseoli on ‘yeayt misir’. Reared from specimens collected at Melkasa. Occurs in small numbers.

Lariophagus distinguendus (Foerst)Sitophilus oryzae. Collected from Addis Abeba (Walker and Boxall 1974).

Mesopolobus sp.Piezotrachelus ?varius on mungbean. Reared from specimens collected at Shewa Robi.

Pachyneuron sp.Aphis craccivora on beans Brevicoryne brassicae on cabbageIcerya purchasi on pigeon pea. Reared from specimens collected in the upper Awash.

Pachyneuron aphidis (Bouche)Toxoptera aurantii on citrus. Reared from specimens collected in the upper Awash. Apparently a hyperparasitoid.

H ym e n o p te r a ‘ 11

Scutellista cyanea MotschSaissetia oleae. Recorded from high altitude areas in Eritrea (De Lotto and Nastasi 1955).

Sphegigaster brunneicornis (Feniere)Sphegigaster stepicola Boucek

Ophiomyia shaseoli on haricot bean and ‘yeayt misir’ . Widely distributed in mid-altitudes of the Rift Valley in central Ethiopia (Tsedeke 1991a).

Theocolax elegans (Westwood) (= Choetospila elegans (Westw.)) Sitophilus oryzae on maize. Reared from specimens collected at Shewa Robi and in Harerge, respectively (Walker and Boxall 1974).Sitophilus zeamais on maize

En c y r t id a e

Achrysophagus aegyptiacus MercetPseudococcus sp. on wild olive. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Adelencyrtus inglisiae CompereAfricaspis chionaspiformis on coral tree. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Adelencyrtus inglisiae Compere and Annecke?Africaspis chionaspiformis on coral tree. Recorded from Harerge (Hill 1966).

Adelencyrtus sp.Aonidiella orientalis on neem tree and grapevine Chrysomphalus aonidum on citrus. Reared from specimens collected at Melka-Sedi and Awasa. Perhaps more than one species are involved.

Aenasius advena CompereFerrisia virgata on oleander. Reared from specimens collected in the Nazret and the Melka Werer areas.

Allocerellus inquirendus SilvestriUndetermined host on wild olive. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Anabrolepis sp. Ibifasciatus IshiiChrysomphalus aonidum on citrus. Reared from specimens collected at the Koka and the Awasa areas.


Anagyrus abyssinicus ComperePseudococcus sp. on ficus. Recorded bv Annecke and Insley (1971).

Anagyrus pulvus ComperePseudococcus sp. on wild olive. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Anagyrus subproximus (Silvestri)Pseudococcus sp. on acacia. Recorded by Annecke and Insley 1971).

Anicetus abyssinicus AnneckeParasaissetia nigra on wild olive. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Aphidencyrtus sp. 1 africanus GahanAphidencrynus sp. lannulipes (Thomson)

Toxoptera aurantii on citrus. Reared from specimens collected in the Wenji area.

Aphidencyrtus aphidovorus (Meyr.)Leucoptera caffeina on coffee. Reported by Million and Bayisa(1986); attacks immature stages.

Baeoanusia minor (Silvestri)Baeoanusia oleae (Silvestri)

Saissetia sp. nr. privigna on unspecified host plant. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Cheiloneurus angustifrons CompereCeroplastes sp. on pepper tree. Reared from specimens collected in the Nazret and the Koka areas.

Cheiloneurus carinatus ComperePseudococcus sp. on wild olive. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Gieiloneurus chiaromontei MercetHost insect and plant not given. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Cheiloneurus cyanonotus Waterston Trioza erytreae on citrus. Reared from specimens collected at Aba Samuel Farm near Gonder town (Tsedeke 1988). Known to be hyperparasitoid (Catling 1969).

Cheiloneurus elegans (Dalman)Saissetia sp. nr. privigna on unspecified host plant. Recorded by

H y m e n o p te r a 13

Annecke and Insley (1971).Clausenia comperei Kerrich

Unspecified insect host on acacia and ‘bisana’. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Coccidioxenes sp.Stictococcus formicarius on coffee. Recorded by Greathead (1968) from Metu.

Diversinervus elegans Silvestri Saissetia oleae ?on wild oliveSaissetia sp. nr. privigna on unspecified host plant. Recorded from Nefasit (De Lotto and Nastasi 1955) and by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Encyrtus fuliginosus Compere Saissetia oleae ?on wild oliveSaissetia sp. nr. privigna on unspecified host plant. Described by Compere (1940) from Eritrea; also mentioned by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Habrolepis sp.Chrysomphalus aonidum on citrus. Reared from samples collected at Koka (Goossens et al. 1981).

Habrolepis aeruginosa MasiAonidiella orientalis on neem tree and grapevine. Reared from specimens collected at Melka Sedi and Ziway.

Habrolepis aspidioti Compere and Annecke Chrysomphalus aonidum on citrusQuadraspidiotus perniciosus on unspecified host plant. Reared from specimens collected on citrus at Tikur Wuha near Awasa; also recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Habrolepis oppugnati SilvestriAspidiotus elaeidis on unspecified host plant. Recorded, by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Habrolepis rouxi Compere Aonidiella aurantii on citrusSelenaspidus articulatus on citrus. Reared from specimens collected at Koka and in the middle Awash.

Homalotylus africanus TimberlakePseudococcus sp. on oleander. Reared from specimens collected at Melkasa.

1 4 P a ra s ito id s

Homalotylus africanus TimberlakePseudococcus sp. on oleander. Reared from specimens collected at Melkasa.

Homalotylus vicinus SilvestriNephus vetustus on unspecified host insect and plant. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Leptomastidea feanneli MercetPlanococcus sp. on wild olive. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Leptomastix sp.Chrysodeixis acuta on unspecified host plant. Recorded from Dibarwa (Nastasi and Andemeskel 1968).

Leptomastix abyssinica ComperePseudococcus sp. on unspecified host plant Planococcus Icitri on unspecified host plant. Recorded from Nefasit (De Lotto and Nastasi 1955); also mentioned by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Leptomastix superba SilvestriPseudococcus sp. on grass. Recorded by Annecke and Insley

. (1971).Metaphycus sp.

Coccus alpinus on coffeeIcerya purchasi on citrus and pigeon pea. Reared from specimens collected in the Nazret and the Wenji areas; also recorded by Greathead (1968) from Hirna in Harerge.

Metaphycus sp. (zebratus group)Icerya purchasi on citrus and pigeon pea. Reared from specimens collected in the Nazret and the Wenji areas.

Metaphycus sp. Iconfusus CompereIcerya purchasi on citrus. Reared from specimens collected in the Nazret and the Wenji areas.

Metaphycus sp. nr. lounsburyi (Howard)Ceroplastes sp. on pepper tree. Reared from specimens collected at Melkasa and other areas in the upper Awash.

Metaphycus aethiopicus CompereUnidentified coccid on wild olive. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Metaphycus albiventris Compere


Saissetia sp. nr. privigna on unspecified host plant. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Metaphycus helvolus (Compere)Saissetia oleae on unspecified host plant. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Metaphycus lounsburyi (Howard)Saissetia sp. nr. privigna on unspecified host plant. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Metaphycus praevidens (Silvestri)Filippia chrysophyllae on unspecified host plant. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Microterys bizanensis CompereParasaissetia nigra on pepper tree and wild olive. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Neodiscodes martinii ComperePlanococcus citri on wild olive. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Procheiloneurus clavatus CompereProcheiloneurus pulchellus Silvestri

Pseudococcus sp. on unspecified host plant. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Pseudaphycus perdignus Compere and ZinnaPlanococcus citri on unspecified host plant. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Psyllaephagus sp.Trioza erytreae on citrus. Reared from specimens collected at Aba Samuel Farm and Aleta Wendo (Tsedeke 1988).

Psyllaephagus pulvinatus (Waterston)Trioza erytreae on citrus. Reared from specimens collected at Aba Samuel Farm near Gonder town. Perhaps the most abundant parasitoid associated with Trioza in Ethiopia (Tsedeke 1988). Known to be one of the major primary parasitoids that is employed for biological control of T. erytreae in southern Africa (Catling 1969) and on Reunion Island (Etienne and Aubert 1980).

Psyllecthrus oophagus GhesquiereHilda patruelis on citrus, cassia and ‘yeayt m isir’. Reared from specimens collected in the Nazret, the Melkasa, the Wenji, and the Ziway areas.

Jreayt misir*. Reared ufs m very small

from specimens

recorded from

Tropidophrine africana Compere Pseudococcus sp. oil unspecifiedfhost pljnt. Recorded from Nefasit (De Lotto and Nastasi 1955),

Eu l o ph id a e

Aprostocetus sp.Ophiomyia phaseoli on haricot from specimens collected at Mei numbers (Tsedeke 1991a).

Aprostocetus (Sigmophora) sp.Aphis craccivora on hyacinth collected at Melka Werer.

Chrysocharis lepelleyi Ferrfere Leucoptera caffeina O n coffee. Larval [Jima (Greathead 1968).

Chrysonotomyia sp.Liriomyza trifolii on zinnia. Reared froiftjpecimens collected at Melka Werer.

Chrysonotomyia sp. nr. erythraea (Silvestri Ophiomyia phaseoli on haricot bean and^Jyeayt misir’. Although widely distributed in Ethiopia* th^e p r "* * numbers accounting for about 2.6jj% of |O. phaseoli (Tsedeke 1991a).

Chrysonotomyia sp. nr. ritchiei Leucoptera caffeina on coffee. Recorded (1986). Attacks the larval stage, i it

Chrysonotomyia formosa (Westwood) 1Cirrospilus spp.■ Cryphiomystis aletreuta on coffee

Ophiomyia phaseoli on haricot be4n and Larval parasitoid recorded by Gre$thead ̂pests; occurs in very small numbers on 1991a). At least two species are involved

Cirrospilus cinctiventrisJPembtQ !Cirrospilus crowei Kerrich' ;Cirrospilus longifasciatus Ferrfere |

Phyllocnistis citrella on citrus. Reared Melka Werer. These parasitoids appear


toids occur in small pbra&Uoid emergence on

•y Million and Bayisa

eayt misir’on the coffee

bean pest (Tsedeke

collected at effectively control local


outbreaks o f the pest that occur in some seasons.Derostenus coffeae Ferriere

Cryphiomystis aletreuta on coffee. Larval parasitoid recorded by Greathead (1968). Also known to be a parasite of Leucoptera spp.

Diglyphus isaea (Walker)Chromatomyia horticola on cabbage. Reared from specimens collected at Holetta.

Euplectrus laphygmae (Ferriere)Helicoverpa armigera on haricot bean. Recorded from the Jima area. Attacks other Lepidoptera too.

Hemiptarsenus semialbiclavus (Girault)Liriomyza trifolii on zinnia. Reared from specimens collected at Melka Werer.

Meruana sp.Chromatomyia horticola on cabbage. Reared from specimens collected at Holetta.

Meruana camerouensis (Risbec)Meruana liriomyzae Boucek

Chromatomyia horticola on cabbageOphiomyia phaseoli on ‘yeayt misir’. Reared from specimens collected at Holetta and Melkasa (Tsedeke 1991a).

Pediobius acantha (Walker)Ophiomyia phaseoli on ‘yeayt misir’. Reared from specimens collected at Melkasa. Occurs in very small numbers (Tsedeke 1991a).

Pediobius bruchicida (Rondani)Piezotrachelus Ivarius on mungbean. Reared from specimens collected at Shewa Robi.

Pediobius caffeicola (Ferriere)Leucoptera caffeina on coffee. Recorded by Greathead (1968).

Pediobius furvus GahanBusseola fusca on maize. Pupal parasitoid recorded from Sidamo (Assefa 1985).

Pediobius sp. nr. minimus DelucchiUnspecified host insect. Hyperparasitoid on egg parasitoids (Million and Bayisa 1986).

Tetrastichus spp.Aonidiella aurantii on citrus


Chrysomphalus aonidum on citrus Coccus hesperidum on citrusLilioceris livida on yams. Considered to be secondary on parasitoids attacking these pests (Goossens et al. 1981). Widely distributed in Ethiopia.

Tetrastichus sp. nr. ceroplastae Girault Icerya purchasi on citrus and pigeon pea. Reared from specimens collected in the Nazret area.

Eu p e l m id a e

Eupelmus sp.Ophiomyia phaseoli on haricot bean and ‘yeayt misir’. Reared from specimens collected at Awasa and Melkasa. Occurs in very small numbers (Tsedeke 1991a).

Eupelmus sp. (urozonus group)Ophiomyia phaseoli on haricot bean and ‘yeayt m isir’. Reared from specimens collected at Awasa and Melkasa. Occurs in very small numbers (Tsedeke 1991a).

Eupelmus ?australiensis (Girault)Ophiomyia phaseoli on haricot bean and ‘yeayt misir’. Reared from specimens collected at Awasa and Melkasa. Occurs in very small numbers (Tsedeke 1991a). Considered to be a hyperparasitoid o f Opius phaseoli in eastern Africa (Greathead1969).

A p h e l in id a e

Ablerus pumilis Annecke and InsleyAleuroplatus cadabae on cadaba. Reared from specimens collected at Melka Werer.

Aphytis spp.Aonidiella aurantii on citrus Aspidiotus nerii on citrus Chrysomphalus aonidum on citrusCoccus alpinus on coffee. Widely distributed in Ethiopia. Attacks nymphs and adults of Coccus alpinus (Million and Bayisa 1986).

Aphytis africanus Quednau and AnneckeAonidiella aurantii on citrus. Reared from specimens collected at


Bako and in the upper Awash. This and other species of Aphytis are the most important primary parasitoids of armored scales on citrus in Ethiopia (Goossens et al. 1981, Tsedeke 1984).

Aspidiotiphagus sp.Aonidiella aurantii on citrus Aspidiotus nerii on citrusChrysomphalus aonidum on citrus. Collected from Koka (Goossens et al. 1981) and other citrus-growing areas.

Azotus elegantulus SilvestriIDuplachionaspis sp. on ‘iret’ . Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Coccophagus sp.Coccus hesperidum on citrus Coccus alpinus on coffee Toxoptera aurantii on citrusTrioza erytreae on citrus. Widely distributed in Ethiopia.

Coccophagus sp. (lycimya group)Aonidiella orientalis on citrusCoccus hesperidum on citrus. Reared from specimens collected in the Nazret and the Wenji areas.

Coccophagus baldassarii CompereSaissetia olea on unspecified host plantSaissetia sp. nr. privigna on ‘bisana’. Recorded from Eritrea(Compere 1940, and De Lotto and Nastasi 1955).

Coccophagus basalis CompereCoccus hesperidum on citrus. Reared from specimens collected in the Nazret and the Wenji areas. Hill (1966) reported it on an unspecified host, perhaps Saissetia sp ., attacking sky flower in Harerge.

Coccophagus Icowperi CompereTrioza erytreae on citrus. Reared from specimens collected at Melge Wendo.

Coccophagus eleaphilus Silvestri Filippia chrysophyllae on unspecified host plant Saissetia oleae on unspecified host plant. Recorded from Eritrea (Compere 1940; De Lotto and Nastasi 1955; Annecke and Insley 1971).

Coccophagus eritreaensis Compere


Coccus hesperidum on citrus Icerya purchasi on citrus and pigeon pea Parasaissetia nigra on unspecified host plant Saissetia cuneiformis on unspecified host plant. Reared from specimens collected in the Nazret and the Wenji areas. De Lotto and Nastasi (1955) reported it from medium and high altitudes of eastern Eritrea. Also mentioned by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Coccophagus nigritus CompereParasaissetia nigra on unspecified host plant. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Coccophagus ochraceus HowardSaissetia oleae on unspecified host plantSaissetia sp. nr. privigna on unspecified host plant. Recorded from Geshinashim (De Lotto and Nastasi 1955) and other parts of Eritrea (Compere 1940, Annecke and Insley 1971).

Coccophagus princeps SilvestriHost insect and plant are not given. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Coccophagus pulvinariae (Compere)Parlatoria zizyphus on citrusTrioza erytreae on citrus. Reared from specimens collected at Gibe (.Parlatoria) and Gonder (Trioza) (Tsedeke 1988). Known to be hyperparasitoid (Catling 1969, Prinsloo 1981).

Coccophagus saintbeauvei Girault Saissetia oleae on unspecified host plantSaissetia sp. on ‘bisana’. Recorded from Geshinashim (De Lotto and Nastasi 1955) and other parts of Eritrea (Compere 1940); Hill (1966) recorded it from Harerge on an unspecified host insect (?Saissetia) attacking sky flower.

Coccophagus scutellatus (Dalman)Coccus hesperidum on citrus. Reared from specimens collected in the Nazret and the Wenji areas.

Coccophagus spectabilis Compere Saissetia oleae on ‘bisana’Saissetia sp. on sky flower. Recorded from parts o f Eritrea (Compere 1940) and Harerge (Hill 1966).

Encarsia abatei ViggianiAleuroplatus cadabae on cadaba. Reared from specimens collected


at Melka W erer and described by Viggiani (1982).Encarsia formosa Gahan

Bemisia tabaci on tomato. Reared from specimens collected at Melka Werer.

Encarsia siphonini SilvestriSiphoninus finitmus on unspecified host plant. Recorded by Annecke and Insley (1971).

Er.etmocerus cadabae ViggianiAleuroplatus cadabae on cadaba. Reared from specimens collected at Melka Werer.

Eretmocerus rnundus MercetBemisia tabaci on tomato. Reared from specimens collected at Melka Werer.

Euryischia leucopidis SilvestriLeucopis sp. on unspecified host insectFilippia chrysophyllae on unspecified host plant. Recorded byAnnecke and Insely (1971).

Euxanthellus sp.Saissetia sp. nr. previgna on ficus. Recorded by Annecke and Insely (1971).

Euxanthellus philippiae SilvestriFilippia chrysophyllae on wild olive Parasaissetia nigra on pepper treeSaissetia oleae on unspecfied host plant. Recorded from Eritrea (Compere 1940); also mentioned by Annecke and Insely (1971).

Marietta sp.Aonidiella aurantii on citrus. Reared from specimens collected from Koka and other parts of upper Awash. This and the previous species are secondary on parasitoids attacking armored scales on citrus (Goossens et al. 1981).

Marietta exitiosa Compere Aonidiella aurantii on citrus. Reared from specimens collected in the Nazret, the Koka, and the Wenji areas.

Marlatella secunda CompereUndetermined scale insect on wild olive. Recorded by Annecke and Insely (1971).

kPhyscus seminotus SilvestriIDuplachionaspis sp. on ‘iret’. Recorded by Annecke and Insley


(1 9 7 1 ) .

Prococcophagus varius SilvestriHost insect and plant are not given. Recorded by Annecke and Insely (1971).

T r ic h o g r a m m a t id a e

Trichogramma spp.Helicoverpa armigera on several plants. Widely distributed in Ethiopia. Egg parasitism can reach 15% at Melka W erer (IAR1985). T

Trichogrammatoidea sp.Helicoverpa armigera on cotton and other crops. Recorded from the middle Awash. Known to be a major parasitoid in Kenya.

S c e l io n id a e

Asolcus suranus NixonAntestiopsis spp. on coffee. Egg parasitism of upto 33% was reported from Jima (Million and Bayisa 1986).

Gryon gnidus (Nixon)Clavigralla tomentosicoHis on pigeon pea. Reared from egg specimens collected at Melkasa. Gives effective natural control o f the pest.

Hadronotus antestiae DoddAntestiopsis spp. on coffee. Egg parasitism of about 3% was reported from Jima (Million and Bayisa 1986).

Telenomus sp.Utetheisa lotrix on ‘yeayt misir’. Reared from egg specimens collected at Melkasa. Keeps local outbreaks of the pest in check.

Telenomus busseolesBusseola fusca on maize. Recorded from Awasa (Assefa 1985).

El a s m id a e

Elasmus sp. Ijohnstoni FerriereLeucoptera caffeina on coffee. Recorded by Greathead (1968). Attacks larval stage.

H y m e n o p te r a 2 3

T ETRACAMPIDAE

Epiclerus sp. nr. nomocerus (Masi)Ophiomyia phaseoli on haricot bean and ‘yeayt misir’. Reared from specimens collected at Shewa Robi and Melkasa. Occurs in very small numbers (Tsedeke 1991a).

T o r y m id a e

Dimeromicrus sp.Stamnophora (Urophora) vernoniicola on unspecified host plant Recorded from Asmara (De Lotto and Nastasi 1955).

SCOLIIDAE

Aureimeris sp.Capsomeriella madonensis (Buysson)Micromeriella aureola (Klug)Micromeriella hyalina (Klug)

Caught in water traps in haricot bean fields at Awasa (Tsedeke 1990); more abundant in weedy, bean-maize intercrops than in bean monoculture (Tsedeke 1991b). C. madonensis was the most abundant of these wasps; scoliids are external parasitoids o f the larvae of scarabaeid beetles (Borror et al. 1976 and Richards and Davies 1977); occasionally they may also parasitize curculionid larvae.

PREDATORS

Predators are polyphagous; hence it is very difficult and time consuming to list specific host insects and host plants exhaustively. Thus only general notes are provided for each species or groups o f species.

Dermaptera

F o r f ic u l id a e

Diaperasticus erythrocephalus (Olivier)Busseola fusca on maize. Reported as attacking the larval stage of the pest in Welega (Assefa 1985).

Heteroptera

N a b id a e

Tropiconabis capsiformis (Germar)Commonly occurs in bean fields in many parts o f the country. Perhaps predaceous on many types of pests, including aphids and caterpillars.

R e d u v h d a e

Acanthaspis obscura St&l Ectomocoris sp.Hediocoris sp.Hediocoris Ifasciatus Reuter Nagasta sp. nr. praecatoria (Fabricius)Oncocephalus asiranus Miller Pokesia sp.Pirates (Cleptocoris) sp.Pirates strepitans Rambur ( — P. lugubris Stal)Platymerus biguttata (Linnaeus)Rhinocoris albopilosus SignoretRhinocoris bicolor (Fabricius) (=R. picta (Schouteden))Rhinocoris rapax (Stal) (= /?. picturatus (Distant))Rhinocoris segmentarius (Germar)Sphedanolestes sp. (‘Ipulcher) (Schouteden)

The reduviids (assassin bugs) are very common and widely

24

H eteroptera 2 5

distributed in many parts of the country. Of these, R. albopilosus and related species are by far the most important. They occur in bean fields in southern and southwestern parts of Ethiopia. Adults of these bugs, R. albopilosus in particular, are predaceous on nymphs of stink bugs, such as Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) and lepidopterous larvae. R. albopilosus lays its eggs (in batches covered with white gelatinous substance) on leaves of the weed Guizotia scabra starting at podset of beans; the egg batches are attended by the male parent.

A n t h o c o r id a e

Orius spp.Orius (Dimorphella) albidipennis (Reuter)Orius (Dimorphella) sp. nr. agilis (Fieber)Orius (Orius) flagellum Linnavuori Orius (Orius) lindbergi Wagner Orius (Orius) niger Wolf Orius heynei (Reuter)Xylocoris afer Reuter

The anthocorids (minute pirate bugs) are predaceous on lepidopterous larvae, aphids, other small insects and insect eggs. Hill (1966) recorded O. hey’nei on Peregrinus maidis and Rhopalosiphum maulis on sorghum in Harer; he also reported an Orius sp. on the weed Polygonum senegalensis but the predator was probably associated with the thrips, Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin), that attacks the weed; also observed on Thrips tabaci on onions in the Melkasa area. Xylocoris afer was reported from Shewa (Walker and Boxall 1974). The rest of Orius species were captured in large numbers in sweepnets in bean fields at Awasa and Melkasa.

Pe n t a t o m id a e

Macrorhaphis acuta DallasCollected in bean fields at Bako and Awasa.

2 6 Pr ed ato r s

Neuroptera

C h r y s o p id a e

Anisochrysa boninensis (Okamoto)Larvae are predaceous primarily on aphids attacking cotton, beans, citrus, and other crops. Widely distributed in Ethiopia.

Coleoptera

C a r a b id a e

Desera australis (Peringuey)Collected from bean fields at the Gibe Horticultural Development Corporation farm.

S t a p h y l in id a e

Paederus sabaeus ErichsonPhilanthus (Spatulonthus) bisignathus Boheman

Captured in sweepments in bean fields. Both genera are widely distributed in Ethiopia. Paederus accounted for nearly 86% of the two genera collected at Awasa and Melkasa. Paederus spp. are known to prey upon the eggs of Agrotis segetum\ some Philanthus spp. feed on eggs of Diptera.

COCCINELLIDAE

Adalia intermedia CrotchAphis maidis on ?sorghum. Recorded by Nastasi and Andemeskel (1968) from high altitudes o f Eritrea.

Adonia variegata GoezeA very polyphagous predator attacking several species of aphids, including Aphis gossypii (Tsedeke 1988). A. maidis (Nastasi and Andemeskel 1968), Diuraphis noxius, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Sitobion sp., Metapolophium dirhodum and Schizaphis graminum on barley (Adugna and Tessema 1987) and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci. Widely distributed in Ethiopia. Occurs in fairly large numbers, especially when pest numbers are high.

Adonia variegata ssp. tredecimsignata MulsantlAphis craccivora on alfalfa in Harerge (Hill 1966).

C o leo ptera 27

Cheilomenes litterata (Reiche)Cheilomenes lunata (Fabricius)Cheilomenes lunata var. sulphurea (Olivier)Cheilomenes propinqua Mulsant Cheilomenes sulphurea (Olivier)Cheilomenes vicinus (Mulsant)

These ladybird beetles are polyphagous predators attacking most of the aphid species recorded in Ethiopia (Hill 1966, Nastasi and Andemeskel 1968; Adugna and Tessema 1987; Tsedeke 1988, 1990). Mating takes place on Guizotia scabra leaves during the mid-morning and the afternoon hours in the field. Cheilomenes spp. are widely distributed in Ethiopia.

Chilocorus distigma KlugCommon predator of Aonidiella aurantii, Aspidiotus nerii and other armored scales (Nastasi and Andemeskel 1968; Goossens et al. 1981, Tsedeke 1984). Both adults and larvae are predaceous on crawlers of scale insects. Widely distributed in citrus-growing regions of Ethiopia, where scale insect infestations are widespread.

Epilachna cinerascens Weise Epilachna leucosticta (Weise)Epilachna wittei Mader

Recorded on Toxoptera aurantii on coffee (Million and Bayisa 1986).

Exochomus sp.Recorded on Aonidiella aurantii and other armored scales (Tsedeke 1984) and on aphids and citrus psyllid attacking citrus (Tsedeke 1988). Widespread in citrus-growing areas.

Exochomus metallicus KarschRecorded on Saissetia oleae at Asmara (Nastasi and Andemeskel 1968).

Hyperaspis delicatula MulsantPreys on Ferrisia virgata on Jerusalem tree at Melka Werer.

Hyperaspis hottentotta MulsantRecorded on Aspidiotus nerii at Asmara (Nastasi and Andemeskel 1968).

Hyperaspis senegalensis (Mulsant)Predaceous on Aonidiella aurantii and other armored scales (Tsedeke 1984) and on citrus aphids and psyllid (Tsedeke 1988).

2 8 Pr ed ato r s

Hyperaspis senegalensis abyssinica (Fursch)Recorded on Coccus alpinus on coffee (Million and Bayisa 1986).

Nephus spp.Predaceous on Ferrisia virgata attacking Jerusalem tree at Melka Werer. Three distinct species of Nephus were recognized.

Pharoscymnus sp.Prey on Aonidiella aurantii and other armored scales on citrus (Tsedeke 1984) and on citrus aphids and psyllid (Tsedeke 1988).

Pharoscymnus madagassus (Weise)Platynaspis marginata Sicard Platynaspis sexguttata Sicard

Recorded on Toxoptera aurantii on coffee (Million and Bayisa1986).

Rodolia argodii SicardRecorded on Icerya purchasi attacking Australian blackwood in Harerge (Hill 1966).

Rodolia cardinalis MulsantImported, at different instances, from Egypt, Italy, and USA. Reported to have been established in Fagena, Asmara, Imbatekala, and Ginda against Icerya purchasi (Andemeskel and Crowe 1980, Tsedeke 1986); releases made at Alemaya did not get established.

Rodolia sp.Recorded on Icerya purchasi attacking Australian blackwood in Harerge (Hill 1966).

Rodolia iceryae JanssCommonest predator of Icerya purchasi in parts o f Shewa and other areas o f central Ethiopia.

Rodolia occidentalis WeiseRecorded on Icerya purchasi from eastern slopes o f Eritrea (Nastasi and Andemeskel 1968).

Rodolia sp. nr. iceryae JanssRecorded on Icerya purchasi in parts o f Eritrea (Nastasi and Andemeskel 1968).

Scymnus sp.Recorded on Toxoptera aurantii attacking coffee (Million and Bayisa 1986).

Scymnus scapuliferus Mulsant Thea bisoctonotata Mulsant

D iptera 2 9

Recorded on Aphis gossypii from Eritrea (Nastasi and Andemeskel 1968).

Diptera

S y r p h id a e

Syrphids (hover flies) are important predators of aphids in Ethiopia, as they are elsewhere. Previously these predators were recorded by me and recently by Adugna and Tessema (1987) and Tsedeke (1988, 1990). Smith and Vockeroth (1980) recorded over 30 species of syrphids in Ethiopia, but did not specify where they occur. Following is a checklist of syrphids recorded from Ethiopia; those followed by an asterisk (*) are records of Smith and Vockeroth (1980).

Allograpta calopoides Curran*Allograpta calopus Loew (=A. abyss inica Frey)Allograpta nasuta (Macquart)Asarkina (Asarfdna) eremophila Loew*Betasyrphus adligatus (Wiedemann)Betasyrphus hirticeps (Loew)Chrysogaster poecilophthalma Bezzi*Chrysogaster quinquestriata Szilady*Chrysotoxum continum Bezzi*Episyrphus trisectus (Loew)Eristalinus myiatropinus SpeiSer*Eristalinus pexalis Curran*Eristalinus tabanoides Jaennicke*Eristalinus virescens Szilady*Eumerus axinecerus Speiser* lschiodon aegyptius (Wiedemann)Melanostoma bituberculatum Loew*Melanostoma scalare Fabricius*Merodon nasicus Bezzi*Mesembrius lagopus Loew*Mesembrius minor Bezzi*Mesembrius senegalensis Macquart*Metasyrphus Icollorae (Fabricius)Microdon (Microdon) aethiopicus Rondani*

3 0 Pr edato r s

Microdon (Microdon) rugosus Bezzi*Microdon (Microdon) rugosus var. melas Bezzi*Paragus (Pandasyophthalmus) nasutus Bezzi*Rhingia (Rhingia) pulcherrima Bezzi*Rhingia (Rhingia) saskana Szilady*Senaspis elliottii Austen*Simoides pachymera Wiedemann*Simoides villipes Loew*Sphaerophoria notogramma Bezzi*Sphaerophoria rueppellii (Wiedemann)Syritta abyssinica Rondani*Syritta stigmatica Loew*

C h a m a e m y iid a e

Leucopis (Leucopella) africana Mai loch Recorded by Cogan (1980)

Leucopis (Leucopella) sp.Leucopis (Leucopis) sp.

Collected on Aphis gossypii and Toxoptera spp. on citrus in the upper Awash (Tsedeke 1988). Larvae of this family are also known to prey upon adelgids, coccids and other Homoptera.

Hymenoptera

T ip h iid a e

Tiphia sp.Most common of predaceous Hymenoptera collected in bean fields. More abundant in weedy and bean-maize intercrops than in bean monoculture (Tsedeke 1991b). Perhaps prey on Helicoverpa armigera and other Lepidoptera and Coleoptera larvae. A related species, T. popilliavora Rohwer, is considered to be an important biocontrol agent o f the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, in the USA.

Tiphia sjostedti Cameron

POMPILIDAE

Anoplius sp.Anoplius morosus (Smith)


Cyamagena sp.Elaphrosyron insidiosus (Smith)Pericnemis sp.

Captured in water traps in bean fields at Awasa (Tsedeke 1990). All o f these occur in very small numbers; more common in weedy bean-maize intercrops than in bean monoculture. Adult pompilids (spider wasps) forage on flowers or on the ground for prey, whereas the larvae feed on spiders (hence the name).

Eu m e n id a e

Antepipona sp.Captured in water traps in bean fields at Awasa; occurs in very small numbers (Tsedeke 1990). Adults of eumenids (mason or potter wasps) provision their nests with caterpillars, such as those of Helicoverpa armigera.

V e s p id a e

Belonogaster sp.Polistes sp.

Captured in water traps in bean fields at Awasa; occurs in very small numbers (Tsedeke 1990). Vespid wasps are considered to be important in the natural control of foliage feeding pests.

S p h e c id a e

Try poxy loti sp.Recorded on Busseola fusca larvae from Sidamo (Assefa 1985), although B.R. Suba Rao (pers. comm.) reported, ‘Trypoxylon species feed exclusively on spiders.’

Larra sp.Oxybelus spp. (2)Philanthus sp.

Captured in bean fields at Awasa; occurs in small numbers (Tsedeke 1990). The species o f Larra prey on mole crickets and those o f Oxybelus on several species o f Muscoidea (B.R. Suba Rao, pers. comm.). Species o f Philanthus are considered to be pests in that they hunt honey bees.

3 2 Pr edato r s

Acari

Predatory Acari (mites) in Ethiopia are represented by four families, each family consisting of one genus as shown below. They were collected from citrus and grape orchards in the upper and the middle Awash, where they prey on other mites and armored scales such as Aonidiella aurantii.

Ph y t o s e iid a e T y d e id a e

Typhlodrornus ?magdalanae Pronematus sp.Pritchard and Baker

All o f the Araneae (spiders) were collected with sweepnets in bean fields at Awasa and Melkasa. Of those mentioned below, Neoscona constituted 41%, 77iomosius 14.3%, and Cheiracanthus 11%.

S t ig m a t id a e

Agistematus sp.

Py e m o t id a e

Pyemotes sp.

Araneae

A r a n e id a e

Neoscona sp.Ph il o d r o m id a e

Thanatus sp.

C l u b io n id a e

Cheiracanthium sp.T e t r a g n a t h id a e

Leucauge sp.

L in y p h iid a e

Microlinyphia sterillis PavesiT h e r id iid a e

Theridion sp.

L y c o s id a e

Pardosa sp.T h o m is id a e

Diaea sp. Thomisius sp.

OXYOPIDAE

Oxyopes sp.

CHECKLIST OF PESTS AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES

Achaea sp. nr. infinita Mesochorus sp. Periscepsia sp. Periscepsia carbonaria Voria ruralis

Acyrthosiphon pisum Aphidius lurticae Cheilomenes lunata Cheilomenes sulphurea

Africaspis chionaspiformis Adelencyrtus inglisiae

Agrotis spp.Apanteles sp. (glotneratus

group)Alenella (Nadiasa) concava

Apanteles africanus Aleuroplatus cadabae

Abler us pumilis Encarsia abatei Eretmocerus cadabae

Antestiopsis spp.Anas tat us antestiae Asolcus suranus Bogosia sp.Corioxenus antestiae Hadronotus antestiae

Aonidiella aurantii Aphytis sp.Aphytis africanus Aspidiotiphagus sp. Chilocorus distigma Exochomus sp.Habrolepis sp.Habrolepis rouxi Hyperaspis senegalensis

Marietta sp.Marietta exitiosa Pharoscymnus sp. Pharoscymnus madagassus Tetrastichus sp.

Aonidiella orientalis Adelencyrtus sp.Coccophagus sp.Habrolepis aeruginosa

Aphis craccivoraAdonia variegata ssp.

tredecimsignata Apanteles africanus Aphidius sp.Aprostocetus (Sigmophora) sp Cheilomenes litterata Cheilomenes lunata Cheilomenes sulphurea Pachyneuron sp.Trioxys sp.

Aphis gossypiiAnisochrysa boninensis Cheilomenes propinqua Exochomus sp.Hyperaspis senegalensis Leucopis (Leucopella) sp. Pharoscymnus sp. Pharoscymnus madagassus Sphaerophoria rueppellii Thea bisoctonotata

Aphis maidisAdalia intermedia *Adonia variegata Cheilomenes lunata Cheilomenes sulphurea

33

Cheilomenes vie in us Pharoscymnus sp.

Aspidiotus elaeidis Aphytis erythraeus Habrolepis oppugnata

Aspidiotus nerii Aphytis sp.Aspidiotiphagus sp.Chilocorus distigma Hyperaspis hottontatta

Bemisia tabaci Encarsia formosa Eretmocerus mundus

Brevicoryne brassicae Aphidius sp.Diaeretiella rapae Pachyneuron sp.

Busseola fuscaApanteles sesamiae Bracon hebetor Bracon sesamiae Diaperasticus erythrocephala Eupelmus sp.Pediobius fu r\’us Procerochasmias

nigromaculatus Telenomus busseoles

Callosobruchus chinensis Anisopteromalus calandrae

Capitophorus elaeagni Cheilomenes lunata Cheilomenes lunata var.

sulphurea Carpomyia incompleta

Opius sp.Ceratitis capitata

Bracon sp. Iceler Ceroplastes sp.

3 4 C h e c k lis t of Pests a n d Enem ies

Cheiloneurus angustifrons Metaphycus albiventris Metaphycus sp. nr. lounsburyi

Chilo partellus Apanteles sesamiae Procerochasmias

nigromaculatus Chromatomyia horticola

Diglyphus isaea Meruana camerouensis Meruana liriomyzae Meruana sp.

Chrysodeixis spp.Apanteles sp. nr. africanus Apanteles sp. nr. prosper Iphiaulax sp.Linnaemyia sp.

Chrysodeixis acuta Leptomastix sp.

Chrysodeixis chalcites Apanteles sp.

Chrysomphalus aonidum Adelencyrtus sp.Anabrolepis sp. Ibifasciatus Aphytis sp.Aspidiotiphagus sp.Chilocorus distigma Exochomus sp.Habrolepis sp.Habrolepis aspidioti Pharoscymnus sp. Pharoscymnus madagassus Tetrastich us sp.

Chrysopoloma crawshayi Apanteles africanus

Chrysopoloma isabellina Apanteles africanus

Clavigralla tomentosicollis

C h e c k lis t of Pests a n d Enem ies 3 5

Gryon gnidus Coccus alpinus

Aphytis sp.Coccophagus sp. Hyperaspis senegalensis Metaphycus sp.

Coccus hesperidum Coccophagus sp. Coccophagus sp. (lycimya

group)Coccophagus basalis Coccophagus eritreansis Coccophagus scutellatus Tetrastichus sp.

Cryphiomystis aletreuta Cirrospilus sp. (2) Derostenus coffeae

Cryptophlebia leucotreta Apanteles africanus

Daculus oleae Halticoptera sp.Opius sp. nr. dexter

Diuraphis noxius Aphidius hortensis Aphidius setiger Cheilomenes lunata Sphaerophoria rueppellii

Duomitus sp.IBathyaulax sp.

Duplachionaspis sp.Azotus elegantulus Physcus seminotus

Dysphylia viridella Apanteles africanus

Ephestia kuehniella Bracon hebetor

Etiella zinckenella Apanteles africanus

Eublemma versicolora Apanteles sp.Brachymeria sp. nr. inornata

Eulophonotus myrmeleon Bathyaulax sp.

Ferrisia virgata Aenasius ad vena Hyperaspis delicatula Nephus spp. (3)

Filippia chrysophllae Coccophagus eleaphilus Euryischia leucopidis Euxanthellus philippiae Metaphycus praevidens

Haplothrips gowdeyi Orius sp.

Hedylepta indicata Apanteles sp. (ater group) Brachymeria sp.Brachymeria lerythreae Brachymeria kassalensis

Helicoverpa armigera Charops spinitarsus Euplectrus laphygmae Linnaemyia sp.Palexorista sp.Periscepsia carbonaria Trichogramma sp.Venturia sp.Voria capensis Voria ruralis

Hilda patruelisPsyllecthrus oophagus

Hypargyria metalliferella Cremastus sp.Pristomerus sp.Rogas sp.

Icerya purchasi

3 6 C h ec klis t of Pests a n d Enem ies

Coccophagus eritreansis Metaphycus sp.Metaphycus sp. (zebratus

group)Metaphycus sp. 1 corf us us Pachy neuron sp.Rodolia sp.Rodolia sp. nr. iceryae Rodolia argodi Rodolia cardinalis Rodolia iceryae Rodolia occidentalis Tetrastichus sp. nr.

ceroplastae Leucopis sp.

Euryischia leucopidis Leucoptera caffeina

Achrysocharis ritchiei Apanteles bordagei Aphulencyrtus aphidovorus Chrysocharis lepelleyi Chrysonotomyia sp. nr. ritchiei Elasmus sp. Ijohnstoni Mirax leucopterae Pediobius caffeicola

Lilioceris livid a Tetrastichus sp.

Liriomyza trifolii Chrysonotomyia sp. Herniptarsenus semialbiclavus

Melanagromyza sojaeAnisopteromalus calandrae

Mentaxya ignicollis Enicospilus rundiensis

Metapolophium dirhodum Aphidius setiger Cheilomenes lunata Pharoscymnus sp.

Sphaerophoria rueppellii Nephus vetustus

Homalotylus vicinus Nezara viridula

Rhinocoris albopilosus Ophiomyia phaseoli

Aprostocetus sp.Callitula filicornis Chrysonotomyia formosa Cirrospilus sp.Cyrtogaster sp.Epiclerus sp. nr. nomocerus Eupelmus sp.Eupelmus sp. (urozonus group) Eupelmus australiensis Eurytoma sp.Halticoptera sp. 1c ire ulus Herbertia sp.Meruana liriomyzae Opius phaseoli Pediobius acantha Sphegigaster bruneicornis Sphegigaster stepicola

Pandemis sp. nr. ribeana Apanteles sp.

Parasaissetia nigra Anicetus abyssinicus Coccophagus eritreansis Coccophagus nigritus Euxanthellus philippiae Microterys bizanensis

Parlatoria zizyphusCoccophagus pulvinariae

Peregrinus maidis Orius heynei

Phthorimaea operculella Chelonus sp.Diadegma molliplum

C h ec klis t of Pests a n d Enem ies

Phyllocnistis citrella Cirrospilus cinctiventris Cirrospilus crowei Cirrospilus longifasciatus

Piezotrachelus Ivarius Anisopteromalus sp.Bracon sp.Chelonus sp.Eupelmus sp.Eurytoma sp.Mesopolobus sp.Pediobius bruchicida

Planococcus citri Neodiscodes martinii Pseudaphycus perdignus

Planococcus sp.Leptomastidea jear.neli Leptomastix abyss in ica

Prophantis smaragdina Apanteles coffeae

Pseudococcus sp.Achrysophagus aegyptiacus Anagyrus abyssinicus Anagyrus pullus Anagyrus subproximus Cheiloneurus carinatus Homalotylus africanus Leptomastix abyss in ica Leptomastix superba Procheiloneurus clavatus Procheiloneurus pulchellus Tropidophrine africana

Pterandrus rosaOpius sp. nr. africanus Opius sp. nr. desideratus

Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Habrolepis aspidioti

Rhopalosiphum maidis

Cheilomenes litterata Cheilomenes lunata Cheilomenes vicinus Orius heynei Pharoscymnus sp.

Rhopalosiphum padi Aphidius setiger Cheilomenes vicinus Pharoscymnus sp.

Saissetia sp.Coccophagus saintbeauvei Coccophagus spectabilis

Saissetia sp. nr. privigna Baeoanusia minor Baeoanusia oleae Cheiloneurus elegans Coccophagus baldassarii Coccophagus ochraceus Coccophagus spectabilis Diversinervus elegans Encyrtus fuliginosus Euxanthellus sp. Metaphycus gilvus Metaphycus lounsburyi

Saissetia cuneiformis Coccophagus eritreansis Coccophagus nigritus

Saissetia oleaelAUocerellus inquirendus Coccophagus baldassarii Coccophagus eleaphilus Coccophagus ochraceus Coccophagus saintbeauvei Coccophagus spectabilis Diversinervus elegans Encyrtus fuliginosus Euxanthellus philippiae Exochomus metallicus

3 8 C h ec klis t of Pests a n d Enem ies

Metaphycus helvolus Metaphycus lounsburyi Scutellista cyanea

Schizaphis graminum Aphidius hortensis Aphidius setiger Cheilomenes lunata Pharoscymnus sp.

Selenaspidus articulatus Habrolepis rouxi

Sesamia calamistis Apanteles sesamiae

Siphoninus finitimus Encarsia sifihonini

Sitobion sp.Aphidius hortensis Aphidius setiger Cheilomenes lunata Pharoscymnus sp. Sphaerophoria rueppellii

Sitophilus oryzaeLariophagus distinguendus Theocolax elegans

Sitophilus zeamais Chaetospila elegans

Spodoptera exempta Apanteles sesamiae Gonia (Pseudogonia)

cinerascens Stamnophora vernoniicola

Dimeromicrus sp.Eurytoma sp.

Stictococcus fomiicarius Anisopteromalus calandrae Coccidioxenus sp.

Thalassodes digressus Apanteles africanus

Thrips tabaci

Adonia variegata Orius sp.

Tortrix dinota Apanteles sp. (afer group) Apanteles sp. (ater group) Charops spinitarsus Venturia sp.

Toxoptera aurantii Anisochrysa boninensis Aphidencyrtus sp. 1 africanus Aphidencyrtus sp. lannulipes Aphidius sp.Coccophagus sp.Epilachna cinerascens Epilachna leucosticta Exochomus sp.Hyperaspis senegalcnsis Leucopis (Leucopella) sp. Pachyneuron sp.Pachyneuron aphidis Platynaspis marginata Pharoscymnus sp. Pharoscymnus madagassus Scymnus sp.Scymnus scapuliferus Sphaerophoria rueppellii

Toxoptera citricidus Anisochrysa boninensis Aphidencyrtus sp. lafricanus Aphidencyrtus sp. lannulipes Aphidius sp.Exochomus sp.Hyperaspis senegalensis Leucopis (Leucopella) sp. Leucopis (Leucopis) sp. Pachyneuron aphidis Pharoscymnus sp. Pharoscymnus madagassus

C h e c k lis t o f Pests a n d Enem ies 3 9

Sphaerophoria rueppellii Trioza erytreae

Cheiloneurus cyanonotus Cheilomenes lunata Cheilomenes propinqua Coccophagus sp. Coccophagus sp. Icowperi Coccophagus pulvinariae Exochomus sp.Hyperaspis senegalensis Psyllaephagus sp. Psyllaephagus pulvinatus

Trirhithrum coffeae

Opius sp. (iafricanus group) Opius sp. nr. desideratus

Utetheisa lotrix Telenomus sp.

Unspecified host insects Cheiloneurus chiaromontei Clausenia comperei Coccophagus princeps Marlatella seconda Metaphycus aethiopicus Prococcophagus varius Psyllaephagus pulvinatus

REFERENCES

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Adugna Haile and Tessema Megenassa. 1987. Survey of aphids on barley in parts of Shewa, Welo and Tigrai, Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. Agric. Sci. 11:39-54.

Andemeskel W. Haimanot and T.J. Crowe. 1980. Biological control in Ethiopia-1946 to 1971. Ethiop. J. Agric. Sci. 2(1):81-85.

Annecke, D.P., and H.P. Insley. 1971. Catalogue of Ethiopia Encyrtidae and Aphelinidae(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). EntomologyMemoirNo.23. Dept. Agric. Tech. Services, Pretoria.

Assefa Gebre Amlak. 1981. Some preliminary studies on the maize stalk borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuiduae), in southern Ethiopia. MSc thesis, Addis Ababa Univ.

Assefa Gebre Amlak. 1985. Survey of lepidopterous stem borers attacking maize in Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. Agric. Sci. 7:15-26.

Borror, D.J., D.M. Delong, and C.A. Triplehorn. 1976. Introduction to the study of insects (4th ed.). Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.

Catling, H.D. 1969. The bionomics of the south African citrus psylla, Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Homoptera: Psyllidae). 2. The influence of parasites and notes on the species involved. J. Entomol. Soc. South Afr. 32:209-223.

Cogan, B.H. 1980. Family Chamaemyiidae. p. 601-602. In: R.W. Crosskey (ed.) Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Nat. Hist.), London.

Compere, H. 1940. Parasites of the black scale, Saissetia oleae, in Africa. Hilgardia. 13(7):387-423.

Crosskey, R.W. 1980. Family Tachinidae. p. 822-882. In: R.W. Crosskey (ed.) Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Nat. Hist.), London.

De Lotto, G., and V. Nastasi. 1955. Gli insetti dannosi alle piante coltivate e spontanee dell’ Eritrea. Rev. Agric. Trop. Subtrop. 49:53-59.

Etienne, J., and B. Aubert. 1980. Biological control of psyllid vectors of greening disease on Reunion Island, p. 118-121. In: E.C. Calavan et al. (eds.) Proc. 8th Conf. IOCV. Univ. Calif., Riverside, USA.

Goossens, P.A., Adhanom Negasi, and Tsedeke Abate. 1981. Armored scales on citrus in Ethiopia. IAR, Addis Abeba.

Greathead, D.J. 1968. Observations on coffee pests in Ethiopia, p. 71-82. In: FAO Coffee Mission to Ethiopia 1964-65. FAO, Rome PL:IC/3.

Greathead, D.J. 1969. A study in East Africa of the bean flies (Dipt., Agro- myzidae) affecting Phaseolus vulgaris and their natural enemies, with the description of a new species of Melanagromxza Hend. Bull. Entomol. Res. 59:541-561.

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References 41

Hill, B.G. 1966. Insects of cultivated and wild plants. Harar Province, Ethiopia. 1960-1964. Bull. Entomol. Res. 56:659-670.

IAR (Institute of Agricultural Research). 1985. Department of Crop Protection progress report for the period 1980/81-1982/83. IAR, Addis Abeba.

Million Abebe and Bayisa Mormene. 1986. A review of coffee pest management research in Ethiopia, p. 163-174. In: Tsedeke Abate (ed.) A review of crop protection research in Ethiopia. IAR, Addis Abeba.

Nastasi, V., and Andemeskel Woldehaimanot. 1968. A list of insect pests found on plants, their parasites and predators in Eritrea: 1954-1967. Imp. Ethiop. Govt. Dept. Agric., Asmara, Ethiopia.

Prinsloo, G.L. 1981. On the encyrtid parasites (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in southern Africa. J. Entomol. Soc. South. Afr. 44:199-244.

Richards, O.W., and R.G. Davies. 1977. Imms’ Textbook of Entomology (10th ed.). London, Chapman and Hall.

Smith, K.G.V., and J.R. Vockeroth. 1980. Family Syrphidae. p. 488-510. In: R.W. Crosskey (ed.) Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Regionl. British Museum (Nat. Hist.) London.

Tadesse Gebremedhin. 1986. The biology and control of red tef worm, Mentaxya ignicollis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Ethiopia. PhD diss. Univ. London, U.K.

Tsedeke Abate. 1984. Observations on populations of the red scale, Aonidiella aurantii, and its natural enemies on citrus at Koka. Ethiop. J. Agric. Sci. 6:102-115.

Tsedeke Abate. 1986. Current status of biological control in Ethiopia, p. 653- 664. In: Tsedeke Abate (ed.) A review of crop protection research in Ethiopia: Proceedings of the first Ethiopian Crop Protection Symposium, Addis Abeba, 4-7 February 1985. IAR, Addis Abeba.

Tsedeke Abate. 1988. The identity and bionomics of insect vectors of tristeza and greening diseases of citrus in Ethiopia. Trop. Pest Manage. 34(1): 19-23.

Tsedeke Abate. 1990. Genetic, cultural and insecticidal control of the bean fly, Ophiomyia phaseoli (Tryon) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), in Ethiopia. PhD diss. Simon Fraser Univ., Burnaby, B.C., Canada.

Tsedeke Abate. 1991a. The bean fly, Ophiomyia phaseoli (Tryon) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), and its parasitoids in Ethiopia. J. Appl. Entomol. 111:278- 285.

Tsedeke Abate. 1991b. Intercropping and weeding: effects on some natural enemies of African bollworm in bean fields. J. Appl. Entomol. 112:38-42.

Viggiani, G. 1982. New species and host records of African aphelinids (Researches on Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea LXX). J. Entomol. Soc. South. Afr. 45(l):27-32.

Walker, D.J., and R.A. Boxall. 1974. An annotated list of the insects associated with stored products in Ethiopia, including notes on mites found in Harar Province. E. Afr. Agric. For. J. 39:330-335.

ANNEX 1 . List of host insects of parasitoids and predators

Homoptera

T e t t ig o m e t r id a e

Hilda patruelis StAl

D e l p h a c id a e

Peregrin us maidis (Ash mead)

T r io z id a e

Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio)

A le y r o d id a e

Aleuroplatus cadabae Priesner and Hosny

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Siphoninusfinitmus Silvestri

A p h id id a e

Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) Aphis craccivora Koch Aphis gossypii Glover Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus) Capitophorus elaeagni (Del

Guercio)Diuraphis noxius (Mordvilko) Metapolophium dirhodum

(Walker)Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) Sitobion sp.Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de

Fonscolombe)Toxoptera citric id us (Kirkaldy)

M a r g a r o d id a e

Icerya purchasi Maskell

Ps e u d o c o c c id a e

Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) Planococcus sp.Planococcus citri (Risso) Pseudococcus sp.

COCCIDAE

Ceroplastes sp.Coccus alpinus De Lotto Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus Filippia chrysophyllae Silvestri Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) Saissetia sp.Saissetia cuneiformis Leon. Saissetia oleae (Bernard) Saissetia sp. nr. privigna De

Lotto (De Lotto)

S t ic t o c o c c id a e

Stictococcus formicarius Newstead

D ia s p id id a e

Africaspis chionaspiformis (Newstead)

Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) Aspidiotus elaeidis Marshal Aspidiotus nerii (Bouche) Chrysomphalus aonidum

(Linnaeus)

A n n e x 1 43

Duplachionaspis sp.Parlatoria zizyphus (Lucas)Q u ad rasp id i o t us perniciosus

(Comstock)Selenaspidus articulatus (M or

gan)

Heteroptera

COREiDAE

Clavigralla tomentosicollis (Stal)

Pe n t a t o m id a e

Antestiopsis spp.Nezara viridula (Linnaeus)

Thysanoptera

T h r ip id a e

Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin) Thrips tabaci Lindeman

Lepidoptera

G e l e c h iid a e

Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)

G r a c il l a r iid a e

Cry pi i iomystis aletreuta (Meyrick)

Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton

L y o n e t iid a e

Leucoptera caffeina Washbourn

C h r y s o p o l o m id a e

Chrysopoloma crawshayi Aurivillius

Chrysopoloma isabellina Aurivillius

T o r t r ic id a e (including O l e t h r e u t id a e )

Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick)

Pandemis sp. nr. ribeana Hubner ( = P. cerasana Hbn.)

Tortrix dinot(a Meyrick

C o s s id a e

Eulophonotus myrmeleon Felder Duomitus sp.

Py r a l id a e

Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) Dysphylia viridella Rag.Ephestia kuehniella Zeller Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke) Hedylepta indicata Fabricius Hypargyria metalliferella Rag. Prophantis smaragdina (Butler)

G e o m e t r id a e

Aphilopota sp. phanerostigma Prout

Thalassodes digressus (Walker)

A r c t iid a e

Utetheisa lotrix (Cramer)

N o c t u id a e

Achaea sp. nr. infinita Guenee Agrotis spp.Busseola fusca (Fuller) Chrysodeixis spp.

4 4 A nnex 1

Chrysodeixis acuta (Walker) Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esp.) Eublemma versicolora Walker Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) Mentaxya ignicollis (Walker) Sesamia calamistis Hampson Spodoptera exetnpta (Walker) Others (unidentified)

Diptera

C h a m a e m y iid a e

Leucopis sp.

T e p h r it id a e

Carpomyia incomjileta Becker Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) Daculus ( —Dacus) oleae

(Gmelin)Pterandrus rosa Karsch Stamnophora (=Urophora)

vernoniicola Bezzi Trirhithrum cojfeae Bezzi

A g r o m y z id a e

Ch romatomyia (= Phytomyza) horticola (Goureau)

Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) Melanagromyza sojae (Zehnlner) Ophiomyia phaseoli (Tryon)

Coleoptera

COCCINELLIDAE

Nephus vetustus Weise

C h r y s o m e l id a e

LiliocerLs livida (Dalman)

A p io n id a e

Piezotrachelus Ivarius (Wagner)

ANNEX 2. Host plants of insect pests mentioned in the text

Scientific name Common name Family

Aeacia sp. acacia LeguminosaeAcacia cyanophylla acacia LeguminosaeAcacia melanoxylon Australian blackwood LeguminosaeAloe sp. ‘iret* LiliaceaeAzadirachta itidica neem MeliaceaeBrassica spp. brassicas CruciferaeBrassica oleracea cabbage Cruci feraeCadaba rotundifolia cadaba CapparidaceaeCajanus cajan pigeon pea LeguminosaeCassia spp. cassia LeguminosaeCatha edulis ‘chat1 CelastraceaeCitrus spp. citrus RutaceaeCojfea arabica coffee RubiaceaeCrotalaria laburnifolia ‘yeayt misir' LeguminosaeCroton macrostachys ‘bisana’ EuphorbiaceaeCynara scolymus artichoke CompositaeDioscorea sp. yam DioscoreaceaeDuranta repens sky flower VerbenaceaeErythrina burana coral tree LeguminosaeFicus sp. ficus MoraceaeGlycine max soybean LeguminosaeLablab niger hyacinth bean LeguminosaeLycopersicum esculent um tomato SolanaceaeMedicago sativa alfalfa Leguminosae'Nerium oleander oleander ApocynaceaeOlea africana wild olive OleaceaeParkinsonia aculeata Jerusalem tree LeguminosaePhaseolus aureus mungbean LeguminosaePhaseolus vulgaris haricot bean LeguminosaePolygonum senegalensis polygonum PolygonaceaeSchinus molle pepper tree AnacardiaceaeSorghum bicolor sorghum GraminaeVitis vinifera grape VitaceaeZinnia sp. zinnia Compositae

45

Key1 Addis Abeba 18 Hirna2 Alemaya 19 Imbatekala3 Aleta Wendo 20 Jima4 Arsi Negele 21 Koka5 Asmera 22 Melkasa6 Awasa 23 Melka Sedi7 Bako 24 Melka Werer8 Becho 25 Metu9 Bichena 26 Nazret10 Dibarwa 27 Nefasit11 Durfo Valley 28 Pawe12 Geshinashim 29 Sabarguma13 Genet 30 Serbo14 Ginda 31 Shewa Robi15 Gibe 32 Wenji16 Gonder 33 Ziway17 Harer

0 M A L I A

A L I A

T-------------- 1--------------1---------------46* 8̂"

*****

INDEXThe index includes o rd e rs , FAMILIES, and genera

Ablerus 18, 33 Acanthaspis 24 Acari 32Achaea 3 -6 , 33, 43 Achrysocharis 36 Achrysophagus 11, 37 Acyrthosiphon 9, 33, 42 Adalia 26 , 33 Adelencyrtus 11, 33, 34 Adonia 2 6 , 33, 38 Aenasius 11, 35 Africaspis 11, 33, 42 Agistematus 32 A g r o m y z id a e 44 Agrolis 7, 26 , 33, 43 Alenella 6, 33 Aleuroplatus 18, 21, 33,

42A u ey r o d id a e 42 Allocerellus 11, 37 Allograpta 29 Alophora 4 Anabrolepis 11, 34 A/iagyrus 12, 37 Anas tat us 33 Anicetus 12, 36 Anisochrysa 26, 33, 38 Anisopteromalus 9, 34,

36-38 Anoplius 30, 31 Antepipona 31 Antestiopsis 3, 22, 33, 43 A n th o c o r id a e 25 Aonidiella 11, 13, 18-20,

22, 27, 28 , 32, 33, 41, 42

Apanteles 6, 7, 33-38 A p h e u n id a e 18 Aphidencyrtus 12, 36, 38 A p h id id a e 42 A ph id iid a e 8 Aphidius 8, 9, 33-38 Aphilopota 6, 43 Aphis 8, 9, 11, 16, 26,

29, 30, 33 , 42 Aphytis 18, 33-35 Apionidae 44 Aplomya 4

Aprostocetus 16, 33, 36 Araneae 32 A r a n e id a e 32 A r c t i id a e 43 Asa ridna 29 Asolcus 22, 33 Aspidiotiphagus 19, 33,

34Aspidiotus 13, 19, 27, 34,

42Aureimeris 23 Azotus 19, 35

Baeoanusia 12, 37 Bathyaulax 7, 35 Belonogaster 31 Bemisia 21, 34, 42 Besseria 4 Betasyrphus 29 Billaea 4 Blepharella 4 Bogosia 3 Brachymeria 9, 35 Bracon 7, 34, 35, 37 B ra co nidaE 6 Brevicoryne 9, 11, 34, 42 Busseola 5-7, 17, 22, 24 ,

31, 34, 40, 43

Callitula 10, 36 Callosobruchus 10, 34 Calozenillia 4 Capitophorus 34, 42 Capsomeriella 23 CARABIDAE 26 Carcelia 4 Carpomyia 8, 34, 44 Ceratitis 7, 34, 44 Ceroplastes 12, 14, 15,

34, 42 C h a lc id iid a e 9 C h a m a e m y iid a e 30, 44 Charops 5, 35, 38 Cheilomenes 27, 33-39 Cheiloneurus 12, 34, 37 ,

39Cheiracanthium 32 Cheiracanthus 32

Chelonus 7, 36 , 37 Chilo 5, 6 , 34, 43 Chilocorus 27, 33, 34 Chlorolydella 4 Choetospila 38 Chromatomyia 17, 34, 44 Ch romatophania 4 Chrysocharis 16, 36 Chrysodeixis 3, 6 , 14, 34,

43Chrysogaster 29 CHRYSOMEUDAE 44 Chrysomphalus 11, 13,

18, 19, 34, 42 Chrysonotomyia 16, 36 CHRYSOPIDAE 26 Chrysopoloma 6, 34, 43 Chrysopolomidae 43 Chrysotoxum 29 Cirrospilus 16, 35-37 Clara 4Clausenia 13, 39 Clavigralla 22, 34, 43 CLUBIONIDAE 32 C o c a DAE 42 Coccidioxenus 13, 38 C o cc iNELUDAE 26, 44 Coccophagus 19, 20, 33,

35-39Coccus 1 5 ,1 8 -2 0 ,2 7 ,3 5 ,

42Coleoptera 26, 44 CORE1DAE 43 Corioxenus 3, 33 COSSIDAE 43 Cremastus 5, 35 Cryphiomystis 17, 35, 43 Cryptophlebia 6, 35, 43 Ctenophorocera 4 Cuphocera 4 Cyamagena 31 Cylindromyia 4 Cyrtogaster 10, 36

Daculus 8, 10, 35, 44 Dacus 44 Dejeania 4 Delphacidae 42

48

Index 49

Dermaptera 24Derostenus 17, 36 Desera 26 Diadegma 7, 36 Diaea 32 Diaereliella 9, 34 Diaperasticus 24, 34 D ia sp id id a e 42 Diglyphus 17, 34 Dimeromicms 23, 38 Diptera 3, 29, 44 Diuraphis 8, 26, 35, 42 Diversinervus 13, 37 Duomitus 7, 35, 43 Duplachionaspis 19, 21,

35, 43 Dysphylia 6, 35, 43

Ectomocoris 24 Elaphrosyron 31 E la s m id a e 22 Elasmus 22, 36 Encarsia 20, 21, 33, 34,

38E n c y r t id a e 11 Encyrtus 13, 37 Enieospilus 5, 36 Epheslia 7, 35, 43 Epiclerus 23, 36 Epilachna 27, 38 Episyrphus 29 Eretmocerus 21, 33, 34 Eristalinus 29 Erynnia 4 Etiella 6, 35, 43 Eublemma 6, 9, 35, 44 E u lo p h id a e 16 Eulophonotus 7, 35, 43 E u m e n id a e 31 Eumerus 29 E u p e lm id a e 18 Eupelmus 18, 34, 36, 37 Eupleclrus 17, 35 Euryischia 21, 35, 36 Eurytoma 9, 36-38 E u r y to m id a e 9 Eiixanlhellus 21, 36-38 Exochomus 27, 33, 34,

37-39 Exorista 4

Ferrisia 11, 27, 28, 35,

42Filippia 14, 19, 21, 35,

42F o r f i c u l id a e 24

G e le c h i id a e 43 G e o m e tr id a e 43 Gonia 3, 38 G r a c i l l a r u d a e 43 Gryon 22, 35 Gymnosoma 4

Habrocyius 10 Habrolepis 13, 33, 34,

37, 38 Hadronotiis 22, 33 Halticoptera 10, 35, 36 Haplothrips 25, 35, 43 Hediocoris 24 Hedylepta 7, 9, 35, 43 Helicoverpa 3-6, 17, 22,

30, 31, 35, 44 Frmiplarsenus 17, 36 Herbertia 10, 36 Heteroptera 24, 43 Hilda 16, 35, 42 Homalotylus 13, 14, 36,

37Ilomoptera 42 Hymenoptera 5, 30Hypargyria 5, 8, 35, 43 Hyperaspis 27, 28, 33-

35, 38, 39

Icerya 11, 15, 18, 19, 28,35, 42

I c h n e u m o n id a e 5 Imitomyia 4 Iphiaulax 7, 34 lschiodon 29

Kiniatilops 4

Lariophagus 10, 38 Larra 31Lepidoptera 3, 5, 43Leptomastidea 14, 37 Leptomaslix 14, 34, 37 Leucauge 32 Leucopis 21, 30, 33, 36,

38, 44Leucoptera 6, 8, 12, 16,

17, 23, 36, 43 Ulioceris 18, 36, 44 Unnaemyia 3, 4, 34, 35 LlNYPHIIDAE 32 Liriomyza 16, 17, 36, 44 Lubutana 4 L y c o s id a e 32 L y o n e th d a e 43

Macquartia 4 Macrorhaphis 25 M a r g a r o d id a e 42 Marietta 21, 33 Marlatella 22, 39 Melanagromyza 10, 36,

44Melanostoma 29 Menlaxya 5, 36, 41, 44 Merodon 29 Meruana 17, 34, 36 Mesembrius 29 Mesochoms 5, 33 Mesopolobus 10, 37 Melaphycus 14, 15, 34-39 Metapolophium 8, 26, 36,

42Metasyrphus 30 Microdon 29, 30 Microlinyphia 32 Micromeriella 23 Microterys 15, 36 Mintho 4 Mirax 7, 36

N a b id a e 24 Nagasta 24 Nemoraea 4 Neodiscodes 15, 37 Neoscona 32 Nephus 14, 28, 35, 36,

44Nelelia 5 Neuroptera 26Nezara 25, 36, 43 N o c t u id a e 43

O l e t h r e u t id a e 43 Oncocephalus 24 Ophiomyia 8-11, 16-18,

23, 36, 41, 44 Opius 8, 18, 34-37, 39 Orius 25, 35-38

5 0 Index

Oxybelus 31 Oxyopes 32 O x y o p id a e 32

Pachyneuron 10, 33, 34,36, 38

Paederus 26 Pakesia 24 Pales 3, 4 Palexorista 3, 35 Pandemis 6, 36, 43 Paragus 30Parasaisselia 12. 15 19-

21, 36, 42 Paratachina 5 Pardosa 32 Parlatoria 20, 36, -3 Pediobius 17, 18. .'4. 36,

37Peleieria 5P ENTATO Ml DA E 25, 43 Peregrinus 25, 36, 42 Pericnemis 31 Periscepsia 3 -5 , 33, 35 Pharoscymnus 28, 33. 34,

36-38 Philanthus 26. 31 PHILODROMIDAE 32 Phorinia 5Phthorimaea 7, 36, 40,

43Phyllocnistis 16, 37, 43 Physcus 22, 35 Phytosciidae 32 Piezotrachelus 7. 10, 17,

37, 44 Pirates 24Planococcus 14, 15, 37,

42Platymerus 24 Platynaspis 28, 38 Polistes 31 Polygonum 25 POMPIL1DAE 30 Popillia 30 Pristomerus 5, 35 Procerochasmias 5, 34 Procheiloneurus 15, 37 Prococcophagus 22, 39 Pronemalus 32 Prophantis 6, 37, 43 Pseudaphycus 15, 37

P.SEUDOCOCCIDAE 42 Pseudococcus ! !. 12,

14-16, 37. 42 Psyllaepfuigus 1 5 ,3 9 Psyllecthrus 15, 35 Pterandrus 8, 37, 44 PrEROMALlDAE 9 Pyemotes 32 P yem otid ae 32 PYRAUDAE 43

Quadraspidiotus 13, 37.43

REDL'VIIDAE 24 Rhingia 30 Rhinocons 24, 25, 36 Rhopalosiphum 8. 25, 37,

42Rodolia 28, 36 Rogas 8. 35

Saissetia 11-14, 19-21, 27, 37, 40, 42

SCEUONIDAE 22 Schizaphis 8, 26, 38, 42 ScOUl DAE 23 Scutellisla 11, 37 Scymnus 28-29 , 38 Selenaspidus 13. 38, 43 Senaspis 30 Sesamia 6, 38. 44 Simoides 30 Siphona 5Siphoninus 21, 38, 42 Sisyropa 5 Sitobion 8, 38. 42 Sitophilus 10, 38 Sphaerophoria 30, 33,

35, 36 , 38, 39 SPHEC1DAE 31 Sphedanolestes 24 Sphegigaster 11, 36 Spodoptera 3, 6, 38, 44 Stamnophora 9, 23, 38,

44STAPHYUNIDAE 26 St icto co ccidae 42 Sticlococcus 13, 38, 42 STIGMATIDAE 32 Strepsiptera 3 Sturnua 5

STY1X»PIDAE 3 Syritta 30 SYRPHIDAE 29

T a c h in id a e 3 Telenomus 22, 34, 39 T eph ritidae 44 T etra c a m pid a e 23 T e t r a g n a th id a e 32 Tetrastichus 17, 18 ,33 -36 T ettig o m etridae 42 Thalassodes 6, 38. 43 Thanatus 32 Thea 28, 33 Theocolax 11, 38 T h er id iid a e 32 Theridion 32 T h o m isidae 32 Thomisius 32 T h ripid ae 43 Thrips 25, 26, 38. 43 Thysanoptera 43 Tiphia 30 T iph iidae 30 T o rtricidae 43 Tortrix 5-7, 38, 43 TORYMIDAE 23 Toxoptera 9, 11, 12, 20.

27, 28, 30, 38, 42 Trichogramma 22, 35 TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE 22 Trichogrammatoidea 22 Trioxys 9, 33 Trioza 13, 15, 19, 20, 39.

40, 42 TRIOZIDAE 42 Trirhithrum 39, 44 Tropiconabis 24 Tropidophrine 16, 37 Trypoxylon 31 TYDEIDAE 32 Typhlodromus 32

Urophora 9, 23 Utetheisa 22, 39, 43

Venturia 6, 35, 38 VESPIDAE 31 Voria 4, 33, 35

Winthemia 5

Xylocoris 25

technical manual entomophagous arthropods

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