technical standards and protocol for the cold chain in india

8/10/2019 Technical Standards and Protocol for the cold chain in India

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No. Description Page No.

Preface v-vi

Section 1. Technical Standards 1-22

Section 2. Basic Data Sheet 23-34

Section 3. Protocol for Implementation of Technical Standards 35-37

nne!"re-I 3#-41

nne!"re-II 42-44

nne!"re-III 45-54


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TE

CHNICAL

STANDAR

DS


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Section-1

Technical Standard for Cold Storage for Fruits and

Vegetables reuiring Pre-cooling before storage

Cold Storage T!pe " these t%pe of cold stores are meant for storin& different t%pes fresh fr"its and

ve&eta'lesand other hortic"lt"re prod"cts (hich re)"ire pre-coolin& or rapid room coolin& to *seven-

ei&hth-coolin&+ in a short time period of 4 ho"rs to 24 ho"rs dependin& on re)"irements in order to

preserve there freshness, )"alit% and self life. The 7# coolin& time is the time needed for the prod"ct

temperat"re to drop '% *seven-ei&hths+ of the difference 'et(een the initial prod"ct temperat"re at the

time of loadin& and the temperat"re of the coolin& air circ"latin& in the cold rooms. In case of roomcoolin& the fresh prod"ce can 'e cooled and stored in the same room (itho"t the need of transfer '"t it

re)"ires that the rooms are properl% desi&ned (ith ade)"ate refri&eration, air circ"lation and most

importantl% proper stacin& and stora&e arran&ement. /o(ever for m"ch faster method of pre-coolin&,

in case the field heat is re)"ired to 'e removed from the fresh prod"ce (ithin 4 to $ ho"rs, forced-air

coolin& is adapta'le to a (ide ran&e of commodit%. This allo(s the cold air to 'e in direct contract (ith

the (arm prod"ce '% movin& it thro"&h the prod"ce rather than aro"nd the containers.

0"lti commodit% cold stores are provided (ith m"ltiple cham'ers ena'lin& them to store a (ide ran&e

of fresh hortic"lt"re prod"cts to&ether (ith respect to there stora&e compa'ilit% re)"irements for

temperat"re, relative h"midit%, atmosphere, protection from odo"r and sensitivit% to other &ases lie

eth%lene. The refri&eration s%stem is desi&ned to ad"st and operate to a ran&e of temperat"re and

h"midit% conditions, dependin& on the compati'ilit% &ro"p for stora&e of fr"its and ve&eta'les

fficienc% and performance in s"ch cold stores is lined to appropriate stora&e s%stems (hich &reatl%

optimie space, allo(s "niform air circ"lation thro"&h the prod"ce and meets the f"ndamental

re)"irements of stoc rotation (hich is time sensitive d"e to limited shelf life. This 'ecomes more

important for the cold stores 'ein& set "p for the retail trade, e!port and food processin& ind"str%.

1. #eneral reco$$endations about pre-cooling

or most fresh hortic"lt"re commodities, one ho"r time loss at the field temperat"re of 356 'et(een

harvest and pre-coolin& can red"ce )"alit% as m"ch as 2 hrs in stora&e "nder proper conditions.

Dela% in pre-coolin& res"lts in loss of moist"re from the prod"ce ca"ses (ei&ht loss and com'ined (ithactive micro-'iolo&ical or&anisms res"lt in deterioration of )"alit% and val"e loss.

The desi&n of the m"lti-commodit% cold store facilit% and method of pre-coolin& depends on vario"s factors

lie nat"re of prod"ct, cate&or% and prod"ct t%pe (hich determines the period of stora&e for e!ample short

term stora&e 8&enerall% refer to as 7 to 1 da%s stora&e9 or lon&medi"m term stora&e. /andlin&, stacin&

and stora&e methods, paca&in&, fre)"enc% of entr% and e!ists are also e% decidin& factors. The

re)"irements of pre-coolin& fr"its and ve&eta'les are &enerall% classified as "nder:

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8i9. r"its and ve&eta'les (hich re)"ire on farm pre-coolin& if transport time to reach them to cold stora&eis more than a fe( ho"rs. It is desira'le that fresh prod"ce lie &rapes, mandarins, 'erries, cherries,leeches, melons, stone fr"its, sapotas, ora, tomatoes, capsic"m, chilli peppers, 'rinal, c"c"m'ers, &reen

'eans, peas, spinach sho"ld 'e cooled as rapidl% as possi'le.

8ii9. ;ess perisha'le fr"its < ve&eta'les s"ch as man&oes, papa%a, &"ava, &reen 'ananas, pome&ranates, radish,

ca''a&e, ca"liflo(er and carrot can 'e transported from the field and pre-cooled at the cold stora&e

facilit%.

2. Critical Storage conditions and #rouping of Products

1. Pre-cooling- Pre-coolin& re)"irements var% 'ased on prod"ce and method of coolin& s"ch as

room cool, h%dro cool, forced air coolin&, evaporative forced air coolin& and ice paca&in&./o(ever, forced air coolin& (ithin 4-$ ho"rs is adopta'le to a (ider ran&e of commodities thanan% other pre-coolin& method and ma% s"ffice for most of the prod"ce and therefore, it is taen

for recommendin& &eneral technical standards for pre-coolin& s%stem. =eneralrecommendations in this re&ard for 7# cool for selected fr"its are as follo(s-

%ost &ppropriate %ethod of Pre-cooling

Fruit 'oo$ Cool (!dro Forced )*aporati*e Pac+age

1, da!s cooling &ir Forced &ir ce

3 $inutes 2-/ hours 2-/ hours

to 1 hour

pples ! ! !

Pears ! ! !

0an&oes ! ! !

6itr"s ! 8e!cl"din& >

mandarins9 mandarins

=rapes !

;%chees ! !

0elons ?ater melons ! ! 6antalo"pesonl% onl%

6herries !

Bananas ! !

Papa%as ! !

2. 0ualit! of produce " Prod"ce sho"ld 'e mat"re (ith re)"ired firmness and free from 'r"isesand other e!ternal dama&es. Therefore, for &ood eepin& )"alit%, fresh prod"ce sho"ld 'e


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caref"ll% handled in all operations incl"din& picin&, &radin& and paca&in&.

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61. Co$$odit! Storage Conditions- or desi&nin& a cold stora&e, prod"ct stora&e conditions m"st 'e

defined in terms of critical stora&e conditions of temperat"re, relative h"midit%, presence of 6@ 2,

eth%lene, air circ"lation, li&ht etc. In a'sence of research data for Indian conditions, it is recommended to

adopt commodit% stora&e conditions as prescri'ed '% Commodity Storage Manual of WFLO.

1. Te$perature range The temperat"re in the m"lti commodit% cold store cham'ers

sho"ld 'eept (ithin A 16 of the recommend temperat"re of the prod"ce 'ein& stored.

or storin& at temperat"res close to freein& point of the commodit%, for increasin&

stora&e life, even a narro( ran&e ma% 'e needed.

2. (u$idit! range The h"midit% 8/9 is a&ain dependent on the prod"ce stora&e re)"irementsand

ma% var% from C5 to C# / in case of fresh fr"its and ve&eta'les lie &rapes, i(i fr"it, carrots,

ca''a&e etc and lo(er in the ran&e of $5 - 75 / in case of onion and &arlic.

3. C2 le*el " not more than 4 PP0 d"rin& loadin& and 2 PP0 d"rin& holdin&.

(Source Industry)

/o(ever if the cold store cham'ers is 'ein& "sed for 0odified tmosphere Stora&e for selective

commodities lie apples etc, the levels of 6@ 2< @ 2sho"ld 'e maintained and re&"lated

as recommended in the Commodity Storage Manual of WFLO.

d. 4oading 'ate- =enerall% the refri&eration s%stem capacit% is 'ased on 4 to 5 loadin& rates

of the total cold store capacit%. The loadin& pattern is also a desi&n consideration for siin& the

stora&e cham'er capacit% for optimal "tiliation and performance.

n case separate pre-cooling cha$bers are provided in the m"lti commodit% stora&e facilit%,

the load per 'atch is to 'e considered alon&-(ith initial and final desired prod"ct temperat"re,

p"ll do(n rate etc (hile siin& the pre-coolin& cham'ers and the refri&eration re)"irements.

5. Pre-cooling Ti$e- 4-$ ho"rs for pre-coolin& to 7# thcoolin& time as recommended for

maorit% of fresh fr"its and ve&eta'les. /o(ever, in case of fresh prod"ce lie carrots,

apples etc meant for lon&medi"m term stora&e, (hich are directl% cooled and stored in

the cold rooms, the coolin& period, can 'e "p-to 2 hrs per da% and sho"ld meet the

re)"irements specified in the commodit% stora&e man"als.

6. &ir Circulation- 0"lti 6ommodit% stores sho"ld 'e desi&n to provide an air flo( of 17

60/per metric ton of prod"ct, 'ased on ma!im"m amo"nt of prod"ct that can 'e stored

in each cham'er. This is essential for rapid coolin& of the prod"ce. /o(ever the s%stem

sho"ld 'e desi&ned to red"ce air flo( to 34 to $# 60/ per metric ton of prod"ct after theprod"ce has reached the stora&e temperat"re. This is achieved '% varia'le fre)"enc%

drive and control s%stem to a"tomaticall% maintain the temperat"re variation (ithin each

cham'er at less than A 16 thro"&h o"t the stora&e period. In case the fresh prod"ce is

pre-cooled in a separate pre-coolin& cham'er 'efore loadin& and stora&e in the main cold

store cham'ers, the air flo( re)"irements ma% ran&e from $7 60/ to 1 60/.

7. Stac+ingE D"rin& room coolin&, cold air from the coils flo(s past the prod"ce stored in crates

pallet racs'ins there'% removin& the prod"ct heat. or 'est res"lt the palletscrates 'o!es 'ins

sho"ld 'e staced so that the movin& air can contact all the container s"rfaces for ade)"ate


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and rapid coolin&. ?ell ventilated 'o!escrates (ith vent ali&nment sho"ld 'e considered as the%

&reat speed-"p the coolin& rate '% allo(in& the coolin& air to "niforml% flo(. It is recommended

that the stora&e pallets m"st 'e staced to form air channels 4 to $ inches (ide to direct air

movement. The% sho"ld also 'e space 'et(een the prod"ct and (alls to allo( refri&erated air to

a'sor' the heat of cond"ction thro"&h the (alls. Since, air taes the path of least resistant, in

proper stacin& in hips or partl% filled rooms have poor air distri'"tion and effect the coolin& rate.

It is therefore recommended that s"ch m"lti commodit% cold store cham'ers facilit% are desi&ned

for stora&e in PF6 crates, 'ins and ventilated card 'oard 'o!es staced in pallet frames. /o(ever

commodities (hich do not re)"ire rapid coolin& lie onion, &arlic, potatoes etc ma% 'e stored in

"te n%lon net 'a&s, staced in pallet frame. The pallets are re)"ired to 'e handled (ith for lift

stacers. =enerall% steel pallet frame are of sie 12mm ! 1 mm ! 1$ mm hi&h s"ita'le for

holdin& crates and 'o!es and can 'e easil% staced "p to 4 hi&h. Some times pallets frame of sie

13mm ! 1mm ! 1#mm are preferred for storin& in 5 &s 'a& of potatoes onion &arlic for

optimal "tiliation. =enerall% each pallet frame can hold "pto 1 & prod"ce

7. Ventilation reuire$ents in the cold store cha$bers- it ma% ran&e 'et(een 2 to $ air

chan&es per da% to maintain 6@ 2less than 4 ppm .

8. 4ighting Condition- Dar

9. &pplication of S$art Fresh

3. Co$patibilit! groups for storage of fruits and *egetables

In a'sence of o"r o(n < D data in this re&ard, (e adopt recommendations made '% GSD

office of transportation and fresh fr"its and ve&eta'les are &ro"ped in seven distinct &ro"ps8Source: McGregor, !M! "#$#! %ro&ical 'roducts %rans&ort andoo*! +S- Office of

%rans&ortation, -gricultural andoo* ..$)!

#roup 1 Fruits and *egetables5 to 26C 732 to 3/6F85 9-9:; relati*e hu$idit!. %an! products

in this group produce eth!lene.

apples &rapes 8(itho"t s"lph"r dio!ide9 parsnips

apricots horseradish peaches

sian pears ohlra'i pears

Bar'ados cherr% lees persimmons

'eets, topped lon&an pl"ms

'erries 8e!cept cran'erries9 lo)"at pome&ranates

cashe( apple l%chee pr"nes

cherries m"shrooms )"inces

cocon"ts nectarines radishes

fi&s 8not (ith apples9 oran&esH 8lorida and Te!as9 r"ta'a&as

t"rnipsH6itr"s treated (ith 'iphen%l ma% &ive odo"rs to other prod"cts


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#roup 2 Fruits and *egetables5 to 26C 732 to 3/6F85 9:-1; relati*e hu$idit!. %an!

products in this group are sensiti*e to eth!lene.

maranthH cherries parsle%H

anise daionH parsnipsH

artichoesH endiveH peasH

aspara&"s escaroleH pome&ranate

'ean spro"ts &rapes 8(itho"t s"lf"r dio!ide9 raddichio

'eetsH horseradish radishesH

Bel&ian endive er"salem artichoe rh"'ar'

'erries 8e!cept cran'erries9 i(ifr"it r"ta'a&asH

'o cho% ohlra'iH salsif%

'roccoliH leaf% &reens scoronera

'r"ssels spro"tsH leesJ 8not (ith fi&s or &rapes9 sno( peas

ca''a&eH lett"ce spinachH

carrotsH lo 'o S(eet cornH

ca"liflo(er m"shrooms t"rnipsH

celeriacH onions, &reenH 8not (ith fi&s, &rapes, (ater chestn"tm"shrooms, rh"'ar', or corn9

celer%H (atercressH

Hthese prod"cts can 'e top-iced

#roup 3 Fruits and *egetables5 to 26C 732 to 3/6F85 /:- Fruits and *egetables5 >.:6C 7>6F85 9-9:; relati*e hu$idit!.

cact"s leaves lemonsH tamarillo

cact"s pears l%chees tan&elosH

caimito "m)"at tan&erinesH

cantalo"pesHH mandarinH "&li fr"itH

clementine oran&es 86alif. and riona9 %"cca root

cran'erries pepino

1* citr"s treated (ith 'iphen%l ma% &ive odo"rs to other prod"cts.

1* can 'e top-iced.


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#roup : Fruits and *egetables5 16C 7:6F85 ?:-9; relati*e hu$idit!. %an! of these products

are sensiti*e to eth!lene. These products also are sensiti*e to chilling in@ur!.

'eans i(ano p"mmelo

calamondin malan&a s)"ash, s"mmer 8soft shell9

cha%ote ora tamarind

c"c"m'er olive taro root

e&&plant peppers

haricot vert 8fine 'eans9 potatoes, stora&e

#roup / Fruits and *egetables5 13 to 1:6C 7:: to /6F85 ?:-9; relati*e hu$idit!. %an! of

these products produce eth!lene. These products also are sensiti*e to chilling in@ur!.

atemo%a &ranadilla papa%as

avocados &rapefr"it passionfr"it

'a'aco &"ava pineapple

'ananas a'otica'a plantain

'itter melon acfr"it potatoes, ne(

'lac sapote lan&sat p"mpin

'oniato lemonsH ram'"tan

'readfr"it limesH santol

canistel mame% so"rsop

caram'ola man&oes s"&ar apple

cherimo%a man&osteen s)"ash, (inter 8hard shell9

cocon"ts melons 8e!cept cantalo"pes9 tomatillos

feioa tomatoes, ripe

&in&er root

Hcitr"s treated (ith 'iphen% ma% &ive odors to other prod"cts

#roup


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Note In case of cold stores (hich are sied to store pallets staced fo"r levels hi&h, the floor to ceilin&

hei&ht can var% 'et(een 74 mm to #2 mm dependin& on pallet frame hei&ht to allo(

s"fficient space for air circ"lation

PTN-2 T%pical 0"lti 6ommodit% 6old Store (ith provision of separate pre-coolin& rooms and hi&hh"midit% cold stores.

T!pical Configuration 0"lti 6ommodit% cold stores (ill have m"ltiple cham'ers each havin& capacit%

of 3 0T to 125 0T, anti rooms, docin& area, &radin&sortin& area, &radin& sortin& line, crates

palletied stora&e S%stem < material handlin& s%stem pacin& material store, machine room, toilets and

chan&in& room, (aste disposal, electrical room etc. The facilit% m"st 'e sied to handle pea amo"nt ofprod"ct. The floor area of each cham'er can 'e calc"lated 'ased on vol"me and (ei&ht of the prod"cein crates pallets, its staca'le hei&ht and considerin& floor area for aisle, for lift manoe"vrin& and

sta&in&. The ma!im"m stora&e hei&ht is limited '% staca'ilit% of 'in or and for lift reach.

Construction Features The &eneral convention of conventional constr"ction is as follo(s:

Foundation: S"perstr"ct"re and o"ndation 8(hich ma% 'e conventional ootin& T%pe, Pile

o"ndation, afto"ndation etc9 to 'e desi&ned '% )"alified < licensed str"ct"ral civil en&ineer. The

desi&n shall meet the BIS standards and relevant seismic one norms for earth)"ae proof desi&ns.

Cold Cha$ber 6old stores (ith room coolin& facilit% for lon& medi"m term stora&e (ill &enerall%

have at least fo"r cham'ers havin& capacit% of 25-125 0T. /o(ever, m"lti commodit% cold stores

facilities for short term stora&e transit stora&e (hich are provided (ith separate pre-coolin& cham'ers

&enerall% have stora&e capacities ran&in& from 3 0T to 15 0T dependin& on fre)"enc% of container

loadin&. Total capacit% of cold stores can 'e estimated 'ased on Pallet rame positions considerin&

1 K& per pallet position or on PF6 crate la%o"t and prod"ct (ei&ht per crate.

Cold Store Auilding The B"ildin& sho"ld 'e constr"cted as per approved dra(in&s and dimensions

indicated. These facilities can 'e completel% civil constr"ction or steel constr"ction pre-en&ineered

constr"ction conformin& to relevant BIS 6odes for live load as per IS #75 Part-II, (ind load as per IS

#75 Part-III, seismic load as per IS 1#C3 and other codes and standards if applica'le.


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n case of con*entional ci*il construction the &eneral specifications are as "nder:

Balls 23 mm Bric (alls solid concrete 'locs (ith sand- cement plaster. /o(ever, in 66 str"ct"re or

pre-fa'ricated str"ct"re ins"lated panel 'oards ma% also 'e provided in place of masonr% (alls.

'oof 66 sla's or Tr"ss oof (ith =.S Pre-coated =.S.Sheet cover. 66 sla' to have proper (ater

proofin&(ith reflective colo"r paint 6hina mosaic finish. Sla' to have proper slope for rain (ater draina&e.

In case of tr"ss roof, provision to 'e made for fi!in& ins"lated panels on the ceilin& < s"pportin& of coolin& "nits

from the tr"sses 8alternativel% coolin& "nits can 'e s"pported on floor mo"nted frame str"ct"re on top floor9.

Provision for P sheets for nat"ral li&htin& to 'e made in roof sheetin& at certain locations. orventilation of attic, provision of rid&e monitor or t"r'o ventilators 8(hich re)"ire no electric po(er9 can

'e made. lternativel% roof can also 'e desi&ned '% installin& ins"lated roof panels (ith proper slope /ei&ht 8m9 per floor

Sie < ?ei&ht of BinsPallets 'ein& stored

Total n"m'er of BinsPallets stored in each

6old Store 6ham'er


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Qote: Gse e!tra sheet for additional cham'ers

2$


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5) nte oom < Process reas

Details 4ength 7$8 Bidth 7$8 (eight 7$8

nte oom

Sortin& < =radin& rea

;oadin& Gnloadin& doc

6) 0achine oom < Gtilit% reas

Details 4ength 7$8 Bidth 7$8 (eight 7$8

0achine oom

@ffice rea

Toilets < 6han&in& rooms

n% other

7) Auilding Construction Details

E T!pe of construction Pre-en&ineered B"ildin& 6ivil

T%pe of !ternal (alls of cold cham'ers

T%pe of Internal Partition (alls

T%pe of oof 6eilin&

T%pe of loorin& for forliftstacer movement

T%pes of ;i&htin& fi!t"res in cold 6ham'ers

T%pes of ;i&htin& fi!t"res in Process

technical standards and protocol for the cold chain in india

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