techno buzz - hkbk · 18. iot based smart bicycle using raspberry pi 80 19. low power lms adaptive...

2017-2018

Dept. of Electronics and Comminication Engineering

HKBK College of Engineering Bengaluru

Techno Buzz

TTeecchhnnoo BBuuzzzz

A Technical Magazine

by

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Compiled by,

Prof. Nikhath Tabassum

Asst. Professor,

Dept.of Electronics and Communication Engg.,

HKBK College of Engineering

HKBK College of Engineering #22/1,Opp. Manyata Tech Park, Nagavara,

Bengaluru, Karnataka 560045

Table of Contents

Title Page no.

1. Articulated industrial robot with 6-DOF using Arduino Nano 1

2. Leaf monitoring and spraying of pesticides 6

3. Underwater metal detection and monitoring using smart robot 11

4. Non invasive diabetic monitoring system 15

5. Green corridor establishment of emergency carrier based on

visual sensing 20

6. Campus navigator using speech assistance 24

7. Bus frequency optimization by avoid bus bunching using

wireless network 31

8. Finger & palm vein authentication 36

9. Portable compact soil tester for agriculture 41

10. Implementation of smart baby cradle 47

11. Automated water treatment and distribution system 50

12. Smart water meter reading and distribution 55

13. Optimization of vehicle speed to avoid environment unfriendly 61

actions and to reduce emission

14. Bridges and flyover condition monitoring based on IoT technology 65

15. A brain computer interface for Smart Home Control 71

16. A location independent and size free pattern recognition wireless 73

touchscreen for blind using msp430

17. Advanced Military Robot 78

18. IOT Based smart bicycle using Raspberry PI 80

19. Low Power LMS Adaptive Filter using Distributed Arithmetic 84

20. Protection scheme for lineman’s safety using password activated circuit breaker 88

21. Adaptive traffic management for secure and efficient emergency 92

services in smart cities

22. Wireless biometric attendance monitoring system using LabVIEW 95

Techno Buzz 17-18

Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, HKBKCE 1

Articulated Industrial Robot with 6-DOF using

Arduino Nano

Harsha Karamchandani Electronics and communication HKBK college of Engineering Bangalore,Karnataka, India

[email protected]

Syed Fazal

Electronics and communication HKBK college of Engineering

Bangalore, Karnataka, India [email protected]

Shuba Shree S Mahadeek

Electronics and communication HKBK college of Engineering Bangalore, Karnataka, India

[email protected]

Sneha Kumari Electronics and communication HKBK college of Engineering

Bangalore, Karnataka, India [email protected]

Arif Ali Dawood

Electronics and Communication HKBK college of Engineering

Banalore, Karnataka, India

[email protected]

Abstract— Mankind has always strived to give life like

qualities to its artifacts in an attempts to find substitutes

for himself to carry out his orders and also to work in a

hostile environment. The popular concept of a

mechanical arm is of a machine that looks and works like

a human arm. The industry is moving from current state

of automation to robotization, to increase productivity

and to deliver uniform quality. The industrial robots of

today may not look the least bit like human being

although all the research is directed to provide more and

more anthropomorphic and humanlike features and

superhuman capabilities in these. One type of robot

commonly used in industry is a robotic manipulator or

simply a mechanical arm. It is an open or closed

kinematics chain of rigid links interconnected by

movable joints. In some configurations, links can be

considered to correspond to human anatomy as waist,

upper arm, and for arm with joint at shoulder and elbow.

At end of arm a wrist joint connects an end effector

which may be a tool and its fixture or a gripper or any

other device to work. This is a mechanical robotic arm

that can be used at a workstation where picking and

placing of objects can be achieved, working to reduce

human labor and to achieve precise manufacturing. The

various problem and obstruction for a loading process

has been deeply analyzed and been taken into

consideration while designing an articulated industrial

robotic with 6DoF. The robot has six servo motors to

achieve 6DoF and control is achieved remotely using a

Mobile Application. The robot can mirror a miniature

version of it and perform exactly similar actions in an

inhabitable zone for humans. The parts are 3D printed

for a ready design to be available if the robot has to be

built using carbon composite materials for strong and

light body.

Keywords— robotic arm,, servo motors, DoF

I. INTRODUCTION

An articulated robot is a robot with rotary joints (e.g. a legged robot or an industrial robot).Articulated robots can range from simple two-jointed structures to systems with 10 or more interacting joints. They are powered by a variety of means, including electric motors. Degrees Of Freedom (DOF) is the number of independent motions in

which the end effector can move, defined by the number of axes of motion of the manipulator.

An industrial robot is a robot system used for manufacturing. Industrial robots are automated, programmable and capable of movement on two or more axes. Robotic arm forms a key part of industrial robotics. With tools mounted onto the robotic arm, a variety of different jobs such as soldering, painting and palletizing can be performed. There are several types of robotic arms currently employed in a wide range of industrial applications namely - Cartesian, cylindrical, polar and articulated robotic arms. An articulated robotic arm is the most popular type and has a higher DOF (Degree of Freedom), small size and wide operation range, as well as capability to avoid obstacles within a small space.

II. LITRATURE SURVEY

In recent year, with the increase usage of wireless application, the demand for a system that could easily connect devices for transfer of data over a long distance - without cables, grew stronger. This paper presents the development of a wireless mobile robot arm. A mobile robot that functional to do pick and place operation and be controlled by using wireless PS2 controller. It can move forward, reverse, turn right and left for a specific distance according to the controller specification. The development of this robot is based on Arduino Mega platform that will be interfaced with the wireless controller to the mobile robotic arm. Analysis such as speed, distance, load that can be lifted of the robot has been done in order to know its performance. Finally, this prototype of the robot is expected to overcome the problem such as placing or picking object that far away from the user, pick and place hazardous object in the fastest and easiest way.

In recent years the industry and daily routine works are found to be more attracted and implemented through automation via Robots. The pick and place robot is one of the technologies in manufacturing industries which is designed to perform pick and place operations. The system is so designed that it eliminates the human error and human intervention to get more precise work. There are many fields in which human intervention is difficult but the process under consideration has to be operated and controlled this leads to the area in which robots find their applications. Literature suggests that the pick and place robots are designed, implemented in various fields such as; in bottle

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mailto:[email protected]







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filling industry, packing industry, used in surveillance to detect and destroy the bombs etc. Project deals with implementing a pick and place robot using RoboArduino for any pick and place functions. The pick and place robot so implemented is controlled using RF signal. The chassis is supported for the displacement of robotic arm by four Omni wheels.

A low-cost arm-mounted wearable 3D input device that uses inertial measurement units. The device is an alternative to tracking systems requiring fixed frames of reference. The device employs two inertial sensors mounted on the arm to derive a 3D cursor position through natural arm movement. We also explore three methods of selection, one entirely software based (dwell, holding the cursor in the target), one using a twist gesture, and one using a button.

III. BLOCK DIAGRAM ANDWORKING

FIGURE 1: BLOCK DIAGRAM

Working principle:

1. Understanding DoF degree of freedom is a joint on the arm a place where it can bend or translate to provide moment in required direction.

2. The input to the system are the Potentiometer values and output to the system are the Servo Motors.

3. The Servo Motors can also be control through the Bluetooth application.

4. Another way of controlling the movements without human intervention is through auto mode.

5. The bluetooth HC 05 used for interfacing the app with the arduino board.

6. The servo Motors work on PWM principle where the angle of rotation is controlled by the duration of the applied pulse on the control pin .

7. The app consist of sliders for providing different degree of freedom movement.

8. Using any one mode (manual or application) the articulated robotic arm can be controlled.

FIGURE 2: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

IV. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

Arduino Nano: Arduino nano is a surface mount breadboard embedded version with integrated USB. It is a smallest, complete, and breadboard friendly. It has everything that Diecimila/Duemilanove has (electrically) with more analog input pins and on-board +5V AREF jumper. Physically, it is missing power jack. The Nano is automatically sense and switch to the higher potential source

of power, there is no need for the power select jumper. The Arduino Nano can be powered via the mini-B USB connection, 6-20V unregulated external power supply (pin 30), or 5V regulated external power supply (pin 27). The power source is automatically selected to the highest voltage source.

Servo motor: After making the connections upload the program to servo motor.. As soon as the program has uploaded, the motor will start to rotate with 15ms delay. Use an external power adapter to power the Arduino Uno board since the voltage provided by USB is 5V which is not sufficient to run a motor at sometimes.

Other than these we use 10K Potentiometers, Power Supply, Bluetooth Module, 3D Printed Body, Buzzer and PCB Designed Board in Hardware.

In software we use Fusion 360 for design for 3D printed body, Fritzing for PCB board design and MIT AI2 for mobile app generation.

We use arduino nano for interface purpose. The arduino C code is written which is fed to it. The six servo motors are used at six joints of arm for its movement in different directions. Each servo motor is connected to a potentiometer to achieve six degree of freedom (6 DOF). The robotic arm body is 3D printed. So it is light weight and have more strength.

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V. METHODOLOGY

FIGURE 3: FLOWCHART

VI. ADVANTAGES ANDDISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

It reduces human risk involved: Many companies

who have robotic arms are able to save on costs

such as low skilled human labor with less waste

and human error. The robotic arms are able to

increase efficiency and productivity with longer

operating periods of the same strength, accuracy

and repetitive programmed actions. In some

regions, robotic arms are able to fill the positions

that are in demand by employers but are not able to

fill.

Ease of manufacturing: The lightweight, flexible

robotic arm can work alongside personnel and

generally require no safety shielding. The robotic

arms are easily moved around the production area

and present a plug-and-play solution; a simple user

interface lets employees with no previous

programming experience quickly set up and

operate them.

Ability to Work in Environments that are

Inhospitable to Humans: This is an interesting set

of advantages of robotics. There are a number of

tasks that are too dangerous, too exposed to toxins,

or just plain too dirty for humans to conveniently

do them. These are ideal robotics tasks. This

includes tasks as simple as spray painting, because

there is no need to worry about the robot inhaling

the paint fumes. It also includes such daunting

tasks as defusing bombs and such dirty tasks as

cleaning sewers.

Quality/Accuracy/Precision: Many industrial

robots are in the form of a robotic arm. The image

at the left shows Unimate, the first industrial robot,

which has the appearance of a robotic arm. The

image in the next section shows a contemporary

industrial robotics arm. Due to its mechanical

nature and computerized control, a robotic arm can

carry out a repetitive task with great precision and

accuracy, thus providing improved, consistent

product quality. This would apply to quite a variety

of production line tasks, like welding, assembling a

product, spray painting, or cutting and finishing.

Efficiency/Speed/Production Rate: The same

features of industrial robotics technology

mentioned above, the mechanical nature of the

equipment and the computerized control, make

industrial robotics technology more efficient and

speedy, leading to higher production rates than

with human labor. Another aspect of efficiency is

that robots can be mounted from the ceiling and

have no problem with working upside down. This

can lead to a savings in floor space.

Decreased Production Costs: A quick return on

investment (ROI) outweighs the initial setup costs.

With robots, throughput speeds increase, which

directly impacts production.

Shorter Cycle Times: A lean manufacturing line is

crucial for increasing efficiency. An automated

robot has the ability to work at a constant speed

without pausing for breaks, sleep, or vacations, and

ultimately has the potential to produce more in a

shorter time than a human worker.

Better Floor Space Utilization: By decreasing a

footprint of a work area by automating parts of the

production line, the floor space can be utilized for

other operations and make the process flow more

efficient.

Reduced Waste: Robots are so accurate that the

amount of raw material used can be reduced,

decreasing costs on waste.

Attract More Customers: Reduction in schedule

and cost attracts customers. Automation helps

provide the highest throughput with least amount

of spending.

Increased Safety: Robots increase workplace

safety. Workers are moved to supervisory roles

where they no longer have to perform dangerous

applications in hazardous settings. Light screens or

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barriers are available to keep the operator out of

harm.

DISADVANTAGES

Understanding the Big Initial Investment: The

initial investment to integrating automated robotics

into the business can be significant, especially

when business owners are limiting their purchases

to new robotic equipment only. cost of robotic

automation should be calculated in light of a

business' greater financial budget. Regular

maintenance needs can have a financial toll as well.

Identifying Needs: Incorporating industrial robots

does not guarantee results. Devising a specific

production plan from the beginning to the end is

absolutely crucial. If a company has a bottleneck

farther down the line, incorporating automation

may not help achieve the goals needed.

Understanding the Importance of Training:

Employees will require training for programming

and interacting with the new robotic equipment.

This normally takes time and financial output.

VII. RESULTS

In this project we have achieved control of robotic arm by

potentiometers, it can be programmed to do the task by itself

(auto mode) with the help of recording its movements. A Mobile application was created using MIT app Inventer

through which the Bluetooth module is interfaced to achieve

control through a Mobile Device.

A PCB designed for the purpose of making the circuitry

simpler and more compact.

FIGURE 4: PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

Initially potentiometers were used to control the movement

and orientation of the robot, then the application was introduced for control. Automatic run was achieved by

recording each step or position where the robot has to act.

Figure 5 shows potentiometers for manual control and the

Arm being control through them. Figure 6 shows the Arm

being controlled by the mobile application.

The project can be improved, by using image processing and

Computer vision for the robot to have a sense of the

environment around. The body can be 3D printed using

carbon composite fiber instead of PLA to improve its

strength. The Robot can be taught to act by implementing

Machine Learning and AI.

Robotic arm can be controlled manually using potentiometer

for corresponding servomotor which works on P.W.M

(pulse width modulation) principle. There are totally six

servomotors for providing different degrees of freedom.

The angles can be changed using potentiometer by varying

angle specification in the code. All potentiometer are connected to servomotor via Arduino board. Nano shield is

designed to make the connections easy.

FIGURE 5: ROBOTIC ARM CONTROLLED USING POTENIOMETER

The other mode for controlling the robotic arm is by mobile app, which is created using MIT app inventor web

application. The app design consist of different sliders for

different degree of freedom.

It also consist of buttons for selecting manual mode of

operation and operating it using mobile

app. Bluetooth module (HC 05) is used for providing

interface between potentiometer(input) and

servomotor (output).

The robotic arm can also be operated without human

interference using auto mode, by recording the actions. For

easy controlling of the arm an additional feature called

Mirroring is added. In this the movements performed on

miniature model of arm is mirrored on main arm.

FIGURE 6: CONTROLLED USING MOBILE APP

VIII. FUTURESCOPE AND CONCLUSION

The robot so programmed for pick and place operation can be made versatile and more efficient by providing the feedback and making it to work on own than any human interventions. It can be made possible by image processing tool interfaced with this Arduino. The features that can be added on to improve its efficiency, make it operate on its own thought without any human intervention are line follower, wall hugger, obstacle avoider, metal detector, bomb

Techno Buzz 17-18


diffuser etc. The strength of the arm can be improved by using carbon fiber as the 3D printing material. The gripper can be changed to a vacuum suction holder, driller, and camera for identifying the type of the object. Also using machine learning we can make the robot correct itself if there are any problems with it.

This project involved multiple areas of engineering such as

mechanical design and electronics combined to create a

robot that can perform multiple movements with flexibility

to achieve a lot of industrial processes. The motive of this

project was to create a robotic arm of industrial standards

that can be evolved further and can be affordable. There is a lot of room for improvement in this project, however as a

prototype it does its job.

IX. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We are grateful to the Chairman, Mr. C.M. Ibrahim,

for having provided us an opportunity to emerge as responsible citizens with Professional Engineering Skills and moral ethics.

We are grateful to our Director, Mr. C. M. Faiz

Mohammed, for having provided us with excellent facilities in the college during our course.

We are indebted to our Principal, Dr.Muzzamil

Ahamed S, for facilitating a congenial academic environment in the College.

We are grateful to our HOD, Prof. Hussain Ahmed,

for his kind support, guidance and motivation during the

B.E Degree Course and especially during the Course of our Project Work.

We thank our Guide Mrs. Harsha K, for her valuable guidance, Suggestions and Encouragement throughout our Project Work.

We also thank all the staff members of the Department

Electronics and Communication Engineering and all those who have directly or indirectly helped us with their valuable suggestions in the successful completion of this Project.

X. REFERENCES

[1] International Symposium on Robotics and Intelligent Sensors 2012 “Wireless Mobile Robotic Arm” by Mohd Ashiq Kamaril Yusoff, Reza Ezuan Samin, Babul Salam Kader Ibrahim(2012).

[2] International Journal of Innovation in Engineering and Technology “FPGA Based Robotic Arm with Six Degrees of Freedom” by Shri Lakshmi Pravalika, Dr. Alex Noel Joseph Raj vol.2 issue1(2013).

[3] International Journal of Control and Automation “Efficient Approach for Designing Gesture Controlled Robotic Arm” Shivani, Shagun Gaur, Paresh Khaneja, Rashmi Sharma, Simratpreet Kaur, Mehekpreet Kaur Vol. 8, No. 6 (2015).

[4] ”Design and Mechanism of Controlling a Robotics Arm” Noor Ali Al Teef, Yousef Sofyan Jghef, Hasan Mohamed Heddah, Mohamed Zaki, Mohammed Ali Ismail august (2015).

[5] International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovation and Technology, Arduino Based 6dof Robot Using Labview” G.Rathy and Aravind Balaji(2018).

[6] ”International Journal of Science,Engineering and Technology

Research”Pick and Place robotic arm Using Arduino” Harish k,Megha

d,amit k,Chaitanya,Shuklambari M volume 6,issue 12,December (2017).

Techno Buzz 17-18


Leaf Monitoring and Spraying of

Pesticides 1Ms. Zahira Tabassum, 2Mr. Sai Sanketh, 2Ms. Saniya Khanum, 2Mr. Sathya

D, 2Ms. Tanzeela Kousar 1Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, HKBKCE, Nagawara, Bangalore, Karnataka-560045, India.

2UG Students, Department of ECE, HKBKCE, Nagawara, Bangalore, Karnataka-560045, India

Abstract – Agriculture is the most essential and foremost

economic activity of all the times. Until industrial

revolution, the huge number of human population

depends only in agriculture. But now, agriculture in

India is undergoing a structural change which leads to

a crisis situation. One of the major problem developed

in the agricultural field is the attacks of pests in crops.

A number of chemical biocides have shown complex

chronic effects such as change in endocrine functions

and immune systems.

There is a need to design and develop a robot to

increase the production efficiency in agricultural field

by developing a mobile autonomous robot which has

the capability of processing and monitoring field

operations.

Our project is a step towards this farm automation. A

prototype will be developed which can do automatic

movement in farm and spray limited controlled

pesticides quantities. Also it will try to find Infected

Leaf and spray required pesticide to control Infection

at an early stage.

Index Terms – Agriculture, Pest Attack, Autonomous

Robot, Farm Automation, Infection.

I. INTRODUCTION

India is the land of agriculture where three fourth of

the population depends on the agriculture. Farmers

will cultivate various crops in their field in

accordance with the climate and other resources

available to them. As there are many different crops

and due to large growing population our requirement

of food are increasing day by day and hence proper crop production is required to avoid famine situation

or disturbing economy by large import of foods. But

to get high yield and good quality, some technical

skills along with technological support is needed.

Chemicals are widely used for controlling disease,

insects and weeds in the crops. They are able to save

a crop from pest attack only when applied in time.

The chemicals are costly. Therefore, equipment for

uniform and effective application is essential. Dusters

and sprayers are generally used for applying

chemicals. A pesticide sprayer has to be portable and with an increased tank capacity as well as should

result in cost reduction, labour and spraying time. In

plants, disease is identified as the change or

impairment of the normal functions of the plants

which will produce some symptoms. Symptom is a

phenomenon of identifying some unusual evidence in

the normal plants. Therefore, for effective and

successful crop cultivation, the disease diagnosis and

the percentage of disease affected in plants are

mandatory.

II. NEED FOR LEAF MONITORING

The Responsibility of controlling and

managing the plant growth from early stage to

mature harvest stage involves monitoring and

identification of plant leaf diseases and controlled

use of fertilizers and pesticides. It is evident that the abnormal symptoms

produced by the Pests will cause impairment in the

physiological functions of the plants. To avoid this,

the early detection of the Leaf Infection and also

remedy for those Infections need to be addressed.

This early detection and correction will help to

reduce the effect of the damage produced in the

plants. Also, the quick implementations of these

remedies need to be implemented in order to rectify

most of the serious damage to the whole plants.

In this paper, we have evident one of the

promising approach for the disease identification

has been done using image processing technique

and remedy for the Infection has been implemented.

III. PROPOSED SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Plant diseases have produced an enormous post effect scenario as it can cause significant

reduction in both quality and quantity of

agricultural products. Early pest detection is a

major issue dealt with the plantation crops.

A Raspberry pi based system is presented to guide a

robot platform which is designed independently to

drive through the crops in a field according to the

design concept of open architecture. Then, the offset

and heading angle of the robot platform are detected

in real time to guide the platform on the basis of

recognition of a crop using IR sensor.

This project is basically developed to implement an

agricultural production. This type of system is very

useful in agriculture field where we need to spray

the pesticide to different crops.

This System automatically senses the crop by using

IR sensor, if sensed than it will start the camera

controlled by Open CV tool, which is used to capture the image of the leaf/crop & will compare it

with the saved samples. If similarities between the

captured image & saved image are below the

threshold level, it signifies that the Disease is

detected, Sprayer automatically starts to spray.

Techno Buzz 17-18


Figure 1: Basic Blocks of the Agrobot

.

The Main Tasks Robot Performs are:

TASK 1: Identifying the Infected and

Healthy leaves in plants.

TASK 2: Classifying the type of Pest

attack in the leaves.

TASK 3: Limited and Controlled

Pesticide spraying on Infected

Leaves.

IV. BLOCK DIAGRAM

There are three main units namely:

1. Input unit. 2. Control Processing unit. 3. Output unit.

A. Input Unit

Input unit consists of the power supply

Unit which provides power to each and

every electronic component in the Robot.

The pesticide storage unit for storage of

pesticide in liquid form.

B. Control Processing Unit

In this system we are using embedded chip

Raspberry pi-2, which has inbuilt WI-FI

and Bluetooth to control the operation of

the system.

Arduino Uno Board is Used for Overall

Control Operation Of Robot.

L293D Driver circuit that can control 2 DC

motors at a time and it works on the

principle of H-bridge motor.

The Driver Circuit is connected to DC

Motors for the purpose of Driving the

Robot.

The Pesticide Pump is used to transfer the

pesticide from storage tank to the Sprayer head.

C. Output Unit

The Spraying Unit Will sprays the pesticide in specified direction.

Figure 2 describes the detailed diagrammatic

representation of the Agrobot. Phase 1 is to design a

robot platform which can move in all directions,

this we achieve with Arduino, dc motors and motor

driver IC. In phase 2 we develop a pesticide

spraying mechanism with spray pump and tank to

store pesticide.

Figure 2: Block Diagram of Agrobot.

In final part of project we develop leaf monitoring

system to detect early symptoms of disease, here we

use camera and raspberry pi to achieve this milestone

in project and whose output can be interface with

Arduino or Arduino functionality can be incorporated

in raspberry pi and in later stages Arduino can be removed at all.

VI. CONCEPTUAL SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

In this project Arduino board is used to

- Read the inputs

- Process the Inputs

- Turns it into an output

- Activating a motor - Turning on an LED

- Controls the pump that is used for pesticides

spraying.

Figure 3: Arduino Uno Board.

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Raspberry Pi is used for Monitoring the Leaf and for

diagnosis of the Infection in the Leaf.

The basic unit of an image is pixels. The group of

pixels will form an image. The Raspberry Pi-2 will

first Turn On the Camera to Capture the Image and

then it will:

Extract the Total Count of Pixels.

Extract the Total Count of R,G,B Pixels.

Calculate the % of White, Black, Green,

brown Colours Pixels in the Image.

Figure 4: Raspberry Pi-2 Board.

Figure 5: Flowchart.

The System automatically senses the crop by using

IR sensor, if sensed than it will start the camera,

which is used to capture the image of the leaf & after

capturing the Image, it will compare it with the saved

samples. If similarities between the captured image &

saved image is below the threshold level, it signifies

that the Leaf is Infected, Sprayer automatically starts

to spray.

Figure 6: Schematic Diagram.

VI. RESULTS

The image of leaf is captured using pi camera and the

ratio of leaf colour is analysed and the

Pesticide is sprayed accordingly using water pump

motor which is controlled by arduino.

Case 1: When leaf is green, the plant is

healthy.

Case 2: When leaf has white or black spots, it

is infected by pest attack.

Case 3: When leaf is brown, Leaf is dried due

to insufficient water.

Figure 7: Reading an Image.

Figure 8: Reading the Pixel Values in an Image.

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Figure 9: Case1, when Leaf is Healthy.

Figure 10: Case2, when Leaf is Infected and has

White spots.

Figure 11: Case2, when Leaf is Infected and has

Black spots.

Figure 12: Case3, when Leaf is Dried out due to

lack of Water.

Figure 13: Extracting the Percentage of color in

an Image.

Figure 14: Determining the healthiness of Leaf

based on colour extraction.

VII. MERITS

1. Wireless operation will eliminate the

health issues and would even save them

from tedious work.

2. It will have less use of manpower.

3. Efficient and health conscious operation

due to remote sensing.

4. With the help of live feed of spraying the

farmer is expected to control the robot

wirelessly from a distant place.

5. This Robot is expected to be an all terrain

robot.

6. The benefits include the decreased labour

costs, reduced pesticide wastage costs and the

obvious reduction in human health hazards.

7. Low cost robot platform for farm

automation.

VIII. DEMERITS

1. During the rainy season the sloppiness

would reduce the speed of the robot.

2. All the electronics components need to be

covered properly else environmental

changes could alter the output.

3. The system is bulky.

4. Cannot travel fast in rough uneven land

5. Leaves at different height cannot be seen 6. Pesticide spray is at fixed angle hence 100%

coverage not be achieved.

IX. FUTURE SCOPE

1. Integrated GSM module which could

control the start/stop and run operation of

the robot.

2. Pre programmed GUI based navigation system.

3. Android interface to navigate the robot.

X. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We got a good chance to improve our ability

and practical knowledge from this project. On

perusing the project, We wish to acknowledge

HKBK College of Engineering for providing

the Infrastructure and the atmosphere for the

development of the thesis and have helped us a

lot in working on the project.

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XI. REFERENCES

[1] N. Zhang, M. Wang, and N. Wang, ―Precision agriculture

* a worldwide overview,‖ vol. 36, pp. 113–132, 2002.

[2] S. Hayashi, K. Takahashi, S. Yamamoto, S. Saito, and T.

Komeda, ―Gentle handling of strawberries using a suction

device, ‖ Biosyst. Eng., vol. 109, no. 4, pp. 348–356, Aug. 2011.

[3] J. Xue, L. Zhang, and T. E. Grift, ―Variable field-of-view

machine vision based row guidance of an agricultural robot,‖

Comput. Electron. Agric., vol. 84, pp. 85–91, Jun. 2012.

[4] P. J. Sammons, T. Furukawa, and A.

Bulgin,―Autonomous Pesticide Spraying Robot for use in a

Greenhouse,‖ 2005.

[5] S. Arivazhagan, R. Newlin Shebiah, S. Ananthi, S. Vishnu

Varthini, “Detection of unhealthy region of plant leaves and

classification of plant leaf diseases using texture features,”

Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal, Vol.15, pg.no.211-217, March

2013.

[6] Al-Bashish, D., M. Braik and S. Bani-Ahmad, (2013)

“Application of Intelligent Control in Spraying Pesticide

Simulation System,” Inform. Technol. J., 10: 257-275. DOI:

10.3923/itj.2011.257.275

[7] Dheeb Al Bashish, Malik Braik, and Sulieman Bani-

Ahmad, “Design and development of agro sprayer for rural

application,” 2012 International conference on signal and

Image Processing, pg.no.113-118, Chennai, India.

[8] Pratt, W. K., 2007, “Digital Image Processing,” Fourth

Edition, A John Wiley & Sons Inc. Publication.

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Dept. of Electronics and Communcoicnasitdioernat

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11

Underwater Metal Detection and Monitoring Using

Smart Robot. Shaik Mohammed Asif, Syeda Ruquiah Taneem, Mohammed Zufishan, Yaseen Ulla Khan,

Prof Shaik Imam. Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, HKBK College of Engineering –India, Bangalore

[email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

Abstract : In this project report, a very low cost remote

robotic diver system is developed for rapid underwater

search and rescue operation. An efficient modular design

is proposed which ensures both hydrostatic and

hydrodynamic stability under various environmental

conditions underwater. It offers user friendly control with

ease of portability. This robot is designed to explore the

identification of sailing feature. The robot captures and

sends information to the PC. This design also aims to

implement a human-robot interaction, position estimation

and can also be used for transportation of goods. It

provides chances of exploring the underwater mining and

surveillance of borders or other areas of interest.

Keywords–Metal Detector, Sensors, ARM7, GPS, GSM Wireless Camera, Surveillance.

INTRODUCTION

Ocean plays a key role in global climate control. Ocean

Exploration and Navigational Research is leading efforts by

supporting expeditions with computer vision techniques have shown potential for Sailboat robots developed in order to

make measurements at the surface.

A robot is a mechanical or virtual artificial agent usually an

electromechanical machine that is guided by a computer

program and the robots can be autonomous or semi-

autonomous. Robot is a Czech word meaning worker.

Merriam-webster defines robot as a machine that looks like a

human being and perform various complex acts, a device that

automatically performs complicated, often repetitive tasks a

mechanism guided by automatic controls.

ISO describes a robot as an automatically controlled

reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator programmable in

three or more axes, which may be either fixed in place or

mobile for use in industrial automation applications. The development and deployment of Autonomous boat

sailing is possible by the effective combination of appropriate

new and novel techniques that will allow for a number of

applications has been successfully completed. Autonomous

robots have been successfully demonstrated in a number of

applications, including planetary and underwater exploration.

While the use of unmanned buoys for ocean observation is

well established, the use of unmanned systems capable of

long term purposeful navigation is still in its infancy.

A sailing vessel will only require minimal electrical power to

adjust its control surfaces and power on board computers. Sail

propelled vessels thus prove an attractive prospect for

investigation. A range of model sailing dinghies and very

small cruising vehicles were examined, but a number of

difficulties arise with each. Sailing dinghies will also require drastic modification to make them self-righting as well as

requiring a modified rig to allow reliable automatic control.

Sailing robots and were able to demonstrate basic working

control systems.

The main objective of the project is designing a “Underwater

Metal Detection and Monitoring using a Smart Robot”. The

proposed project explains the sailing robot explores in

interpretation of video footage, the identification of sailing

features, human-robot interaction, vehicle control, position

estimation and mechanical design. An idea presented has been

with a Robotic vehicle which activates automatically and

manually through Mobile by using DTMF by using the

wireless camera the footage can be seen in the projector and we

can control the robot and analyze the surface of the water.

LITERATURE SURVEY

The adoption rate for unmanned systems continues to increase

in the military, defense, aerospace and robotics industries, and

is now also being embraced in many new markets across a

variety of applications. The benefits of autonomous mobility,

improved safety, remote operation, remote data collection, and

improved repeatability are just a few of the reasons why the

field of unmanned systems is poised for growth.After the VLSI

technology now days Micro Electro Mechanical System is the

most upcoming technology. This paper gives the introduction

to the MEMS devices, the applications of MEMS and NEMS in robotics and also in biomedical like Bio-MEMS like lab on

chip.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have the potential to

provide a wealth of high resolution sensory data, both

temporally and spatially, over large areas and for long periods

of time, but can be limited in effectiveness when a sensor node loses power or becomes damaged. The quality of the sensor

network data is also reliant on the underlying network

connectivity and can be degraded by imprecise deployments,

and unforeseen changes in the network structure over time such

as changes in weather conditions. The ability to use

autonomous mobile robotic platforms to repair or replace bad

sensor nodes, or to map out WSNs to identify weak nodes, has

potential to enhance the performance of WSNs and improve

their robustness.

A design for a sailing robot capable of holding station in a

variety of wind and sea conditions is described. Results from

experiments with an autonomously controlled smallscale

prototype on a lake are also presented. The likely effects and

problems of scale-up are examined, as are the cost






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robot are discussed and the requirements for communication

and long term autonomy are considered in the light of the

results obtained with the prototype. The potential for low-cost,

flexible, in-situ ocean observation is examined and likely

capabilities of a system based on this type of robot are considered.

BLOCK DIAGRAM & WORKING

A GPS Module is present which provides the location of the

robot in mid-environment.

The SR-92 IC GPS is an easy to use ultra-high performance

smart antenna module with the power control. The lower size

and high performance of the SR-91 enables it for the adaption

of hand held operations.

Various sensors such as Infrared sensors and Ultrasonic

sensors are used for obstacle detection and to detect its own

path when in manual mode.

Metal detectors which work on the principle of transmitting a

magnetic field and analyzing a return signal from the target

and environment are also used. A LCD Module for displaying messages is used. Motors of 12V are used to drive the sailing

robot.

SOFTWARE

FIGURE 1

The whole system involves the ARM processor to

which all the peripherals are connected like GPS,

DTMF, GSM, LCD, Motor drivers and DC motors, Wireless camera and Sensors.

The robot can be operated manually and

autonomously too the manual operation can be

controlled by mobile by the DTMF.

The wireless camera sends the video footage to the

projector through RF communication.

The sensors detects if any obstacles are present in the

surface of the water and under the water too. If

present then through the GSM a message is sent to

the mobile indicating about the obstacle and it is also

displayed in the LCD.

The location of the robot is known by using GPS and

it sends the co-ordinates of the location to the mobile

and it used for tracking the location if the robot is

lost.

The output of the H-Bridge drives the DC motors and

two DC motors are used to rotate the arms of the

robot in front, back, left and right.

HARDWARE

The high-performance, low-power consuming, 32-bit, RISC-

based microprocessor combines 32-512KB of programmable

flash memory, 8-40KB SRAM, one or two 10-bit A/D

converter and one 10-bit D/A converter. The device enables

high speed and supports 60MHz operation and operates

between 3.0-3.6 volts. Low power real-time clock with

independent power and dedicated 32 kHz clock input.

A GSM Module(SIM900) which provides as an interface

between the transmitting and the receiving medium.

DTMF keypad to remotely control the equipment and provides

specifications for each key used i.e front, back, left and right

directions can be specified.

In the software implementation the programming of the

microcontroller is done which is to achieve the required

behavior of an embedded system.

In other words an embedded system can be described as the

software controlled hardware system where the complex

functionalities of a system are designed by a user friendly

software interface.

The programming language used in the project is Embedded

C. The code is written and complied to create a hexadecimal

file that is to be dumped in to the microcontroller in Keil tool.

The successfully compiled source code in dumped in to the

microcontroller by using another tool called Flash Magic.

The serial communication has played a major role in

designing the project as the communication with every

external peripheral that are used to form a communication

network is communicated with the serial protocol. The GSM

module used in the project connected to the UART1 for both

reception and transmission with the micro controller. The

GPS module also communicates in the serial manner with the

reception of the location information.

The flow chart for the reception of the data from the serial port

is as shown in the flowchart 1. The reception also uses the

same data rate and the data pattern in order to process.

FLOWCHART 1

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1-Image of robot

RESULT

commands are displayed on the LCD.

4- When Metal is detected.

2. When manual mode is turned on.

The LCD displays ‘manual mode’ when the command is given, indicating that the manual operation mode is turned

on.

3. Indication of directions in Manual mode of operation.

After manual mode is turned on the operator uses DTMF

Commands to control the path of the robot. These

When the metal is detected, the message is displayed on the

LCD. Along with this, the latitude and longitude details of the

metal are also sent to the station

5- The details are constantly being ent to the registered

mobile user.

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FUTURE SCOPE & CONCLUSION

In this project, we introduce a successful working prototype

model of manoeuvre sailing mobile robot is designed for

oceanographic research. An autonomous sailing robot offers major advantages compared to submerged operated vehicles. It

tracks the movement with the help of wireless cam attached to

the robot through RF wireless sensor network. The surface

environment of ocean i.e., ocean exploration and navigational

research can be studied through wireless cam, GPS & GSM ,

Metal detector , IR sensors, Ultrasonic sensors interfaced to

the robot and the robot can be operated by being in any part of

the world because of usage of DTMF in the project. Another

advantage is the manual operation of the robot . Further

development is required to demonstrate the feasibility of a

sailing robot for long term use in open sea and helpful for oceanographers and scientists.

Further development is required to demonstrate the feasibility

of a sailing robot for long term use in open sea and helpful for

oceanographers and scientists. The sailing robot navigates

itself based on starting point and destination given to it and

finds the exact coordinates of the location. Pick and place

mechanism can be implemented in a better manner by using an

robotic arm. GPS can be advanced to giving the start and

destination coordinates and it will navigate itself to the destination. Better camera can be used with high resolution

and pixels. The long lasting battery can be used instead of

using power supplies. The boat model is made of thin

Aluminum Sheet Two brush-less DC motors are fixed to the

boat model. Pedals made of MS (Mild Steel) are fixed to the

shafts of the DC motors, Pick and place operation is done by

robotic arm.

[2]. “Mobile Robotic Navigation and control for large-scale

wireless sensor network repair”, by Kyle lathy in North

Carolina state university on May 6th 2009.

[3]. S. Mehta, ET. “Al. CMOS Dual -Band Tri-Mode chipset

for IEEE 802.11a/b/g wireless LAN”, IEEE RF IC Symposium, pp 427- 430,2003

[4]. Henly, J. (2006).An Artificial Neuro endocrine Kinematics Model for Legged Robot Obstacle Negotiation. PhD thesis,

University of Wales, Aberystwyth

[5]. Neal, M. (2006)“A hardware proof of concept of a sailing

robot for ocean observation.”

IEEE Transactions on Oceanic Engineering.

[6]. Experience on underwater artefact search using underwater

walking robot Crabster CR200, Bong-Huan Jun , Pan-Mook

Lee ; Yong-hwa Jung,11th February,2016.

[7]. Detection and tracking of an underwater target using the

combination of a particle filter and track-before-detect. Cun Jing ; Zhangjin Lin ; Jianlong Li. 09th June,2016.

[8]. Wadoro: An autonomous mobile robot for surveillance.

Shubham Mittal ; Jaynendra Kumar Rai 16 February 2017.

[9]. Visual navigation and control of mobile robots based on

environment mapping Huan-Chen Ling. 29 September 2014.

[10]. Design of a low cost underwater robotic research

platform. Matthew A. Joordens. July 2008.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We are grateful to the Chairman, Mr. C. M. Ibrahim, for

having provided us an opportunity to emerge as responsible

citizens with Professional Engineering Skills and moral ethics.

We are grateful to our Director, Mr. C. M. Faiz Mohammed,

for having provided us with excellent facilities in the college

during our course.

We are indebted to our Principal, Dr.Muzammil Ahamed S,

for facilitating a congenial academic environment in the

College. We are grateful to our HOD, Prof. Hussain Ahmed, for his

kind support, guidance and motivation during the B.E Degree

Course and especially during the Course of our Project Work.

We thank our Guide Mr. Shaik Imam for his valuable

guidance, Suggestions and Encouragement throughout our

Project Work.

We also thank all the staff members of the Department

Electronics and Communication Engineering and all those

who have directly or indirectly helped us with their valuable

suggestions in the successful completion of this Project.

REFERENCES

[1] M.P. Khorgade: “Application of MEMS in Robotics and

Bio MEMS”, Proceedings of the UK 13th international

conference.

Techo Buzz


NON INVASIVE DIABETIC MONITORING

SYSTEM

MOHAMMED FAIZAN M.A, MOHAMMED FURQHAN A, AFREEN KHANUM, ARFIA FIRDOUS

ABDUL SALEEM, SHIREEN FATHIMA

Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, HKBKCE, Bangalore

Abstract - Current blood glucose monitoring (BGM)

techniques are invasive as they require a prick blood sample,

a repetitively painful process that creates the risk of infection.

BGM is essential to avoid complications arising due to

abnormal blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. Laser light-

based sensors have demonstrated a superior potential for

BGM. Existing near-infrared (NIR)-based BGM techniques

Have shortcomings, such as the absorption of light in human

tissue, higher signal-to-noise ratio, and lower accuracy, and

these disadvantages have prevented NIR techniques from

being employed for commercial BGM applications. A simple,

compact, and cost-effective non-invasive device using visible

light of wavelength for BGM (RL-BGM) is implemented in

this paper. The RL-BGM monitoring device has three major

technical advantages over NIR. Unlike NIR, yellow visible

light has _30 time’s better transmittance through human

tissue. Furthermore, when compared with NIR, the refractive

index of laser light is more sensitive to the variations in

glucose level concentration resulting in faster response times

_7_10 s. Red laser light also demonstrates both higher linearity and accuracy for BGM. The designed RL-BGM device has been tested for both in vitro and in vivo cases and

several experimental results have been generated to ensure

the accuracy and precision of the proposed BGM sensor.

Keywords— Absorbance, blood glucose monitoring, in-vitro, in-

vivo, optical density, refractive index, transmittance...

I. INTRODUCTION:

Diabetes or Diabetes Mellitus occurs

when someone has abnormal blood sugar [1].

There are two major types of diabetes in Type 1

diabetic patients, diabetes occurs due to the

autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing

beta cells in the pancreas whereas in Type 2

diabetics the diabetes mellitus occurs from

insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency

[2], [3]. Diabetes can cause many serious

invasive techniques involve attaching electrodes

to the skin tissue. This method is not preferred

due to its low accuracy and poor signal to noise

ratio (SNR) even though this electronic method

reduces the chances of infection and minimizes

the pain [11]. The latest advances introduced to

the field of BGM are non-invasive technologies

to detect blood glucose and cholesterol level

using secretions such as sweat, urine, saliva or

tears. Besides these secreted fluids, blood glucose

secondary health issues such as blindness, stroke,

kidney failure, Ulcers, Infections, obesity and

blood vessels damage.

Among other health complications [4] _ [6].

Approximately US $ 376 billion is spent annually

in the US on the treatment and management of

diabetes in diabetic patients and this amount is

expected to rise to a projected US$ 490 billion by

the end of 2030 [7].

Fig 1 Types of diabetes

According to the International Diabetes

Federation (IDF) the diabetes patients in 2011 are

366 million worldwide and this number is

expected to rise to 552 million by 2030 [8], [9].

Blood glucose and cholesterol level is currently

measured using three broad categories of

techniques which are invasive, minimally

invasive and non-invasive. Invasive techniques

require a blood sample which is currently

extracted from the fingertip using a device

known as a lancet. This method of determining

blood glucose is currently the most commonly

used technique and is a highly accurate method

for blood glucose monitoring [10]. Minimally

and cholesterol level are also measured through the

skin, earlobe and tongue tissue [11] _ [16]. These

mediums are analyzed to detect blood glucose and

cholesterol level non-invasively by employing

optical techniques such as Raman spectroscopy,

polarimetry, diffuse spectroscopy, absorption

spectroscopy, thermal emission spectroscopy,

photoacoustic spectroscopy and fluorescence

spectroscopy [12].

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Among the available non-invasive

techniques absorption spectroscopy is mostly

used to observe scattering, absorption, reflection

and refraction of light when it is focused on

biological tissues. The characteristics of light

depend on the chemical composition and

structure of the sample [10], In this paper, the

suitable wavelength of laser light for BGM is

investigated by determining the transmittance

and absorbance of various wavelengths when

passed through water and the human finger. On

the basis of this suitable wavelength, a simple,

non-invasive, cost effective blood glucose and

cholesterol level detection technique and device

(RL-BGM) based on the variations in the

refractive index of red laser light is presented.

Intensification of blood glucose and cholesterol

level increases the refractive index which

consequently steps up the output voltage at the

photo-sensor. The variations in output voltage are

converted into equivalent glucose concentrations

level.

Cholesterol is an oil-based substance and

does not mix with the blood, which is water-

based. It is carried around the body by

lipoproteins. There are two types of lipoprotein

that carries the parcels of cholesterol. The first

type is Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in which

cholesterol carried by this type is known as "bad"

cholesterol and the second type is High-density

lipoprotein (HDL) in which cholesterol carried

by this type is known as "good" cholesterol.

determine the color of light that gives accurate

results for glucose measurements based on

transmittance and reflection method of light. The

analysis process is done for the entire spectrum

of visible light. Since blood glucose is mainly

present in the serum of blood, serum samples

were used to determine the wavelength. For the

wavelength selection, white, yellow and red light

from the visible spectrum were considered. For

each color light was passed through the serum.

LEDs of high intensities where used as light

source. The incident light on serum gets

transmitted and refracted. This transmitted and

refracted light was captured by the receiver.

From the analysis for red and white light not

much variations where obtained for varying

glucose level. Whereas yellow light gave

considerable variations in received light’s

intensity for different glucose levels. Thus from

the analysis done with serum samples for

wavelength selection it was found that the yellow

II. PROPOSED WORK

A. WORKING PRINCIPLE

Glucose molecules present in the blood

absorb the light transmitted through the blood.

The remaining part of the light is transmitted and

reflected. This device works on light

transmittance method. The transmitted light

varies based on the concentration of glucose level

in blood. As the concentration of glucose

increases the transmitted light intensity

decreases. This light intensity is used to

determine the corresponding blood glucose

levels. The entire process has three steps of

methodology.

Optimum wavelength selection.

In-vitro experimental setup.

In-vivo experimental setup.

B. OPTIMUM WAVELENGTH SELECTION

The light spectrum has lights of different

wavelengths. Visible light in the spectrum ranges

from 400nm to 700nm. Within the visible

spectrum there are lights of different colors

corresponding to different wavelength. Infra red

light ranges from 700nm to 1mm. Among the

entire wavelength spectrum, only visible light is

been used in our proposed device. Since visible

range has various color lights, analysis is done to

light from the visible spectrum is suitable for

glucose detection in blood. Fig 2: Types of Cholesterol

C. IN-VITRO EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

In-vitro experimental setup is the second

step in methodology. Blood samples were taken

from different diabetic and non diabetic patients.

The blood samples were taken from the patients

invasively and stored. The test tubes used for

storing blood samples were fluoride test tubes.

These blood samples were passed to the

diagnostic laboratory for glucose analysis. Visible

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light from the light source was incident on to the

blood samples obtained from patients. The light

received at the receiver is converted to voltage.

These voltages for different blood samples were

taken down. Thus, a linear relation was obtained

between the blood glucose and cholesterol level

and output voltage.

Fig 3: In-vitro experimental setup.

IN-VIVO EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

After obtaining a linear relation between

glucose and voltage the setup is made to test the

blood glucose through human tissues non-

invasively. The working theory and block

diagram involved in the in-vivo setup is as

follows.

Fig 4: In-vivo experimental setup.

LCD: The voltage value from Arduino board is

displayed on LCD.

GSM module: The GSM module is interfaced

with the Arduino mega. GSM module used is

SIM900A. The glucose readings from Arduino

are sent to the mobile.

III. HARDWARE AND

SOFTWARE

IMPLEMENTATION.

A. HARDWARE.

Power source: Arduino mega is powered up by

system. GSM module is powered by 12V

adapter. Yellow LED is powered by 3V adapter.

Transmitter module: Transmitter consists of

light source. High intensity LED of yellow color

is used as light source. The LED is powered up

by 7 volts supply. Resistors of 100ῼ are used to

supply power to LED.

Fig 5: Flow chart of the working principle.

Receiver module: LDR is used as receiver. The

light that gets reflected from the blood is

subjected on to the surface of LDR. LDR

converts this light into voltage.

Arduino: Arduino mega 2560 is used for

processing. The voltage value from the receiver

module is given to the Arduino board. This

voltage is in analog form and thus converted to

digital by the ADC of Arduino. The digital

voltage value is processed.

B. SOFTWARE

Arduino mega 2560 is used for programming and

mapping voltages to glucose levels. The open-

source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to

write code and upload it to the board. It runs on

Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. The environment

is written in Java and based on Processing and open-

source software. This software can be used with any

Arduino board and is simple to learn, understand

and code. This is an open user platform and require

no additional knowledge to write, it requires a

simple basics of any programming language. The

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Arduino IDE uses Embedded C as a coding

language. RESULTS

A unique and non-invasive method based on the

transmittance property of visible light is used to

monitor the blood glucose and cholesterol level

was determined in the form of a compact mobile

device. Based on the analysis done it was found

that yellow light is suitable for BGC

determination. From in vivo analysis it was seen

that as blood glucose and cholesterol level

increases the voltage value of LDR also

increases. In vivo testing was performed on 12

subjects both male and females with ages ranging

from 21 to 70 years old, this group included both

healthy and diabetic patients. Accuracy of the

device depends on various factors like placement

of components and placement of fingers.

Fig 6: Photograph of the implemented prototype.

REFERENCES

[1] S. R. Balakrishnan et al., ``Development of

highly sensitive polysilicon nanogap with

APTES/GOx based lab-on-chip biosensor to

determine low levels of salivary glucose,'' Sens.

Actuators A, Phys., vol. 220, pp. 101_111, Dec.

2014.

[2] S. Haxha and J. Jhoja, `Òptical based

noninvasive glucose monitoring sensor

prototype,'' IEEE Photon. J., vol. 8, no. 6, Dec.

2016, Art. no. 6805911.

[3] W. Duckworth et al., ``Glucose control and

vascular complications in veterans with type 2

diabetes,'' New England J. Med., vol. 360, no. 2, pp.

129_139, Jan. 2009.

[4] J. L. Leasher et al., ``Global estimates on the

number of people blind or visually impaired by

diabetic retinopathy: A meta-analysis from 1990 to

2010,'' Diabetes Care, vol. 39, no. 9, pp.

1643_1649, 2016.

[5] ``Diagnosis and classi_cation of diabetes

mellitus,'' Diabetes Care, vol. 33, no. 1, pp.

S62_S69, Dec. 2009.

[6] J.W. Gardner, H.W. Shin, and E. L. Hines,

`Àn electronic nose system to diagnose illness,''

Sens. Actuators B, Chem., vol. 70, nos. 1_3, pp.

19_24, Nov. 2000.

[7] S. Vashist, ``Continuous glucose monitoring

systems: A review,'' Diagnostics, vol. 3, no. 4, pp.

385_412, 2013.

[8] D. R. Whiting, L. Guariguata, C. Weil, and J.

Shaw, `ÌDF diabetes atlas: Global estimates of the

prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030,'' Diabetes

Res. Clin. Pract., vol. 94, no. 3, pp. 311_321, Dec.

2011.

[9] A. Esteghamati et al., ``Trends in the

prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose

Dept. of Electronics and CommunicaintionasEsoncgiianteioerningw, iHthKBobKeCsiEty in Iran:2005_2011,'' 18

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Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., vol. 103, no. 2, pp.

319_327, Feb. 2014.

[10] C. E. F. do Amaral and B. Wolf,

``Current development in non-invasive

glucose monitoring,'' Med. Eng. Phys., vol. 30,

no. 5, pp. 541_549, Jun. 2008.

[11] S. K. Vashist, ``Non-invasive glucose

monitoring technology in diabetes

management: A review,'' Anal. Chim. Acta,

vol. 750, pp. 16_27, Oct. 2012.

[12] S. K. Vashist, D. Zheng, K. Al-Rubeaan, J.

H. T. Luong, and F.-S. Sheu, ``Technology

behind commercial devices for blood glucose

monitoring in diabetes management: A

review,'' Anal. Chim. Acta, vol. 703, no. 2, pp.

124_136, Oct. 2011.

[13] D. Zheng, S. K. Vashist, K. Al-Rubeaan, J. H. T. Luong, and F.-S. Sheu, `Rapid and

simple preparation of a reagent less glucose

electrochemical biosensor,'' Analyst, vol. 137,

no. 16, p. 3800, 2012.

[14] J. Yadav, A. Rani, V. Singh, and B. M.

Murari, ``Prospects and limitations of non-

invasive blood glucose monitoring using near-

infrared spectroscopy,'' Biomed. Signal

Process. Control, vol. 18, pp. 214_227, Apr.

2015.

[15] M. Tamilselvi and G. Ramkumar, ``Non-

invasive tracking and monitoring glucose

content using near infrared spectroscopy,'' in

Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Intell. Comput.

Res. (ICCIC), Madurai, India, Dec. 2015, pp.

1_3.

[16] X. Li and C. Li, ``Research on non-

invasive blood glucose and cholesterol

levelmeasurement by NIR transmission,'' in

Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Commun.

(ICCC), Chengdu, China, Oct. 2015, pp.

223_228.

Techno Buzz


“Green Corridor Establishment Of Emergency

Carrier Based On Visual Sensing” Deepika, Prasant Dwivedi, Dinesh Darji, Md. Shadab Ahmed Jangole

students of HKBKCE ECE Dept

Under guidance of:-Mrs. Harsha K Asst Prof. in ECE Dept, HKBKCE Bangalore

Abstract—With an increasing amount of vehicles on the

road, traffic congestion and transportation delays are

increasing worldwide. Emergency vehicles, such as

ambulances, fire engines and police cars, should be

capable to react to emergency calls with minimum delay.

If the emergency vehicle gets stuck in a traffic jam and

its arrival at the incident location is delayed it can cause

loss of lives and property. The main idea behind this

project is to schedule emergency vehicles in traffic so

that waiting in traffic doesn’t lead to loss of valuable life.

This project is smart traffic management systems based

on priority and traffic density to improve the

transportation efficiency and response times of

emergency services. Here we are using two methods to

recognize emergency vehicle that is visual sensing and

RFID sensing.

Keywords- Traffic congestion; Emergency vehicle;

Visual sensing; RFID sensing

I. INTRODUCTION

Emergency vehicles, such as ambulances, fire engines

and police cars, should be capable to react to emergency

calls with minimum delay. The excellence of the emergency

service depends on how fast the emergency vehicles can

reach the incident location. If the emergency vehicle gets

stuck in a traffic jam and its arrival at the incident location is

delayed it can cause loss of lives and property. [1] There is a need for smart traffic management systems

based on priority and traffic density to improve the

transportation efficiency and response times of emergency

services.[9] The traffic light control plays a vital role in any

intelligent traffic management system. Fixed control

methods are however only suitable for stable and regular

traffic, but not for dynamic traffic situations.[2] Therefore,

emergency vehicles such as ambulances, police cars, fire

engines, etc. must wait in traffic at an intersection as

depicted in which delays their arrival at their destination

causing loss of lives and property. In Ireland, an average of

700 fatalities was noted every year due to late ambulance responses.[3] From the current problem, it can be

understood that, there is a serious need for an intelligent

traffic management system for the effective management of

both the normal and emergency vehicles.[8] An increased

volume of vehicles not only increases the response times of

emergency vehicles, but it also increases the chances for

them being involved in accidents.[4]

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

1. “Traffic Management for Emergency Vehicle Priority

Based on Visual Sensing”-Uddin, S.M.; Das, K.A.; Taleb,

May 2015.

This paper presents real-time area based traffic density

estimation by image processing for traffic signal control.

2. “RFID and GPS based Automatic Lane Clearance

System for Ambulance”- Hegde, R.Sail, R.R. Indira,

S.M, 2013.

This paper presents RFID and GPS based automatic lane

clearance system for ambulance.

3. “Innovative Technology for Smart Roads”- Sheela. S,

Shivaram. K.R, Sunil Gowda.R, Shrinidhi.L, Sahana.S,

Pavithra.H.S, May 2016.

This paper presents a low cost innovative technology for

smart roads.

4. “Automatic Intelligent Traffic Control System”-

Linganagouda R, Pyinti Raju, Anusuya Patil, July 2016.

This paper concentrated on problems faced by Ambulances,

RFID concept is used to make the Ambulance’s lane Green and thus providing a stoppage free way for the Ambulance.

III. BLOCK DIAGRAM

The block diagram of green corridor establishment of

emergency carrier based on visual sensing consist of

Arduino Uno, Raspberry Pi 3, RFID module, LED, Camera

module, Power Supply.

Camera module is capturing the live video of

vehicles on road. Camera module generate the live stream of

vehicles.Then from camera module will take one frame. Then will compare that one frame with plus sign of

emergency vehicle. If frame matches with plus sign.Then

high signal will be send on pin number 23 of raspberry pi 3.

Pin number 23 of raspberry pi 3 is connected to pin number

3 of arduino uno. Then arduino uno will make green LED

ON and the way is given to the emergency vehicle.

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Fig 1. Block diagram

In this project two methods are used to determine

emergency vehicles. They are visual sensing and RFID

sensing. Initially the camera and RFID keeps tracking

vehicles. As soon as any emergency vehicle is detected, its

sends a signal to controller saying that there is a emergency

vehicle. Then the controller turns on the green light that is

used for emergency vehicle indication and the way is given

to the emergency vehicle. If camera module fails to detect the emergency vehicle then the RFID comes in picture.

Emergency vehicle is detected by RFID in case of failure of

camera module like in cloudy weather.

IV. RESULTS

Initialize every module. Initially LED will be in OFF

condition. Then code will be excuted. After execution of

code, camera will capture the live video of vehicles on

road. Camera will generate the live stream of vehicles.

Camera keeps track of vehicles. Then from camera module

will take one frame and matches with the plus sign of

emergency vehicle. If that frame matches with plus sign of

emergency vehicle. Then emergency vehicle is detected. Then high signal will be send on raspberry pi that send

signal to arduino uno. Then arduino uno will make green

LED ON and the way is given to the emergency vehicle.

Emerrgency vehicle is detected using RFID in case of

failure of camera module like in cloudy weather.

Fig 2. Identifying emergency vehicle

Fig 3. Emergency vehicle detection using visual sensing

Fig 4. Emergency vehicle detection using RFID

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V. ADVANTAGES

1. Ease of use.

2. Less delay: It will reduce the time for emergency

vehicles.

3. Ambulance service will no longer be affected by

traffic jams.

4. Life can be saved: If ambulance reaches hospital

fast, then life of patient can be saved.

5. One time investment cost.

VI. CONCLUSION

Road traffic congestion is a central problem in most

developing countries. Most urban areas have poorly

managed traffic networks with several traffic hot-spots or

potential congestion areas. This help to present an approach

to schedule emergency vehicles in traffic like Ambulance, fire engines etc. It saves the life of people which have less

time for the operations after accident or some other issues.

It gives more priority to emergency vehicles. In this project

we used two methods to determine emergency vehicles.

They are Visual Sensing and RFID Sensing.[5] Initially the

camera and RFID keeps tracking vehicles. As soon as any

emergency vehicle is detected, its sends a signal to

controller saying that there is a emergency vehicle. Then the

controller turns on the green light that is used for emergency

vehicle indication and the way is given to the emergency

vehicle.[6] If camera module fails to detect the emergency vehicle then the RFID comes in picture. Emergency vehicle

is detected by RFID in case of failure of camera module like

in cloudy weather. Thus preventing unnecessary traffic

congestion. With the implementation of this system the

manual effort and the time on the part of the traffic

policeman is saved. As the whole system works

automatically, it requires very less human intervention.[7]

VII. FUTURE SCOPE

1. In ambulance system, the data of the patient in the

ambulance can be sent to the Hospitals via GSM

technology. Thus, it can provide early and fast

treatment of the patient.

2. In future this system can be used to inform people

about different places traffic condition. Data

transfer between the microcontroller and computer

can also be done through telephone network, data call activated SIM. This technique allows the

operator to gather the recorded data from a far end

to his home computer without going there.

REFERENCES

[1] Djahel, S.; Smith, N.; Wang, S.; Murphy, J. Reducing

emergency services response time in smart cities: An

advanced adaptive and fuzzy approach. In Proceedings of

the IEEE First International Smart Cities Conference

(ISC2), Guadalajara, Mexico, 25–28 October 2015; pp. 1–8.

[2] Statistics on Emergency Vehicle Accidents in the U.S.

Available online: http://www.arnolditkin.com/Personal-

Injury-Blog/2015/November/Statistics-on-Emergency- Vehicle-Accidents-in-the.aspx (accessed on 5 December

2015).

[3] Nellore, K.; Hancke, G.P.A survey on urban traffic

management system using wireless sensor networks.

Sensors 2016, 16, 157. [CrossRef] [PubMed].

[4] Rajeshwari, S.; Santhoshs, H.; Varaprasad, G.

Implementing intelligent traffic control system for

congestion control, ambulance clearance and stolen vehicle

detection. IEEE Sens. J. 2015, 15, 1109–1113.

[5] Sireesha, E.; Rakesh, D. Intelligent traffic light system

to prioritized emergency purpose vehicles based on wireless

sensor network. Int. J. Res. Stud. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2014,

1, 24–27.

[6] Shruthi, K.R.; Vinodha, K. Priority based traffic lights

controller using wireless sensor networks. Int. J. Electron.

Signal Syst. 2012, 1, 58–61.

[7] Hussian, R.; Sandhy, S.; Vinita, S.; Sandhya, S. WSN applications: Automated intelligent traffic control system

using sensors. Int. J.Soft Comput. Eng. 2013, 3, 77–81.

[8] Nabeel, M.M.; EI-Dien, M.F.; EI-Kader, S.A. Intelligent

vehicle recognition based on wireless sensor network. Int. J.

Comput. Sci. Issues 2013, 10, 164–174. 10. Nellore, K.;

Melingi, S.B. Automatic Traffic Monitoring System Using

Lane Centre Edges. IOSR J. Eng. 2012, 2, 1–8.

[9] Uddin, S.M.; Das, K.A.; Taleb, A.M. Real-time area

based traffic density estimation by image processing for

traffic signal control: Bangladesh perspective. In

Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on

Electrical Engineering and Information Communication

Technology (ICEEICT), Dhaka, Bangladesh, 21–23 May

2015; pp. 1–5.

http://www.arnolditkin.com/Personal-

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CAMPUS NAVIGATOR USING SPEECH

ASSISTANCE

A Aslam Basha, Aasiyah Riaz Khawaja, Afreen Kubra, Ibrahim Pasha, Subiya Yaseen

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, HKBK College of Engineering –India, Bangalore

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

subiyayaseen.ec.hkbk.edu.in

Abstract : Navigation is a technique which basically

focuses on process of monitoring and controlling the

movement of person or vehicle or craft from one place to

another e.g.: Land navigation, Marine Navigation,

Aeronautic Navigation etc. The campus navigator is the

android mobile application which is basically used for

navigating routes inside any campus premises e.g.: Mall,

College, Hospital etc... Mobile phones are nowadays far

more than merely devices to communicate with. Especially,

Smartphone’s are products that help to make our work and

everyday life easier. Along with the advance in technology

and popularity of these devices, the use of mobile

applications has increased enormously in the last few years.

Based on new techniques like GPS, sensors, compass and

accelerometer, that can used to determine the orientation of

the device, location-based applications coupled with

augmented reality views are also possible. There are several

commercial navigation applications - such as Google Maps,

Yahoo Maps and Map quest that provide users with

directions from one place to another. However, these

applications must search along existing roads; they are not

able to provide routes that are as precise as an on-campus

path would require.

Keywords – Campus Navigator, Speech Assistance, Tx and Rx pair, Bluetooth module, micro controller

INTRODUCTION

The project suggests a solution for students, their parents

and visitors who receive user based dynamic information.

They use their own smart phones and an embedded device

for additional information. Campus navigator is a mobile application which is based on Blue Tooth. The data from

Bluetooth gets transmitted and it can be monitored in

Smartphone. Our project is more suited for campus

environment of manufacture industries, software companies,

college and universities, government campus etc. In this

project we are concentrating on visitor assistance and

security for the campus. Both concepts are achieved

successfully. Speech output is embedded in the project which

provides better assistance for the visitor.

Navigation is a technique which basically focuses on

process of monitoring and controlling the movement of

person or vehicle or craft from one place to another example:

Land navigation, Marine Navigation, Aeronautic Navigation

etc. The campus navigator is the android mobile application

which is basically used for navigating routes inside any

phones are nowadays far more than merely devices to

communicate with. Especially, Smartphone’s are products

that help to make our work and everyday life easier. Along

with the advance in technology and popularity of these

devices, the use of mobile applications has increased

enormously in the last few years. Based on new techniques

like GPS, sensors, compass and accelerometer, that can used

to determine the orientation of the device, location-based

applications coupled with augmented reality views are also

possible.

There are several commercial navigation applications - such

as Google Maps, Yahoo Maps and Map quest that provide

users with directions from one place to another. However, these applications must search along existing roads they are

not able to provide routes that are as precise as an on-campus

path would require. Our project is more suited for campus

environment of manufacture industries, software companies,

college and universities, government campus etc. In this

project we are concentrating on visitor assistance and security

for the campus. Both concepts are achieved successfully.

LITERATURE SURVEY

Trend of Location based navigation with the help of Google

Map in android platform growing faster. Piyanuch

Silapachote, Ananta Srisuphab, Warat Kaewpijit, and Nuttaporn Waragulsiriwan developed an application named

GuideMyTour. This map indicates and tracks a user’s current

location and heading direction. It can be zoomed in and out,

or rotated in any direction. It combines a raditional paper map

image of a locality with a satellite map image. A user provides

a custom map of particular location and the corresponding

satellite map is retrieved from Google Map. The geo image

mapping engine is responsible for related and align the two

maps; the result is passed to the map rendering engine which

then displays the overlaid map to the screen. Every known

point of interest marked clearly. algorithms, auditing

techniques and digital signature for data integrity. Sahai and Waters [3] proposed the ABE system and it is the first scheme

which achieve the One-to-many public-key encryption. In this

scheme, the cipher text and the user secret key are related with

the set of attribute and these set of attributes act as a access

policy. Only when there is a match between the attribute of

the decryption key and cipher text, the users will be capable

of decrypting the cipher text. It not only uses a GPS but also

an onboard compass as well as an accelerometer for higher

accuracy of current location of user. The application is available offline mode also.

campus premises e.g.: MDaellp, tC. oolfleEgel,ecHtorsopnitiaclseatcn..d. MCoobmilemunication Engineering, HKBKCE 24





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The application provides facility to choose starting and

destination location and it gives shortest driving and walk able

path and it also provides suitable parking lots for the user. It

also shows user’s current location with the help of GPS. The

application provides rerouting when the user discontinues from

the projected path. They have designed a Map Editor tool to

edit and manage campus maps. The Map Editor tool provides

facility to faster manipulation of map and its XML file.

Building, streets, parking lots are not available in Google

Maps, this can be included, deleted, updated in the map with

the help of Map Editor Tool.


FIGURE 1

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF HOST SYSTEM.

FIGURE 2

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF LOCATION READER SYSTEM

Block diagram working :

Embedded within the microcontroller is a program that helps the microcontroller to take action based on

the inputs provided.

Here in this project demo, tags will be placed on the floor in certain directions resembling that of a path to various offices or different buildings in a campus.

The visitor will be given a RFID reader. The

direction to the particular office or buildings in a

campus will be shown on a map in his/her android

smart phone.

If the visitor deviates once or twice from the path shown in the android smart phone, the

microcontroller will pass message to the android smart phone via GSM.

On receiving this message the android smart phone will activate a predefined voice output, thereby

suggesting the visitor to take the correct path.LDR is

implemented in this project which is helpful at the

night time.

Whenever there is a light on LDR then LED’s will be

in off state, if there is no light on LDR i.e. at night

time LED’s will turn on. Hence it is useful at night

time also.

In any situation if you want to restart your system then

reset button is provided. If the visitor deviates from

the path, for the third time, the microcontroller will

pass this message to the android smart phone via GSM

and as usual a voice output will also be created.

Immediately, after the voice output is given, a message will be passed to the security centre on that

campus from visitor’s android smart phone.

HARDWARE

The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board

based on the ATmega2560 (datasheet). It has 54

digital input/output pins (of which 14 can be used as

PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs

(hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator,

a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header,

and a reset button.

RFID Tag and RFID Reader required for location

updatio.

The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and

breadboard-friendly board based on the ATmega328

(Arduino Nano 3.0) or ATmega168 (Arduino Nano

2.x)

HC-05- This module enables you to wireless

transmit & receive serial data. It is a drop in

replacement for wired serial connections allowing

transparent two way data communication. You can

simply use it for serial port replacement to establish

connection between MCU or embedded project and

PC for data transfer. This board operates on 5V and has LED indication and 3V regulator.

The 16 x 2 intelligent alphanumeric dot matrix

display is capable of displaying 224 different

characters and symbols. A full list of the characters

and symbols is given below (note these symbols can

vary between brand of LCD used).

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METHODOLDOGY

Fig : Flow Chart

RESULTS

1. Working module

2. .Location deviation information on mobile phone and

LCD

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3. Navigator theft information on mobile phone and

LCD

4. Location deviation information on mobile phone and

LCD

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5. Smart application is connected to the module 6. Data updated in the smart application

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7. Connecting to server via Bluetooth

8. Various options in the Application


For project demo concern, we have developed a prototype module. In future, this project

can be taken to the product level. To make this project as user friendly and durable, we

need to make it compact and cost effective. Going further, most of the units can be

embedded along with the controller on a single board with change in technology, thereby

reducing the size of the system.

Depending on the profile and time of the day information for students, visitors can be

delivered.They can do a guided tour, without an actual guide. This design is very flexible

and can be easily adopted for other systems with similar tasks for Example Smart City,

Smart People. The project is designed using structured modeling and is able to provide the

desired results. It can be successfully implemented as a Real Time system with certain

modifications. Science is discovering or creating major breakthrough in various fields, and

hence technology keeps changing from time to time. Going further, most of the units can

be fabricated on a single along with microcontroller thus making the system compact

thereby making the existing system more effective. To make the system applicable for real

time purposes components with greater range needs to be implement

REFERENCES

Domain Representation For Interactive Multiview Imaging”. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,

Vol.22 (9), Jul 30, 2013.

[5]. J. Joseph, QR Code Based Indoor Navigation with Voice Response. 3, 923-926 (2014).

[6]. C. Barberis, A. Bottino, G. Malnati and P. Montuschi, Experiencing indoor navigation

on

mobile devices. 16, 50-57(2013).

[7]. W. Narzt, G. Pomberger, A. Ferscha, D. Kolb, R. Muller, J. Wieghardt, H. Hortner

and C.

Lindinger, Augmented reality navigation system., pp. 177-182 (2006).

[8]. K. Patel, R. H. Pulipati, A. Preciado and M. Ganis, UTour Smartphone GPS Audio

App: An

Example of Touring Pace University, A1-1 – A1-8(2016). [9]. D. Roddy, Satellite communication (The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 4th edition, United

States America, 2006), pp. 569 - 571.

Subiya Yaseen , Professor, Department of Electronics and communication Engineering,

HKBK College of Engineering , Bangalore,

A Aslam Basha ,Aasiyah Riaz Khawaja, Afreen Kubra, Ibrahim Pasha, Students, Department of Eectronics and comminiation Engineering, HKBK College of Engineering

, Bangalore

[1]. BIRD Jeff (Defense R & D Canada), ARDEN Dale (Dale Arden Consulting), “Indoor Navigation With Foot-Mounted Strap down Inertial Navigation And Magnetic Sensors”,

IEEE

Wire Commun. Volume: 18 Issue: 2 Page: 28-35, April 2011: year of publication.

[2]. Benjamin Lautenschläger: “Design and Implementation of a Campus Navigation

Application

with Augmented Reality for Smartphones”. , Bachelor Thesis, University of Calgary

(2012).

[3]. Isaac Skog and Peter Händel, “In-Car Positioning and Navigation Technologies—A

Survey”,

IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 10(1):4-21 (2009). [4]. Thomas Maugey, Ismael Daribo, Gene Cheung, and Pascal Frossard, “Navigation


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Bus Frequency Optimization By Avoid

Bus Bunching using Wireless Network Anisha Kumari, Musaddiqua Afnain, Syed Zeeshan Ahamed,

Department of ECE, Department of ECE, Department of ECE,

HKBK College of Engineering, HKBK College of Engineering, HKBK College of Engineering, Bangalore, India, Bangalore, India, Bangalore, India,

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Mohammed Haneef, Dr. Suraiya Tarannum,

Department of ECE, Prof. & PG Coordinator ,Dept. of ECE,

HKBK College of Engineering, HKBK College of Engineering,

Bangalore, India,

[email protected]

Bangalore, India,

[email protected]

Abstract— Intelligent public transport system (IPTS) is new

trend which is been emerging at various cities, the main aim of this

system is to improve efficiency and quality of the system this will

increase in use of system and more people will be attracted to

public transport. IPTS is future and with time, new features are

added (such as bus pile up avoidance system, passenger counting and driver warning) in to the system. Bus Frequency or headway

optimization can be done if bus pile up or bus bunching is

minimized or removed, in this paper wireless methods, packet

protocol and systems are described and implemented to optimize

bus frequency and avoid bus pile, we describe this system as bus

pile-up avoidance system. A bare minimum 3 different hardware

is designed for BUS module, Stand Module and Depot Module.

Currently packet protocol is tested using low cost 2.4Ghz RF

modules similar IEEE 802.15.4 Modules.

Keyword : Pile-up, IPTS (Intelligence public transport system),

wireless and RF communication.

I. INTRODUCTION

Intelligent public transport is new trend which is been

emerging at various cities, the main aim of this system is to

improve efficiency and quality of the system this will increase

in use of system and more people will be attracted to public

transport.

These Intelligent system provides bus arrival times to users, in

some system it also monitors all buses of all routes and change

number of bus on routes automatically as per requirement,

ticketing systems are also electronic which saves time and hassles. IPTS is future and with time, for existing IPTS features

are added (such as bus pile up avoidance system, passenger

counting and driver warning) in to the system. With the help of

wireless communications an intelligent public transport system

can be designed [1], many innovators have added various

features to improve transport ranging from route optimization

to GIS based enhancements [2]. Our project is also one of that,

we intended to implement a feature to avoid bus pile up or bus

bunching at single places or bus stand with the design of

proprietary network protocol and system

Before explaining the implementation of Bus pile up avoidance

feature first we will understand what bus pile-up is

and reasons behind that. Bus pile -up is case when same number

buses come very close to each other and end up arriving to stand

at same time, and this is seen in various cities at many stands.

In such cases passenger just coming after this incidence will

miss 2-3 buses together and he has to wait a long, and as only

limited passengers will be waiting for bus only 1st bus will be

running full and subsequent buses will be inefficiently used.

These pile-ups occurred due to various conditions like traffic

jams, or varying traffic densities, different driving behavior of

drivers, railway crossing in the bus route etc.

To avoid such pile -up drivers can maintain a sufficient

distance among their buses of same number bus this is very

unlikely so we need to develop some embedded electronics

system which will assistant to avoid pile-ups. This can be done

in two ways either bus can communicate with each other and

maintain distances or stand can instruct buses to stop or go slow

so distances can be maintained. We have studied existing IPTS

system and without much extra efforts and cost we can implement our feature in which stands will instruct the buses

and distance will be maintained. As in IPTS bus and stand are

already equipped with some sort of wireless device we can add

a BPAS service in that wireless communication network and

get the BPAS feature working.

Objectives of BPAS:

To increase the Headway between the two

same route number buses.

Bus information must fetched to the stand

through the Wireless communication.

Make Dynamic Queue in stand for all bus

passing by.

Commanding bus wirelessly to control the

speed to maintain the bus to bus distance.

Storing all events with time in bus memory chip and dumping it to depot the end of day.

And for testing purpose displaying all packet

info and process info on LCD which will help

to understand complete process and debug

the project.

1






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GO SLOW STOP

RTC and

EEPROM Main Controller BUZZER

Communication

Co-controller

R F

TX/RX

UART/SP


Ranjana D. Raut, Vineet Kumar Goyal, and Nikhil Arora et al.,

[1] introduced the idea of “Design and Implementation of

Adaptive Public Transport System with Low Cost Wireless

Link and Specialized Protocol” to provide the solution for

optimization of use of public transport, better services to users

and various options to management to improve transport system

with cost effective.

Lv Zhian Hu Han et al., [2] introduced the idea of “A Bus Management System Based on ZigBee and GSM/GPRS” it

introduces a system design about bus management system

based on ZigBee and GSM/GPRS, which implemented the

basic functions of the intelligent public transport management

system, such as monitoring the time of bus arrival, departing

from the bus station and reporting stations name automatically.

R.P.S. Padmanaban, K. Divakar, L. Vanajakshi,

S.C.Subramanian et al., [3] introduced the idea of

“Development of a real-time bus arrival prediction system for

Indian traffic conditions” it gives the accuracy of Bus Traveler

Information Systems (BTIS) depends on several factors such as

accuracy of the input data, speed of data transfer, data quality

control and performance of the prediction scheme.

R. P. Padmanaban, Lelitha Vanajakshi, and Shankar C.

Subramanian et al., [4] introduced the idea of ” Estimation of

Bus Travel Time Incorporating Dwell Time for APTS

Applications” where Congestion has become a serious problem

in the context of urban transport around the world. As more and

more vehicles are being introduced into the urban streets every

year, the mode share of the public transportation sector is

declining at an alarming rate.

III. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

The below fig 1 shows Bus module consist of RTC,

EEPROM, Microcontroller RF module and co-controller.

The main component of this module to develop a

Transceiver system which can be used to send information of

BUS to stand and get information by stand that in which mode

bus have to travel, Go, Slow and Stop are the indicators for the

drivers implemented to guide them for pile free transportation

system

Figure 2: Stop Module Block Diagram

The main component of this module to develop a

Transceiver system which can be used to identify BUS and then

taking decision to avoid piles up. The main controller triggers

the communication the incoming buses using communication

controller, and once bus is identified then information is send

to main controller, the time is also noted down by using RTC,

all these information is stored in the EEPROM which is sent to

depot when it will reach, main controller process the

information and display the process on the display and finally

takes optimal decision for avoiding bus pile ups as shown in fig

2.

IV. PACKET PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS

COMMUNICATION

A. Packet for BPAS (IPTS)

SF: Start of frame

EF: End of frame

Cmd: Command given from stand to bus.

B. Timer

Bus id Stand id DIC Time 1 Hh

Time 2 mm

Time3 ss

Figure 1: Bus module Block Diagram

Table 1: Packet sent from stand to bus

DIC: Driver Instruction Command

Dept. of Electronics and Commu2nication Engineering, HKBKCE 32

Display

Main controller

Communication

Co-controller

RF TX/RX

UART/SPI

SF Dest. Cmd Byte1 Byte2 Byte3 EF Add

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Step 1: TH1> 10min ------ Go Normal

TH1 < 10min-------- Go Slow

Step 2: TH2 < 5min ---- Stop for 4min

Go Slow

Step 3: TH3 < 2min ---- Stop for 6min

Go Slow

If pile is found and last bus travel and arrived bus travel time

difference is less than 2mins and arrived bus was having last

DIC Glow slow in that case warning can be issued to Bus and

it will be stored in event log, latter on it will be downloaded to

Depot and based on number of warning, time of warning and

locations of warning management can decide to issue memo to

driver.

V. FLOWCHART

Figure 3: Algorithm to communicate with BUS and instruct

drivers to maintain required headway.

Fig .3 shows Representation of Bus Stand , Stand is the most

crucial part in order to design a BPAS system, Stand is only

responsible to decide whether is pile up or not and what type of

pile it is, based on that to take corrective measures and issue

instruction to driver also called DIC: Driver Instruction

Command. To achieve this Stand is maintain a dynamic queue

of all the buses arriving to that stop and it updates at regular

interval their departure time which in our case is 20sec. And if

a bus departs the stand and sufficiently long time is over that

bus is flushed out of the queue which can be taken as per requirement of the transport system and it can vary from few

minutes to an hour.

Stand needs to communicate will all the buses coming to it, for

that stand is equipped with RF transceiver which is working at

2.4 GHz, and it is license free frequency so no monthly or yearly

charges are to be paid. This RF module is direct drop in module

and it is interfaced serially to the stand microcontroller at P3.0

and P3.1.

Figure 4: Flowchart of Bus communication with STAND

Bus stand keeps on polling at regular interval, as soon as polling

packet are received, bus validates the packets, checks start of

frame, and command type and destination address which should

broadcast bus id. If all these are matches and command type is

polling then bus replies to the stand, this consist stand id as

destination address, bus id, last instruction to driver and travel

time from last stand.

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4


Now bus waits for the stand reply this will contains driver

instruction based on the computed pile up situation. The packet

will contain bus-id as destination address and command type as

driver instruction both are verified bus will read driver

instruction and indicates that instruction to the driver. All these

communication events are stored in the EEPROM with time

stamping, time is read from the RTC chip. It will store, stand

id, driver instruction, and time.

Bus Depot system is the simplest system in terms of the

hardware and software both. It does not contain any LCD too.

But this system is used for performance monitoring and

statistics generation, database storage and report generations.

For all this we should have all the information of the bus system

and all events which occurred on the route of the bus. Bus has

capability to store all the communication events which contains

at what time it reached to stand, and what instruction was given to driver by that stand based on pile up commutations and if any

warning was given that also is stored. Now all these events are

downloaded to depot by our hardware which should be placed

at depot and connected to computer which is going to run all the

various software for database storage, query, statistical

analysis, performance analysis and report generation.

Fig: No bus pileup.

Bus to bus arrival time and gap time will be maintained in queue

and this time will be programmable this avoids Bus pile up

problem. Three modes of bus action Normal mode, Slow Mode

and halt mode, These Modes will be automatically calculated

and transmitted to Bus driver panel wireless through our

communication packet. A complaint against driver

automatically sent to central controller officer.

Stand Stand

1 2 Stand

3

B1 B2

B1 B3

B2

Bus pile up B2 is

Bus pile up

slowed/stoppd eliminated

B1 is allowed B1&B2 is now at

B1&B2 are nominal speed

same number

bus

Figure 5: Depot working flow chart

Figure 5 shows Representation of Bus depot, Bus Depot needs

to communicate will all the buses coming to it, for that stand is

equipped with RF transceiver which is working at 2.4 GHz, and

it is license free frequency so no monthly or yearly charges are

to be paid. This RF module is direct drop in module and it is

interfaced serially to the stand microcontroller at P3.0 and

P3.1.its polls for the bus for event log and bus will download

all the events stored in the bus EEPROM chip in sequential and

synchronized manner.

VI. RESULT

Fig: Bus Pile-up Occurred

Figure 6: BBAS (Bus Bunching Avoidance System)

VII. CONCLUSION

Intelligent Public transport system is an emerging field and

in developing country like idea it has major impact, not only it

provides better transport and make it profitable it is life line of

any metro or big city. We have also seen that with better

transport service modal shift can be initiated and personal

vehicle usage can be decreased. We have also studied various

RF communication system and we selected CC2500 modules

over zigbee or Wi-Fi has they are low cost and suitable for our

protocol implementation. A detailed discussion was made on

designing packet protocol and a suitable packet protocol was

designed with various features and it was made flexible to

incorporate any future changes or enhancement. We tested our

RF and protocol using serial communication tools and after

successful testing we started making pile up avoidance

Techno Buzz

5


algorithm using queuing method and successfully demonstrated

pile up avoidance.

In this paper we have successfully implemented our algorithm

and wireless network to avoid bus pile and demonstrate with the

help of hardware designed by us. IPTS is very vast field and

BPAS will become very significant part to improve transport

system this will not improve efficient of public by correcting

bus frequency at given stand it will also correct it arrival times

and decrease traffic congestion.

REFERENCES

[1]. Design and implementation of adaptive public transport system with low

cost, Wireless link and specialized protocol, by Ranjana D. Raut, Vineet Kumar

Goyal, and Nikhil Arora, pp.121-124,Journal Vol. 3 No. 1, January-June 2012.

[2]. A Bus Management System Based on ZigBee and GSM/GPRS by LV

ZHIAN HU HAN. 2010 International Conference on Computer Application

and System Modeling, pp. V7210-213, ICCASM 2010

[3]. Development of a real-time bus arrival prediction system for Indian traffic

conditions by R.P.S. Padmanaban1 K. Divakar1 L. Vanajakshi1 S.C.

Subramanian2, IET Intell. Transp. Syst., pp. 189–200, Vol. 4, Iss. 3, 2010.

[4]. Estimation of Bus Travel Time Incorporating Dwell Time for APTS

Applications by R.P.S Padmanaban, Lelitha Vanajakshi, and Shankar C.

Subramanian. Pp 955-959, Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, IEEE, June2009.

[5]. Juan Carlos Munoz, Felipe Delgado, Ricardo Giesen,” Recent Trends in

Intelligent Transportation System”, 2015 International Conference on, 5 Mar

2015.

[6]. O. Cats, A. N. Larijani, Á. Ólafsdóttir, W. Burghout, I. J. Andréasson, and

H. N. Koutsopoulos, “Bus-holding control strategies: simulation-based

evaluation and guidelines for implementation,” Transportation Research

Record, no. 2274, pp. 100–108, 2012.

[7]. O. J. Ibarra-Rojas, F. Delgado, R. Giesen, and J. C. Muñoz, “Planning,

operation, and control of bus transport systems: a literature review,”

Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, vol. 77, pp. 38–75, 2015.

[8]. S. Liang, S. Zhao, C. Lu, and M. Ma, “A self-adaptive method to equalize

headways: numerical analysis and comparison,” Transportation Research B:

Methodological, vol. 87, pp. 33–43, 2016.

[9]. G. Sánchez-Martínez, H. N. Koutsopoulos, and N. H. M. Wilson, “Real-

time holding control for high-frequency transit with dynamics,”

Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, vol. 83, pp. 1–19, 2016.

[10]. J. J. Bartholdi and D. D. Eisenstein, “A self-coördinating bus route to

resist bus bunching,” Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, vol.

46, no. 4, pp. 481–491, 2012. [11]. Shivashankar, “Design and development of new apparatus in VANETs

for safety and accident avoidance”, Proceedings of IEEE International

Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics, Information & Communication

Technology (RTEICT), ISBN: 978-1-5090-0774-5, DOI:

10.1109/RTEICT.2016.7808122, pp. 1695 – 1698, 2016.

[12]. Shivashankar, “Development of agile frequency synthesizer”,

Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics,

Information & Communication Technology (RTEICT), ISBN: 978-1-5090-

0774-5, DOI: 10.1109/RTEICT.2016.7808175, pp. 1943 – 1945, 2016.

[13]. Shivashankar and Pramod, “Random node deployment and route

establishment in receiver based routing protocol for WSNs”, Proceedings of

IEEE International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics, Information &

Communication Technology (RTEICT), ISBN: 978-1-5090-0774-5, DOI:

10.1109/RTEICT.2016.7807786. pp. 74 – 78, 2016.

[14]. Shivashankar and G. R Poornima, “An efficient mobile sink path

selection approach for WSN's”, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference

on Recent Trends in Electronics, Information & Communication Technology

(RTEICT), ISBN: 978-1-5090-0774-5, DOI: 10.1109/RTEICT.2016.7807802,

pp.151-155, 2016.

[15]. Shivashankar, P Rajendra Prasad, S Santosh Kumar and K N Sunil

Kumar, “An efficient routing algorithm based on ant colony optimisation for

VANETs”, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Recent Trends in

Electronics, Information & Communication Technology (RTEICT), ISBN:

978-1-5090-0774-5, 10.1109/RTEICT.2016.7807858, pp. 436 – 440, 2016.

Techno Buzz


Finger & Palm vein Authentication

Prof.Hussain Ahmed

Dept of ECE HKBK College Of Engineering

Bengaluru,India [email protected]

Prof.Abdul Saleem Dept of ECE

HKBK College Of Engineering Bengaluru,India

[email protected]

Roshini M Dept of ECE

HKBK College Of Engineering


Rumana Jabeen M S

Dept of ECE HKBK College Of Engineering


Shaheen Taj M Dept of ECE

HKBK College Of Engineering


Shariqha Baig Dept of ECE

HKBK College Of Engineering Bengaluru,India

[email protected]

Abstract— Finger vein authentication helps organizations

control the access to sensitive information and sites via

biometric authentication, an approach in finger vein

identification to improve the performance of the system. The

proposed method uses the LBP and LDA algorithms for the

extraction of the vein features. Proposed project aims at

developing a system for acquiring images of finger veins and

processing them using MATLAB for the purpose of

authentication. It includes design and implementation of

hardware for image acquisition, coding the matching

algorithm for processing the finger vein pattern, training and

testing of algorithm modules.

I. INTRODUCTION

There are many different identification technologies

available many of which have been in commercial use for

years. The most common verification and identification

methods nowadays are Password/PIN (Known as Personal

Identification Number) systems. The problem with that or

other similar techniques is that they are not unique and is possible for someone to forget, lose or even have it stolen.

In order to overcome these problems people have developed

a considerable interest in “biometrics” identification

systems, which use pattern recognition techniques to

identify people using their characteristics. Among the many

authentication systems that have been proposed and

implemented, finger vein biometrics is emerging as a fool-

proof method of automated personal identification. The

finger-vein is a promising pattern for personal identification

in terms of its security and convenience. Finger-vein is a unique physiological biometric for identifying individuals

based on the physical characteristics and attributes of the

vein pattern in the human finger [2]. It is a fairly recent

technological advance in the field of biometrics that is being

applied to different fields such as medical, financial, law

enforcement facilities and other applications where high

levels of security or privacy is very important. This

technology is impressive because it requires only small, relatively cheap single-chip design, and has a very fast

identification process that is contact-less and of higher

Accuracy when compared with other identification

biometrics [1].

II. FINGER VEIN UNIQUENESS

Finger Vein ID is a biometric authentication system that

matches the vascular pattern in an individual’s finger to

previously obtained data. The technology can be used for a

wide variety of applications, including credit card authentication, automobile security, employee time and

attendance tracking, computer and network authentication,

end point security and automated teller machines [3]. The

finger-vein is a promising biometric pattern for personal

identification in terms of its security and convenience.

Compared with other biometric traits, the finger-vein has the

following advantages: Vein patterns are distinctive between

twins and even between a person’s left and right hand, they

are highly stable and robust, protected by skin hence less

chances of damage, not sensitive to the finger condition

(dry, wet, dirt).

A. The flow chart of proposed method

Figure.1

Based on the mentioned algorithms 1 and 2, we propose

a finger vein recognition method based on PBBM. It mainly

involves two stages: a training stage and a recognition stage.

The training stage aims to generate the PBBM for each

individual, which includes pre-processing, feature

Finger & palm vein Authentiation








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extraction, invoking Get_PBBM algorithm and finally

generating the PBBM. In the recognition stage, we first pre-

process the test sample, and then extract the LBPCode, and

next compute the similarity between the LBPCode and the

PBBM of a certain individual, finally obtaining a

recognition result with a given threshold. The framework of

the proposed method is demonstrated in Figure.

III. FEATURE EXTRACTION

The local binary pattern (LBP) operator is an image operator

which transforms an image into an array or image of integer

labels describing small-scale appearance of the image.

These labels or their statistics, most commonly the

histogram, are then used for further image analysis. The

most widely used versions of the operator are designed for

monochrome still images but it has been extended also for

color (multi-channel) images as well as videos and volumetric data.[4]

Local Binary Pattern (LBP) is a simple yet very efficient

texture operator which labels the pixels of an image by

thresholding the neighborhood of each pixel and considers the result as a binary number. Due to its discriminative

power and computational simplicity, LBP texture operator

has become a popular approach in various applications. It

can be seen as a unifying approach to the traditionally

divergent statistical and structural models of texture

analysis. Perhaps the most important property of the LBP

operator in real-world applications is its robustness to

monotonic gray-scale changes caused, for example, by

illumination variations. Another important property is its

computational simplicity, which makes it possible to

analyze images in challenging real-time settings

Generally speaking, many samples can be captured from an individual, and we can get

Corresponding LBP Codes through extracting LBP features

from each sample. When investigating these LBP Codes of

samples from the same finger vein, a possibly valuable

phenomenon attracted our attention: the values of the bits in

same location of LBP Codes have different traits. The

values of some bits are consistent, either 1’s or 0’s; the

values of some bits have majority of 1’s or 0’s; the values of

some bits interlace 1’s and 0’s. Figure 2 gives an example of

Binary Codes of six samples from a certain individual.

Apparently, bit0, bit2, bit3, bit5, bit6 are very consistent, the values of bit1 are mostly 1’s, the values of bit7 are mainly

0’s, and bit4 has interlaced 1’s and 0’s values. In an ideal situation, if many samples are captured from the

same individual, the values of each bit in same location of

LBPCodes should be all identical without considering the

interference factors such as displacement and rotation. If a

bit has different value, we can consider it a noisy bit, which may have a negative effect on recognition performance.

These investigations provide a valuable clue to improve

finger vein recognition performance. We can acquire these

consistent bits through samples from same individual,

record their values and locations in LBPCode. By doing

this, when verifying a test sample, we just compare the

values of bits at the same location as consistent bits. This

may result in better performance in recognition and time

consumption than comparing all bits.[5]

Figure.2 Examples of binary code.

A. Preprocessing

Segmentation: The image acquired during image

acquisition has other information besides the finger vein

region.[6]

Alignment: The main problem we may encounter in taking

images is trying to keep a subject’s hand in place without

movement.[7] Image enhancement: Image enhancement operation

improves the quality of the improve. It can be used to

improve the image contrast, and brightness characteristics,

reduce its noise content, and /or sharpen its details. In our

project, this step is used to highlight the finger vein network

pattern in order to increase the accuracy of the algorithm

Image Normalization: The position of fingers usually

varies according to different finger-vein images. So it is

necessary to normalize the finger-vein images before feature

extraction and matching. In order to achieve high accuracy

for finger vein authentication algorithm, the original image

is normalized into smaller size.

Region of Interest (ROI): In the finger images, there are

many unwanted regions (that cannot be taken for analysis)

Techno Buzz


has been removed by choosing the interested area in the

image. The image has a black unwanted background.

Including the background reduces the accuracy of the

algorithm. Therefore, the original image is extracted from

the undesired background.

B. LDA(linear discriminant analysis)

Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) or discriminant function

analysis is a generalization of Fisher’s linear discriminant, a method used in statistics and pattern recognition to find a

linear combination of features that characterizes or separates

two or more classes of object or events. The resulting

combination may be used as a linear classifier, or, more

commonly, for dimensionality reduction before later

classification.

LDA is closely related to analysis of variance and regression

analysis, which also attempt to express one dependent

variable as a linear combination of other features or

measurements.[8]

C. Hardware components

USB 2.0 webcam with IR filter removed for acquiring finger vein images in IR region.

Near Infrared LED’s of wavelength 768nm.

9V Power supply for LED’s

IV. SOFTWARE

The graphical user interface is a user interface that allows

users to interact with electronic devices through graphical

icons and visual indicators instead of text-based user interfaces, typed command labels or text navigation. GUI

are the common sight seen in digital age. They are found

everywhere but are invisible. They are used every day such

as ATM’s websites, PC’s etc. GUI’s provides a pictorial

faceplate that allows the user to call various functions and

edit their parameters without modifying or changing the

actual code. GUI’s are the bridge that connects something

which can be a hardware or any application such the user

can utilize it every day.

MATLAB, or Matrix Laboratory, is used for mathematical

computation, visualization, analysis and algorithm

development. Developing GUI using MATLAB allow its use on multiple operating platform, including Windows and

Linux thereby increasing its ability to adapt to many

different functions or activities.

.MATLAB includes high-level commands for two-

dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image

processing, animation and presenting graphics. Graphical

User Interface Development Environment (GUIDE) is the

tool in the MATLAB which provides the set of tools for

creating GUI’s. The fundamental power of GUI is that it

provides a means through which the user or an individual

can communicate with the computer without using

programming commands. Develop Graphical User Interface

using MATLAB, interface boxes, syntax for user

application to generate and display desired graphical signal.

This MATLAB GUI-based program offers users only to mouse clicks (or possibly the keyboard input) for any GUI

element to display programmed wave form and generate

signal. This project will use MATLAB GUI.

The GUI will provide the interface between the application

and MATLAB user thus, the user will not need to have a complete knowledge of command-line level MATLAB

programming to effectively utilize the Graphical User

Interface MATLAB. In this way, knowledge and use of

these applications will greatly increase, to the benefit users

Develop software. MATLAB 7.1 is the main software for

this project. Create MATLAB m-file for Graphical User

Interface to write the script and function files, interface

boxes, functions for user application to generate.

Figure 4: GUI WINDOW

Desired signal. Mathematical functions syntax is written at

the functions for call back functions.[9]

V. WORKING PRINCIPLE

The working of the project has 2 sessions

1. Training Session

2. Testing Session

1. Training of a vein pattern: the image is captured and

stored in the database, the image is named after the person

to whom the vein image belongs to, and the image of that

particular person is registered as shown in figure 5

Fig 5 : giving the name of the user to store the image in the database

Techno Buzz


Fig:6 figure shows capturing the vein pattern and registering to

store the pattern in the database

2. Testing of Vein pattern: The vein pattern of an

individual is captured and is loaded then it is compared with

the images stored in the database. If the vein pattern is

matched with any of the patterns stored in the database then

that person is authorized, else the person is not authorized to

access the information or the application. This is illustrated in the figure 7

Fig: 7 authentication status if the vein pattern is matched with the one stored in database

Fig 8 : authentication status if the vein pattern is not matched with the one stored in database

The output is displayed on the LCD with a hello sound if the

person is authorized and with an alarm ringing is the person

is not authorized

A. Advantages

Internal nature

Vascular patterns are internal to the fingers and hand which can’t be seen by the naked eye.

Sensors are looking below the skin and they

generally don’t have issues with skin damage.

No performance degradation in harsh environments

(measuring sweaty, mildly dirty hands)

Temperature and humidity have no effects

Forge resistant

Difficult to spoof since blood needs to flow to register an image

Hitachi’s scientist disproved the theory of cutting

of a finger and using it, because the blood and

hemoglobin will flow out.

Hygienic readers

Since users don’t touch the sensor surface, the

readers are considered hygienic in comparison to

hand geometry and fingerprint systems.

Usability

Ease of use and non-invasive.

High usability rates of 99.9% of most populations.

Non-invasive

No properties of latency -Not possible to steal or

lift up unlike fingerprints.

Not accessible for fraud, unlike fingerprints.

No cultural stigma

Unique and constant

Unique even in identical twins and remain constant throughout the adult age.

Fast processing

Harmless

Detection methods don’t have any known negative

effects on body health.

IR-LEDs are similar to those used in TV-

Remotes[10]

B Disadvantages

Controlled lighting

New biometric, not widely used

Alignment

Medical conditions

C APPLICATION

ATM

Keyless Engine Starters

Financial organization

Conclusion and Future Scope

The Project is a finger vein based user recognition system

for biometric authentication and identification. The

system provides effective and efficient features using LBP

and LDA algorithm which is been implemented on

MATLAB platform. The classifier implemented is PBBM classifier.

It is computationally efficient with minimal storage

requirement, which makes the method of practical

significance. However there are still problems of non-

recognition and false recognition.

REFERENCES

[1] Kejun Wang, Hui Ma, Oluwatoyin P. Popoola and

Jingyu Liu (June 20th 2011). “Finger vein recognition”, Biometrics Jucheng Yang, IntechOpen,

DOI: 10.5772/18025. Available from:

Techno Buzz


https://www.intechopen.com/books/biometrics/finge r-

vein-recognition

[2] “Survey on Finger vein biometric authentication system”, Mrunali Jadhav, Priya M RavaleNerKar.

D.Y.College of Engineering. International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) National Conference on Emerging Trends in Advanced

Communication Technologies (NCETACT-2015)

[3] Aarthi.g, Janani.p, Vetrivelan.p, "Finger vein recognition using differential box counting", Volume 3, Issue 3 - January 2014

[4] Pietikäinen, M., Hadid, A., Zhao, G., Ahonen, T,

“Computer Vision Using Local Binary Patterns”, ISBN:978-0-85729-747-1, 2011

[5] Gongping Yang, Rongyang, School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University,

Jinan 250101, China; “Finger Vein Recognition Based on Personalized Weight Maps” Received: 18 July 2013; in revised form: 21 August 2013 /

Accepted: 3 September 2013 Published: 10 September 2013, sensors ISSN 1424-8220

[6] Nurhafizah Mahri, Shahrel Azmin Sundi and Bakhtiar Affendi Rosdi, “Finger Vein Recognition

Algorithm Using Phase Only Correlation”, 978-1- 4244-7065-5,2010 IEEE

[7] Bo Chen, Richard Chen, Joanna Ye, Ling Zhai, “Hand Vein Recognition Portal”, Final Report, Group 8, 18-551, Spring 2004.

[8] “Linear Discriminant Analysis”, Wikipedia.

[9] “Graphical User Interface”, Wikipedia.

[10] Hemant Vallabh, “Authentication using Finger vein Recognition”, University of Johannesburg, 2012.

https://www.intechopen.com/books/biometrics/finger-vein-recognition






Techno Buzz


Portable Compact Soil Tester For

Agriculture

Leena Mary J Sneha Alisa M

Dept. Of ECE Dept. Of ECE H.K.B.K.C.E H.K.B.K.C.E

Bangalore-45, India. Bangalore-45, India. [email protected] [email protected]

Waseem Ahmed Zeeshan Jeelani

Dept. Of ECE Dept. Of ECE H.K.B.K.C.E H.K.B.K.C.E

Bangalore-45, India. Bangalore-45, India. [email protected] [email protected]

Under the Guidance Ms. Syeda Husna Mohammadi

Assistant Professor, Dept. Of ECE.

H.K.B.KC.E, Bangalore-45, India.

Abstract:-With evolution in technology, various

agricultural practices have shifted from

traditional techniques to automated techniques

like field irrigation system. Many such

agricultural parameters are being monitored

remotely to improve quality of farming. India is an

agricultural country, growing crop is the major

job here and agriculture is one of the most biggest

occupation, but recently many farmers have been

suffering losses and even committing suicide.

Apart from water, fire and pest issues, one more

reason for crop loss is wrong crop sown for the

given land. Soil testers can be used prior to sow

the crop and correct crop can be sown, thereby

obtaining maximum yield and improving the

economic status of the country, also required

nutrients/fertilizers/regulators can be added based

on results from the soil tester. To make it more

affordable, we propose a concept of hub where the

soil tester nodes are connected to the hub which

will send the data wirelessly to the internet using

IOT modules.

KEYWORDS: Soil Tester, Hub, IOT modules

I. INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is the backbone of our country. Agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector that plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic fabric of India. In country like India the economy is mainly based on agriculture, still we are not able to make optimal, profitable and

sustainable use of our land resources. The main reason is the lack of knowledge regarding the soil analysis for the growth of crops. In every state around 9 to 10 lakhs soil samples have been received in laboratories and it is very difficult to test all the soil

samples in time by the laboratories. By the time test reports are generated, harvesting is on the verge of

completion. Hence there is a need for soil analysis to

be made available to the farmer. The Farmers who support agriculture have lack of information in choosing the right crop, causing loss in the investment made for growing the wrong crop. Therefore, it is required for the farmer to have the knowledge of the crops that can be grown in his/her field.

The main objective of our work is to develop a testing system which can be used for soil analysis, which in

turn helps the farmers to cultivate and produce the proper crop. To design a compact, portable system which can be used by farmer to test the soil and provide suggestion to choose the right crop and also the test results of soil are obtained, it should give soil moisture content, PH level of soil, presence of iron content in soil, relative humidity and temperature of the soil. Interfacing to various sensors, it should

provide results on the LCD display and suggest the right crop based on the database built by background research and study on crop growth. Also depending on the soil moisture value obtained, the pump is to be turned on using a relay. The wireless communication system to be incorporated to interact with the experts using the wireless network and IOT enabled system.

The increasing demand of the food supplies requires a rapid improvement in food production technology. In many countries where agriculture plays an important

part in shaping up the economy and the climatic conditions are isotropic, but still we are not able to make full use of agricultural resources. One of the main reasons is the lack of knowledge about soil contents and growing (wrong) crop in wrong soil. Our project will test the soil using various sensor and get details of the soil, it will measure moisture contents, iron contents, PH level of soil, relative humidity and

temperature of the soil, along with the results being displayed onto the LCD to the farmer. Over and





Techno Buzz


above this, based on above parameter of given soil under test, the system will also suggest the farmer which crop is best suited for this kind of soil. Based

on this, farmer can also decide to add required nutrients/fertilizers/regulators based on results obtained from soil tester. And here he can get maximum benefit from his land and sow correct crop and get maximum profit for his crop. However soil analysis is a valuable tool for farmers, it determines the inputs required for efficient and economical production. To make it more affordable we propose a

concept of hub where the soil tester nodes will be connected to a single hub that sends data wirelessly to the website where the expert will analyse the data sent, thereby sending a reply to the farmer for verification. Thus automated Soil Tester Device is a portable device which can be used either in laboratories or on the identified spot selected for farming so that the farmer need not take the pain of

visiting the soil testing laboratories which are normally located in district headquarters. Automated Soil Testing Device is a simple & user friendly device so that any person can test the soil without the presence of an operator, it is an economical device & thus a common man can easily afford it.


[1]. Automated Soil Testing Device, D S Suresh,

Jyothi Prakash K.V Rajendra C J, Department of

ECE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur, India.

In country like India the economy is mainly based on agriculture, still we are not able to make optimal, profitable and sustainable use of our land resources. The main reason is the lack of knowledge regarding the soil analysis for the growth of crops. In every state around 9 to 10 lakhs soil samples have been

received in laboratories and it is very difficult to test all the soil samples in time by the laboratories. By the time test reports are generated, harvesting is on the verge of completion. Hence there is a need for soil analysis to be made available to the farmer. The main objective of our work is to develop a testing system which can be used for soil analysis, which in term helps the farmers to cultivate and produce the proper

crop. The wireless communication system has been incorporated to interact with the experts. Automated Soil Testing Device is a portable device which can be used either in laboratories or on the identified spot selected for farming so that the farmer need not take the pain of visiting the soil testing laboratories which are normally located in district headquarters. Automated Soil Testing Device is a simple & user friendly device so that any person can test the soil

without the presence of an operator, it is an economical device & thus a common man can easily afford it.

[2]. International Journal of Advanced Research

in Computer and Communication Engineering,

March 2014, Real Time Embedded Based Soil

Analyzer, J. Jayaprahas, S. Sivachandran, K.

Navin, K. Balakrishnan. In this paper, adding today’s technology towards agricultural fields, a cost effective Real Time

Embedded Based Soil Analyzer can be developed with quick and reliable automated system which is

used to analyse various soil nutrients with the help of pH value. As per the availability of nutrients, recommendations of cultivating the particular crop

and proper fertilizer will be given. Soil analysis is a valuable tool for farmers, it determines the inputs required for efficient and economical production. A proper soil test will help to ensure the application of enough fertilizer to meet the requirements of the crop while taking advantage of the nutrients already present in the soil. It will also allow you to determine lime requirements and can be used to diagnose

problem areas. Soil testing is also a requirement for farms that must complete a nutrient management plan.

[3]. Soil Sampling and Analysis, College of

Agriculture and Life Sciences, J.L. Walworth. This publication provides information on techniques of soil sampling and analysis for horticulture and agriculture. Soils are sampled to determine physical conditions, fertility (nutrient) status, and chemical properties that affect their suitability as plant growing

media. Through a combination of field and greenhouse research, analytical methods have been developed which provide quantitative estimates of plant-available nutrients. Field research determines the optimum soil test levels for various nutrients for specific soil and crop combinations. Optimum fertilizer practices can be determined by knowing the optimum test level of each nutrient for a specific crop

and soil, and by knowing how much fertilizer is required to change soil test values. Soil analyses can provide information that is important for maximizing nutrient use efficiency and agricultural productivity. A historical record of soil properties provided by long-term soil testing is useful for determining the effectiveness of the fertilizer management strategies in maintaining soil fertility and sustainable

agricultural productivity. Soil testing is also a useful tool for identifying the causes of nutrient related plant growth problems. Soil sampling is the critical first step in a soil testing program.

[4]. International Research Journal of Engineering

and Technology (IRJET) Mar -2017, Real Time

soil fertility analyzer and crop prediction, Dharesh

Vadalia, Minal Vaity, Krutika Tawate,

Dynaneshwar Kapse. With evolution in technology various agricultural practices have shifted from traditional techniques to automated techniques like field irrigation system. Many such agricultural parameters are being monitored remotely to improve quality of farming. One of the most important parameter in farming is soil fertility i.e. ratio in which various nutrient

essential for crop is present in soil. To monitor soil fertility, pH of the soil is most commonly measured. It is also one of the most useful and informative soil parameters because of its relationship to many aspects of soil fertility and plant growth. Despite its importance, the implications of inadequate soil pH on forage response, particularly nutrient use efficiency, are often overlooked. In the proposed system we

determine the average percentage of basic soil nutrients Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium and determine the suitable crops for the particular soil type. In this system the farmer gets current status of

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soil fertility in his land at real time. The soil quality is determined by using the sensors to calculate the soil nutrient contents. The farmer tests multiple sample of

soil in his land using a portable device. The system will analyse soil nutrient content at real time and make crop prediction. System will be built on Arduino. System will also suggest the crops on basis determined PH of soil. In Automated farming practice we intend to reduce human errors by monitoring the soil quality using various soil sensor via smartphones and webserver. The key feature of our system is to

determine suitable crops for current state of soil. By calculating nutrient content in soil. The advantage of this project is it skips lab-testing process and determines soil fertility in real time. The proposed model for testing soil fertility is cheap and easy to use and maintain. Throughout the cultivation process of crop, farmer can test soil fertility n no. of times and take necessary steps to get a good yield. Farmer can

maintain the record of his land fertility over the span of time and can access it remotely from anywhere using a mobile device. The objective of proposed system is to replace the traditional farming technique of testing soil fertility by the automated remotely monitored fertility monitoring technique.

III. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig:Block Diagram Of Soil Tester Node

Fig: Block Diagram of IOT Gateway

A. Arduino UNO Board

Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to- use hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. Arduino

boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other microcontroller.

B. Sensors

The Arduino Board is interfaced with pH sensor, soil moisture sensor, Metal detector sensor and Temperature and Humidity sensor. The pH sensor measures the pH level of the soil and correspondingly

crops will be suggested. The Soil Moisture sensor determines the amount of water content in the soil. The Temperature and humidity sensor provides the soil temperature and humidity with respect to air. The metal detector sensor indicates the presence of metal in the soil.

C. LCD Display

The LCD Display is used to display the sensor

outputs and along with this the crops that are suitable for the soil.

D. Wireless RF Module

Some of the soil parameters obtained by using the different sensors are further wirelessly transmitted to the Hub using RF transmitters.

E. Relay and Pump

Depending on the output from the soil moisture

sensor, the relay will switch on the pump to water the field if the moisture level of the field is very low. Otherwise it maintains the relay to be in off state.

F. WIFI/IOT Module

The Soil Tester nodes which are connected to a single hub will transmit the data using RF transmitters and these data are sent to the website using WIFI/IOT Module, wherein the experts analyze the data sent and

gives a response to the farmer.

IV. METHODOLOGY

The Arduino UNO Board is the main heart of the system, it interfaces to varieties of sensor to get details of various characteristics of soil. In this project we are interfacing the MCU to the soil moisture sensor to get water content in soil, induction based

magnetic sensor to obtain the iron content in soil, pH level sensor to get acidic or basic nature of the soil, humidity and temperature sensor to obtain humidity of the soil with respect to the air and temperature of the soil. Based on the above sensor results we will recommend the farmer suitable crop for that particular kind of soil. Also depending upon the result obtained from the soil moisture sensor

indicating the volumetric water content of the soil, the pump is turned on using a relay. To select or suggest crop we have expert opinion based mechanism. Soil parameters are sent to expert via IOT and then after analysis of soil parameters expert will send sms to respective owner/farmer about suggestion of crops and fertilizer to be used. Giving IOT platform to each soil tester will be costly hence we have come up with idea of wireless networking where several soil tester

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nodes will send data to a single hub and this hub will store and send data to the expert via IOT, hence soil tester cost will not increase.

V. RESULTS

Table:1.1 Database indicating different crops for different

pH range/Level.

The output from the sensors are displayed on the LCD and based on these values, the Farmer will also be suggested with the crops suitable for his/her soil type depending on the database that is included in the code as shown in the Table:1.1

Soil Tester Nodes and IOT Module

Case 1: 0<pH_vol<1.5

Case 2: 1.5<pH_vol<2.3

Case 3: pH_vol>2.3

Data Transmitted to the Website using IOT

Module

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VI. APPLICATIONS

The main application of this project is to give the farmer a feedback about the soil present in his field and suggest the crops that he can grow to get

maximum yield. One more application that can be thought of is, if the land needs to be converted to commercial purposes, these kinds of testers can be used to test the soil and tell whether it is a waste land or a fertile land. So accordingly permission can be given for the conversion of the land or alteration of rates depending upon the type of land.

VII. ADVANTAGES

Portable system.

Reusable system.

Compact system.

Measure multiple characteristics of soil and

more can be added in future.

Database driven crop suggestion, hence more crops can be added after back ground research.

Complete electronics system, therefore it can be connected to the internet to update automatically

VIII. DISADVANTAGES

One time investment cost.

Some sensors require maintenance and

recalibration.

Battery to be recharged or replaced frequently.

Error in sensor can suggest the wrong crop.

Suggestion of crops limited to the database

entered.

IX. CONCLUSION

The final outcome of the project is, suggestion of crops based on the results obtained from the tested soil. But there are various important intermediate outcomes; each sensor has raw values that are displayed and possible calibration can be done to obtain the exact values that can be shown in current

project or future versions. The ADC values are shown and status of each sensor is shown.

X. FUTURE SCOPE

More sensors can be added to find mineralogy

of soil.

Rocky or non-rocky soil can be measure using Ground Penetrating Radar.

Power optimization to increase battery life.

Better and more precise sensors for accurate

results.

Online database system can be added so more crop can be suggested Farmer.

XI. REFERENCES

[1]. “Soil Testing in India”, Department of Agriculture and Co-operation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi,

January, 2011.

[2]. “Soil Electrical Conductivity - a tool for precision farming”, Jounal of the Instrument Society of India, March 2012, vol. 42, No.1

[3]. “Real Time Embedded Based Soil Analyzer”,International Journal of Advanced Research in computer and communication Engineering, J.Jayaprahas, S Sivachandran, K. Navin, K. Balakrishnan, , March 2014.

[4]. “Real Time Soil fertility Analyzer and Crop Prediction”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, Dharesh Vadalia, Minal Vaity, Krutika Tawate, Dynaneshwar Kapse, March 2017.

[5]. “Automated Soil Testing Device”,D S Suresh, Jyothi Prakash K V and Rajendra C J, Dept. Of ECE, CIT, Gobbi, Tumkur, India.

[6]. Soil Sampling and Analysis, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, J.L. Walworth.

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Implementation Of Smart Baby Cradle

Keerthana G

Electronics And Communication H.K.B.K.C.E.

Meenu Sharma


Mohammed Zubair


Abstract—Infants or toddlers need parents' attention 24

hours a day and 7 days a week, which is practically impossible

due to other priorities like house hold activities, official works

and personal works. Baby care centre or a nanny are the two

options available which involves lot of passion. We live in a

world where technologies are used all around us. The new

generations of parents were raised with technology. There are

many things these parents will buy to help them care for their

baby (Cradle, Crib, Baby Monitor, etc.). So, there is a need for

safe and secure place to take good care of the infants need with

minimum human intervention, it can be accomplished with the

help of a “Smart Baby Cradle”. A “Smart Baby Cradle”

provides parents, a smart automatic cradle system to monitor

and comfort the baby. The Smart Baby Cradle allows them to

monitoring their babies, the cradle, play soothing music, even

speak to the baby, observing the temperature of the infant, bed

wet sensor which will caution the attendants for bunk wetting

of the infant. The mother can keep an eye on baby through

camera inserted in the cradle. All the fittings are done through

Arduino UNO. Additionally, we provide a predefined nutrition

food chart to help baby remain healthy.

Keywords—component, formatting, style, styling, insert (key words)

I. INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1)

In this project we had made cradle to swing/oscillate without Human Intervention/Automatic by the sensor which is actuated by movement or specific action done by the body. It will also contain a sound system or alert arm for the parent as an indication of that baby has waked up if they are away from the baby and in other room.

In today's world, everyone is busy in its own life. Nowadays, even the mothers are working and there is a requirement of unattended cradle. The proposed E-Cradle is a novel solution to this problem. In the proposed design, there will be a circuit placed along the cradle which will sense the sound intensity of the cry of the child and takes necessary actions based on the sound intensity of the child's cry. Before the use of cradle in society, baby caring was completely by caretaker but in the nuclear family baby caring is very difficult. So there is a need for automation in the cradle section. As the baby needs more care and safety automation of cradle is very much difficult for safe design. Cost is much important to develop a cradle with an automated mechanism.

II. BLOCK DIAGRAM

The above Block Diagram summarizes the interconnections of various modules in the proposed work. Arduino uno form the centre of the whole mechanism. The Motor Driver circuit is connected directly to the Arduino, so that the clock and directions instructions can be received. The DC motor is connected to the A+, A-, B+ and B-

terminals of the Motor Driver. Similarly the Sound Sensor is also connected to the Arduino and the program is written to interface these two Arduino connections. The WiFi module is employed in our project to make the e-mail or cloud interface easier. Hence, the moisture sensor is connected directly to the Arduino as shown in the above block diagram. An USB Webcam is connected to one of the ports. The Audio recorder APR 9600 is connected to arduino.The data transfer from Arduino to Android app is through a concept called IoT.

Fig 1:Block diagram

III. METHODOLOGY

A. Methodology for Objective-1:

Cradle starts swinging automatically when baby cries and swings till baby stops crying. A sound detector is interfaced to the controller which senses sound when baby cries and activates the controller with its digital output.

B. Methodology for Objective-2:

Sounds an alarm when mattress gets wet. A temperature

sensor kept under the bottom cover where the baby sleeps

can sense the temperature all time and sends analog signals

to the inbuilt ADC of the RL78 controller. The digital data

can be continuously monitored. A reduction in temperature

indicates the wetness in the cover. The controller can be

made to activate an alarm, so that his/her cover be changed.

XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE

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C. Methodology for Objective-3:

Sounds an alarm if baby cries for more than a stipulated time indicating that baby needs attention by sending a notification through GSM interface to android based handsets. Also plays music and talk to the baby with the help of a mic. A camera fixed also helps to keep an eye on the baby.

D. Methodology for Objective-4:

The android interface holds an interface which has a food chart to help parents which is predefined with the help of nutritionists to maintain good health of the baby.

IV. DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION

The figure 2 shows the details of the analysis done on the lower frame of baby cradle. The standard mesh used consists of 11594 elements and 4389 nodes. Uniformly distributed load of 20 kgf is applied at the base of the carriage, taking factor of safety as 2.

Fig 2: Frame design and Analysis

The figure 3.2 shows the equivalent static axial and bending stress for the lower frame. The stress effect will be maximum at the four legs of the frame.

Fig 3: Lower Frame Stress Analysis

The figure 3.3 shows the equivalent axial and bending stress for the upper frame. The stress effect will be maximum at the triangular section. Carriage is the portion of the cradle which swings when it is driven by the motor through links. This consists of springs which gives comfort for baby when it moves. The carriage used in our project is 30 × 20 × 12 (length × breadth ×height) inches in dimension.

Fig 4: Upper Frame Stress Analysis

V. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

A. Advantages

The benefits of our product are listed as three main

aspects:

1) Providing valuable free time for new parents.

2) Reducing stress on baby with instant notification

and care. 3) User-friendly all-in-one system with android phone

app controllable. The social benefits of this

product are enormous.

B. Disadvantages

1) It is nature for babies to feel curious about

everything that they can see. Our product contains

multiple electronics devices, including the stepper

motor, micro-controller and webcam. Each of them

contains tiny components. When the system is working, the sounds and LEDs may draw the

baby’s attention. It is possible that the baby will try

to stand and touch the devices

2) Parents consider the safety issues much more than

the features of our produce. Therefore, when we demonstrate our smart baby cradle, we have to

make sure our product can not only provide our

desired features perfectly but also convince the

customers that we have limited safety risks with

reliable performance.

REFERENCES

[1] Baby cradle-like carrier," ed: Google Patents, 1966.

[2] M. Blea and M. Harper, "Automatically rocking baby cradle," ed:

Google Patents, 1973.

[3] G. Wong, "Automatic baby crib rocker," ed: Google Patents, 1976.

[4] B. Song, H. Choi, and H. S. Lee, "Surveillance tracking system using

passive infrared motion sensors in wireless sensor network," in Information Networking, 2008. ICOIN 2008. International Conference, pp. 1-5, 2008.

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[5] P. Jamieson, "Arduino for teaching embedded systems. are computer scientists and engineering educators missing the boat?," Proc. FECS, pp. 289-294, 2010.

[6] M. S. Zaghloul, "GSM-GPRS Arduino Shield (GS-001) with SIM

900 chip module in wireless data transmission system for data acquisition and control of power induction furnace," International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, vol. 5, 2014.

[7] M. Margolis, Make an Arduino-controlled robot: " O'Reilly Media,

Inc.", 2012.

[8] R. S. Byrd, M. Weitzman, N. E. Lanphear, and P. Auinger, "Bed- wetting in US children: epidemiology and related behavior problems," Pediatrics, vol. 98, pp. 414-419, 1996.

[9] J.-H. Choi and V. Loftness, "Investigation of human body skin

temperatures as a biosignal to indicate overall thermal sensations," Building and Environment, vol. 58, pp. 258-269, 2012.

[10] K. N. Ha, K. C. Lee, and S. Lee, "Development of PIR sensor based

indoor location detection system for smart home," in SICE-ICASE, 2006. International Joint Conference, pp. 2162-2167, 2006

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Automated Water Treatment And Distribution

System

Author1: Abigail Jessica A [email protected]

Author2:Ashika P

[email protected]

Author3: K Madhuri [email protected]

Author4:Kanmaya E [email protected]

Author5:Zahira Tabassum

[email protected]

Assoc.Prof.Dept of ECE

HKBK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE.

Abstract— In most parts of the world the fresh water resources are available but many of these resources are getting contaminated with human as well as natural activities, almost all the manufacturing & chemical industries have waste water with harmful chemicals as its ingredients as waste. Thus it becomes necessary to treat this water so as to reduce the

harmful effluents from it and to make it suitable to be used for further industrial and agricultural applications. The purpose of all water treatment progression is to take away presented contaminants in the water, or decrease the concentration of such contaminants so the water becomes fit for its preferred end-use. Water purification is the technique of eliminating undesirable chemicals, other solids and gases from water. Hence there is need of two different solution one is to treat the water economically and distribute it so that all get equal

proportion. In this project we are proposing a water treatment plant by chlorinating water and then to maintain the PH balance we add neutralizer, before all this process start the temperature of water is controlled. Various sensors like PH meter, TDS sensor and temperature are used to assist above task and make a complete automatic water treatment and distribution system. A complete automatic sensor based water treatment and distribution system is designed.

Keywords—pH sensor, TDS sensor, temperature sensor.

I. INTRODUCTION

Fresh water is the necessity of life, and, while renewable, it

is but a finite resource. With an increase in populations and

urban sprawl, the need for sustainable processes has never

been more important. Fresh water, or drinking water, must

be safe for public consumption and meet environmental and

government standards. Security also plays a large role, as

control systems must be secure to withstand accidental or

malicious attacks. The result must be safe for municipal

customers. We can help you operate more efficiently and

securely while complying with current regulations.

There are many uses of water in industry and, in most cases,

the used water also needs treatment to render it fit for re-use

or disposal. Raw water entering an industrial plant often

needs treatment to meet tight quality specifications to be of

use in specific industrial processes.

Industrial water treatment encompasses all these aspects

which include industrial wastewater treatment, boiler

water treatment and cooling water treatment. Water

treatment is used to optimize most water-based industrial

processes, such as heating, cooling, processing, cleaning,

and rinsing so that operating costs and risks are reduced. Poor water treatment lets water interact with the surfaces of

pipes and vessels which contain it. Steam boilers can scale

up or corrode, and these deposits will mean more fuel is

needed to heat the same amount of water. Cooling

towers can also scale up and corrode, but left untreated, the

warm, dirty water they can contain will encourage bacteria to grow, and Legionnaires' disease can be the fatal

consequence. Water treatment is also used to improve the

quality of water contacting the manufactured product e.g.

semiconductors, and/or can be part of the product e.g.

beverages, pharmaceuticals, etc. In these instances, poor

water treatment can cause defective products. In many cases,

effluent water from one process can be suitable for reuse in

another process if given suitable treatment. This can reduce

costs by lowering charges for water consumption, reduce the

costs of effluent disposal because of reduced volume and

lower energy costs due to the recovery of heat in recycled

waste water. Water drawn from wells, surface and municipal sources to be used for heating, cooling, washing, rinsing and

other processes must often be treated in order to protect

equipment and keep costs down.

Minerals and bacteria in source water can reduce the

efficiency and operating life of boilers and other systems.

And if water is used in production processes, impurities

can directly affect product quality.


Pulp and paper industry is responsible for large discharge

of highly polluted effluents, which often be treated by

biological treatment process. For biological treatment

system, pH is an important environmental factor that can

influence the activity of microorganisms. In general, the

optimal pH for aerobic processes is around neutral pH (7_7.8) and for the anaerobic process is between 6.8_7.2.

The control of pH is a difficult link in the biological

treatment system due to its nonlinearity and large time-

delay. Aiming at the difficult point in the pH control of the

biological wastewater treatment system, a mathematical

model of pH control is established in the essay. On this

basis, a traditional PID control and a cascade control are

adopted to carry out simulation and comparison with

MATLAB. The results show that the cascade control has

better comprehensive effect in terms of response speed,

stability and disturbance resistance.

Automated water treatment and distribution system






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III. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 1: Overview of the system

Figure 2: Block diagram of the system

A. Working of block diagram

This project starts with inlet of untreated water to our system where its temperature is checked by temperature sensor and if required cold water is added before treatment starts.

Then chlorination is done to kill germs by opening required valve.

After this neutralization is done to maintain PH balance, here PH sensor is used to constantly monitor PH value and based on that neutralizer is used.

TDS sensor monitors the TDS value and if it’s not fit for usage the further valve to local storage or water tanks can be kept shut.

. Based on the level of water in various steps and as per requirements valves are controlled and to provide proper distribution of water, water tank levels are monitored too, and valves are controlled to give optimum desired water to avoid misuse and wastage.

IV. APPLICATIONS

Industrial water distribution.

Complete automatic water treatment and distribution system.

Safe water is distributed, if in case of contaminated water valves are shut off.

The most common application of water treatment plant is to treat the waste water from various other sources, in order to make the waste water reusable.

V. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

A. Advantages

Avoids scale build up in household and industrial plumbing.

Easy availability of treated water for different industries.

Fully automated system.

Cost reduction.

There is a advantage not only in agriculture but also in environment safety also, since this lessens the use of chemical fertilizers that contribute towards soil, water and air pollution.

Completely maintenance free operation.

Simple installation.

B. Disadvantages

Many mechanical valves and pumps.

Lots of plumbing requirements.

Cannot operate without power.

Cost of sensors are high.

Any changes in temperature can affect the performance of the system and lifespan of its components.

Cleaning is a hassle.

VI. RESULTS

Table 1: Database

Case (i): When water from source (pond, lakes, industries)

is taken and observed.

Temperature of water in source tank

Temperature:

31.88O

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Total dissolved solids (Tds) in source tank

Tds:1.7419

Ph meter measured from source tank

Ph:1.21

Ph meter : does not change

Ph: 1.21

Case(iii): Chlorination

Ph meter

Before

Ph:- 1.21

Case (ii): Controlling the temperature

Temperature: If the water in the tank is >30O, then

we add cold water to bring down the temperature value

to less than 30O maintain the ph value.

Temperature:29.25O

Total dissolved solids: does not change

Tds:1.7419

After

Temperature: does not change

Ph:- 1.72

Temp:

29.25O

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Case(iv): Maintaining Ph

Temperature: does not change

Tds: does not change

Ph meter

If the water is Acidic

Initial Ph value

Temp:

29.25O

Tds:

1.7419

Overall setup

Final value of Ph after adding HCl

Final value of Ph after adding NaOH solution

If the water is Alkaline

Initial value of ph

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VII. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

A. Conclusion

The project ‘water treatment and distribution system” for

water quality monitoring has been successfully designed and

experimented. We have seen the sensors in various fields

and same idea has been applied to this water quality

monitoring system.

In this project we have analyzed different water quality

monitoring systems .There are lot of techniques available to

do the same. All these techniques are expensive and difficult in terms of analyzing and collecting the data.

A future without treatment plants is impossible, but we can

decrease the size and energy consumption of these plants if

more people use an individual system. This will be economically better for people that use the individual

system and also for people that live in the cities. Smaller

plants are cheaper to build, maintain and uses less energy.

Hereby the government has smaller costs, so people can pay

less water treatment costs to the government.

Small plants are also better for the environment because

they need less space and make less noise.

I hope that everyone that followed my blog has learned a bit

about water treatment, the different systems and off course

the purpose of water purification and influence of the

systems on society and environment.

B. Future scope

Describe the water quality conditions and trend in the lake or stream and its sub watersheds after treatment.

Identify additional potential nonpoint source water quality problems.

Assess the success of treatment and predict the future trends in water quality.

REFERENCE

[1] Ashwini .P .Kharat,Sayali .S . Taralekar et al, “Advanced Ro Water

Purifier System Using Arduino For Roadster”, IJRET,Volume: 06

Issue: 01, Jan-2017.

[2] Muhammad AhsanZamee, Nahid-Al-Masood and Tabassum E Nur,

“A Cost Effective Design of Water PurificationSystem for

Pharmaceutical Industry”, IJAPE Volume 1, Issue 7 October 2012.

[3] S. Noorjannah Ibrahim ; M.S. Lokman Hakim ; A.L. Asnawi ; N.A.

Malik,“Automated Water Tank Filtration System Using LDR Sensor”, Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE), 2016

International Conference,July 2016.

[4] “Modeling and Control of pH in Pulp and Paper Wastewater

Treatment Process” Jiayu KANG, Mengxiao WANG, Zhongjun XIAO Shannxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an, China.

[5] “A Cost Effective Design of Water Purification System for

Pharmaceutical Industry” Muhammad Ahsan Zamee1, Nahid-Al- Masood2 and Tabassum E Nur3 1,3Department of Electrical and

Electronic Engineering, World University of Bangladesh, Dhaka- 1205, Bangladesh.

[6] “An IOT based reference architecture for smart water management

processes” Tomás Robles1, Ramón Alcarria2∗, Diego Mart´ın1, Mariano Navarro3, Rodrigo Calero3, Sof´ıa Iglesias3, and Manuel López3.

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Smart Water Meter Reading And Distribution

A Syed Saqib, Mohammed Khuram Pasha ,Mohammed Kounain, Najeeb Ur Rahman, Kehkeshan Jalall S


[email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

Abstract :Water is an important resource for life and our

existence. Nowadays, due to increase in migration from a

rural area to urban areas, the population in cities is

increasing rapidly. The need of water requirement, its

distribution and quality check can be achieved through

IoT (Internet of Things) but for demonstration we are

using a Bluetooth module. This prototype would consist

of different sensors like water flow sensor, PH Sensor,

water control valve. Water meter which monitors water

usage and calculate appropriate bill according to usage.

It provides facility of online bill payment system. Water

distribution system needs data regarding water storage

present in water tank. The system can measure the water

level and provide update through alert message. The

approach is to perform automated water-meter reading

for update of consumption information from field to the

user. In this project the analysis and metering of water is

been carried out randomly by collecting water samples at

different time using sensors and storing the measured

values in an android bluetooth for further use by the

government.

Keywords - Water management,flow sensor, microcontroller,Bluetooth

INTRODUCTION

Water is a very basic requirement for the well-being of

human kind, vital for economic development and essential

for the healthy functioning of all the world’s ecosystems.

Reasons for limited availability of resources to use for people include: lack of distribution networks, excessive

extraction of groundwater resource and risk from the

contamination by the pollutants. Many freshwater resources

have become increasingly polluted, resulting in the shrinking

of freshwater availability. In some places groundwater levels

continue to fall and the options for increasing supplies have

become costly and are often environmentally damaging.

Water conflicts are worsening around the world, rivers are

drying up and pollution is unabated. The root cause of these

problems is poor water governance, which has often been

neglected in the past. Rapid urbanization and industrialization has resulted in the squeeze on freshwater

supplies for agricultural uses and this necessitates reliable,

alternative sources of supply.

The aim of this work is to characterize the water volume

reading and study the level of pollutants being discharged by these units.

In this project the analysis of water is done by sensors like

PH sensor, temperature sensor. Metering is done by water

level / flow sensor. The measured sensor values are

uploaded to cloud/server via GPRS. The metering is done

by measuring the flow of waste water via level sensor across

pipes and uploading data to cloud.

.

LITERATURE SURVEY

Water usage statistics indicate that annual global water

withdrawals have increased by more than six times and the

rate of increase in developing countries is 8%. Water is a very basic requirement for the well-being of human kind,

vital for economic development and essential for the healthy

functioning of all the world’s ecosystems. Reasons for

limited availability of resources to use for people include:

lack of distribution networks, excessive extraction of

groundwater resource and risk from the contamination by

the pollutants. Many freshwater resources have become

increasingly polluted, resulting in the shrinking of

freshwater availability.

In some places groundwater levels continue to fall and the

options for increasing supplies have become costly and are

often environmentally damaging. Water conflicts are

worsening around the world, rivers are drying up and

pollution is unabated. Establishing a water balance for a water distribution network with the majority of available

tools requires manual data collection and processing. Water

pollutant can be checked using pH sensor and water

temperature may give different conditions of water. The

AVR microcontroller can take both analog and digital

inputs, extract information and process the output. Smart

phone apps can give updated information when it’s

connected to the processor through any network. The meter

reader as well as the consumer use smart phones to perform

meter reading. This scheme reduces overheads in handing

meter reading and billing in metropolitan and large cities.

Previously during implementation of a simple water level

controller in the sump and over head tank of a building gave

rise to the problem of the inconvenience of the conventional

billing system in which the residents of a building had to pay

the average of the total water consumption of the building .

Thus to overcome this inconvenience led the research to






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design a meter to generate different bills for different users

of a building entirely generated on the volume of water

utilized.


FIGURE 1

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Block diagram working

Calculates the total volume of water inlet in the

sump.

Checks the quality of water i.e. pH and hardness of

water.

The sensor sends the signal to microcontroller for

processing.

The readings are displayed in android APP through

microcontroller and notification is send to the user

in critical conditions(high pH or hardness value of

water).

The water level sensor senses the water level,

monitors Ac motor and avoids the overflow of

water from overhead tank and also the dry running

of motor when sump is empty.

The water is filtered using carbon coil removing the

physical particles and reducing the pH value before pumping the water to overhead tank.

The water flow sensors are installed at inlet of

individual users in a building which calculates the

volume of water used by that user.

The microcontroller displays the cost according to

the volume used by the individuals and updates the

bill in the APP.s

HARDWARE

The high-performance, low-power Microchip 8-bit AVR

RISC-based microcontroller combines 8KB of

programmable flash memory, 544B SRAM, 512B

EEPROM, and an 8-channel 10-bit A/D converter. The

device supports throughput of 16 MIPS at 16MHz and

operates between 4.5-5.5 volts. By executing instructions in

a single clock cycle, the device achieves cc approaching 1

MIPS per MHz, balancing power consumption and

processing speed.

The PH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution,

The ph scale ranges from 0-14.The pH indicates the

concentration of hydrogen [H]+ ions present in certain

solutions. It can accurately be quantified by a sensor that

measures the potential difference between two electrodes. A

reference electrode(silver/silver chloride)and a glass

electrode that is sensitive to hydrogen ions. This is what

forms the probe. We also have to use an electronic circuit to condition the signal appropriately and we can use this sensor

with a microcontroller.

FIGURE 2

CIRCUIT FOR WATER LEVEL SENSOR

This circuit is used to sense various levels of water in the

sump & overhead tank and update the data to the processor

which inturn notifies the users there by switching on and off

the pump accordingly.

Water flow Sensor is a simple electronic device it generates

electrical signals for every rotation. These rotations are

counted via a microcontroller for unit volume of water and

later generalized for any volume of water.

METHODOLDOGY

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Fig:Water level monitoring

Fig: flow chart

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1. Working module

RESULTS The overhead tank has 25% of water and the sump is empty

hence the pump is off.

4. When over head tank is full

2. When over head tank is empty

The overhead tank is empty the pump turns on and the water

level in sump is 75%.

3. When sump is empty

The overhead tank is full so the pump turns off and the water level in sump is 75%.

5. Smart APP is connected to the module

The data regarding water level in the sump, tank,Water

usage at individual customers,pH value,andtemperature

readings are sent to the android app via Bluetooth module.

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6. Data updated in the smart APP Advance processors can be utilized for further enhancement

of features in the future to analyze more parameters of water

quality.

Advanced water metering is part of a much larger movement

towards smart networks and intelligent infrastructure.

However, where advanced metering technology is focused

more towards the need to obtain meter readings without

human intervention in other parts of the world has been

developing along a parallel path, driven by the need to

provide services to previously un served communities and

deal with the problems caused by rapid urbanization.

This project thus helps in overcoming most of the problems

faced in the conventional meter and the metering system making the successor’s design more reliable, accurate and

convenient thereby eliminating all the complications. Water

quality analysis and testing its purity is facilitated via

notifying the users makes it a smart step towards the next

generation technology building smart cities.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The preferred spelling of the word "acknowledgment" in

American English is without an "e" after the "g." Use the singular heading even if you have many acknowledgments.

Please put the sponsor acknowledgments in this section; do

not use a footnote on the first page.

COPYRIGHT FORM

An IEEE copyright form should accompany your final

submission.

The data regarding water level in the sump, tank,Water usage at individual customers,pH value,andtemperature readings are shown in the smart app.


For project demo concern, we have developed a prototype

module. In future, this project can be taken to the product

level. To make this project as user friendly and durable, we

need to make it compact and cost effective. Going further,

most of the units can be embedded along with the controller

on a single board with change in technology, thereby

reducing the size of the system. For demonstration we are

using a Bluetooth module to communicate with android app

developed and installed in every user’s smart phone this

concept in the future can be implemented in IOT (internet of

thing ) which drastically increases the range of

communication thus making this meter accessible from any part of the world.

Similarly ,the implementation shown for 3 consecutive

floors can be implemented for as many users required simply

by increasing the number of flow sensors for the number of

homes

REFERENCES

[1] Mduduzi John Mudumbe and Adnan M. Abu-

Mahfouz,"Smart water meter system for user-centric

consumption measurement", 2015 IEEE 13th International

Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), 22-24 July 2015, DOI: 10.1109/INDIN.2015.7281870.

[2] Mohamed Baka and Mustafa Aziz, "Implementing a

novel ITGovernance Framework - a case study : The

Abu Dhabi Water & Electricity Authority", 2010 Second International Conference on Engineering Systems

Management and Its Applications(ICESMA),30 March-1

April 2010, INSPEC Accession Number:11466962.

[3] Jackson and Jack, "Perspectives - Why Smart Managers

Should Insist On and Maximize Revenue from Large Meter

Testing", Journal - American Water Works Association,

99(2), 2007, p30-35.

[4] Knobloch, N. Guth and P. Klingel, "Automated Water

Balance Calculation for Water Distribution Systems",

Procedia Engineering, Vol. 89, 2014, p 428-436.

[5] How to use a pH sensor with Arduino – Scidle

http://www.scidle.com

http://www.scidle.com/

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[6] Muha

mmad Ali Mazidi Sarmad Naimi Sepehr Naimi-“The AVR

Microcontroller & Embedded Systems”

[7] M Suresh, U. Muthukumar, Jacob Chandapillai,” A

Novel Smart Water-Meter based on IoT and Smartphone

App for City Distribution Management” Data Acquisition

Systems Laboratory, Centre for Water Management

Member IEEE.

Kehkeshan Jalall S , Professor, Department of Eectronics

and comminiation Engineering, HKBK College of

Engineering , Bangalore,

A Syed Saqib ,Mohammed Khuram Pasha, Mohammed Kounain, Najeeb ur Rahman, Students, Department of Eectronics and comminiation Engineering, HKBK College

of Engineering , Bangalore

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Optimization Of Vehicle Speed To Avoid Environment Unfriendly

Actions And To Reduce Emission

Jayanth V, K Vishnu,

H.K.B.K.C.E, H.K.B.K.C.E,

[email protected] [email protected]

Pramod Kumar C, Ravi Kiran Gupta,

H.K.B.K.C.E , H.K.B.K.C.E,

[email protected] [email protected]

Under the guidance of

Mr.Mohamed Jebran P

Asst.Prof,Dept of E&C Engg.

H.K.B.K.C.E

[email protected]

Abstarct- Nowadays, the number of vehicles on the road and the

need of transporting people grow fast. Road transportation has

become the backbone of industrialized countries. Nevertheless,

the road network system in cities is not sufficient to cope with

the current demands due to the size of roads available. Building

additional or extending existing roads do not solve the traffic

congestion problem due to the high costs and the environmental

and geographical limitations. As a consequence, the modern

society is facing more traffic jams, higher fuel bills and high

levels of CO2 emissions. Vehicular communication networks are

increasingly being considered as a means to conserve fuel and

reduce emissions within transportation systems. This project

focuses on using traffic light signals to communicate with

approaching vehicles. The communication can be traffic-light-

signal-to-vehicle (TLS2V). Based on the information sent, the

vehicle receiving the message adapts its speed to a recommended

speed (SR), which helps the vehicle reduce fuel consumption and

emissions. The objective function is to minimize fuel

consumption by and emissions from vehicles. The speed that can

achieve this goal is the optimum SR (S∗r ). We implement a

dedicated hardware and software platform to experiment and

test above idea.

Keywords- Traffic light signal to Vehicle (TLSV);

Environmental Unfriendly Action (EUF); Vehicle to Vehicle

(V2V).

I. INTRODUCTION

These days the detrimental effects of air

pollutants and concerns about global warming are being

increasingly reported by the media. In many countries, fuel

prices have been rising considerably. The U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ranks the

transportation sector, among all enduser sectors, as the

second largest contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, which may have profound negative impact on

the global climate. Within the transportation sector,

vehicles that we drive release more than 1.7 billion tons of

CO2 into the atmosphere each year alone. The vehicular

carbon footprint is a measure of the vehicle’s

environmental impact on climate change in terms of CO2

emission, which also has a direct relationship with the fuel

consumption of vehicles. As economic growth provides

sustaining demands for fossil fuels, the problem of how to

reduce vehicular carbon footprint and fuel consumption

becomes not only an environmental problem but an economic problem as well. Among all factors that

determine the fuel efficiency of an individual vehicle, the

impact of speed and acceleration/deceleration is similar among all vehicles.

ITS is an integration of software, hardware, traffic

engineering concepts, and communication technology that

can be applied to transportation systems to improve their

efficiency and safety. Various forms of wireless

communications technologies have been proposed for ITS.

Vehicular networks are a promising research area in ITS

applications, as drivers can be informed about many kinds of

events and conditions that can impact travel. Vehicular

networks promise reduced idling, stop-and-go conditions,

and congestion, in turn, lowering fuel consumption and emissions. These features make them a significant green

technology.

Communication among vehicles and between

vehicles and traffic light signals (TLS) is a recent

application that combines ITS with vehicular networks. In

[2], a protocol was proposed called environmentally

friendly geocast (EFG) to deliver TLS information to

approaching vehicles. V2I communication comprises of vechicles communicating with infrastructure elements like

traffic signal, bridge, intersection, pedestrian crossing,

buildings etc. Based on that information, fuel consumption

and CO2 emissions are reduced if vehicles travel at the

recommended speed (SR). However, we do not know if the

achieved reduction is optimal.

Different research efforts have used vehicular

communication networks to reduce vehicle fuel consumption

and emissions. The system architecture uses vehicular

communication networks for speed sensing and transmitting

vehicle information to a traffic control system (TCS) through roadside units. The TCS performs data analysis and calculates

a vehicle trajectory with minimum fuel consumption and

emissions. Vehicular networks are also used to send the

optimum trajectory to vehicles to determine a new speed

limit. At intersections, vehicular networks are used to reduce

fuel consumption and emissions. For signalized intersections

presented the concept of virtual traffic lights (VTLs) using

VANETs. Each vehicle approaching the intersection

periodically broadcasts beacons to advertise its location.

This objective is achieved by controlling the speed

to the optimum SR, which helps vehicles avoid having to stop, make lengthy accelerations, and run at unnecessarily

excessive speed. The aforementioned studies mainly differ






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from this paper in that they only consider TLS2V

communication. On the other hand, we develop in this work

a complete optimization model that involves TLS2V

communications . But in our project along with the

optimization model we will develop hardware and software

platform to experiment, test and demonstrate our model using

wireless embedded system.

II. RELATED WORK

In [5], T. Delot, S. Ilarri, S. Lecomte, and N.

Cenerario. Implemented a system for a vehicle to estimate an

available place for parking the vehicle using Vehicular ad hoc

networks (VANETS) to distribute parking places to driver

effectively by shortening the amount of time. In [2] Maazen

Alsabaan estimated the effects of speed and acceleration

using emission control model on vehicle emissions named

Virginia Tech microscopic Model, which is more

sophisticated compared to the other models. It consists of on

board OEM measurement that measures emission second by second using gas sensors typically placed in the passenger

seats oron floor facing to the driver. In [1],[3],[4] Maazen

Alsabaan build a model of optimization and heuristic

solutions for V2V and TLSV communications with the

intension of minimizing amount of CO2 and fuel

consumption from vehicles that are approaching to a Traffic

light. This objective can be achieved by monitoring the speed

to the optimum speed (SR).This optimum speed helps vehicle

to avoid stop and go, increasing the acceleration and

unnecessarily running at extremely higher speed. In the

proposed system, implementing a complete model of optimization which involves TLSV and V2V communication

[1]. Also in our project along with the optimization model we

develop hardware and software platform to experiment, test

and demonstrate our model using wireless embedded system.

III. METHODOLGY

System communication Model consists of Traffic model and

Vehicular Model.

A. Communication model

In the proposed system there are two types of communication

models 1] Traffic signal (infrastructure) to Vehicles (TLSV) and 2] Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V). Traffic signal model is

equipped with communication unit consisting of

microcontroller and RF module which transmits the signal

ID, signal state, duration and other parameters at fixed

interval. Vehicles are also equipped with onboard unit which

does communication job and runs applications to assist

driver. In this paper V2V communication can be used to

extent the range of information about TLS to further Vehicles.

B. Traffic Model

In Traffic Model street segment with length L, N lanes,

Maximum speed limit (Smax) and Minimum speed limit

(Smin) have been considered. Predominant model of the

system lies in traffic model. Usually Traffic signals have three

phases, likely green (G), yellow(Y) and red (R) whose

durations are Tg, Ty, and Tr, respectively and that are fixed.

Also flashing and arrow signals can be incorporated into the predominant Traffic model. This model also transmitts the

packet which contains traffic state information using RF

module. Figure 1 shows the flow chart of Traffic model.

Fig 1:Flow chart for traffic signal model

C. Vehicular Model or Velocity optimization Model for

reduced Consumption of Fuel and Emission Control Model

Most important model is Vehicular Receiver Model.

It is mainly based on the Velocity Optimization Algorithm. In

this project proprietary algorithm of optimization is used to get information from traffic signal, whose main aim is to

instruct the driver about upcoming signal and how he can

avoid or reduce wait time there hence reduce CO2 emission

from vehicles which are approaching a Traffic light signal by

avoiding EUF actions such as sudden breaking, stop-and-go

conditions, speeding up unnecessarily and high acceleration.

D. Velocity optimization Algorithm

The important proprietary algorithm used in the proposed

system works as follows

1] Initially traffic signal location to be stored either in RAM

and EEPROM.

2] RF receiver module equipped in the Vehicular receives

signal ID, signal state and duration from traffic signal model.

3] By reading data from the GPS receiver it identifies exact

position of the vehicle.

4] Using above information system estimates distance

between vehicle and traffic signal.

5] System finds speed based on these conditions Smax: If

signal is green and vehicle is near. Smin: If signal is green

and vehicle is far or signal is red and vehicle is near. SR

(Recommended speed): If signal is red and vehicle is far.

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Fig 2: Flow chart for Vehicular model

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Traffic signal model shown in figure 3 is a fixed

node with inbuilt logic of traffic signal. All the traffic signals

Red, Yellow and Green lights are controlled in synchronized

manner while following proper traffic rules and guidance. To

achieve desire result an embedded system is deployed with

microcontroller to implement traffic lights rule and timer

interface. RF encoder is also built to broadcast traffic signal

state and left out duration for that state to incoming vehicles. Wireless traffic controller system broadcast its ID, signal

type/state and duration to incoming vehicle. Traffic

controllers pack the data in packet and send it via encoder.

Fig 3 Traffic signal model

Vehicular model shown in figure 4, equipped with

GPS receiver. GPS gives exact location of the receiver.

Vehicle module calculates distance and finds tmin tmax and finds optimum speed using on board algorithm and suggest it

to driver. It also display the signal type and status and

duration left to driver. Result can be displayed on the LCD

display in the following manner.

Signal=GREEN Dur=58 dist: 347.2

Smin=5.6 Smax=16.7

tmin=20.8 tmax=62.5

^2 Speed=6.0 m/s dist1:347.2

Speed=21.6 Km/hr

Total Time=58.0

Signal=RED Dur=36 dist:347.2

Smin=5.6 Smax=16.7

tmin=20.8 tmax=62.5

*2

Speed=8.5 m/s dist1:304.9

Speed=30.5 Km/hr

Total Time=41.0

//hmt data

TS lat:13.0486 long:77.5355

Veh lat:13.0450 long:77.5337

Distance to TS: 448.6

Signal=RED Dur=36 dist:448.6

Smin=5.6 Smax=16.7

tmin=26.9 tmax=80.8

*2 Speed=10.9 m/s dist1:393.9

Speed=39.4 Km/hr

RF decoder in the receiver section to accept packets

from the traffic signal. And all the calculations and algorithms

are implemented using embedded board and accomplished by

microcontroller.

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Fig 4 : Vehicular model

V. CONCLUSION

An independent,fully functional according to the

traffic rules,a traffic controller system can be implemented

using Velocity Optimization Algorithm. Smart traffic signal

communication model can broadcast its ID, signal type/state

(green, red or yellow) and duration left out to incoming

vehicles.Vehicular model receive and use this information to

calculate the recommended speed based on the approximation

made from the Velocity Optimization Algorithm to save fuel and reduce emission efficiently thereby decreasing waiting

time on the signal.

VI. FUTURE SCOPE

In the proposed method state of the signals (Red,

green and Yellow) and recommended speed can be displayed.

In the future, along with this weather broadcasting, driver

preference also can be implemented. Also buzzer can be

implemented to alert driver about state of the traffic signal

REFERENCES

[1] M. Alsabaan, K. Naik, , an T. Khalifa, “Optimization of Fuel Cost and

Emissions Using V2V Communications” in IEEE transactions on intelligent

transportation systems Sep 2013.

[2] M. Alsabaan, K. Naik, T. Abdelkader, T. Khalifa, and A. Nayak,

“Geocast routing in vehicular networks for reduction of CO2 emissions,” in

Proc. Inf. Commun. Technol. Fight Against Global Warming, 2011, pp. 26–

40.

[3] M. Alsabaan, K. Naik, T. Khalifa, and A. Nayak, “Optimization of Fuel

Cost and Emissions with Vehicular Networks at Traffic Intersections,” in

Proc. IEEE Intell. Trans. Syst. Conf., 2012, pp. 613–619.

[4] M. Alsabaan, K. Naik, T. Khalifa, and A. Nayak, “Vehicular networks

for reduction of fuel consumption and CO2 emission,” in Proc. 8th IEEE

INDIN, 2010, pp. 671–676.

[5] T. Delot, S. Ilarri, S. Lecomte, and N. Cenerario, “Sharing with caution:

Managing parking spaces in vehicular networks,” Mob. Inf. Syst., vol. 9, pp.

69–98, Jan. 2013

[6] Ravi Arora,Ashwini B, “ Optimization of Vehicular Speed to Avoid

Environment Unfriendly Actions to Reduce Emissions” 2017 2nd IEEE

International Conference On Recent Trends in Electronics Information &

Communication Technology (RTEICT), May 19-20, 2017, India

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Bridges And Flyover Condition Monitoring

Based on IOT Technology

Ayesha Siddiqua,

Department of

ECE,

HKBK College of Engineering,

Bangalore, India,

[email protected]

Asfiya Arham,

Department of ECE,

HKBK College of

Engineering,,Bangalore,India,

[email protected]

Bibi Ayesha S,

Department of

ECE,


Bangalore,India,

[email protected]

Iffath Nazneen,

Department of ECE,


Bangalore, India

[email protected]

m

Mrs. Kehkashan Jallal S,

Asst. prof, Department of ECE,


[email protected]

Abstract- current system uses complicated and

high cost wired network amongst sensors in the

bridge and IOT communication between the

bridge and the management center, which

decreases the overall cost of installation and

maintenance cost of health monitoring system.

Since the advanced technology is used to process

the data from sensor and send the status to web

app using IOT an effective monitoring of the

bridges and flyovers can be achieved. Presently

there is no such monitoring and controlling system

available for bridges and Fly overs. Even if some

monitoring system is there then very traditional

way is followed where the processed data at the

bridges will be sent using wired data transfer

which is having drawbacks with respect to

reliability and range. Also Manually one has to

examine the bridges by watching them carefully.

It may lead for any human errors. All the heavily

weighted vehicles are allowed to move on the

bridges that is leading for the damage of bridges.

1. INTRODUCTION

In developing countries like India there is strong

focus on national infrastructure. New bridges and are

build every year. The maintenance of these bridges

and flyovers is many times overlooked. And the

present systems use complicated and high cost wired

network and high maintenance optical fiber system.

So the main objective behind this project is to build a

cheap bridge health monitoring system for

developing countries

As new materials and technologies are discovered,

buildings get taller, bridges get longer spans and the

designs of structures become more ambitious, but

more complex. In view of these developments, there







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is an increased requirement to providing both the

costs savings with regard to maintenance and a safer

environment for by preventing structural failures. As

a developing country, India has picked up structural

developments including latest technologies.

Bridges are continuously subjected to destructive

effects of material aging, widespread corrosion of

steel reinforcing bars in concrete structures, corrosion

of steel structures and components, increasing traffic

volume and overloading, or simply overall

deterioration and aging. These factors, combined

with defects of design and construction and

accidental damage, prompt the deterioration of

bridges and result in the loss of load carrying

capacity of bridges.

The condition of heavily used urban bridges is even

worse: one in three are classified as aging or unable

to accommodate modern vehicle weights and traffic

volume. Therefore, a significant number of these

structures need strengthening, rehabilitation, or

replacement, but public funds are not generally

available for the required replacement of existing

structures or construction of new ones.

There are many bridges in Japan and China which are

very advanced as compared to the monitoring

systems in Konkan. So our aim is to develop a system

that is reliable, cheap and more efficient for Indian

bridges flyovers. This system will not only be useful

for the bridges but also for the railway bridges, foot

bridges and flyovers.

Objectives of Bridge monitoring system:

The research community has been developing

structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques to aid

Advanced Railway Safety Monitoring System based

on Wireless Sensor Networks by Velmurugan . K ,

Rajesh.T from Dept. Of ECE, PSN College of

in the ongoing bridge management efforts of local

bridge authorities.

The current standard bridge inspection practice is

based on biannual visual inspections, which are

subjective by nature. Sensor-based SHM is perceived

as the technology that could improve the current

visual inspection process (FHWA-2001).

Monitoring bridge structural systems helps in

planning different bridge intervention strategies, such

as maintenance actions, repair or replacement

(Frangopol et al. 2008).

Moreover, the life-span of the bridge structure can

be extended (even if the bridge shows deterioration)

if the data shows it to be healthy.

The problem statement is nothing but the

combination of Exist ing and Proposed work.

The main objective of the system is to :

(a) To ensure the safety and health of

Flyovers and Bridges.

(b) Continuous health monitoring for

Bridges and Flyovers.

(c) Controlingthegates.

(d) Ensure the saftey of Passengers.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

bridge health monitoring system on konkan railway

Konkan Railway Corporation Ltd. has procured one

such equipment namely BRIMOS Recorder. This

equipment records the vibrations of the structure

under ambient conditions and gives a frequency plot

(vibration signature). It has been the endeavor of the

Bridge Engineers to search for an effective tool

which can give a warning to the inspecting official

(pending detailed inspection) in the form of an

indicative parameter.

Engineering and Technology, Tirunelveli, TNBreaks in

railway lines are lines and are still one of the biggest

causes of train derailment. The most common break is

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a crack in the crown of the rail that forms an

approximate 70° angle with the horizon line.

This flaw, due to its peculiar shape, is known as the

kidney defect .Breaks in rail may vary from a narrow

crack to the separation of a part of a rail. In some

cases, the break happens inside the rail during its

manufacturing process. To detect these defects, the

ultrasonic method is employed: ultrasonic waves are

injected into the rails by special transducers. This

high-energy signal is sent in two directions at

predetermined intervals. The transmitted signal is

propagated in the rail and is received by receivers.

The nearby transmitters send ultrasonic waves with

the same frequency but with different periods. In this

way, the receivers will be able to recognize the

direction (left or right) from which they receive the

signal.

If there is a break or chafe in the rail, the amplitude

of the waves received by receivers will be reduced

and an alarm signal will be sounded. The detection of

Cracks is done using IR rays with the IR transmitter

& receiver. Long Range Ultrasonic Testing (LRUT)

technique is proposed as a complimentary inspection

technique to examine the foot of rails, especially in

track regions where corrosion and associated fatigue

cracking is likely, such as at level crossings.

The data from sensors is treated as either a time

series, where data are produced continuously or

periodically, or a sequence of readings where data is

These sensors are placed on different nodes on the

bridge at a definite distance.

generated ad hoc, for example, generated every time

a train passes.

The data can be monitored by searching for

thresholds (triggers), known problem signatures

(classification), identifying unknown events (short-

term analysis using outlier detection), or identifying

drift over a longer period of time (long-term outlier

detection). Track monitoring systems also play a vital

role in maintaining the safety of the railways.

3. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE:

Fig : Bridge Monitoring Block Diagram

WORKING PRINCIPLE: Raspberry pi is the

microprocessor used which has the ability to process

and control various sensors connected to it.

Raspberry pi is preferred over other microprocessor

or controller is that it performs multi-tasking and is

capable of executing many programs in one go.

Raspberry pi supports IOT technology as it includes

internal Wi-Fi modem.

There are various sensors used like vibration sensors,

load sensors, IR sensors, flex sensors.

for instance the load sensor is placed at the beginning

of the bridge and the flex sensor is placed all over the

bridge since it is a film like structure.

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Vibration sensors are placed at random positions

below the bridge, which sense the vibrations occurred

due to environmental changes like deterioration of

the bridge, deformationor cracks in the bridge and

also movement of the bridge due to earth quakes.

Flex sensor senses the potholes in the bridges and the

bends caused in the bridge.

The flex sensor bends when it finds a potholesor a

crack,on detection of these potholes, it sends the

measured information to the microprocessor

raspberry pi ,and the processor processes it.

Load sensor is placed at the beginning of the bridge,

the vehicles above a certain threshold load are

detected and those vehicles whose load exceeds the

threshold value are not allowed to pass on the bridge.

These operation is controlled by stepper or dc motor

driven by a ULN driver which rotates the shaft 90

degrees clockwise and anti clockwise for the open

and close operations of the gateway of the bridge.

The presence or approaching of the vehicles at the

beginning is detected or sensed by the IR sensor

which determine the proximity of the no. of vehicles

crossing the bridge.

On similar backgrounds, the shaft opens i.e , the

gateway of the bridge opens and the value of the load

is below the threshold.

The raspberry pi process these calculated values and

sends them to the mobile web app through the IOT

cloud, the concerned person can monitors the values

provided, who has the access over the mobile web

app.

with checking the best and the worst cases and also

the user gets clear idea of how the files are

exchanged and was free to observe it. The system

The architect or the engineer can analyze the values

in the database and takes necessary steps or actions to

control or monitor the conditions of the bridge or

flyover.

4. FLOW CHART:

5. RESULTS

The system is a prototype of wireless data transfer

between two different mass storage. The prototype

contain a raspberry pi processor and a RFID reader

with a tag. The web application is the one which

upload a file and similarly it is the one which help to

download the desired file. In our project both the

raspberry pi is connected to the same network. In our

system we get a url by showing the valid tag card to

the appropriate reader. The user need to upload the

file to the server by using that url.

The web page will show a indication that the file

uploaded is successful or not. Similarly in another

raspberry pi we need to show valid card of that

raspberry pi and it gives a different url. The user need

to open that url in that raspberry pi and download it

from the server. The system was successfully build

takes very less amount of time to transfer the files from

one Flash drive to other flash drive. Basically the

system is time individualistic as the Raspberry Pi

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boards are connected to the same server. In the

testing stage various problems were tested.

As mentioned above , we have to face so many

problems on the going process to be successful and

also there were several obstacles that we came across

while implementing the system. When we started

with the system we knew that future modifications

can 21 be done if necessary. We analyzed that the

system actually takes less amount of time depending

upon the server quality. The system was working

properly and we observed the following output:-

6. CONCLUSION

The platform which we have taken is IOT which is

the best to come across with the project. We have

discussed about some aspects while implementing the

system as in which hardware and software that we

required. We got so many informations from several

journals and research paper which helps in

implementing the project and also the videos watched

from the youtube or other sites. 26 5.4 Conclusions In

this project we develop a system of data transfer from

one flash drive to another flash drive and its

implementation.

Therefore we suggest some techniques for

implementing the flash drive to flash drive device

and shows the grade in the results. When we compare

data transfer with computer or laptop , the data

transfer from one flash drive to another flash drive

without computer or laptop shows the greater

enhancement in the speed of the transfer. The project

” wireless data exchange ” has been prosperously

designed and implemented.

REFERENCES

[1] S. Chen, A. Sandryhaila, J.M.F. Moura and J.

Kovačević, "Adaptive Graph Filtering:Multiresolution Classification on Graphs" Proc. IEEE Glob. Conf. Signal Information Processing, Austin, TX, Dec. 2013.

[2] S. Chen, F. Cerda, J. Guo, J. B. Harley, Q. Shi, P. Rizzo, J. Bielak, J. H. Garrett and .Kovačević,Multiresolution classification with semi-

supervised learning for indirect bridge structure health monitoring," Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoust., Speech Signal Process., Vancouver, Canada, May 2013, pp. 3412-3416 .

[3] K.Fathima, K.Shanmugavalli, International Journal of

Emerging Science and Engineering (IJESE),Dec2013. G. Lederman, Z. Wang, J. Bielak, H. Noh, J. H. Garrett, S. Chen, J. Kovaèeviæ, F erda, and P.Rizzo, "Damage quantification and localization algorithms for indirect SHM of bridges.

[4] Chae, M.J.Ph.D, P.E.Kim, Yoo H.S.J.R. Cho,M.Y, Ph. network (cdma and zigbee)”. Z. Wang, S. Chen, G.Lederman,

D.”Bridge conditionDmeponti.toorfinEg lesycsttreomniucssinagnwdirCeloesms municaFt.iCoenrdEa,nJg. BinieelaekriJn. g, HKBKCE 69

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H. Garrett, P. Rizzo and J. Kovačević, "Comparison of sparse representation and Fourier discriminant methods: Damage location classification in indirect lab-scale bridge

structural health monitoring," Proc. Structures Congr Pittsburgh, PA, May 2013.

[5] Matthew J. Whelan, Michael P. Fuchs, Michael V.

Gangone, Clarkson University, Development of a wireless

bridge monitoring system for condition assessment Using

hybrid techniques. F. Cerda, J. Garrett, J. Bielak, P. Rizzo,

Barrera, Z. Zhang, S. Chen, M. McCann, and J. Kovačević,

"Indirect structural health monitoring in bridges: scale

experiments," Proc. Int. Conf. Bridge Maint., Safety Manag.,

Lago di Como, Italy, Jul. 2012.

[6]F. Cerda, J. Garrett, J. Bielak, R. Bhagavatula,

and J. Kovačević, "Exploring indirect vehicle bridge interaction for bridge SHM," Proc. International Conference Bridge Maintenance, Safety Management, Philadelphia, PA, Jul. 2010 Sumitro,S.,Matsui,Y.,Kono,M., Okamoto, T., and Fuji,K. (2001), "Long Span Bridge Health Monitoring System in Japan," Health Monitoring and Management of Civil Infrastructure Systems, Proceedings of SPIE, vol 4337, pp. 517-524.

[7] Park, M. S., Kim, S. G (2000). “Integration of Bridge Condition Monitoring System,” KSCE

Conference proceeding, KSCE, pp. 503-506. Park, C.

M., Park, J. C. (2003) “Seo-Hae Cable 2

[8] Catbas, F. N., Ciloglu, S. K., Hasancebi, O.,

Grimmelsman, K., and Aktan, A. E. (2007). “Limitations in

structural identification of large construction structures.” J.

Struct. Eng., 10.1061/(ASCE)0733- 9445(2007)

133:8(1051), 1051–1066. Chang, S. P., and Im, C. K.

(2000). “Thermal behaviour of composite boxgirder

bridges.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., Struct. Build., 140(2),

117–126. Dwairi, H. M., Wagner, M. C., Kowalsky, M. J., and Zia, P. (2010).

[9] “Behavior of instrumented pressed high performance concrete bridge girders.” Construct. Build.Mater., 24(11), 2294–2311. Farrar, C. R., and Worden, K. (2007).“An introduction to structural health monitoring.”

Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 365(1851), 303315.Goulet, J.-A., Kripakaran, P., and Smith, I.F.C. (2010). “Multimodel structural performance monitoring.” J. Struct. Eng.,10.1061/(ASCE) ST.1943- 541X.0000232, 1309– 1318

. [10] Hada, A., et al. (2011). “Condition monitoring system for railway structures in Hammersmith.” Proc., Ninth

World Congress on Railway Research, Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français (SNCF), Paris. Hedegaard, B. D., French, C. E. W., Shield, C. K., Stolarski, H. K., and Jilk, B.J.(2013). “Instrumentation and modeling of I-35W St. Anthony Falls Bridge.” J. Bridge Eng.,10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000384, 476–485.

[11] Highways Agency. (2002). “BD37/01 loads for

highway bridges.” Design anual for roads and bridges, Æhttp://www.dft.gov.uk/ha/standards/dmrb/vol1/section3/ bd3701.pdfæ (Apr. 13, 2013). Hoult, N. A., et al. (2010a). “Large- scale WSN installation for pervasive monitoring of civil infrastructure in London.” Proc., Fifth European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, F. Casciati, and M. Giordano, eds., DES tech Publications, Lancaster, PA, 214–219


http://www.dft.gov.uk/ha/standards/

Techno Buzz

A Brain Computer Interface for Smart Home Control Srinidhi, Ganesh Suryavanshi, Sathish B.V

Abstract--. The aim of this study is to control home devices

using a non invasive brain computer interface (BCI). The

Electroencephalographic signals (EEG) recorded from the brain

activity using the Emotiv EPOCH headset are interfaced with the

help of mouse emulator to a graphical user interface (GUI) on the

computer screen. The user will use this GUI to control various

devices in a smart home. This application will be very useful

especially for people with special needs.

I. INTRODUCTION

BCI is a system that captures the brain electrical activity in

the form of EEG signals; and translates those specific features

of the signal that represents the intent of the user into

computer readable commands. These commands can control

and operate an electronic device [1]-[2]. This technology is

developing very rapidly, as it has innumerable uses, the most

important of which is improving the quality of life of human

beings in general and elderly and disabled people in particular

[3]-[5]. The BCI can be divided into non-invasive and

invasive type, where in latter an IC is implanted in the brain

by surgery. Hence people prefer non invasive BCI which

involves only wearing of a headset or cap equipped with an

active electrode system.

In this paper, our main aim is to develop a thought

controlled smart home system. We will use a non-invasive

BCI device known as Emotiv EPOC headset [6] to capture

EEG signals. The EEG signals are transmitted via Bluetooth to

the interface computer. The built in gyro sensor in the emotive

headset helps to control the mouse cursor in the mouse

emulator. Hence the electroencephalography (EEG) signals

produced by the brain electrical activity can be trained and

used to control the mouse on a graphical user interface of

home appliances on the computer screen.

II. METHODOLOGY

Recent research shows that brain computer interface can be

used for motion disabled people, however the mean

classification rate achieved is above 80%. This means there is

still 10-20% error rate [7]. This error may result in loosing

user control. Hence in this study we propose a very simple and

effective method for smart home control.

A. EEG Signal Acquisition and Event Detection

For EEG signal acquisition the Emotiv EPOC headset is

used. It has 14 channels (electrodes) and the sampling

frequency is 128 Hz (2048 Hz internal). It has a built in 5th

order low pass sinc filter of bandwidth 0.2 to 45 Hz, and is

connected wirelessly to the computer through a 2.4 GHz band.

Fig.1 shows the Emotiv EPOC headset and the location of the

electrodes.

Emotiv EPOC uses three built-in suites to determine the

various types of signal inputs: i.e Expressiv Suite for

analyzing users facial expressions, the user’s emotional state is

interpreted by the Affectiv Suite while the Cognitiv Suite

analyzes user‘s intent to control a movement. In addition the

gyro can be used as a mouse emulator.

The aim of this project is to acquire and identify the EEG

signal that is related with the user intention to operate a device

in the smart home. Hence for event detection it is necessary to

have a unique profile for each user to map the user’s brain-

patterns. In this study we have used a simple feature i.e. raise

an eyebrow to create an event. So whenever the user will raise

an eyebrow a mouse click will be activated. Fig. 2 shows the

mouse emulator from the EmoControl Panel. While wearing

the headset the mouse emulator in EmoControl Panel will be

used to generate a mouse click whenever the user will raise an

eyebrow. The set up of EmoKey is shown in Fig.3.

Fig. 1. Emotiv EPOC headset and electrodes location

Fig. 2. Mouse emulator

Fig. 3. The setup of EmoKey

Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, HKBMKouCseElick enabled GUI 71

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Emotiv Control

Panel (Mouse Emokey to

(virtual smart home)

Brain Signal

Emulator) produce mouse

(EEG) Personal Computer (PC)

GUI f edback to user

Fig. 4. Block diagram of brain controlled smart home sy tem

B. Setup of Virtual Smart Home System

In order to control and operate the home using brain signals,

a virtual home environment has been created. In the virtual

environment there is indoor and outdoor access, it consists of

many rooms, each having many devices like TV, MP3, lights,

temperature control, doors to operate. All these commands can

be shown via a graphical user interface (GUI), on the

computer screen. The user will select his d sired application

using a raise of an eyebrow (or a smirk, or a combination of

To actual home devices via 8051 microcontroller and

RS232 USB cable

III. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

The main goal of this paper is to design, develop and

implement a brain controlled smart home system. In this

system, the brain EEG signals a e acquired using Emotiv

EPOCH headset. A single featur i.e. raising an eyebrow

along with mouse emulator is used to control a virtual home

environment using a graphical user interface. Each click on

the desired home icon by using a raised eye brow signal

(feature) will activate the control of that home item, like turn

off the light. All this will happen in real time. It is possible to

actions if needed and to incraese the sensitivity of the system), add more controls to the virtual environment by using a

that will cause a mouse click on the desired control, as a result

the control will be toggled. For example, the subject can turn

on the light of a room by selecting the light symbol, and

reselection means light will be turned OFF. The interface

between the Emotiv EPOC and the GUI has been written

using Microsoft Visual C5 using Common Language Runtime

(CLR). Fig. 4 shows the block diagram of the brain controlled

smart home system. A simple flow chart of the flow of events

in a brain controlled smart home system is shown in Fig. 5.

combination of activities like raising an eyebrow and a single

or multiple blinks. The system has been trained and tested

with 4 subjects. The preliminary results show a thought

controlled smart home system can become a reality in the near

future. It will result in a drastic change in the type and quality

of life of individuals and disabled and elderly people. In

addition it will also result in a increase in demand of

consumer electronics devices that c n be easily interfaced with

BCI systems.

REFERENCES

[1] R Corralejo, R. Horneroand D. Alvarez,. “A Domotic Control System

using Brain-Computer Interface (BCI ”, IWANN 2011, LNCS, 6691,

part I, pp. 345-352, 2011.

[2] A. Vourvopoulos, and F. Liarokapis,. “Brain-controlled NXT Robot:

Tele-operating a robot through brain electrical activity”, Third

International Conference on Games and Virtual Worlds for Serious

Applications, Coventry University Coventry, UK. 2011.

[3] Humaira Nisar, Vooi Voon Yap, Kim Ho Yeap, Aamir Saeed Malik,

“Analysis of Electroencephalogram signals generated from eye

Fig. 5. A sample flow chart of event detection and control in a smart home

movements”, Australasian Physical and Engineering Sciences in

Medicine, Accepted, December, 2012.

[4] H. Nisar, H.C. Balasubramaniam, W.T. Lee, Q.W. Yeoh, A. Malik, K.

Yeap, “Analysis of real-time brain activity while controlling an

animated 3D cube,” Journal of Neurology, June 2013. (Accepted).

[5]


Techno Buzz

A LOCATION INDEPENDENT AND SIZE FREE PATTERN

RECOGNITION WIRELESS TOUCHSCREEN FOR BLIND USING

MSP430

Md. Wasim Akram , N M Ismain Shaikh, Mohan KG, Shireen Fathima

Abstract: Our Homes are becoming smarter day by day. Smart Home concept is not new, but most of the technologies are designed for all able people in the society. Only few technologies are designed and implemented for the specially visually impaired people. A portable assistant for the visually impaired has been designed which can understand the requirements of the blind and do minimal task for them. The shape identifier is the pattern matching algorithm which is size independent and location free. Wireless technology links the user and the home automation system. The device is also designed to send SMS during emergency. The result not only helps the visually impaired but also proves to be low power consumption device and a small true portable device which satisfies real time applications.

The device is Cognitive Pattern matching algorithm, wireless, home automation, low power, portable.

Keywords: Portable assistant, shape identifier, pattern matching algorithm, home automation.

I. Introduction Developing technologies and specialized user demands have resulted in new design of user input systems. Even though conventional input devices such as keyboard and mouse still rule the input speed other input mechanisms are also under demand in special applications. Input devices such as keypads are quiet complicated for the visually impaired. Touch screen devices are very user friendly for the visually impaired as drawing patterns on the touch screen is easy.

is a device which senses the hand accelerations in motion in three perpendicular directions viz (m, n, o) and using Radio Frequency (RF) protocol these accelerations are transmitted. At the receiver section, the gesture code templates have been previously saved in the microcontroller. In the receiver side, the hand gesture shown by the visually challenged and the received gesture is recognized and compared with the previously saved templates. If the obtained gesture matches the saved templates, then the home appliances will be controlled. The hand worn module can be

eliminated by making use of a touch screen. Touch screen

used as input is much simpler to operate.

The design and development of a system for controlling household appliance using cell phone through Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) technology were described. This system allows the people at home to monitor and control the home appliances via SMS and the appliances status have been received as well. The proposed approach implements a micro controller based control module where the commands and instructions from the mobile phone are received and the main controller module is interfaced with the system. Later the micro controller will bring the issued

The pattern matching algorithm is the core part of

the device. This pattern matching algorithm is used to identify the shapes made on the touch screen by the user. The shape identifier is designed to be size independent and location free. The pattern matching algorithm is developed to be simple and fast so that it occupies less

memory space and less processing power as a result making the device to be a low power consumption device. Wireless technology has changed human history, and in this paper it forms a link between user and automation system. The wireless technology connects the user and the automation system. Our smart home not only controls the device but it is capable of sending SMS using GSM modem. Wireless technologies like GSM and ISM band transceivers are used to give better and robust functionality. User gives input with the help of touch screen and special symbols are taught to shape identifier system so that it can be used to send wireless command to automation base which in turn control the dedicated device or sends SMS. The system consumes less power as MSP430 microcontroller is used which is an ultra low power device. Because of on-chip features in the MSP430 microcontroller, the system gets an added characteristic of being a compact and a true portable device.

II. Related Works

Developed a device to aid the visually impaired people in operating the home appliances individually, the main shortcoming of this system is a hand worn module that as to be worn by the visually impaired to make hand gestures. A Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) accelerometer

appliances from a remote place. The barrier in the system is the lack of SMS network coverage. Sending SMS to control each and every system is costly and this approach fails if there is no network. This clearly identifies that SMS system depends mainly on mobile network.

Figure 2. Shows the construction of 4 Wire Resistive

Touch Screen

A home automation system was made using capacitive touch screen. Capacitive touch screen depends on Human

body’s electrical properties in order to detect when and where the user touches. Moreover it has the benefit that capacitive displays can be controlled with feather touch and normally cannot be used with mechanical stylus or

gloves. It is focused on interfacing touch screen with PIC

microcontroller to control the external

appliances connected.

commands.SMS Dteechpnto. loogfyElecctornotrnoilcss anhdouCseohomldmunication Engineering, HKBKCE 73

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III. System Design and

Analysis

Core part of the project is shape identifier, which is location free and size independent. This algorithm for shape identification is installed in the microcontroller of the portable system. Shapes or symbols are input for the system in raw positions which is acquired from touch screen controller. The user makes shapes or symbols on the touch screen and touch screen controller collects the real time position information and shapes as points and these points are provided an algorithm for shape identification. Fig 1 is the block diagram of portable assistant which consists of a) Touch screen, Touch screen controller, Shape Identifier, Audio Indicators.

Figure 1. Block Diagram of Portable assistant

A. Touch Screen

A touch screen is a device which senses the availability and location of a touch within the display area. It is familiar in devices like computers, smart phones and tablet.

The touch screen has two main features. The first feature is that it facilitates one to directly interact with what is displayed, more willingly than indirectly with a cursor controlled by a touchpad or mouse. The second

feature is that it allows one to do so without demanding any intermediate device. These displays can be connected to computers and networks as terminals. The touch screen plays an important role in the digital appliance’s design like satellite navigation devices, personal digital assistant ( PDA) and mobile phones.

Fig.2 shows the construction of 4 Wire Resistive Touch Screen which is used in this system. It consists of two layers (transparent) which are coated with conductive material and placed on top of each other. On applying pressure, the top layer makes a contact with the

B. MSP430 Touch screen controller

It is an ultralow-power microcontroller which consists of powerful 16-bit RISC CPU, 16-bit registers, and constant generators that contribute to maximum code efficiency. It is meant for low powered embedded devices. It also has an analog comparator which will be used by pattern matching algorithm. It has five low power modes and has a wake up time of less than 6µs. A touch screen controller was considered switching input ports of MSP 430 and converting analog output to digital data by inbuilt ADC of MSP430.

Audio visual indicators are used to give feedback to

user that what kind of shape is detected and transmission of the wireless command to automation base station is done. Configuration can be used to test the system and to change the setting of the system. Wireless communication driver is implemented in controller and ISM based transmitter will transmit command wirelessly. Touch interfacing, shape identifier and wireless transmission are important part of portable assistant for blind.

Fig 3 shows the block diagram of receiving section. At

the receiving end or base station a smart home automation system is implemented interface to various devise via high current interface or via relay. Wireless automation control commands are received from the portable assistant for blind and, after decoding the automation system controls

the appropriate device.

Figure 3. Block diagram of Receiver Section

We have provided 16X2 LCD also in with which we

can observe process on the screen, and it will be helpful in debugging too. This system has GSM modem also

which is used to send SMS to friend, relative and in case of emergency user i.e. blind person can call doctor or neighbour. AT command interface will be built to interface to GSM modem for sending SMS.

C. Pattern Matching Algorithm Pattern is collection of co-ordinates which are saves as X and Y. The directions are calculated from the above coordinates. Eight directions are possible with the help of these

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coordinates.

Figure 5. Eight Possible Directions

Directions are listed below:

4. System Implementation and Analysis

IV. Software Requirement

Energia is a community-driven Integrated Development Environment (IDE) & software framework, which includes the following features. -Simple & easy-to-use code editor & compiler with builtin Serial Monitor. -Having a durable framework of perceptive

functional APIs to control peripherals

A. Keil

C.Getting directions:

The directions will be obtained by comparing the coordinates. From these coordinates, it is clear that that there are possibly eight directions are obtained.

For given co-ordinates y1, x1 and y2, x2: if x1=x2 & y1 > m2 then direction is LT, if x1=x2 & y2 > m1 then direction is RT, if y1=y2 & n2 > n1 then direction is UP, if y1=y2 & n1 > n2 then direction is DW, if y1> y2 & x2 > n1 then direction t is ULT, if y1> y2 & x1 > n2 then direction is DLT, if y2> y1 & x2 > n1 then direction is URT, if y2> y1

& y1 > x2 then direction is DRT,

The micro vision Integrated Development Environment from Keil combines project management, make facilities, source code editing, program debugging, and complete simulation in one powerful environment. The µVision development platform is easy-to-use and helping you quickly create embedded programs that work. The µVision editor and debugger are integrated in a single application that provides a seamless embedded project development environment.

B. Flash Magic

To access the features of the microcontroller easily, Flash Magic application has been developed by Embedded Systems Academy. Either the individual blocks or the whole Flash memory can be erased using this program. The program’s main window comprises of five sections in which the most common functions can be found in order to program a microcontroller device. The various possible ways to connect a specific device to the computer can be found using “communication: section. Select the COM port and the baud rate to be used. It is suggested to first select the low baud rate and later on it can be increased. By the above way, the highest speed with which the system will work can be identified. Choose the items in the “Erase” section that selects which parts of the memory to erase. In the next section, the different programming options can be found such as “gen block checksums”, “verify after programming”, “execute”, etc. When the above things are done then click the Start button that is found in the “Start” section. When the program will start the device, the progress of the operations at the bottom of the main window can be found.

Using Flash Magic, various operations to a microcontroller device, operations like reading the flash

memory, erasing, and programming can be performed.

Generally touch screen controller selects x/y positions and reads ADC values which in turn give the position of the finger or stylus on the screen. To have more accurate results and to make the data apt for gesture system, the data has been processed further.

The scale of the data has been modified since the data values for the least corner has not started from 0,0. An operation like scale change is done and the normalized values are obtained which starts from 0, 0. To store high resolution gesture, the scale is compressed by a factor 4-7 based on touch screen which is different in case of rectangular touch screen.

A valid point will be sent only if the pen is put on that

particular point and it will wait for pen to move.

For instance, if two co-ordinates are (10, 10) and (12,

12) then the direction is URT (UP Right). X-1 directions

are possible for X gestures and all the gestures and

directions are saved in directions .

V. Results and Discussion

The Micro Electro Mechanical System accelerometer identifies eight types of patterns as mentioned earlier and the microcontroller receives all the signals at the receiver section. The reference patterns are saved as templates in the microcontroller in the receiver side. Fig.5 shows the hardware unit where the received inputs are compared with the reference gestures and if they match each other then the devices will be controlled.

RUTP::RUIGP HT 17

DRT:DOWN RIGHT 2

URT:UPRIGHT 8

DW:DOWN 3

DLT:DOWN LEFT 4

LT:LEFT 5

ULT:UP LEFT 6

Techno Buzz


[

[2] Juan Pablo Cofre Gabriel Moraga ; Cristian Rusu ; Ivan Mercado ; Rodolfo Inostroza ;Cristhy Jimenez “Developing a Touchscreen-based Domotic Tool for Users with Motor Disabilities” Information Technology: New Generations (ITNG), Ninth International Conference on 16

-18 April 2012.

3] IEEE paper: Developing a Touchscreen-based Domotic Tool for Users with Motor Disabilities (cannot be used by blind sight is required to recognize, correct location of device control).

and

[4] IEEE paper: The SWEET-HOME Project: Audio

Technology in Smart Homes to improve Well-being

VI. Conclusion

Reliance. Van Der Werff M J, Xu W L, Gui X, Activation of Home Automation System via Mobile Technology, In

RCO.Ed (Ed.) ENZCon’04: Proceedings of the Eleventh Electronics New Zealand Conference. pp. 235 – 240.

[1] [5]Ramya V and Palaniappan B Article: Embedded Home

This paper deals with a portable assistant for visually impaired. The system uses MSP430 microcontroller which is low power device and as an On-Chip analog comparator circuit which will take the input from the touch screen decode it with the help of pattern matching

Automation for Visually Impaired, International Journal of Computer Applications 41(18):32-39, March 2012. Published byFoundation of Computer Science, New York, USA. BibTeX.

algorithm and transmit the command to the base statio[n2.] [6]Wan S1, Nguyen HT, Human Computer Interaction

Here this command will be translated by 8051 microcontroller and it will drive the particular device.

This system will be location independent shape identifi[e3r]

using hand gesture, Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2008 pp:2357-60.

system which will be very useful for visually challeng[4e] [7]Kirankumar T, Bhavani B., A Sustainable Automated persons. Being a size free shape identifier the system will be robust in understanding various shapes .It’s a low cost, low power system and small size so it’s a true portable system. It is wireless so handling is very easy. Ba[s5e] station is equipped with GSM modem so it will be helpful

System for Elderly People Using Voice Recognition and Touch Screen, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Volume 2 Issue 8, August 2013, pp.265-267.

to contact and reach concern person during specif[i6c] [8]S.V.Manikanthan and T.Padmapriya “Recent Trends

requirement.

This system can be further improved by using be[t7te]r

quality touch screen or touch screen protections can be added to make is more durable .Ultra low power devices can be used to make its battery life longer. 16 that are saved in blockdir. Now we load block directions from various shapes for light, television, SMS and bell and try to match with the input gesture using block direction matching. If it’s matched then Radio Frequency (RF) code for that shape/device is send using wireless link.

The range of wireless link can be increased to 100

meters by using higher range RF module. Also, instead of simplified audio feedback, more complex audio feedback can be used with audio speech which can announce the device detected. More complex shape detection or identification can be added to make it error free.

References [1] Michel Vacher, Pedro Chahuara ; Benjamin Lecouteux Dan Istrate ; François Portet; Thierry Joubert; Mohamed Sehili; Brigitte Meillon Nicolas Bonnefond ; Sébastien Fabre ; Camille Roux ; Sybille Caffiau “The Sweet-Home project: Audio processing and decision making in smart home to improve well-being and reliance” Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society

(EMBC), 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE, July 2013.

In

M2m Communications In 4g Networks And Evolution Towards 5g”, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, ISSN NO:1314-3395, Vol-115, Issue -8, Sep 2017.

Techno Buzz


Techno Buzz


Advanced Military Robot Bhoomika B S, Harshitha.S, Naazneen, Kavya saranya P. K, Megha.R

HKBK College of Engineering, Bangalore

Abstract— Nowadays, many expenses are made in the

field of defence in adopting primitive security measures

to protect the borders from trespassers. Some military

organization takes the help of robot in the risk prone

areas which are not that effective when done by army

men. These army robots are confining with camera,

sensors, metal detectors and video screen. The paper

proposed a method of constructing a spy robot which

changes its color with respect to ground and

surrounding surface and has a wireless camera for

surveillance purpose. Robot is a solution for reducing

human losses in military operations or terrorist attacks.

They play major role in saving human lives. The system

consists of color sensor as part of camouflaging feature,

wireless camera for surveillance purpose.

Keywords- Traffic congestion; Emergency vehicle;

Visual sensing; RFID sensing

I. INTRODUCTION

A robot is a mechanical or virtual agent, usually an

electro-mechanical machine that is guided by a computer

program or electronic circuitry. Merriam-Webster defines

robot as “a machine that looks like a human being and

perform various complex acts, a device that automatically

performs complicated, often repetitive tasks, mechanism

guided by automatic controls.” ISO describes a robot as “an

automatically controlled reprogrammable, multipurpose

manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial

automation applications”. Robots are making a considerable

impact on many aspects of modern life, from industrial

manufacturing to healthcare, transportation, and exploring

deep space and sea. Tomorrow, robots will be as personal as

today’s personal computers.

The word 'camouflage’ has its origin in the French word

camoufler which means 'to disguise'. The only sensor

available in the early days was the human eye. The means to

camouflage a military object were foliage and other locally

available material. The concept of camouflage is as old as

nature, and it has been an integral part of it. Camouflaged

robot is solution for reducing human losses in military

operations or terrorist attacks. They play major role in

saving human lives. The proposed system consists of color

sensor as part of camouflaging feature, wireless camera for surveillance purpose. As a new trend we have used

Bluetooth transceiver to increase the range of

communication between transmitter and receiver. To reduce

risk of human life further we have used metal detector for

weapon detection in proposed system. It will be helpful in a

surveying the human inaccessible areas.


[1] S. Naskar; Soumik Das; A. Kumar Seth; A.

Nath “Application of Radio Frequency Controlled

Intelligent Military Robot in Defence” Year: 2014,

pp. 396 – 401

In the present paper the authors tried to explore how a

radio frequency controlled robot can be used in defence

and in real war field. The military robot will be able to

substitute the real human soldier in the battle field.

[2] J. Patoliya; H. Mehta; H. Patel “Arduino

controlled war field spy robot using night vision

wireless camera and Android application” .Year:

2015, pp:1 - 5

The main objective behind developing this robot is for

the surveillance of human activities in the war field or

border regions in order to reduce infiltrations from the

enemy side. The robot consists of night vision wireless

camera which can transmit videos of the war field in

order to prevent any damage and loss to human life

[3] Donald Bailey; Miguel Contreras; Gourab Sen

Gupta “Towards automatic color segmentation for

robot soccer” Year: 2015. pp. 478 – 483

Tuning the color thresholds within robot soccer is

laborious, and sensitive to changes in illumination. An

algorithm for automatic gain control and white

balancing within the camera is described. This

significantly reduces the effects of the variations in

lighting on the thresholds.

[4] Hung-Yi Hsu; Hsing-Yung Hsu; “ Control design

and implementation of intelligent vehicle with

robot armand computer vision”.Year: 2016. pp.1–6

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Fig 2: Color changes of the Robot-RED

V. ADVANTAGES

Military surveillance – For a scenario like the “ Taj-hotel

bombing” when the CCTVs are out of order or have access

to, this prototype can be sent inside to survey the whole area

and send videos directly which can be used to control the

whole situation and take required actions as possible.

Border security- The ordinary border patrol system suffers

from intensive human involvement. Recently unmanned

border patrol system consist of high tech devices, like

unmanned aerial vehicles, unattended ground sensors, and

surveillance towers equipped with wireless camera.

However, any single technique encounters inextricable

problems, such as high false alarm rate and line of sight

constrains. There require a coherent system that co-ordinates

various technologies to improve the system accuracy. In this project general idea of boarder security robot, wireless

sensor network architecture for border patrol system, is

introduced. Border security robot utilize a PIR sensor for

human detection, a metal detector to detect the presence of

explosives and a wireless camera for monitoring the

scenario continuously at the remote station. Mechanical

control of robotic vehicle along with robotic arm can be

done from the remote station. This is initiated with a

Bluetooth module.

VI. CONCLUSION

Fig 3: Color changes of the Robot-GREEN

Fig 4: Color changes of the Robot-BLUE

The main objective of our project is for Border

security by using camouflage technology and has been

successfully accomplished wirelessly using BLUETOOTH

module. By using IR Sensor we can detect the obstacle

coming in path similarly the Metal detector is being used for

sensing the metal weapons if any. In this system we used

camera to transmit the data from border to the official area

or headquarters. In the scanning path if any obstacle or

enemy is detected then control action takes place by the

remote after getting the alert from the buzzer. Thus in

defense application it is possible to provide 24 hour security.

Although there are several CCTV’s for static

surveillance in almost all places, the need to survey a human inaccessible area poses a problem in the field of surveying.

This problem is overcome by the development of our

project. The project can be further improved by the use of

multiple sensors like thermal, smoke, gas and bomb

detectors etc. and can be developed and produced in large

scale for future military applications.

VII. FUTURE SCOPE

1. Distance sensing and position logging &

transmission – The use of GPS and satellite communication will make the transmission faster and more reluctant.

2. Use of solar power – The technique of solar

charging can be used to make the robot never run

out of battery power and special program can be

developed where the robot senses the drain in battery and searches for sunlight and its batteries.

Techno Buzz

IOT Based Smart Bicycle using Raspberry PI Raja Naseem Gul, Shaik Mohammad Junaid, Shahir Azad Ali M and Syed Mustassim Mustaq. Prof. Shaik Imam.

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, HKBK College of Engineering –India, Bangalore. [email protected],shaikmohammedjunaid8@gma il.com,[email protected],[email protected]

[email protected]

Abstract: Mankind has for the longest of times tried and

strived to get better at getting better with their inventions and

has always found an articulated way to make machines smart.

A vehicle system that has been used for centuries, the bicycle,

becoming smart and providing functions that were once

deemed impossible, is what we have looked to achieve. By

smart here, the accomplishments that we have tried so hard

achieve, is make a modular system that has quite the many

features and is not readily available in the market. By

implementing methods to monitor the fitness of the cyclist,

along with the air pollution levels and simultaneous location

tracking, all of which answer to an IOT database, this system

is truly one of its kind. With certainly many advantages and a

few disadvantages that have variedly been taken into

consideration while designing and implementing this system.

Here’s how a normal bicycle has been made smarter and

more efficient and exciting to ride. All the various problems

and obstacles have been taken into consideration and

analyzed accordingly. These configurations and specifications

have together helped implement the smart bicycle.

Keywords– Smart bicycle, GPS, lasers, IOT, Raspberry Pi 3, Pollution level detector.

INTRODUCTION

Design of IOT based Smart bicycle using RASPBERRY PI is proposed. The smart module is used as tracker, monitor, surveillance helps to find the accident spot and intimate to the monitoring station (registered GSM). The proposed design provides information regarding current condition of user and its environment, speed, and position on real time basis while cycling. The data is collected by the RASPBERRY PI by using different module and dispatch it to the monitoring station where it stores the information in database and display it either on graphical user interface (GUI) that is user friendly or wireless voice based gadget. This project consists of an IOT based smart bicycle which provides effective, real time bicycle location, mapping and reporting this information value. A bicycle tracking system will inform where your bicycle is and where it has been, how long it has been. The system uses geographic position and time information from the Global Positioning Satellites. The system has an "On

Board Module" which resides in the bicycle to be tracked. This contains the information regarding position, health condition of rider and air quality coming ahead. The information given to monitoring station is set according service request and when the accident occurs by default it response to rescue service.

with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity which enables these objects to connect and exchange data. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to inter-operate within the existing Internet infrastructure. The IOT allows objects to be sensed or controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit in addition to reduced human intervention. When IOT is augmented with sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber-physical systems, which also encompasses technologies such as smart mixture of hardware, software, data and service". These devices collect useful data with the help of various existing technologies and then autonomously flow the data between other devices. There seems to be a general consensus that term "the Internet of things" was coined by Kevin Ashton of Procter & Gamble, later MIT's Auto-ID Center, in 1999.The first written and referable source that mentions the Internet of Things seems to be the White Paper published by the MIT Auto-ID Center in November 2001 (but made public only in February 2002), which cites an earlier paper from October 2000.The first research article mentioning the Internet of Things appears to be, which was preceded by an article published in Finnish in January 2002.The implementation described there was developed by Kary Främling and his team at Helsinki University of Technology in Finland.

LITERATURE SURVEY

The first step towards pollution control is monitoring pollution. In this paper we present an innovative way of pollution monitoring in which any person can see the pollution content of a specific area where the sensors are installed and take measures to control the same. A prototype for monitoring few major gas pollutants like CO, CH4 along with the temperature variations in the surroundings has been implemented. The semiconductor gas sensors (MQ7, MQ4) were calibrated according to standard methods and interfaced with Raspberry Pi Model B+ using Python 2.7. The readings are displayed in real time and also recorded using an online analytics and data visualization tool, Plotly. This model can further be improved by adding more number of sensors to create a low cost and portable system for pollution monitoring. Intelligent Anti-Theft and Tracking System for Automobiles.

In this paper author proposed a productive car security

The Internet of things D(IeOpTt.) oifs Ethleectnreotnwiocrsk aonfd pChoysmicmalunicfaratimoenwEornkgiisneeexreicnugte,dHfKorBhKosCtiEle to robbery utilizing an 80 devices, vehicles, home appliances and other items embedded



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installed framework involved with a Global Positioning System (GPS) and a Global System of Mobile (GSM). By utilizing Google Earth. Real Time Vehicle Tracking System using GSM and GPS Technology-An Antitheft Tracking System. This paper gives the two route correspondence between the approve individual and introduced framework. More elevated amount of auto security components is given by this framework. At the point when interruption is recognized this framework will send the notice message to the auto proprietor. When the auto proprietor gets the message he has power to control any auto highlight through his PDA. This framework is additionally ready to distinguish the area of the auto by utilizing GSM situating idea.


FIGURE 1

Every system has control unit and performs input and output functions this performed I/O Functions are stored in a storage device or storage area called memory. Here in this project Raspberry pi 3 is the control unit which is the heart of the project. Basically the project is a Smart bicycle having Raspberry Pi 3 model B interfaced Different sensors like light detecting sensor, pulse rate sensor, Air quality gas sensor for pollution free information and laser lights for accident avoidance. GPS for position tracking, Automatic Indicators for direction and indication, with its inbuilt Wi Fi for connectivity updating data to media server which is a web based app and also to cloud storage.

detail of rider from anywhere in the world with the help of Internet of Things.

Also the solar powered Pi camera installed on bicycle helmet continuously captures the moment where ever rider’s head turns as a surveillance and rescue message to station are added to its future scope.

HARDWARE

The Raspberry Pi is a series of small single-board

computers developed in the United Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation to promote the teaching of basic computer science in schools and in developing countries. The original model became far more popular than anticipated, selling outside its target market for uses such as robotics. It does not include peripherals (such as keyboards, mice and cases). The Raspberry Pi 3 are equipped with 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi 802.11n (150 Mbit/s) and Bluetooth 4.1 (24 Mbit/s) based on Broadcom BCM43438 Full MAC chip with no official support for Monitor mode but implemented through unofficial firmware patching and the Pi 3 also has a 10/100 Ethernet port.

As per user’s choice the data can be accessed from personal cloud storage and to stream the media using internet. All the above hardware’s are connected to bicycle to continuously record and send the data to cloud and server on real time basis. In case of any fluctuation happens, the system automatically informs the rider’s first and then by default the Raspberry Pi will send the data to server and server will send the data to registered user or logged in care takers on web

based app. The care takerDs ecapnt.boefaEblleetcotrtorancikcesaachndanCd oemvemryunication Engineering, HKBKCE 81

Pin Configuration

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CONCLUSION

The greatest advantage of this project is that the advancements are limitless. The use of extra modules and better sensors, enhances the rates of operations of the module. Also coupling this with advancements in the field of IOT makes the chances of this becoming globally accepted, not far from reality. The use of smart helmets that come with the bicycle can extravagate into applications of solar charging, with a panel that’s fixed at the helm of the helmet and can be used to store solar energy which can also be used as an alternative for the battery or power bank system to be used to run the module otherwise. The project “SMART BICYCLE” has been successfully designed and tested. It has been developed by integrating features of all the hardware components used. Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best working of the unit. Secondly, using highly advanced IC’s and with the help of growing technology the project has been successfully implemented. It cost us under 7,000 rupees which is cheaper than most cycles out there today.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We are grateful to the Chairman, Mr. C. M. Ibrahim, for having provided us an opportunity to emerge as responsible citizens with Professional Engineering Skills and moral ethics. We are grateful to our Director, Mr. C. M. Faiz Mohammed, for having provided us with excellent facilities in the college during our course.

We are indebted to our Principal, Dr. Muzzamil Ahamed S, for facilitating a congenial academic environment in the College.

We are grateful to our HOD, Prof. Hussain Ahmed, for his kind support, guidance and motivation during the B.E Degree Course and especially during the Course of our Project Work. We thank our Guide Prof. Shaik Imam, for his valuable guidance, Suggestions and Encouragement throughout our Project Work.

We also thank all the staff members of the Department Electronics and Communication Engineering and all those who have directly or indirectly helped us with their valuable suggestions in the successful completion of this Project.

REFERENCES

[1] Tarapiah, S.; Atalla, S.; Alsayid, B., "Smart on-board transportation management system Geo-

Casting featured," Computer Applications and Information Systems (WCCAIS), 2014 World Congress on , vol., no., pp.1,6, 17-19 Jan. 2014. [2] SeokJu Lee; Tewolde, G.; Jaerock Kwon, "Design and implementation of vehicle tracking

system using GPS/GSM/GPRS technology and smartphone application," Internet of Things (WFIoT), 2014 IEEE World Forum on , vol., no., pp.353,358, 6-8 March 2014.

[3] Silea Ioan, Miclea Razvan-Catalin “System for visibility distance estimation in fog conditions based on light sources and visual acuity” Date of

Conference: 19-21 May 2016

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Date Added to IEEE Xplore: 30 June 2016

Date Added to IEEE Xplore: 30 June 2016

[4] T. S. Arulananth, B. Shilpa ”Fingertip based heart beat monitoring system using embedded systems” Date of Conference: 20-22 April 2017, Date

Added to IEEE Xplore: 18 December 2017 [5] Aaklin Gonsalves, Sunil Karamchandani and Deven

Gupta “Pervasive monitoring of carbon monoxide and methane using air quality prediction” Date of Conference: 16-18 March 2016, Date

Techno Buzz


Low Power LMS Adaptive Filter using Distributed Arithmetic

Dr.Suraiya Tarannum, Anood Afreen, Auliya Khanam, Khudeja Tul Kubra, Naseeha Sabahath


Abstract—This paper presents a new architecture for

distributed arithmetic (DA) based Least Mean Square

(LMS) adaptive filter with low hardware complexity and

critical path. It is well known that for DA based adaptive

filter, the throughput depends on critical path and number

of clock cycles to produce the output. In the proposed

technique, we maintained the same number of clock cycles

using multiplexed look-up tables (LUTs) which reduces

the hardware complexity and critical path compared to

best existing scheme. For instance, the hardware

complexity can be lowered down by . , whereas the critical

path can be reduced by + , with , , and being the number

of reduced hardware elements, number of filter taps,

adder and multiplexer computational delays, respectively.

Synthesis result shows that for almost similar area and

power performance, the proposed scheme achieves a gain

of 27.6% due to clock speedup which results in more

throughput and power can be lowered compared to best

existing scheme.

Keywords– Adaptive filter (ADF), distributed arithmetic

(DA), least mean square (LMS), offset binary coding

(OBC).

INTRODUCTION

Adaptive filtering finds extensive application in digital sig-nal

processing (DSP) applications such as noise and echo can-

cellation, channel equalization, system identification, channel

estimation etc. [1]. The finite-impulse-response (FIR) filter

are generally implemented using one or more multiply and

accumulate (MAC) units based on the filter order. The filter weights are updated according to the well known Widrow

Hoff criteria known as least mean square (LMS) algorithm.

The output of MAC based FIR filter is weighted sum of input

samples and filter weights whose complexity grows linearly

with filter order mainly by multipliers in MAC units. In signal

processing, a Finite impulse response (FIR) filter is a filter

whose impulse response (or response to any finite length

input) is of finite duration, because it settles to zero in finite

time. This is in contrast to infinite impulse response (IIR)

filters, which may have internal feedback and may continue to

respond indefinitely (usually decaying). The impulse response

of an Nth-order discrete-time FIR filter lasts for N + 1

samples, and then settles to zero. FIR filters can be discrete-

time or continuous-time, and digital or analog. Digital filters

that have an impulse response which reaches zero in a finite

number of steps are (appropriately enough) called Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters. An FIR filter can be

implemented non-recursively by convolving its impulse

response (which is often used to define an FIR filter) with the

time data sequence it is filtering. FIR filters are somewhat

simpler than Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters, which

contain one or more feedback terms and must be implemented

with difference equations or some other recursive technique.

They can easily be designed to be "linear phase" (and usually

are). Put simply, linear-phase filters delay the input signal, but

don’t distort its phase. They are simple to implement. On most

DSP microprocessors, the FIR calculation can be done by

looping a single instruction. They are suited to multi-rate

applications. By multi-rate, we mean either "decimation"

(reducing the sampling rate), "interpolation" (increasing the sampling rate), or both. Whether decimating or interpolating,

the use of FIR filters allows some of the calculations to be

omitted, thus providing an important computational efficiency.

In contrast, if IIR filters are used, each output must be

individually calculated, even if it that output will discarded (so

the feedback will be incorporated into the filter). They have

desirable numeric properties. In practice, all DSP filters must

be implemented using "finite-precision" arithmetic, that is, a

limited number of bits.

LITERATURE SURVEY

The number of hardware components are increased due to complex logic involved. To overcome this, we use offset binary

combinations for both input samples and filter weights and

stored them in separate memories. It results in significant

improvement of throughput due to decomposition of memory

into two small memories using a multiplexer. Further, it

involves the reading of contents from successive address

locations of memory to eliminate the oldest sample and again

the addition or subtraction of recent sample based on even or

odd memory locations respectively. This would increase the

update time of memory due to two adders and physical address

rotation circuitry. Further, a new pipelined approach for DA based adaptive filter using pipelined version of LMS known as

delayed LMS (DLMS) which results into convergence

performance degradation. Recently, a multiplier based low

complexity and small critical path for LMS adaptive filter is

proposed.


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filter

FIGURE 1

We have suggested an efficient pipelined architecture for

low-power, high-throughput, and low-area

implementation of DA-based adaptive filter. Throughput

rate is significantly enhanced by parallel LUT update and

concurrent processing of filtering operation and weight

update operation. We have also proposed a carry-save

accumulation scheme of signed partial inner products for

the computation of filter output. From the synthesis

results, we find that the proposed design consumes less

power and less ADP over our previous DA-based FIR adaptive filter in average for filter lengths N = 16.

Compared to the best of other existing designs, our

proposed architecture provides less power and less ADP.

Offset binary coding is popularly used to reduce the LUT

size to half for area-efficient implementation of DA,

which can be applied to our design as well.

The filter weights are stored as binary combinations in ?LUT followed by a shift accumulate unit to perform filtering operation on input samples.

To update the filter weights the same binary combination of input samples ?[?] are stored in another look-up table referred as ?-LUT.

Consider a ?-th order FIR filter that process input samples

?[?]=[ ?(?),?(? − 1),...,?(? − ? + 1)] ? with

weights denoted by ??, where ?∈ [0,?−1] and ? being the order.

Design of larger order ADF

The look-up table (LUT) grows exponentially with filter

order and sets a upper limit on system throughput due its size.

Therefore, it is important to reduce the size of memory in

addition to multiplexing technique for both LUT to decompose

the large filter order as shown in Fig. 6. It is because the

resources are not optimally used which utilize divide and

conquer approach for implementation. The decomposition of

large filter order into sub-filters requires an adder tree to get

final response ?[?] of the filter followed by a single shift

accumulator. The output signal ?[?] is subtracted from desired

signal ?[?] to generate error signal ?[?]. Thr convergence factor

? is taken in powers of 2 to simplify the multiplication of ? and

?[?] in (3).

Analog waveforms

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Area report

Timing Summary

Speed Grade: -3

Minimum period: 38.550ns (Maximum

Frequency: 25.940MHz)

Minimum input arrival time before clock: 17.754ns

Maximum output required time after clock: 3.597ns

Maximum combinational path delay: No path found.

Device utilization summary

PERFORMANCE COMPARISON

In order to compare the results obtained from of

proposed scheme to those of existing schemes [4], [5]

and [8], we refer them as DA0, DA 1 and DA2,

respectively. We have listed hardware and time

complexity of various existing schemes in Table I. It

is clear from Table I that the hardware complexity of

proposed scheme is reduced DA0 by some factor ?.

For better insight, we have shown complexity of

adders and registers in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9, respectively.

It is clear from Fig. 8 that for all values of ? and ?, the

number of adders per clock cycle are always less

compared to DA0, DA 1 and DA2 schemes. It can be

noted that for ? = 32with ? =4the adders are slightly

increased compared to DA2 scheme. However, for

large filter order with more base unit, the savings in

additions are significant. Further, the number of

registers required in the proposed design are similar

to DA0 scheme. It is also clear from Fig. 9 that DA0

and proposed scheme have similar register

complexity and much less than that of DA1 and DA2 scheme. Throughput of a adaptive filter can also be

defined [4] as

TP = 1/CP*N

It is clear from (11) that for the same number of clock

cycles throughput of the adaptive filter is determined

mainly by its critical path. The time required for

updating the filter weights is depends on critical path

which is decided by the LUT update algorithm for weight adaptation. It can be noted that DA2 scheme

reduces the number of clock cycles but increases the

critical path due to physical address rotation, adders

and multiplexer due to multiplexed LUTs for

reducing the LUT access time. It is clear from Table I

that the proposed scheme has same number of clock

cycles as DA2 scheme. Further, the proposed scheme

reduced the critical path by ?? + ??, where ?? and

?? are computational delay times of 2-to-1

multiplexer and adder respectively. This reduction in

clock period results an improvement in clock speed.

We define the term clock speedup as figure of merit

(FOM) as for the comparison with DA2 scheme. It

depends on computational delays of LUT access,

multiplexer and adder as well base unit (?) of larger

filter. We have shown the clock speedup of proposed

scheme for ? =2 ,4 and 8 in Fig. 11. It can be

observed that an the additional gain in clock speedup

of 27.6% for ? =2compared to ? =8with respect to

DA2 scheme.

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CONCLUSIONS

This paper presents a low complexity and critical

path architecture for LMS adaptive filter using

distributed arithmetic. It is shown that for similar

area and power performance, the proposed scheme

maintains the same number of clock cycles using

multiplexed LUTs which results in smaller critical

path. The complexity of the proposed adaptive filter

is significantly reduced. Moreover, due to additional

gain in terms of clock speedup, the reduction in

power consumption and increase the throughput can

be possible. Hence, the proposed architecture provides an alternative design approach for high

sampling rate and low complexity adaptive filters.

REFERENCES

[1] S. Haykin, Adaptive Filter Theory (3rd Ed.).

Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc.,

1996.

[2] P. K. Meher, “New approach to look-up-table design and memory-based realization of fir digital

filter,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 592–603, 2010.

[3] S. White et al., “Applications of distributed

arithmetic to digital signal processing: A tutorial

review,” ASSP Magazine, IEEE, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 4–

19, 1989.

[4] D. J. Allred, H. Yoo, V. Krishnan, W. Huang,

and D. V. Anderson, “Lms adaptive filters using

distributed arithmetic for high throughput,” Circuits

and Systems I: Regular Papers, IEEE Transactions

on, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 1327–1337, 2005.

[5] R. Guo and L. S. DeBrunner, “Two high-

performance adaptive filter implementation schemes

using distributed arithmetic,” Circuits and Systems

II: Express Briefs, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 58,

no. 9, pp. 600–604, 2011.

Techno Buzz


PROTECTION SCHEME FOR LINEMAN’S SAFETY

USING PASSWORD ACTIVATED CIRCUIT BREAKER Mohammed Moinuddin, Mohammed Imtiyaz, Christopher Samuel, Rithesh Prasad, Sufia Banu

Abstract- This proposed system provides a solution, which can

ensure the safety of the maintenance staff e.g. line man. The

project is designed to control a circuit breaker with help of a

password only. A keypad is connected to the project to enter the

password. The control to turn ON/OFF the line lies with the

substation operator only. This system has an arrangement such

that a password is required to operate the circuit breaker

(ON/OFF). The operator can turn off the supply and the lineman

can comfortably repair it, after repair he send a conformation

message to the substation, then turn on the line by entering the

correct password.

The system is fully controlled by a microcontroller from

8051 family. A matrix keypad is interfaced to the microcontroller

to enter the password. The entered password is compared with

the password stored in the ROM of the microcontroller. If the

password entered is correct, then only the line can be turned

ON/OFF. Activation / deactivation of the circuit breaker is

indicated by a lamp (ON/OFF).

Further the project can be enhanced by using an

EEPROM for user to change the password for a more secured

system. It can also be interfaced with a GSM modem for remotely

controlling the circuit breaker via SMS.

Keywords - Power line monitoring, GSM, Security

management

I. INTRODUCTION

THIS project focuses on the safety of the lineman while

working so they do not feel the sudden electric shock. As

lineman has to deal with live wires very often, the chances of

critical accidents are already very high. However, with the

right amount of coordination among lineman and substation, a lot of these accidents can be avoided. The project aimed at

providing the solution that ensures the safety of maintenance

staff. Here, as soon as the lineman detect the fault in the

electric line, an SMS will be sent to the

substation staff, who would switch off the line and turn it on

when the fault is being resolved, thus reducing the chances of

accidents and saves the power as well. The proposed system is

fully operated on a microcontroller. The project is based on

Embedded Systems. In this project, Micro controller is used

which controls all the operations in regarding the password

system.

1 .

For this process, we require the component like

microcontroller control circuitry, power supply like keypad.

This keypad is used for entering a password for operating

different load which is connected to the controller. This

project gives a solution to this problem to ensure lineman

safety. Its maintenance is a very low due to this it is very

useful for the lineman. Nowadays there is a various product

which is available in the market but

they are very costly and also they are very time-consuming

devices. Our service reduces the time which is required for the

lineman for repairing. The parts which are required for our model is easily available in the market. The main concept of

our project is to reduce the time of the lineman. The main part

of our project is the GSM module which is required for

sending an

II. LITERATURE SUERVEY

Circuit breakers are deemed to be critical in power

system operation since they are used not only for

isolating faulted portions of system when faults occur,

but also in executing the switching plans aimed

at system reconfiguration to meet the required

operating constraints. As a result, they have to be readily

available and reliable to operate when necessary. Keeping

the circuit breakers available is commonly

accomplished via the preventive monitoring inspections

and maintenance tasks regularly done through asset management policies. Due to the large number of

breakers in a system and their different

characteristics (age, failure probability, impact of their

failure), any decision on their maintenance and the

approach to do so may be quite complex. The

financial constraints and budget pressure are the other

factors which ask for an effective cost

differentiation in the maintenance approaches.

III. FORMALATION OF PROBLEM

The project is based on Embedded Systems. In this project,

Microcontroller is used which controls all the operations in

regarding the password system. For this process, we require

the component like microcontroller control circuitry, power

supply like keypad. This keypad is used for entering a

password for operating different load which is connected to

the controller. This project gives a solution to this problem

to ensure lineman safety. Its maintenance is a very low due

to this it is very useful for the lineman. Nowadays there are

various products which are available in the market but they are very costly and also they are very time-consuming

devices to interface and program. Our device reduces the

time which is required for the lineman for repairing. The

parts which are required for our model are easily available

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in the market. The main concept of our project is to reduce

the time of the lineman. The main part of our project is the

GSM module which is required for sending an SMS.

IV. HARDWARE REQUIRED

I. MICROCONTROLLER:

The AT89C51from ATMEL is designed with static logic for

operation down to zero frequency and supports two Software

selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU

while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and

interrupt system to continue functioning. The microcontroller

can be described as a small computer which has an ALU, core, programmable peripherals, and ROM. They are a

fundamental component of any embedded system designed

today.

PSEN:

Program store enable is absolutely read strobe to external

program memory with an AT89C51 microcontroller. When

the microcontroller is executing code from external

memory, program store enable was activate twice each

cycle, except that two program store enable activation are

skipped during each access to external data memory.

EA / VPP:

External Access Enable should be strapped to GND in

order to enable the device to fetch code from external

program memory locations starting a 0000H up to

FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed,

EA will be internally latched on reset. External Access

should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. The pin also receives the 12-volt

programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash

programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP shown

in figure 1.

RST:

Reset input, a high on this pin for two machine cycles while

the oscillator is running resets the device.

XTAL1:

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input

to the internal clock operating the circuit.

XTAL2:

The output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

ALE / PROG:

Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte

of the address during accesses to external memory. These

pins are also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash

programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a

constant rate 1 / 6 the oscillator frequency and may be use for

external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data

Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting

bit 0 of SFR location 8EH.With the bit set, ALE is active only

during an MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is

weakly pulled high. Setting the address Latch Enable to

disable bit has no effect if the Microcontroller is in external

execution mode.

Max232:

The MAX 232 converts the signals from RS 232 serial port to

signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic

circuits. It provides are a connection between serial port

devices to a serial port that uses RS 232 a standard. For long

distance communication parallel, data communication is

faster. But for this there may be more channels are necessary.

Therefore the cost of the communication system also increases. So here prefer the UART serial communication.

Here the baud rate used for data transmission is 9600.

Power Supply:

A transformer is an electrical device that takes electricity

of one voltage and changes to higher or lower voltage

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depending on the winding on the secondary coil. AC and

DC voltage in power supply equipment are almost

achieve by transformer’s transformation. Basically, a

transformer changes electricity from high to low voltage

or low to a high voltage using two properties of

electricity. For the working of the system a power supply

needed. The microcontroller needs only 5 volt DC for its

working. Therefore the incoming AC will be rectified

filtered and regulated by 7805 IC.

Relay:

A relay is an electromagnetic device which is used to isolate

two circuits electrically and connect them magnetically.

They are very usefully device and allow one circuit to

switch another one while they are completed separated. A

Relay driver IC is electromagnetic switch that will be used whenever we want to use a low voltage circuit to switch a

light bulb ON and OFF which is connected to 220V mains

supply. The required current to run the relay coil is more

than can be supplied by various integrated circuits like

OpAmp, etc. Relays have unique properties and are replaced

with solid state switches that are strong than solid-state

devices. High current capacities, the capability to stand ESD

and drive circuit isolation are the unique properties of

Relays. A Relay driver IC is an electromagnetic switch that

will be used whenever we want to use a low voltage circuit

to switch a light bulb ON and OFF which is connected to 220V mains supply. The required current to run the relay

coil is more than can be supplied by

various integrated circuits like Op-Amp, etc.

Relay Driver:

A Relay drivers IC are an electromagnetic switch that will be used whenever we want to use a low voltage circuit to switch

a light bulb ON and OFF which is connected to 220V mains

supply. In order to avoid using transistor so that the

connection can be reduced and a more refined circuit diagram

can be made, ULN2003A IC was used. It was a relay driver

IC, an electromagnetic switch which is used to turn the relays

ON or OF. The required current to run the relay coil is more

than can be supplied by various integrated circuits like Op- Amp, etc.

LCD Display:

16*2 Liquid Crystal is a flat display used in digital watches,

cameras, and many portable components. LCD displays utilize

two sheets of polarizing material with a liquid crystal solution between them. An electric current passed through the liquid

causes the crystal to align so that light cannot pass through

them. For ease of interaction with the user, this system uses an

electronic display module. Here a 16x2 LCD is used. This

means in 2 lines it is possible to display 16 characters per line.

A 5x8 pixel matrix is used for display one character. Two

registers are associated with an LCD, such as data and

command.

Resistor:

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component

designed to oppose an electric current by producing a

voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the

current, that is, in accordance with Ohm's law.

V=IR

Capacitor:

Another two terminal devices. Instead of opposing the flow of

the current in the circuit in the circuit this device actually

stores the electrical current in it in form of electrical fields.

The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly

separated conductors.

GSM Module:

The GSM modem helps to send the generated OTP. OTP

generation is the main part of this project. This is done by

the microcontroller. The

RISC-based microcontroller consists of four

ports. In which port A is dedicated for ADC. The

microcontroller used for the implementation of

this system is ATmega32. It is an 8-bit

microcontroller with 32KB on-chip

programmable flash memory. Based on the program stored in the microcontroller it shells

generate the OTP and if the passwords are

matched or not, it will switch a relay also.

EEPROM:

Electronically Erasable Read Only Memory plays a major

part in this project. It is a non-volatile memory which is

often used to store small data for immediate uses and

which must be saved when the power turns off. The

EEPROM store the password in our project which can be

both read and overwritten when a new password is added.

Rectifier:

A circuit which is used to convert AC to DC is

known as a rectifier. The process of converting AC to

DC is called rectification.

Diode:

Diodes are used to convert AC into DC these are used

as half wave rectifier or full wave rectifier. A

semiconductor device with two terminals typically

allows the flow of current in one direction only.

Transistor:

It is composed of semiconductor material with at least

three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A

transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and

switch electronic signals and electric power. A voltage or

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current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals

changes the current through another pair of terminals

V. WORKING

Now let’s see how the project works. First, when the power

is turned on, the LCD displays a welcome screen and then

asks you to enter the password to unlock it. In our case, the

password is fixed i.e. 1234. By using the Keypad, the

password is input and as we type it the password is seen on

the LCD. If the wrong password is entered, it will display a

wrong password message and ask you to enter it again. When

the correct password is entered, the main screen of the circuit

breaker is opened. Now the status of the 1 loads connected to

the microcontroller is shown on the LCD as N for on and F for off. By the help of the keypad, when you press the

desired button, the output goes to port A and turns on the

relay driver IC which in turn switches the magnetic relay and

thus the load turns on. By pressing the same button again, the

load can be turned off. GSM modem is an important factor in

proposed work The ‘AT’ commands which are received by

the microcontroller through level shifted IC Max232. As per

the program, an acknowledgment is received by SMS being

sent depending on status and acknowledgment sent and

received. The LCD screen is used to here for displaying

complete operation.

VI. CONCLUSION

This project is arranged in such a way that maintenance staff

or lineman has to enter the password to ON/OFF the electrical

line. Now if there is any fault in electrical line then lineman

will switch off the power supply to the line by entering the

password and comfortably repair the electrical line, and after

coming to the substation lineman switch on the supply to the

particular line by entering the password.

Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is a

control system so SCADA can also be implemented to know

where the fault occurs in the system directly and so a lineman

can directly locate the fault location and can rectify it. We can

also use EEPROMS than can be interfaced to the system so

the circuit breaker can, not only operate from the substation,

but also from distance through wireless communication. The

project can be interfaced with the GSM modem for the

remote control of circuit breaker via SMS.

REFERENCES

The 8051 Microcontroller Architecture, Programming &

Applications

-Kenneth J. Ayala.

1. “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems”

by Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi. Pearson

Education.

2. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research &

Development| Vol. 4, Issue 01, 2016 | ISSN (online): 2321-

0613.

3. Hudedmani, M., Ummannanavar, N., Mudaliar, M., Sooji, C.,

& Bogar, M. (2017). Password Based Distribution Panel and

Circuit Breaker Operation for the Safety of Lineman during

Maintenance Work. Advanced Journal of Graduate Research,

1(1), 35-39.

4. P. N. Mahadik, P. A. Yadav, S. B. Gotpagar, and H. P. Pawar,

“Electric Line Man Safety using Micro Controller with GSM

Module,” Int. J. Sci. Res. Dev., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 205–207,

2016. 6. D. R. Brooks, “ARDUINO-Based Dataloggers:

Hardware and Software,” 1.3,2016.

Techno Buzz


Adaptive Traffic Management for Secure and

Efficient Emergency Services in Smart Cities

Abstract—Rapid increase in number of vehicles on the roads as well as growing size of cities have led to a plethora of challenges for road traffic management authorities such as traffic congestion, accidents and air pollution. The work presented in this paper focuses on the particular problem of traffic management for emergency services, for which a delay of few minutes may cause human lives risks as well as financial losses. The goal is to reduce the latency of emergency services for vehicles such as ambulances and police cars, with minimum unnecessary disruption to the regular traffic, and preventing potential misuses. To this end, we propose to design a framework in which the Traffic Management System (TMS) may adapt by dynamically adjusting traffic lights, changing related driving policies, recommending behavior change to drivers, and applying essential security controls. The choice of an adaptation depends on the emergency severity level announced by the emergency vehicle(s). The severity level may need to be verified by corresponding authorities to preserve security measures. We discuss the details of our proposed framework and the potential challenges in the paper.

Keywords – Traffic Management Systems (TMSs), Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I), Adaptive Security, Adaptive Software, Emergency Service, Smart Cities.

I. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION

The number of cars using the limited road networks infrastructure has seen a tremendous growth recently. One major consequence of this increase is the arisen management problems that range from traffic congestion control to driving safety and environmental impact. Over the last years, researchers from both industry and academia were focusing their efforts on exploiting the advances in sensing, communication and dynamic adaptive technologies to make the existing road Traffic Management Systems (TMSs) more efficient to cope with the above issues in future smart cities. One of the most critical consequences of traffic congestion is the delay of emergency services, such as police intervention, fire and rescue operations as well as medical services. Indeed, human lives and the amount of financial loss in case of incident or criminal attack depend on the efficiency and timely response of emergency services.

In addition to the delay issue, recent road traffic statistics reveal another extremely serious concern which is emergency vehicles crashes. According to the statistics published in [1], the crashes involving emergency vehicles using the physical emergency signals led to 60 deaths and 918 total injuries in USA only, in 2009. Moreover, in this case, the impact on the emergency area which is the target of the crashed emergency vehicle is exacerbated due to the large delay that other emergency vehicles may experience before reaching this area. Besides traffic congestion, another cause of such crashes and delay is the failure to yield the right-of-way to an approaching emergency vehicle [5]. This failure is usually due to drivers not being able to timely recognize the approaching emergency vehicle and react appropriately.

Adding to above concerns, security is also important in emergency response. Security has twofold in this problem. First, traffic privileges for emergency vehicles might be misused by criminals, hackers and other threat agents. A fake ambulance may benefit a “green passage” through intersections to handle a fake emergency case. Second, the emergency case itself may have some security impacts on citizens. An area affected by a robbery, police car chasing or hostage-taking situation is often dangerous for people, and TMS must keep away non-emergency vehicles from the scene.

To address all these aspects of emergency response services, TMS should be able to control the behaviour of non-emergency vehicles to ensure fast emergency service delivery with minimum number of crashes, minimum disruption to the regular traffic flow, and satisfaction of security requirements. These objectives should be achieved in the dynamic environment of a city by considering uncertainty in emergency cases and spatiotemporal factors of the traffic flow. We propose an adaptive traffic management framework that dynamically adjust infrastructure actuators and steer drivers to fulfill specified requirements.

The remainder of this work in progress paper is structured as follows. Section II gives an overview on the proposed adaptive TMS. Next, we describe the proposed architecture in section III. In section IV, we discuss our research plan. Finally, we present the literature in Section V.

II. SOLUTION OVERVIEW

The problem we tackle in this work is the lack of an architecture or design of a TMS to ensure secure and efficient emergency service delivery in smart cities. Here, smart cities refer to the cities equipped with intelligent infrastructure and in which most of vehicles are equipped with advanced communication technologies.

A. System objectives

To make our framework viable and valuable in real road environment, a tradeoff between the following three key objectives should be carefully considered at design and runtime: i) achieving minimum response time for emergency services, ii) achieving minimum disruption of the regular road traffic flow, and iii) satisfying the security requirements of the road network authorities. Security requirements are often authenticating emergency vehicles and authorizing them to access a proper privilege level. These three objectives should be satisfied considering the emergency sensitivity level.

Our system considers three emergency levels: high, medium and low. The high emergency level has the highest priority for changing behaviors or policies of system components. For the high level, the behavior of traffic lights, traffic policies (speed limit, one-way/two- way traffic, turning rules, reserved lanes) can be changed and traffic may be rerouted. A highly emergency traffic service request needs to be strongly authenticated, authorized and verified by a trusted authority. For medium and low-level emergency cases only changing traffic lights and rerouting traffic are allowed with weaker security

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controls. In the low-level except the traffic light manipulation, other behavior changes are recommended to drivers.

B. Why an adaptive TMS?

We have chosen to design an adaptive TMS (i.e. security and driving rules adapt to the emergency level and traffic conditions) due to the following facts. The maximum tolerable response time of emergency service could differ according to the type of incident (e.g., fire, car crash, robbery, riot, etc), its severity and the assets required to be protected (e.g., people, cars, affected locations such as banks and abandoned warehouse). For example, if there is a serious injury due to a riot in a part of the city, the ambulance should access to this area in a short time, while other vehicles should be rerouted to avoid this dangerous area.

Furthermore, in road networks, especially in big cities, the reaction of a TMS to create green passages for the emergency vehicles may depend on real-time traffic conditions and prediction. If the traffic congestion around the fastest route assigned to the emergency vehicle is low then traffic lights timing change and inter- vehicles coordination are sufficient to ensure short response time. If the congestion is medium then the TMS may also adapt the driving policies accordingly. Finally, in case of very high congestion level re-routing the traffic and closing some road segments may also be needed.

An adaptive TMS should take into account both traffic congestion and incident emergency levels to set the adaptation level required to ensure the efficiency of the emergency service. In this way, comparable incidents may require different traffic adaptation actions due to the traffic conditions. Using the proposed adaptive TMS, a life- and-death scenario in which an ambulance carrying injuries needing urgent attendance in a hospital being stuck in a congested intersection or road segment would be avoided.

C. Interaction between the TMC and its environment

A TMS in a city (Dublin for example) usually consists of a set of Traffic Management Controllers (TMCs), each of them controls and manages the traffic in a given area (e.g., Dublin 4). The role of the TMC component in our framework is threefold, as illustrated in Figure 1. First, upon reception of the emergency level notification announced by an emergency vehicle, the TMC requests the corresponding authority (e.g., hospital, rescue department etc) to authenticate the vehicle if the advertized emergency level requires that. Second, once the emergency vehicle identity is authenticated and its emergency level is confirmed, the corresponding adaptation to the traffic control equipments and driving policies should be approved by the road network authority. Finally, the TMC should provide to the emergency vehicle the best route (fastest route) to speed up its access to the emergency area. Moreover, this route must be updated during the vehicle journey as traffic conditions and congestion level change rapidly. To calculate the best route, the TMC uses the emergency vehicle characteristics (e.g., vehicle category, height, weight etc), current traffic conditions in addition to the traffic prediction forecasts during the estimated duration of its journey.

III. THE PROPOSED FRAMEWORK

A. Architecture of adaptive TMS

In this section, we describe the architecture of the adaptive TMS and the role of each of its components. As shown in Figure 2, the proposed dynamic adaptive TMS consists of separate coordinated components such as Traffic Management Controller (TMC), Local Traffic Controller (LTC), Adaptive Traffic Light Controllers, Environ- mental Sensor Controllers and Connected Vehicle System. This latter system is usually equipped with advanced wireless communication capabilities, on-board processing units, GPS navigation and smart applications. The TMC is gathering the traffic data from all the LTCs in each sub-area in order to acquire a global view on the traffic

controlled by traffic lights and an ambulance announcing its approach to the LTC as well as to the traffic light controller in order to clear the route ahead. The purpose of this double notification is to switch the traffic light to green when the ambulance

Figure 1: TMC and the environmental interactions

Figure 2: Architecture of the proposed adaptive TMS

conditions within its area, then provides recommendations/decisions about the most appropriate adaptation to satisfy the emergency service request and minimize the incurred disruption of the regular traffic flow.

The traffic data sent to the TMC is collected by the LTCs from heterogeneous sources like, CCTV cameras, road sensors and induction loop systems. Additionally, the vehicles which are usually organized in clusters, report traffic information through V2I (vehicle to infrastructure) communication capabilities. Each LTC manages a set of adaptive traffic light controllers that need to be synchronized in order to lead the vehicle. Moreover, the TLC sends them the instructions about the adaptation level of the traffic light timing, as appropriate. Depending on the emergency level, the LTC may also broadcast new driving policies (e.g. speed limit, reserved lanes, turning rules, etc) towards the non-emergency vehicles which then use coordination protocols to safely apply the new policies. In this case, the LTC should also notify the driver about these new policies, as well as all the necessary details about the emergency case, including location and direction of the emergency vehicle, although in some cases, such as police missions, confidentiality issues should be considered. The notification can be performed in different ways. The entertainment system may display a message or play an alarm. The system can also send a SMS to the drivers mobile phone, which of course is not safest way because of the distraction. Besides, connected vehicles system provides the capability to identify threats and hazards on the roadway and exchange this information over wireless networks to ensure early notification of the drivers.

In this architecture, each component has different levels of dy- namicity and adaptability. For example, in traffic light controller, the lights and the related timing constraints change dynamically according to the congestion and the emergency levels. For vehicles, the minimum/maximum speed control and notification alarms are dynamically adjusted by the LTC. Finally, for LTC, the security policies can be changed according to the emergency level.

As an illustrative example, Figure 3 shows a road intersection

Figure2. In this way, the vehicles in the road segments ahead will be notified earlier and thus a safer inter-vehicles coordination is ensured. Upon reception of the emergency notification from the ambulance, the LTC authenticates it in accordance to the emergency level and might

reaches the intersection andDaelpsot.toofalElolwecthtreoLnTicCs atondsprCeaodmthmis unmicaakteiounseEonf gcoinrreeseproinndgin,gHaKutBhoKritCiesEdatabases. If the emergency 93

notification to the LTCs of the nearby sub-areas, as shown in message is authenticated, the LTC broadcasts the required adaptation

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actions towards the traffic lights as well as the vehicles within its transmission range. The receiver non-emergency vehicles will yield the road to the ambulance and apply the requested adaptation (speed, lane and direction change) through the exchange of cooperative safety messages between each other to coordinate their actions.

B. Inter vehicles communication

The role of inter vehicles communication in our framework is to ensure wide spread of the emergency vehicle notification as well as the coordination between the vehicles to ensure efficient application of the new driving policies advertized by the LTC. Moreover, a crashed or stalled vehicle in the best route of the emergency vehicle may use V2I or (V2V+V2I) communication capabilities to notify the LTC which in its turn will reroute the emergency vehicle to avoid this bottleneck.

The efficiency of V2V and V2I communication depends mainly on the robustness of both IEEE802.11P [6] and the broadcast protocols used to disseminate the emergency/safety messages among the vehicles and among the vehicles and the infrastructure. Hence, as part of our framework, we need to achieve the following goals. First, improve IEEE802.11P MAC protocol by proposing a set of mechanisms to control beacon transmissions when the vehicles density gets higher, and thus prevent the congestion state [16]. Notice that the congestion state may cause a significant delay for the exchanged coordination messages as well as the messages disseminated by the LTCs, leading to vehicles collision. Second, design robust and scalable protocols for data dissemination for both V2V and V2I communication scenarios in urban and highway environments. The main feature of this protocol is its ability to support real time critical information dissemination among the vehicles and among the vehicles and the infrastructure. This protocol will complement the improvement brought by the congestion control mechanism set at MAC layer, hence we ensure that the messages sent by the infrastructure can reach the whole set of vehicles in the road segment in a short delay.

C. Security adaptation

Emergency services are susceptible to several threats and misuses. First, unauthorized drivers may announce a false emergency case to benefit from ”green passage” through the city for different purposes. Second, The false emergency case may aim to block specific roads to prepare a context for a crime (e.g., robbery or terrorist attack). Third, a genuine emergency vehicle may claim to be in a mission for a false emergency case. To prevent these misuses, security adaptation can be applied through several effectors: i) Emergency cars are authenticated by the infrastructure through V2I and I2I (Infrastructure to Infrastructure) communication. This can be applied by traffic manager and traffic light controllers. ii) The emergency case might need to be verified by the corresponding authority for medium and high severity levels through V2I and I2I communication. Appropriate traffic adaptation actions then should be authorized accordingly by traffic manager and traffic light controllers. iii) Emergency car and the case might be authenticated and verified by non-emergency vehicles through V2V and V2I communication. Vehicles can report any suspicious case to each other and the infrastructure. Of course, this source of information is not completely trustful.

REFERENCES

[1] National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, www.nhtsa.gov [2] iTETRIS project, http://ict-itetris.eu/

[3] ns-3 network simulator, http://www.nsnam.org/ [4] SUMO: microscopic traffic simulator, http://sumo.sourceforge.net/ [5] P. Savolainen, T. Datta, Evaluation of an Innovative Vehicle Alert

System (EVAS), Report to Federal Highway Administration, Washington DC, 2007.

[6] 802.11p-2010 - IEEE Standard for Information technology– Local and metropolitan area networks– Specific requirements– Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Spec- ifications Amendment 6: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments.

[7] O. K. Tonguz, N. Wisitpongphan and F. Bai, DV-CAST: A Distributed Vehicular Broadcast protocol for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks, IEEE WirelessDCeompmt.unoicfatEiolnes,cvtorlo. n17i,cnso.a2n, dpp.C4o7-m57m, April 2010.

Figure 3: An emergency scenario

Note that different effectors may be applied in each context, particularly depending on the emergency case and its sensitivity level. For example, a low-level emergency case with slight traffic impact may not need a strong authentication method and verification. Other than preventing the misuse of traffic privileges given to emergency services, the affected area by incidents may need to be closed to drivers. For example, because of some valuable assets or security threats in a crime scene vehicles need to be kept away from that area.

[8] S. Bai, Z. Huang , D. Kwak, S. Lee, H. Oh and J. Jung, Vehicular multi- hop broadcasting protocol for safety message dissemination in VANETs, In Proc. of the 70th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference Fall (VTC 2009-Fall), Anchorage , AK, 2009.

[9] K. Lee, U. Lee, and M. Gerla, Geo-Opportunistic Routing for Vehicular Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 164170, May 2010.

[10]

unication Engineering, HKBKCE 94

http://www.nhtsa.gov/

http://ict-itetris.eu/

http://www.nsnam.org/

http://sumo.sourceforge.net/

Techno Buzz


Wireless Biometric Attendance monitoring

system using LabVIEW Aishwarya, Lekha, Ayman Sana, Vishal Gowda, Mohammed Jebran Pendekal

Dept. of Electronics and Communication

HKBK College of Engineering

Abstract—Many institutions of higher learning require

monitoring of student class attendance as required by various

regulations. Managing student attendance during lecture

periods is a challenge. It is difficult to prove attendance of each

individual using signature. For this reason, an efficient

attendance management system is designed. Student

Attendance Monitoring System using fingerprint recognition is

a biometrics-based comprehensive attendance management

system for colleges. It provides robust, secure and automated

attendance management for students.

Keywords— Lab View, Biometric Attendance, Wireless

Sensors

I. INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1)

Traditional student attendance methods such as roll calling, paper based attendance, or card punches are outdated and often lead to unnecessary time spent by teachers and administrators to track and compensate for their limitations.

Additionally, with large groups of students manual supervision is also very tough to execute. Therefore, these traditional student tracking methods have loopholes which cannot prevent proxy attendance, ID card theft, and attendance tracking errors – all serious problems that have a direct effect on education quality Biometric attendance systems are automated and provide a convenient way to quickly record student check-in and check-out times. Biometric technology uses human physical and biometric characteristics (which are unique for every individual) to ensure identification accuracy, prevent errors and eliminates proxy attendance — even from identical twins. Biometric technology also protects students from identity theft because it uses sophisticated encryption to secure and protect user identity privacy.

Deployments of biometrics for student attendance management are globally widespread with many schools and universities, even tuition teacher‘s are now implementing tracking systems. For example, here is a case study on the deployment of biometrics for student attendance tracking by the Islamic Development Bank BISEW for their scholarship programs.

In this project, we are developing an innovative way to take attendance in class using Biometric based portable attendance monitoring system which uses LabVIEW for front panel GUI Design for administration and attendance storage. This system consists of portable fingerprint module through which the students give their presence, which is wirelessly transmitted and displayed on LabVIEW front panel. The main objective of this project is to avoid false attendance, wastage of lecturing time and disturbance or chatter in the class during attendance as it is seen in current method. Lecturer only can start and stop attendance. So, once the lecture is over, no student can give his/her attendance. A wireless link is provided to register attendance in central

server and attendance is activated by lecturer finger print input.

As the attendance is stored in the central server for keeping track of the attendance teacher has to check the records, analyse and inform the student regarding their

immediately put on the website, which can be accessed using a common URL given to Parents and lecturers anytime.

When the webpage is accessed by the parent then it is obvious they he/ she are willing to see the attendance of their own child and not the entire class, but on the otherhand lecturers will to see the attendance of the entire class.

Thus we have designed the webpage in such a manner that, there are rwo options provided to choose whether the accessing person is parent or lecturer. If he/ she is parent then they have to provide the student ID and password to view their child’s attendance status and if he/ she is a lecturer then

II. METHODOLOGY

The main objective of our project is to design an attendance

recording and monitoring system which reduced the efforts

taken by teachers/ lecturers to conduct the roll call . The attendance is marked through the fingerprint module which

is stored and viewed in LabVIEW front panel, also this

status of attendance is displzayed onto cloud which can be

viewed and accessed by anyone, anytime using a common

time. The block diagram for the Biometric based

Attendance monitoring system using LabVIEW is shown.

Fig. Block diagram of Biometric attendance

This system is divided into two modules the Biometric

module which is portable fingerprint module and the second

LCD

(Used during testing)

Fingerprint sensor P89V51RD2

Indicator

Trigger input

RF Rx

RF Tx

they have to provide the respective faculty ID and password

to access the entire class student’s attendance status.

attendance shortage. This data of student’s attendance is then

Cloud

PC P89V51RD2

RF Rx

RF Tx

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module used to monitor the recorded attendance using

LabVIEW software.

Finger print sensor is the core of this project, as it is the

best way to authenticate a person, compared to pin or RFID.

Here we use serial finger print module R303A, these

modules has been seen in lots of application even in

attendance application but we use along with our custom

built portable embedded system to make is more useful and

can be circulated in the class easily.

16X2 LCD is required at R&D stage of the project and

prototype stage using it we will understand the process via

messages on the LCD and we can easily upgrade and debug our project, but for final product this is optional component.

Embedded board is the brain of our system is consists of

Microcontroller P89V51RD2 whose memory, speed and

price is suitable for application we do not intended to use

overpriced or under performance microcontroller hence we

have selected it is very power and has plenty of more

features compared to normal 8051.

RF TX and RX are provided for wireless communication

between central server and portable attendance system. Here we use 433Mhz Tx and Rx if they are not sufficient or they

are slow we will upgrade 2.4 Ghz Transceivers.

Central server is also having one more embedded board it

has wireless RF Tx and RX to communicate with attendance

system and max232 chip to communicate to PC using

RS232 link. PC is running our program which is built in

Labview; there are two programs one for attendance storage

and one for administration purpose like adding and deleting

students or lecturer.

III. CONCLUSION

The main objective of this project is to monitor the

students’ attendance in all lectures, tutorials and laboratory

sessions in an efficient and cost-effective way. This system

resists students from bunking classes. By now biometrics is

being used successfully for more than a decade for “attendance system”. Thus “Fingerprint attendance system”

is a simple to use cost effective system that relies on

fingerprints for identification. The whole system is based on

the premise that everyone has a unique fingerprint from

which they can be quickly identified through a computer

database. Even identical twins have different fingerprints.

The fingerprints of every student were successfully

registered and saved to the database. The fingerprints were

further checked and many dry runs were done to confirm

matches or mismatches for different fingerprint samples.

The data transfer was made across a zigbee wireless channel

connecting two terminals. Due to wireless communication

the range was limited to a short distance but the data transfer process was efficient enough for the successful functioning

of the system.

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