Technical Training for Fleet ManagersThursday 18 September 2008

Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe

Szentendre, Hungary

Cleaner vehicle fleets inCentral and Eastern Europe

Agenda 18th September

8:30 Registration of participants

9:00 Welcome and tour de table

9:15 Session 1: Sustainable transport and the importance of cleaner fleet management

10:30 Coffee Break

10:45 Session 2: Presentation of the cleaner fleet management toolkit

12:30 Session 3: Group session - Learning to use the toolkit

13:30 Lunch

14:30 Session 4: Cleaner fleet management in practice, by Turgut Yildiz, Country general manager, TNT Express Turkey

15:00 Session 5a: Practical session

16:30 Coffee Break

16:45 Session 5b: Next steps to a cleaner fleet strategy

18:00 Close

Objectives & Expectations

What are yours?Objectives UNEP for this training:• Train public and private fleet managers in the practical use

and application of the Cleaner Fleet Management Toolkit within their own institution

• Discuss opportunities to improve the environmental performance of your fleet

• Have organizations defining building blocks that are relevant for your clean fleet strategy

Expectations• Public and private fleet managers use their fleet specific

data to begin development of cleaner fleet strategies during training

• Increased awareness of cleaner fleet solutions and available UNEP support in this area

• Exchange of opinions and ideas from all participants as they can be useful for the other organizations as well

Analyze your fleet and initiate a strategy

• Use or estimate your fleet data• Use the toolkit to estimate your emissions• Identify your options for improvements• What are realistic goals for your

organization?• Develop a draft strategy for a cleaner fleet

• Presentations of some of the draft strategies

• Group discussion and analysis of strategies

Practical steps to take following this training

• Collect fleet Data, so that you can measure improvements• Calculate or estimate your environmental Impact

– Start by applying the toolkit– Search for other more accurate information sources, like vehicle handbooks,

manufacturers websites, test reports, etc.• Identify your Options for improvement

– Start with the options in the toolkit– Search for other options as well

• Define your Clean Fleet Management Strategy– Short term strategy (incl. quick wins)– Medium term strategy– Long term strategy

• Develop Indicators for monitoring– Indicators should be independent of future changes of business– The perfect baseline is seldom possible

• Ensure there is high level Commitment

• Start your strategy

• Inform each other (and us) on your results! See the participants list for contact details.

Quiz Questions

Quiz: A new vehicle?

Q: Is it possible to drive a Toyota Prius in Serbia (both unleaded& leaded petrol fuel available with max. 2000 ppm / 0.2% sulfur)

Q: Is it possible to import the latest diesel Landcruiser in Africa?

A: Yes, if you buy unleaded fuel only, you can drive the Prius. However, as low sulfur petrol fuel is recommended (but not required), the 3 way catalytic converter –usually installed when imported second hand- will not reduce the emissions properly.

A: Yes. As all diesel emission control technologies require low or ultra low sulfur diesel, these technologies will not be installed in vehicles manufactured for Africa.

TWC = Three Way Catalyst

DOC = Diesel Oxidation Catalyst

SCR = Selective Catalytic Reduction

DPF = Diesel Particulate Filter

Source: “Low-Sulphur gasoline and diesel: the key to lower vehicle emissions”, Katherine O. Blumberg, Michael P. Walsh, and Charlotte Pera, prepared by for the International Council on Clean Transportation, May 2003. http://www.theicct.org/documents/Low-Sulfur_ICCT_2003.pdf

Sulfur Impacts on emissions control technologies

Quiz: the effects of sulfur

Q: Sulphur significantly reduces the life of engines.

When the sulphur level was decreased from 10,000 ppm to 1,000 ppm, by what percentage did the average engine life

increase?

The effect of sulfur on engine life

A: Going from 15000 to 1000 ppm (1,5% to 0,1%) sulfur in fuel, is estimated to increase engine life by 80 to 90%.

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Quiz: CO2 from cars

Q: How much CO2 is emitted by a single 1000 km trip by a new passenger car like the Opel Astra 1.6?

A: Fuel consumption acc. To Ecotest:

6,99 L/100 km = 14,3 km/L

So for 1000 km 69,9 L of fuel will be consumed, emitting 69,9 x 2,35 = 164 kg of CO2.

Quiz: CO2 from airplanes

Q: How much CO2 is emitted by a single flight Amsterdam-Nairobi?

A: Distance: 6.877 km; Fuel consumption: 249 liter 0,625 ton CO2, plus air pollutants

Source: KLM CO2 calculator

Quiz: Air Pollution

Q: How many people die prematurely due to air pollution?

A: WHO estimates 800,000 people die prematurely every year due to air pollution

Quiz: PCFV LogoQ: What would you say this logo represents?

Quiz: Fuel Economy

Q: What's the fuel economy of the new Toyota Prius (in km/L)?

A2: US New Combined Drive Cycle: 46 MPG = 19,6 km/L

(19,1 on highways, 20,4 in city traffic)

A: According to the New European Drive Cycle: 5,02 L/100km = 19,9 km/L

Question

Q: How far does the impact of lead particles emitted by cars in Europe reach?

A: Lead particles from Europe can still be found in Green land

Lead particles in Greenland ice core

Hidden sheetsNot part of the training.

Will only be used if extra background information is needed.

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Step Technologies Degree of hybridization

1Avoiding energy losses during idling by shutting off the combustion engine.

Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle, e.g. the Honda Civic

2 Recuperating energy from regenerative braking.

3Using the battery energy to assist the engine and downsizing the engine

4Running the combustion engine at its maximum load, where the engine efficiency maximizes. Full HEV, e.g. Toyota

Prius

5 Driving without the combustion engine running

6Enlarging the battery pack and recharging it with energy from a wall plug

Plug-in Hybrid: Under development

Benefits of Hybrids

The best results are achieved when: a large share of the traffic is urban or Stop & Go traffic, increasing the benefits of regenerative braking and high annual mileage, reducing the payback period of the additional investment high fuel prizes, increasing the value of the fuel saved and so reducing the pack period used in densely populated areas, where the reduction of polluting emissions contribute to the health of a large number of people governments have a programme supporting fuel efficient vehicles by financial or other incentives, like dedicated lanes

Typical fleets to use HEVs for:• Private and business passenger vehicles, exposed to traffic jams• City taxis• Light Duty Delivery trucks• Transit buses and School buses• Waste collection trucks

Total cost of ownership

Assuming fuel consumptions: • 20 km/ltr (= 0.05 ltr/km) for the hybrid• 12, 5 km/ltr for a comparable conventional car (=0.08 ltr/km), Expected life time of 200.000 km reduction of fuel consumption will be 6000 litres.

Total Cost of Ownership for a Hybridat fuel prizes 1.4 and 2.0 $/ltr, excluding any tax incentives

$17,000 $21,500 $17,000 $21,500

$4,500$4,500

$4,500$4,500

$22,400 $14,000$32,000 $20,000

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20,000

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40,000

50,000

Conventional(1.4$/ltr)

Hybrid(1.4$/ltr)

Conventional(2$/ltr)

Hybrid (2$/ltr)

US

D

Costs for buying the car Maintenance Fuel costs for 200.000 km

Some hybrid modelsHonda Civic Hybrid Gen. 2 Toyota Prius Gen. 1 Ford Escape Hybrid (4WD)

Mercury Mariner Hybrid (4WD) Lexus LS 600hL Honda Accord Hybrid

Lexus GS 450h Nissan Altima Hybrid Toyota Camry Hybrid

Lexus RX 400h (4WD) Toyota Highlander (4WD) Honda Insight 2

Source: HybridCenter.org

Hybrid busses: Connecticut Department of Transportation

Compared four different state of the art busses with its fleet averages (Foyd 2005):

a. clean-diesel buses operated on Number 1 diesel fuel (Sulphur level < 500 ppm)

b. clean-diesel buses operated on ultra-low-sulfur-diesel (ULSD) fuel (,15 ppm) and fitted with diesel particulate filters (DPF)

c. hybrid buses operated on Number 1 diesel fuel, d. hybrid buses operated on ULSD fuel and fitted with DPF

NY city bus project

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1995: 500 ppm, no DOC2000: 500 ppm, DOC, approx. 1000 new vehicles2005: 30 ppm, DPFs, 3200 new vehicles

NYC Transit PM and NOx Emissions

1995 2000 2005 1995 2000 2005

Hybrid Bus Experiences

Connecticut Transit

(CTTransit) 2005 (Foyt

2005)

NYCT 2006 purchases

(Bartnitt and Chandler

2006)

NYCT 2003/ 04 purchases (Bartnitt and

Chandler 2006)

Houston Metropolitan

Transit Authority

2007 (Metro 2007)

British Columbia

Transit (BCT 2005)

Purchase costs state-of-Art Clean Diesel

320 k$ 350 k$ 290 k$ ? 424 k$ (USD)

HEV Bus purchase cost

500 k$ 500 k$ 385 k$ ? 664 k$

HEV Premium

180 k$ 150 k$ 95 k$ 120 k$ 240 k$

CNG Bus purchase cost

- - 320 k$ - -

Fuel economy Improvement

+10% ? HEV: +37% (CNG: -25%)

+25% expected…

+58% expected…

Examples of Passenger cars fleets

• Vancouver Hybrid Taxi Fleet

• NY will have their taxis all hybrid by 2012

• London: Congestion charge not to be paid by hybrid taxis

Filling in the fleet inventory

Fill in the numbers of vehicles, the kms driven, and the fuel consumption. If you don’t have exact numbers then a good estimate will be enough.

If you don’t know your vehicles EMISSION STANDARD according to the Euro standard then use the text below to approximate with the age of the vehicle.

• Most developing countries in Africa and parts of Asia rely on a mix of imported vehicles and locally assembled vehicles.

• Locally assembled are usually pre-Euro or Euro I standard due to lack of national emission standards. • Imported vehicles have the standard from the country they were imported. Emission standards in Asia

are generally lagging behind EU, US and Japanese standards with 10 years (except China catching up). However, even if imported with a high emission standard, this standard soon deteriorates due to lack of effective I&M programmes and high sulfur levels in diesel. Anything beyond Euro I requires <500 ppm of sulfur in diesel which is currently not available in many developing countries (2000 up to 7000 ppm).

Examples: 1. Any vehicle bought and driven in an EU country year 2000 = Euro III 2. An truck assembled in Kenya the year 2000 = Euro I 3. Any truck made in EU year 2000 and imported to Kenya = Euro I due to high sulphur levels in diesel

Emission Standard

Year of introduction in the EU (Similar in the US and J apan)

Requirements.

Pre Euro <1992 Euro I 1992 - 1995, Unleaded petrol Euro I I 1996 – 1999, 2005 in China 500 ppm diesel & petrol Euro I I I 2000 – 2004, 2007 in China 350 ppm diesel, 150 ppm petrol Euro IV 2005 – 2008 50 ppm diesel & petrol Euro V 2009 – 2013 Euro VI 2014 -

EURO emission standards

Simplified charts showing the progression of European emission standards for Petrol () and Diesel cars. • NOx

• Particulate Matter

Note that until Euro 5, there were no PM limits

for petrol vehicles.

Note that until Euro 5, there were no PM limits for petrol vehicles.

Emissions Improvement:Old and New Land Cruiser

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Land Cruiseryear 2000

Land Cruiseryear 2006

US Fleetaverage 2006

US Fleet Best2006

g/k

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HC NOx PM

Toyota Land Cruiser

Information from: US EPA’s green vehicle guidewww.epa.gov/greenvehicles

FIA’s Ecotestwww.ecotest.eu

                                    

         

                                        

     

                                    

         

Leaded Petrol: •North Korea•Myanmar•Yemen

Dual system:•Bosnia and Herzegovina•Montenegro•Serbia•Tajikistan•Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia•Uzbekistan•Afghanistan•Algeria•Iraq•Morocco•Tunisia

Unleaded only:•All other countries

Source: www.unep.org/pcfv

Fuel Qualities Lead/Unleaded Petrol Fuel

Fuel Quality: Diesel sulfur levels

Aggregated Fleet Data from WFP Country Offices

Toolkit Vehicle Category

Sum of Number of vehicles

Sum of Mileage (kms/yr)

Sum of Fuel consumption

per year (litres)

Av. Mileage (km/yr)

Av. Fuel Cons. (km/L) comments

Light vehicles petrol without catalyst 45 1,261,866 188,419 28,041 6.7Light vehicles petrol with 3-way catalyst 26 351,449 62,976 13,517 5.6Light vehicles diesel - old 1049 18,501,236 3,051,736 17,637 6.1 Mostly Land CruisersLight vehicles diesel with PM filter (new) - - - - -

Light duty trucks pre Euro 40 454,635 277,976 11,366 1.6 Congo, Chad and NigerLight duty trucks Euro I+II 15 1,080,000 216,000 72,000 5.0 Malawi onlyLight duty trucks Euro III+IV 1 12,000 1,245 12,000 9.6 Sri lanka onlyLight duty trucks HEV - - - - -

Heavy duty trucks pre Euro 103 1,887,230 1,463,557 18,323 1.3 Sudan data mainlyHeavy duty trucks Euro I+II 7 126,000 13,300 18,000 9.5 Sri lanka onlyHeavy duty trucks Euro III+IV 73 1,535,920 1,233,627 21,040 1.2 Sudan data onlyHeavy duty trucks Euro V 3 20,000 44,444 6,667 0.5 Unreliable data of Burkina Faso

Motorcycles with 2-stroke engines 223 2,303,005 148,683 10,327 15.5Motorcycles with 4-stroke engines 249 438,613 10,686 1,761 41.0Grand Total 1834 27,971,954 6,712,648 15,252 4.2

• 31 countries (=36% of 86 countries with SIS)• 1362 vehicles (=66% of 2058 vehicles under SIS)• 472 motorcycles (=68% of 687 motorcycles under SIS) Data coverage is 2/3

Assuming the other 55 countries have similar fleets and fleets usage, one can estimate the emissions of the whole SIS insured WFP Fleet, by multiplying these numbers with 1,5, e.g.

• Fuel consumption = 6,7 mln ltr x 1,5 = 10 mln ltr/yr• Total mileage = 28 mln x 1,5 = 42 mln kms/yr

Estimation of WFP emissions

• Using the factor 1,5 for the whole WFP fleet• assuming an average diesel content of 5000 ppm and• assuming all data is correct (!)The toolkit gives the following indicative emissions:

– CO2 24000 ton

– PM10 10 ton

– SOx 9 ton

– NOx 130 ton

– VOC 110 ton– CO 330 ton

• Is that much?• What to do now?

Short term• Start promoting Eco-driving:

– Send all drivers to a clean driving training – Refresh bi-annually– Monitor the fuel economy per vehicle

• Consider the environmental impact (both CO2 and Air pollution) when choosing new vehicles (SUN project!)

• Define a pilot project with Hybrid Electric Passenger Vehicles

Medium term• No 4WD vehicles in city traffic• Move pre-euro vehicles to high-sulfur countries, enabling to

clean the fleet in low-sulfur countries• Manual transmission vehicles only• Use or import Low Sulfur diesel where possible

Long term• Change all trucks to Euro 3 or higher where possible• Change all motorcycles to 4 strokes

First recommendations for

WFP and IFRC

Training for REC Country OfficesFriday 19 September 2008

Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe

Szentendre, Hungary

Cleaner vehicle fleets inCentral and Eastern Europe

Agenda 19th September

8:30 Registration of participants9:00 Welcome and tour de table 9:15 Session 1: Sustainable transport and the importance

of cleaner fleet management • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Regional Environmental

Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC) cooperation on cleaner fuels and vehicles

• Transport and the environment: energy, air quality and climate change• Cleaner, more efficient vehicles – the role of fleets and fleet managers

10:30 Coffee Break10:45 Session 2: Presentation of the cleaner fleet

management toolkit • Overview at purpose and function of the toolkit• In-depth look at the tools available• Understanding the ‘Inventory and Options Tool #18’

13:00 Lunch14:00 Session 3: The toolkit in practice

• The experience of TNT Turkey, by Turgut Yildiz, Country General Manager, TNT Express Turkey

• Development of cleaner fleet strategies

15:00 Coffee Break 15:15 Session 4: Applying the toolkit in your country

programmes• Discussion – targeting fleets and fleet managers• UNEP and REC support

17:00 Close