technological and environmental transformations 8000bce-600bce
TRANSCRIPT
Big Geography and Peopling of the Earth Big Geography-
demographyglobal nature of world history
Peopling of the EarthEarly migrations – “Out of Africa” ThesisHunter/forager societies – more egalitarian
During the Paleolithic Era, hunting-foraging bands of humans migrated…
To…… Push/Pull Factors Cultural Diffusion Myth of Continents
Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies Settled agriculture appeared in several DIFFERENT parts of
the world in isolation
More reliable (not diversified) food supply
MASSIVE impact on environment Cultivation of plants (exclusion of others) Irrigation systems Domestication of animals (food, labor) Population increase Family groups…villages…urbanization (ex: Jericho/Catal Huyuk) Patriarchy Forced Labor Systems
Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies
Pastoralism Africa/Eurasia Pastoralists ALSO more socially
stratified than hunter-foragers (share that with Agriculturalists)
Conduit for technological change, as they interacted with settled populations
Neolithic Revolution New and More complex economic and social systems Climate change? Agriculturalists to ???? (map) Pastoralists in grasslands What crops? Cooperative work…same…but different
Requires organization, stratification, concept of private property
Impact on the environment?
Agriculture/Pastoralism began to transform human societies
Reliable, abundant food supply population increase
Specialization of labor new social classes elites
Technological improvements – pottery, plows, woven textiles, metallurgy (copper), wheels/wheeled vehicles
Elite groups accumulate wealth (new idea) hierarchical social structure patriarchy
The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies
CivilizationWhat is it?Why is the term controversial?
Competition
Core and Foundational civilizations develop in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished Now where could that possibly be?
The first states emerged within core civilizations States? Examples:
MesopotamiaEgyptIndus River ValleyAncient ChinaOlmecChavin
States competed for land and resourcesMesopotamia had lots of competition…why?Hittites (iron)Nubians (gold, copper, semiprecious stones)Mycenaeans
(trade)
Pastoralists developed and disseminated new weapons and modes of transportation
New Weapons – compound bows/iron weapons
New Modes of transportation – chariots/horseback riding
Culture played a significant role in unifying states through law, language, religion, myths and monumental art
Monumental ArchitectureExamples?How does this architecture unify
populations?How does this architecture cement power?
Culture played a significant role in unifying states through law, language, religion, myths and monumental art
Elites(religious/political) promote arts and artisanship
Why? Examples? What does artisanship tell us about
societies?
Culture played a significant role in unifying states through law, language, religion, myths and monumental art
Record keeping Examples? Purpose Dissemination
Culture played a significant role in unifying states through law, language, religion, myths and monumental art
Legal Codes Example ? Purpose ? What can we learn from legal codes?
Culture played a significant role in unifying states through law, language, religion, myths and monumental art
New Religious Beliefs Animism Ancestor worship polytheism Vedic Hebrew Monotheism Zoroastrianism
Culture played a significant role in unifying states through law, language, religion, myths and monumental art
Trade Exchanging of goods…..and… Local routes Regional routes Trans-regional routes