techno-economic evaluation of off-grid hybrid...
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TECHNO-ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF OFF-GRID HYBRID RENEWABLE
ENERGY FOR A REMOTE AREA ELECTRIFICATION IN IRAN
AMIR AHMAD YAHYAZADEH BANDARRIGI
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Electrical Engineering (Electrical Power)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
University Teknologi Malaysia
DECEMBER 2015
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To my beloved mother and father who are always there for me
And
To my dearest brother who changed my life on earth into heaven
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to thank my parents who not only tolerated
my absence, but also supported me while I was away from home.
Additionally, I would like to thank my esteemed supervisor, Associate
Professor Dr. Mohd Muhridza Yaacob for his help, and feedback. I am greatly
indebted to him, because this study could never have been completed without his
astute guidance and moral encouragement.
Furthermore, I like to express my heartfelt thanks to my dear brother Soroush
for his undying help, and encouragement.
With love and gratitude,
Amir Ahmad Yahyazadeh Bandarrigi
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ABSTRACT
In this project, comprehensive information about various types of renewable
energy is provided. Also, solar and wind energy is analyzed specifically. For this
project a residential area in the town of Astara, Iran has been selected. Based on
information provided by TAVANIR Company and electricity distribution companies
in the region of Astara, power consumption has been calculated to be kwh / day20.
Independent system for providing power in the region is diesel generators, wind
power and photovoltaic power. HOMER software has been used in this project
which is based on the design of power supply system according to lowest cost. For
this purpose the environmental characteristics of the area including the amount of
solar energy received on account of annual wind speed in meters per second have
been considered. This application is based on optimization. To achieve this objective
consumer information, including load profile in terms of time, number, type and
price of diesel generators, number, type and price of wind energy turbines, number,
type and price of photovoltaic cells are keyed in to the application and the software,
based on mathematical optimization models, selectes the best options (such as
optimization algorithms and PSO algorithm in MATLAB) as output.
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ABSTRAK
Dalam projek ini, maklumat yang komprehensif mengenai pelbagai jenis
tenaga boleh diperbaharui disediakan. Juga, tenaga solar dan angin dianalisis secara
khusus. Untuk projek ini kawasan perumahan di bandar Astara, Iran telah dipilih.
Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberikan oleh TAVANIR Syarikat dan syarikat-
syarikat pengedaran elektrik di kawasan Astara, penggunaan kuasa yang telah dikira
sebagai kwh / day20. Sistem yang bebas untuk menyediakan kuasa di rantau ini
adalah penjana diesel, kuasa angin dan tenaga photovoltaic. Perisian HOMER telah
digunakan dalam projek ini yang berasaskan kepada reka bentuk sistem bekalan
kuasa mengikut kos terendah. Untuk tujuan ini ciri-ciri alam sekitar di kawasan
tersebut termasuk jumlah tenaga suria yang diterima pada akaun kelajuan angin
tahunan meter sesaat telah dipertimbangkan. Permohonan ini adalah berdasarkan
kepada pengoptimuman. Untuk mencapai maklumat pengguna matlamat ini,
termasuk profil beban dari segi masa, bilangan, jenis dan harga penjana diesel,
jumlah, jenis dan harga turbin tenaga angin, bilangan, jenis dan harga sel fotovoltaik
diberi kekunci masuk untuk permohonan dan perisian, berdasarkan model
pengoptimuman, selectes pilihan yang terbaik (seperti algoritma pengoptimuman dan
algoritma PSO dalam MATLAB) sebagai output.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objectives of the Study 3
1.4 Scope of Work 3
1.5 Thesis Outline 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Introduction 5
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2.2 Renewable Energy Technology 6
2.3 The Share of Renewable Energy in Iran 9
2.4 Solar Energy 10
2.4.1 Sun 11
2.4.2 Solar Energy and Future Generation 12
2.4.3 Necessity for Using Solar Energy 13
2.4.4 Solar Energy (Needs and Limits) 13
2.4.6 Electricity Generating Solar Energy Systems 15
2.4.7 Photovoltaic (PV) Technology 16
2.4.8 PV- Standalone System 17
2.4.9 Significance of Investment in solar Energy 18
2.5 Wind Energy 19
2.5.1 Wind Turbine 21
2.5.2 Wind Farms 25
2.5.2.1 Onshore 26
2.5.2.2 Offshore 27
2.5.2.3 Near Shore 28
2.5.3 Hybrid power system 29
2.5.4 PV-wind Hybrid Power System 29
2.6 Summary 30
3 METHODOLOGY 31
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 PV Panel Data 31
3.3 Wind Turbine Data 32
3.4 Battery Data 33
3.5 Inverter Data 34
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3.6 Site Meteorological Data 34
3.7 Load Data Site 37
3.8 Summary 37
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 38
4.1 Introduction 38
4.2 Software Analysis 38
4.3 PV Cells 47
4.4 Wind Turbine 48
4.5 Battery 48
4.6 Power Converter 48
4.7 Summary 56
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 57
5.1 Conclusion 57
5.2 Recommendation 58
REFERENCES 59
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
3.1 Solar Resource Data 35
3.2 Wind Speed Data 36
4.1 The annual solar radiation in the region 43
4.2 Average monthly wind speed 45
4.3 Results of Simulation 49
4.4 Optimized simulation results for PV wind diesel system 53
4.5 Parturition rate 54
4.6 The costs of installation of PV Wind system 55
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Example of solar plane in Arizona 11
2.2 Solar Power Administration System in Arizona, United States 12
2.3 Photovoltaic Standalone System 18
2.4 A Typical Wind Turbine 22
2.5 Horizontal axis wind turbine 23
2.6 Vertical axis wind turbine (lift type) 24
2.7 Ducted Wind Turbine 25
4.1 The amount of load consumed during one day 39
4.2 Seasonal load 40
4.3 Single-line diagrams 42
4.4 The annual solar radiation in the region 43
4.5 The monthly solar radiation in the region 44
4.6 Average monthly wind speed 45
4.7 Average monthly wind speed 46
4.8 Simulation of PV-Wind Diesel in HOMER Software 47
4.9 Monthly production of energy by solar, wind 54
4.10 The costs of installation of PV Wind system 55
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
In recent years, renewable energy resources such as wind and solar energy
get serious attention from people who concern about the environmental impact
around the world. The main purpose exploitation of renewable energy is to avoid the
environmental downfall and mitigate energy crisis [1]. Many renewable energy
sources sets techno-economic and functional limitations in their application for
covering most type of energy needs. Renewable energy sources are available freely
wherever the environmental impacts are negligible.
The performance of all power system configurations in term of economic
analysis and optimization, are evaluated using a simulation tool called HOMER.
HOMER is a computer model that simplifies the task of evaluating design options
for both off-grid and grid-connected power systems for remote, stand-alone and
distributed generation (DG) application.
The cost and environmental impacts can be evaluate by using HOMER with
various technologies like run-of-river hydro power, generator: diesel, solar
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photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine, gasoline, biogas, alternative and custom fuels, co
fired, electric utility grid micro turbine and fuel cell can be evaluated.
1.2 Problem Statement
As we know, oil and its derivatives are valuable and vital national assets and
non-optimal use of them often creates irreparable losses, so scholars and experts are
looking for resources that will gradually replace fossil fuels [3]. Fossil fuels will
impose enormous environmental pollutions, in other words, on one hand the burning
of fossil fuels would unleash toxic gases into the environment and cause human
respiratory problems as well as the pollution of the environment and on the other
hand concentration of these gases in the atmosphere prevents heat to get out of the
Earth and it would lead to an increase in temperature and changes in the Earth's
climate, which is called the greenhouse effect [1]. If rising temperature continues
with the current trend, it would be almost impossible to restore it to its former
condition. Most scientists have suggested that the best solution is to stop the growing
trend of these harmful gases.
Therefore it is also essential to our country's officials to look for ways to
reduce the use of fossil fuels in order to reduce the mentioned hazardous gases.
Designing a power system based on renewable energies is a good solution for this
problem. In designing a power system, there are many decisions on the
configurations of the system that must be considered. What are the components need
to be included in the system design? How many and what is the size of each
component should be used? The large number of technology option, the variation in
technology cost and availability of energy resources such as wind energy, solar
energy, biomass energy, hydro energy and etc. make these decisions more difficult.
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Some users develop their own models for their investigations, while others
purchase commercially available software or use free software available on the
Internet. This study investigates the capabilities of a software package HOMER to
analyze system design optimization of renewable energy technologies, which is
commercially available.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
This project has several objectives, the objective are:
i. To study the implementation of renewable energy in IRAN
ii. To design a DG System based on renewable energy system for a Remote area
in IRAN
iii. To gather data on any aspect of existing renewable or sustainable energy.
iv. To compare the cost of different types of renewable energy to find the
affordable combination.
1.4 Scope of Work
i. Types of renewable energy to be studied are solar and wind energy
ii. Data to be collected are effectiveness, cost, effect on environment, etc.
iii. Comparison will be made on the cost of different types of renewable energy
to determine the most affordable renewable energy.
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1.5 Thesis Outline
This thesis completed with five chapters. Chapter one will gives an
introduction about the project. The introduction contains project background,
problem statement, objective, and also scope.
Chapter two more focuses on literature review of this project and the various
types of renewable energy sources. This chapter also describes the technologies used
for generating electricity.
The methodology used to complete this project was described in chapter
three. The software used is HOMER. The calculation to determine a proper size of
each component in the system is also explained in this chapter. The site
meteorological and load data are also discussed in this chapter.
Chapter four shows the steps in simulate the proposed system configurations
which have been previously discussed. This chapter also discusses result obtained
from the simulation tool HOMER.
The conclusions and recommendations for further design and simulation of
this project are stated in chapter five.
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5.2 Recommendation
In future, the PV standalone system should be installed in Iran compared to
wind standalone and PV-wind hybrid system. In this project, the charge controller is
not put in the equipment consideration. To implement the PV system, charge
controller should be considering in that system. A battery controller is a device
which regulates the charge current and prevents over charging. In photovoltaic
systems, such devices can regulate the charge current either by interrupting the array
current (series type) or by short-circuiting sections of the array (shunt type). As
short-circuiting will aggravate any tendency to hot spot failure, the series type is not
always advisable. A more sophisticated type embodies a microprocessor which
maintains battery current, voltage and temperature, computes the state of charge and
regulates the input and output currents so as to avoid overcharging and excessive
discharge [16]. Besides that, Solar Advisor Model Software that specific and more
specialists on the PV system can be used to verify the result.
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