techniques of regional anesthesia
TRANSCRIPT
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TECHNIQUES OF REGIONAL
ANESTHESIAIN
DENTISTRY
PRESENTED BY –DR. SHEETAL KAPSE
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CONTENTS
1. Definition of LA
2. Basic injection techniques
3. Techniques of regional anesthesia
- for maxillary teeth
- for mandibular teeth
4. Conclusion
5. Recourses
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DEFINITION
Reversible loss of sensation in a circumscribed area of the body caused by a depression of excitation in nerve ending or an inhibition of the conduction process in peripheral nerves.
MALAMED (1980)
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CONTRAINDICATIONS
Hemophilia is the absolute contraindications of local anesthesia.
Thyrotoxicosis is the contraindication of local anesthesia with adrenaline.
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BASIC INJECTION TECHNIQUE
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• Nothing that is done by a dentist for a patient is of greater importance than the administration of the drug which prevents pain during dental treatment.
• Most of the emergency situations - vasodepressor syncope
(common faint)
• Local anesthetic can & should be administered in a non-painful or atraumatic manner .
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The atraumatic injection technique was developed over many years by Dr. Nathan Friedman & the department of human behavior at the University of Southern California School of Dentistry.
There are 2 components to an atraumatic injections – 1. Technical aspect 2. Communication aspect
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STEP 1 : USE A STERILIZED SHARP NEEDLE
• Stainless steel disposable needles.
• use of needle not wider than 25 gauge.
• patient can not differentiate among 25, 27
& 30 gauge needles.
• 23 gauge & larger needles are associated
with increased pain
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STEP 2 : Check the flow of local anesthetic solution
• A few drops of local anesthetic solution should be expelled from the syringe to ensure the free flow of the solution.
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STEP 3 : DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT TO WARM THE ANESTHETIC
CARTRIDGE OR SYRINGE
This is for the cartridges stored in refrigerators or any cool areas, which should be brought to room temperature before use.
Holding the metal syringe in the palm for half a minute is sufficient.
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STEP 4 : POSITION THE PATIENT
Physiologically sound position before & during the injection.
Vasodepressor syncope (common faint)
- Anxiety The sign & symptoms will be –
light headedness,
dizziness,
tachycardia & palpitation
unconsciousness
Medical condition of the patient
is considered.
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STEP 5 : DRY THE TISSUE
2 x 2 inch gauze – • remove any debris .
• Retracting the lip .
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STEP 6 : APPLY TOPICAL ANTISEPTIC (OPTIONAL)
At the site of injection . Betadine (povidene iodine), Merthiolate
(thimerosal) Alcohol containing antiseptics - burning
of soft tissue .
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STEP 7A : APPLY TOPICAL ANESTHETIC
• Directly at the site of needle penetration with the cotton applicator.
• Excessive amount – large area of soft tissue anesthesia,
- unpleasant taste
• Remain in contact with mucosa for 2 minutes (minimum 1 minute).
• Anesthesia of the outermost
2-3 mm .
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STEP 7B : COMMUNICATE WITH PATIENT
• Communicate with the patient in a positive way.
• Injection , shot, pain, hurt
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STEP 8 : ESTABLISH A FIRM HAND REST
Tissue penetration may be accomplished readily, accurately & without inadvertent nicking of tissue.
Palm down
Palm up Palm up & finger support
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• 2 techniques should be avoided –
No syringe stabilization of any kind
Placing the arm holding the syringe directly on patient’s arm or shoulder.
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STEP 9 : MAKE THE TISSUE TAUT
This permits the sharp stainless steel needle to cut through the mucous membrane with minimum resistance.
Loose tissue are pushed & torn by the needle as it is inserted producing more discomfort on injection & more postoperative soreness.
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STEP 10 : KEEP THE SYRINGE OUT OF THE PATIENT’S LINE OF
VISION Assistant should pass the syringe to the administrator behind the patient’s line of vision.
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STEP 11A : INSERT THE NEEDLE INTO THE MUCOSA
The bevel of needle should be oriented towards the bone.
Gently insert.
With firm hand rest & adequate tissue penetration
Atraumatic procedure
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STEP 11 B : WATCH & COMMUNICATE WITH THE PATIENT
• Patient’s face should be observed for evidence of any discomfort.
• Signs of discomfort – furrowing of brow or forehead & blinking of eyes.
• Communicate in a positive
manner.
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STEP 12 : INJECT SEVERAL DROPS OF SOLUTION
(OPTIONAL)
The soft tissue in front of the needle may be anesthetized to with a few drops of local anesthetic solution.
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Step 12 & 13 are carried out together.
Wait for 2-3 seconds for anesthesia to develop
advance the needle within tissue
Aspiration is not required .
Only 1 or 2 drop (<1 mg) .
STEP 13 : SLOWLY ADVANCE TRE NEEDLE TOWARDS THE TARGET
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STEP 14 : DEPOSITE SEVERAL DROPS OF LOCAL ANESTHETIC BEFORE TOUCHING THE PERIOSTEUM
The periosteum is richly innervated.
Regional block techniques that requires this are –
1. Gow-Gates mandibular nerve block
2. Infraorbital nerve block
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STEP 15 : ASPIRATE
Minimizes the possibility of an intravascular injections.
Care should be taken to remain the needle unmoved.
Any sign of blood is a positive aspiration.
Aspiration should be performed twice (rotate barrel of
syringe 45 degree for second aspiration test ).
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STEP 16 A : SLOWLY DEPOSITE THE LOCAL ANESTHETIC SOLUTION
• Reason - Preventing the solution from tearing the tissue into which it is
deposited
• Ideal rate of deposition of solution – 1ml/60 sec.• 1.8 ml cartridge takes approximately 2 min.
• A more realistic time span in a clinical situation is 60 sec. for a full 1.8 ml cartridge.
• There is evidence in the surgical literature that the success of some techniques is increased with slower injection speeds.
Rucci F S, Pippa P, Boccaccini A, Barbagli R. Effect of injection speed on anaesthetic spread during axillary block using the orthogonal two-needle technique. Eur J Anaesth 1995; 12: 505-511.
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STEP 17 : SLOWLY WITHDRAW THE SYRINGE
Cap it immediately by Scoop technique . Needles should not be reused. The acrylic needle holder can be used.
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STEP 18 : OBSERVE THE PATIENT
Most adverse drug reactions - during injection or within 5-10 min.
Patient should never be left unattended after administration of a local anesthetic.
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STEP 19: RECORD THE INJECTION ON PATIENT RECORD
Local anesthetic agent Vasoconstrictor used (if
any) Dose Needle used Injections given Patient’s reaction
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TYPES OF INJECTION PROCEDURES
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1. Local infiltration (0.6 – 1.0 ml)
small terminal nerve endings are anaesthetized.
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2. Field block deposited in proximity to the
larger nerve branches
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3. Nerve block(1.8 – 2.0 ml)
depositing the LA solution within close proximity to a main nerve trunk
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4. Intraligamentary (0.2 ml) - depositing the LA solution within
PDL through gingival sulcus. - Provides 30-35 min of anesthesia. - Indicated in patient with bleeding
disorder & young handicapped patients .
5. Intraseptal (0.1 ml) It is used to avoid IANB to work
in mandibular primary molars.
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6. IntrapapillaryFor palatal & lingual anesthesia.
7. Intrapulpal In case of pulp therapy when
other techniques have failed.
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8. Intraosseous For 1 tooth when other
technique fails. Perforate within attach gingiva about 2 mm below the gingival margin of the adjacent teeth in the vertical plane bisecting the interdental papilla .
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1. Supraperiosteal /Infiltration2. Posterior superior alveolar nerve
block3. Middle superior alveolar nerve block4. Anterior superior alveolar nerve
block5. Nasopalatine nerve block6. Greater palatine nerve block7. Infiltration of palatal tissue8. AMSA9. P-ASA
ANAESTHESIA FOR THE MAXILLARY TISSUE
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SUPRAPERIOSTEAL / PARAPERIOSTEAL / INFILTRATION
ADVANTAGES
1. High success rate (>95 %)
2. Technically easy
3. Usually atraumatic
DISADVANTAGES1. Anesthesia for larger area
requires multiple penetrations – pain.
2. Larger volume of local anesthetic.
INDICATIONS
1. Maxillary teeth
2. 1-2 teeth
3. Soft tissue anesthesia
CONTRAINDICATIONS
1. > 2 teeth 2. Infection & inflammation
3. Dense bone
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Technique -
• Area of insertion
• Target area
• Landmarks –
mucobuccal fold
crown of tooth
root contour of tooth
Wait for 3-5 min.
0.6 ml / 20 sec.
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Sign & symptoms
SUBJECTIVE
Numbness over area of injection.
OBJECTIVE
No pain during procedure
FAILURE OF
ANESTHESIA
Needle tip is too low
Needle tip is too far
COMPLICATION
Pain while needle touches the periosteum.
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POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE BLOCK
Highly successful technique > 95%
Potential for hematoma formation
Short needle is recommended
Depth of needle insertion- 16-20 mm 10-14 m for children
Aspirate several times
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ADVANTAGES
1. Atraumatic 2. High success rate (>95 %)
3. Less no. of penetration
4. Equivalent volume
0.6 x 3 = 1.8 ml
DISADVANTAGES
1. Hematoma formation
2. No bony landmark
3. Mesiobuccal root of 1M is not
anesthetized in 28% cases
INDICATIONS
1. 2 or more Maxillary molars
2. When supraperiosteal injection are contraindicated or failed
CONTRAINDICATION
Hemophilic patients
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Technique -
• Area of insertion• Target area
• Landmarks –
mucobuccal fold
maxillary tuberosity
infratemporal surface of maxilla
Anterior border & coronoid process
of mandible
zygomatic process of maxilla
Deepth of needle penetration – 16 mm
Wait for 3-5 min.
0.9-1.8 ml / 30-20 sec.
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Sign & symptoms
SUBJECTIVE
Numbness over area of injection.
OBJECTIVE
No pain during procedure
FAILURE OF
ANESTHESIA1. Needle tip is too low
2. Needle tip is too lateral
3. Needle tip is too posterior
4. Accessory innervation from greater palatine nerve.
COMPLICATIONS
Hematoma formationMandibular anesthesia
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MIDDLE SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE BLOCK
(MSA)
1.Limited use cause – absent in 30-54%
cases
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ADVANTAGE
Less volume
DISADVANTAGE
none
INDICATIONS
1. Maxillary premolars
2. MB root of 1M
3. When infraorbital injection is failed
CONTRAINDICATIONS
1. Infection & inflammation
2. Absence of MSA
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0.9 – 1.2 /30-40 sec.
Technique -
• Area of insertion
• Target area
• Landmarks –
mucobuccal fold above maxillary
2 PM
Wait for 3-5 min.
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Sign & symptoms
SUBJECTIVE
Numbness of upper lip.
OBJECTIVE
No pain during procedure
FAILURE OF
ANESTHESIA
Needle tip is too high
Needle tip is too lateral
Thick zygomatic bone
COMPLICATIONS
Hematoma formation(rare)
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ANTERIOR SUPERIOR NERVE BLOCK
orinfraorbital nerve block
1. Highly successful & extremely safe
2. Limited use cause – lack of
experience3. Requires less solution than
that of supraperiosteal technique
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0.9 – 1.2 ml solution is required.
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ADVANTAGES
1. Simple technique
2. Safe
3. Less no. of penetration
4. Less volume
DISADVANTAGES
1. Psychological
Operator & patient
2. Anatomical
INDICATIONS
1. >2 Maxillary teeth
2. Soft tissue anesthesia
3. When supraperiosteal injection is contraindicated
CONTRAINDICATIONS
1. < 2 teeth 2. To achieve hemostasis
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Technique -
• Area of insertion
• Target area
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• Landmarks –
Infraorbital notch
Infraorbital ridge
Infraorbital depression
pupil
mucobuccal fold
crown of tooth
root contour of tooth
penetration depth – 16 mm
Wait for 3-5 min.
0.69-1.2 ml / 30-40 sec.
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EXTRAORAL APPROACH
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Sign & symptoms
SUBJECTIVE
Numbness over area supplied by ASA, MSA & IO nerve
OBJECTIVE
No pain during procedure
FAILURE OF
ANESTHESIA1. Needle tip is too low
2. Needle tip is too medial
3. Needle tip is too lateral
4. Accessory innervation from nasopalatine nerve.
COMPLICATION
Hematoma over lower eyelid
(rare)
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PALATAL ANESTHESIA
Generally painful Prepare the patient psychologically CCLAD – better results Adequate topical anesthesia Pressure anesthesia – ischemia , blanching Control over the needle 27 guage short needle Rapid injection should be avoided
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5 types of palatal anesthesia -
1. Greater palatine nerve block
2. Nasopalatine nerve block3. Infiltration 4. AMSA 5. P-ASA
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GREATER PALATINE NERVE BLOCK
Technically difficult but high success rate
>95%
0.45 – 0.6 ml solution
Profound palatal hard & soft tissue anesthesia
Potentially traumatic but less than Nasopalatine
nerve block.
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0.45 – 0.6 ml solution is required.
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ADVANTAGES
1. Less no. of penetration
2. Less volume - 0.45 – 0.6 ml
DISADVANTAGES
1. No homeostasis except in the area of injection
2. Potentially traumatic
INDICATIONS
1. >2 Maxillary molars
2. Soft & hard tissue anesthesia for surgical procedure
CONTRAINDICATIONS
1. 1 - 2 teeth 2. Infection & inflammation
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0.45-0.6 /30 sec.
Technique -
• Area of insertion• Target area
• Landmarks –• 2nd & 3rd maxillary molars• palatal gingival margine of 2M & 3M• Midline of palate • A line approximately 1cm towards
midline from free gingival margine
• Approach • Depth = <10 mm
Wait for 2-3 min.
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Sign & symptoms
SUBJECTIVE
Numbness over posterior portion of palate
OBJECTIVE
No pain during procedure
FAILURE OF
ANESTHESIA
Technically difficult
Needle tip is too anterior
Inadequate anesthesia of PM
COMPLICATION
1. Ischemia & necrosis with strong vasoconstrictor
2. Hematoma (rare)
3. Occasionally soft palate anesthesia
4. Solution ma squirt back - bitter
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NASOPALATINE NERVE BLOCK
Other common names
-
– incisive nerve block
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0.3 ml solution is required.
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ADVANTAGES
1. Less no. of penetration
2. Less volume
DISADVANTAGES
1. No hemostasis
2. Most traumatic intraoral injection
INDICATIONS
1. >2 Maxillary teeth
2. Soft tissue anesthesia
CONTRAINDICATIONS
1. 1- 2 teeth 2. Infection & inflammation
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Techniques -
1. Single puncture
2. Multiple puncture –
labial frenum
labial interdental papilla
incisive papilla (if neded)
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0.45 ml / 15-30 sec.
Technique - 1
• Area of insertion
• Target area
• Landmarks –
maxillary central incisors
incisive papilla in midline of palate
• Wait for 2-3 min.
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Technique - 2
Advantage –
Relative atraumatic
Amount of solution –
1. 0.3 ml / 30 sec in labial frenum
2. 0.3 ml / 30 sec in labial interdental papilla
3. 0.3 ml / 30 sec lateral to incisive papilla
Disadvantage –
1. Multiple penetration
2. Stablization of needle becomes difficult
3. Syringe comes in line of patient’s vision
• Wait for 2-3 min.
• Landmarks –
labial frenum
labial interdental papilla
incisive papilla
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Technique - 2• Area of insertion
• Target area
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Sign & symptoms
SUBJECTIVE
Numbness over area of anterior palate
OBJECTIVE
No pain during procedure
Precautions –
1. Against pain – don’t inject solution direct in papilla
too rapidly
too much volume
2. Against infection – depth of penetration not more than 5 mm
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FAILURE OF ANESTHESIA
1. Unilateral anesthesia
2. Inadequate anesthesia to canine
COMPLICATION
1. Ischemia & necrosis with strong vasoconstrictor
2. Solution may squirt back - bitter
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LOCAL INFILTRATION OF PALATE
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ADVANTAGES
1. Acceptable hemostasis
2. Less area of numbness
DISADVANTAGES
1. Traumatic
2. Anesthesia for larger area requires multiple penetrations
INDICATIONS
1. Hemostasis
2. Palatogingival pain control
CONTRAINDICATIONS
1. Infection & inflammation
2. > 2 teeth
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0.2-0.3 ml
Technique -
• Area of insertion
• Target area
• Landmarks – attached gingiva , 5-10 mm from
free gingival margine
• Penetration depth = 3-5 mm
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Sign & symptoms
SUBJECTIVE
Numbness over area of anterior palate
OBJECTIVE
No pain during procedure
FAILURE OF ANESTHESIA
However high success rate if vasoconstrictor is used but Inflamed tissue continue to
bleed
COMPLICATION
1. Ischemia & necrosis with strong vasoconstrictor
2. Solution may squirt back - bitter
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ANTERIOR MIDDLE SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE BLOCK
(AMSA)
Other common name – palatal approach anterior middle superior alveolar nerve anesthesia.
Newly described technique Reported by FRIEDMAN & HOCHMAN IN 1997,
along with development of CCLAD system. Real field block Dental pluxes near the apices of premolars
are of chief concern
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INDICATIONS
1. With CCLAD system2. Anesthesia of multiple maxillary teeth
& soft tissue3. anterior asthetic restorative
procedures, priodontal scaling & root planning
4. When facial approach for supraperiosteal injection have failed.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
1. Infection & inflammation
2. Thin palate
3. Patient can not tolerate 3-4 min of administration time
4. Procedure of > 90 min.
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ADVANTAGES
1. pulpal anesthesia to multiple maxillary teeth with single site of injection
2. less no. of penetration
3. Less volume of solution
4. Muscles of facial expression are not anesthetized
5. Less postoperative inconvenience
6. Atraumatic with CCLAD system
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DISADVANTAGES -
1. Requires experience & skill
2. Slow administration (0.5 ml/min)
3. Operator fatigue
4. May require supplemental anesthesia for incisors
5. Too rapid administration – excessive ischemia
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0.5 ml/min. & 1.4-1.8 ml
Technique -
• Area of insertion
• Target area
• Landmarks –
between 1PM & 2PM
between midpalatine line & free
gingival margine
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Sign & symptoms
SUBJECTIVE Numbness of teeth & soft
tissue extends from central incisor to distal part of 2PM on the side of injection.
OBJECTIVE• Blanching • No pain during
procedure
FAILURE OF
ANESTHESIA1. Additional anesthesia for
incisors
2. Inadequate solution reaches to pluxes.
COMPLICATION
1. Palatal ulcer
2. Unexpected contact with nasopalatine nerve
3. Solution may squirt back
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PALATAL APPROACH ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE BLOCK (P-ASA)
Other common name – palatal approach maxillary anterior field block.
Newly described technique Reported by FRIEDMAN & HOCHMAN IN 1997,
along with development of CCLAD system. 1st dental injection providing bilateral pulpal and
labial & palatal mucoperiostel anesthesia Dental pluxes near the apices of anteriors &
Nasopalatine nerve are of chief concern Along with CCLAD system – atraumatic
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INDICATIONS
1. With CCLAD system2. Anesthesia of multiple maxillary
anterior teeth & soft tissue3. Bilateral anesthesia with single
injection.4. Anterior aesthetic restorative
procedures, periodontal scaling & root planning
5. When facial approach for supraperiosteal injection have failed.
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CONTRAINDICATIONS
1. Canines with large root
2. Infection & inflammation
3. Thin palate
4. Patient can not tolerate 3-4 min of administration time
5. Procedure of > 90 min.
![Page 90: Techniques of regional anesthesia](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/554b267cb4c905d3088b474d/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
ADVANTAGES
1. pulpal anesthesia to bilateral maxillary teeth with single site of injection
2. less no. of penetration
3. Less volume of solution
4. Muscles of facial expression are not anesthetized
5. Less postoperative inconvenience
6. Atraumatic with CCLAD system
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DISADVANTAGES -
1. Requires experience & skill
2. Slow administration (0.5 ml/min)
3. Operator fatigue
4. May require supplemental anesthesia for incisors
5. Too rapid administration – excessive ischemia
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0.5 ml/min. & 1.4-1.8 ml
Technique -
• Area of insertion
• Target area
• Landmarks –
Incisive papilla
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Sign & symptoms
SUBJECTIVE Numbness of teeth & soft
tissue extends from central incisor to distal part of canine bilaterally
OBJECTIVE• Blanching • No pain during
procedure
FAILURE OF
ANESTHESIA1. Additional anesthesia for
canine
2. Inadequate solution reaches to pluxes.
COMPLICATION
1. Palatal ulcer
2. Unexpected contact with Nasopalatine nerve
3. Solution may squirt back
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MAXILLARY NERVE BLOCK
Other common name – maxillary nerve block,
2nd division block.
An effective method of achieving profound anesthesia of hemimaxilla.
2 approaches – greater palatine canal approach
- high tuberosity approach
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INDICATIONS
1. Pain control in surgical procedures.
2. When anesthesia through supraperiosteal injection & nerve block have failed.
3. Diagnostic & therapeutic purpose.
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CONTRAINDICATIONS
1. Inexperienced administrator
2. Pediatric patient
3. Unco-operative patients
4. Infection & inflammation
5. Increased risk of hemorrhage – hemophilia
6. Greater palatine approach – inability to achieve access to canal
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ADVANTAGES
1. Usually atraumatic.
2. less no. of penetration
3. Less volume of solution
4. High success rate
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DISADVANTAGES -
1. Requires experience & skill
2. Hematoma
3. Absence of bony landmark
4. Lack of hemostasis
5. Pain & Positive aspiration in <1%
– greater palatine canal approach
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Techniques -
1. High tuberosity approach
2. Greater palatine approach
3. Extraoral approach
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1.8 ml / min.
Technique – 1 high tuberosity approach
• Area of insertion
• Target area
• Landmarks –
mucouccal fold distal to 2M
maxillary tuberosity
zygomatic proccess of maxilla
• wait for 3-5 min.
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1.8 ml / min.Technique – 2 Greater palatine canal approach
• Area of insertion
• Target area
• Landmarks –
- greater palatine foramen
- junction of alveolar process of
maxilla & palatine bone, distal to
2M
wait for 3-5 min.
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Technique – 3 extraoral approach
• Landmarks –
- Midppoint of zygomatic arch 2-3 ml - zygomatic notch DEPTH – 4.5 cm
- coronoid process of ramus
- lateral pterygoid plate
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Sign & symptoms
SUBJECTIVE
1. pressure behind upper jaw
2. tingling & numbness
OBJECTIVE
• No pain during procedure
FAILURE OF
ANESTHESIA1. Partial anesthesia due to
underpenetration
2. Inability to negotiate greater palatine canal.
![Page 106: Techniques of regional anesthesia](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/554b267cb4c905d3088b474d/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
COMPLICATIONS
1. Hematoma
2. If solution reaches to orbit – periorbital swelling & proptosis
3. VI cranial nerve block – diplopia
4. Retrobulbar block – mydriasis, corneal anesthesia & opthalmoplagia
5. Rarely –optic nerve block (blindness) & retrobulbar hemorrhage
6. Solution may go into nasal cavity
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ANAESTHESIA FOR THE MANDIBULAR
TISSUE
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1. Inferior alveolar nerve block a) classical/ direct technique b) indirect technique c) method of CLARKE & HOLMES d) method of ANGELO SARGENTI e) method of SUNDER J. VAZIRANI f) method of KURT THOMA (extraoral
technique)
2. Buccal nerve block3. Mental nerve block4. Incisive nerve block5. Mandibular nerve block Gow-Gate technique Vazirani-Akinosi technique Extraoral technique
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INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE BLOCK
Most frequently used injection technique
Highly percentage of clinical failure 15%-20%
Commonly but inaccurately known as –
MANDIBULAR NERVE BLOCK
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Mental nerve
Incisive nerve
NERVES ANAESTHETIZED
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• Body of mandible • Mandibular teeth• Mucous membrane and underlying tissue
anterior to molar
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ADVANTAGES
1. Wider area of anesthesia with a single site of injection
INDICATIONS
1. Multiple teeth in 1 qurdrant CONTRAINDICATION1. Infection & inflammation
2. Children
3. Physically & mentally handicapped patients
4. Hemophilic patients
DISADVANTAGES
1. Inadequate anesthesia in 15-20 %
2. Positive aspiration in 10-15% (heighest)
3. Intraoral landmarks are not consistently reliable.
4. Younger patient – soft tissue injury
![Page 113: Techniques of regional anesthesia](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/554b267cb4c905d3088b474d/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Anatomic Variations• Mandible
- Mandibular foramen in children 4 years old and less is below the plane of occlusion. The foramen moves superiorly in the ramus with the eruption of 6’s
Adults
Children
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• Position of the patient-body of the mandible is parallel to the floor.
Technique – 1, DIRECT METHOD
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Depth of penetration – 20-25 mm
1.5ml / 60 sec.
Wait for 3-5 min.
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Technique – 2, INDIRECT METHOD
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Technique – 3, METHOD OF CLARK & HOLMES 1959
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Technique – 4, METHOD OF ANGELO & SARGENTI 1966
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Technique – 4 METHOD OF SUNDER J. VAZIRANI 1960
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Technique – 6 EXTERNAL APPORACH BY – KURT THOMA
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Sign & symptoms
SUBJECTIVE
Numbness over area of supply of inferior alveolar nerve & lingual nerve
OBJECTIVE
No pain during procedure
FAILURE OF
ANESTHESIA1. Needle tip is too low
2. Needle tip is too medial
3. Needle tip is too anterior
4. Accessory innervations from long buccal, lingual & mylohyoid, occasionally auriculotemporal
5. Anatomical variations
COMPLICATIONS
Hematoma formation
Trismus
Transient facial nerve paralysis
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HOW TO OVERCOME FAILURE OF INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVEBLOCK
IANB SUCCESS
IANB
GOW GATE OR
VAZIRANI-AKINOSI
APPROACH
SUCCESS
SUCCESS
BUCCAL & LINGUAL INFILTRATION
INTRALIGAMENTARY
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LINGUAL NERVE - is anterior and medial to inferior alveolar nerve
So withdraw the needle about 1mm and deposite the 0.5 ml of LA
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Mental nerve
Icisive nerve
LONG BUCCAL NERVE
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infiltration in the buccal sulcus distal to permanent molar tooth
Amount deposited-0.2-0.5 ml
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MENTAL NERVE BLOCK
Areas anaesthetized
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• Technique - intraoral
• Site of insertion of needle is mucobuccal fold at or just anterior to MENTAL FORAMEN (between roots of two premolar).
• 0.6 ml of solution is required.
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Technique – extraoral
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INCISIVE NERVE BLOCK
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• Site of insertion of needle is mucobuccal fold at or just anterior to MENTAL FORAMEN (between roots of two premolar).
• 0.6 ml of solution is required.
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MANDIBULAR NERVE BLOCK
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INDICATIONS
1. Multiple teeth anesthesia
2. Buccal soft tissue anesthesia from third molar to midline along with lingual soft tissue anesthesia.
3. When conventional inferior alveolar nerve block is unsuccessful.
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CONTRAINDICATIONS
1. Infection & inflammation
2. Inexperienced administrator
3. Pediatric patient
4. Unco-operative patients
5. Trismus
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ADVANTAGES -
1. High success rate (95%) – GOW-GATE TECHNIQUE
2. Less positive aspiration3. Overcomes case of bifid inferior
alveolar nerve & canal4. less no. of penetration
DISADVANTAGES -
1. Requires experience & skill
2. Late onset of anesthesia
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Mental nerve
Icisive nerve
Mandibular nerve
1. GEORGE ALBERT EDWARDS GOW-GATES (1973) 2. VAZIRANI -AKINOSI CLOSED MOUTH
MANDIBULAR BLOCK (1960-1977)3. EXTRAORAL APPROACH
Techniques -
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1.8 ml+1.2ml / min.
Technique – 1 GEORGE ALBERT EDWARDS GOW-
GATES (1973) • Area of insertion
• Target area
• Landmarks –
soft tissue distal to 2M
mesiopalatal cusp of maillary 2M
intertragic notch
corner of mouth
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Technique – 2 VAZIRANI -AKINOSI CLOSED MOUTH MANDIBULAR BLOCK (1960-1977)
Area of insertion: soft tissue overlying the medial border of the mandibularramus directly adjacent to maxillary Tuberosity.
Inject to depth of 25mm
1.5-1.8ml
• Landmarks – - mucogingival junction of maxillary last molar
- maxillary tuberosity
- coronoid notch
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Technique – 3 Extraoral approach
• Landmarks – - Midppoint of zygomatic arch
- zygomatic notch
- coronoid process of ramus
- lateral pterygoid plate
DEPTH – 4.5 cm
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Sign & symptoms
SUBJECTIVE
1. tingling & numbness over lower lip & tongue
OBJECTIVE
• No pain during procedure
FAILURE OF
ANESTHESIA1. Flaring nature of ramus
2. Needle is too low
3. Overinsertion or underinsertion
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COMPLICATIONS
1. Hematoma <2% in GOW-GATE technique
<10% in VAZIRANI- AKINOSI technique
2. Trismus (rare)
3. Transient facial nerve paralysis.
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RECENT ADVANCES
INLOCAL DRUG
DELIVARY SYSTEM
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1. SPRAY S
1. 10% LIGNOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE
2. ETHYL CHLORIDE
Onset of anesthesia = 1 min.Duration Of Action = 10 min.
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2. TOPICAL GELS
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• Mixture of lignocaine 2.5% & prilocaine 2.5%.
• anesthesia for intact skin.• Mild skin blanching & edema
may occur
• Contraindicated in infants under age of 6 months
- because the metabolites of prilocaine can cause methemoglobinemia.
3. EMLA (EUTACTIC MIXTURE OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS)
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4. INTRAORAL LIGNOCAINE PATCH
(dentipatch)2 x 1 x 2
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LIPOSOMES• Liposomes are comprised of lipid layers surrounded by aqueous layers.
• Penetrate the stratum corneum because they resemble the lipid bilayers of the cell membrane.
• available as an ELA-Max.
• Is used for the temporary relief of pain resulting from minor cuts and abrasions
4% Lidocaine cream in a liposomal matrix
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• 0.5% tetracaine,• 0.05% epinephrine,• 1.8% cocaine, • was the first topical anesthetic mixture
found to be effective for nonmucosal skin lacerations.
• Not used now a days.
TAC (TETRACAINE, ADRENALINE, AND COCAINE)
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5. IONTOPHORESIS
• (Electromotive Drug Administration (EMDA)) is a technique using a small electric charge to deliver a medicine or other chemical through the skin.
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6. JET INJECTION
• This is a technique in which a small amount of local anesthetic solution is propelled as a jet into submucosa without the use of hypodermic needle.
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7. COMPUTER CONTROLLED SYSTEM
• The wand local anesthesia system is a computer controlled injection device. The wand/compuDent system administers local anesthetic at two specific rates of delivery.
• The slow rate is 0.5ml/min and
• fast rate is 1.8ml/min .• There is a 4.5 seconds of
aspiration cycle.
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8. COMFORT CONTROL SYRINGE
• electronic , preprogrammed delivery device that provides the control needed to make the patient’s local anesthetic injection experience as pleasant as possible
• Standard dental local anesthetic cartridges & dental needles may be used.
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ON / OFF
ASPIRATION
DOUBLE RATE
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9. ELECTRONIC DENTAL ANESTHESIA
• This method of achieving local anesthesia involves the use of the principle of TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION (TENS) which causes relief of pain.
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CONTRAINDICATIONS -
1. IMPLANTS2. NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS - POST CEREBRAL STROKE - STATUS EPILEPTICUS - H/O TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC
ATTACK3. PREGNANCY4. IMMATURITY
ADVANTAGES -1. NO NEED FOR NEEDLE2. NO RESIDUAL ANESTHETIC EFFECT3. ANELGESIC EFFECT OVER SEVERAL
HOURS.
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• 5 to 8 times more potent than Lidocaine.
• Available as 0.5 % solution form
• It is used for topical & infiltration anesthesia.
• In therapeutic dose there is no CNS & CVS adverse effect.
10. CENTBUCRIDINE
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• Addition of SODIUM BICARBONATE
Causes increase in pH to the 7.2 which provides early onset of anesthesia.
• Too high pH causes rapid precipitation of drug base & decrease in shelf life of LA.
11. pH ALTERATION
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13. HYALURONIDASE
• Enzyme that breaks down the intracellular cements, so helps in easy diffusion of LA.
• Added just before the administration of LA solution.
• Added as 1/8 th part of LA cartridge.
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CONCLUSION
• The administrator of local anesthetics who adheres to these basic steps develops a reputation among patients as a PAINLESS DOCTOR.
• It is not possible to guarantee that every injection will be absolutely atraumatic because the reaction of both patient & doctor are far too variable.
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REFERENCES
• BOOKS – MALAMAD 5TH EDITION - TEXTBOOK OF PEDODONICS -BY SHOBHA
TONDON
- LOCAL ANALGESIA IN DENTISTRY – BY D H ROBERTS
& J H SOWRAY
- MONHEIM’S LOCAL ANESTHESIA & PAIN CONTROL IN DENTAL PRACTICE – BY
RICHARD BENNET 7TH EDITION.
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• Other sources – 1. Rucci F S, Pippa P, Boccaccini A, Barbagli R. Effect of
injection speed on anaesthetic spread during axillary block using the orthogonal two-needle technique. Eur J Anaesth 1995; 12: 505-511
2. How to overcome failed local anaesthesia J. G. Meechan Senior Lecturer/Honorary Consultant, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Dental School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW REFEREED PAPER Received 31.03.98; accepted 17.08.98 © British Dental Journal 1999; 186: 15–20
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