technology (continued) hubs drive trains generators towers
TRANSCRIPT
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Technology (continued)Hubs
Drive TrainsGenerators
TowersFoundations
Lightning ProtectionObstruction Marking
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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HubsStruts & Stays
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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HubsTeetered-Delta 3-Butterfield
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org ESI 80, Palm Springs, CA
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HubsTeetered-Pitch Linked
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Windflow 500Gebbies Pass, NZ
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HubsCantilevered
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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HubsFixed (But Adjustable) Pitch
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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HubsVariable Pitch
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Hub (Blade) Bolts
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org© Nordex
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Drive TrainsTraditional Danish
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Front Bearing• Main Shaft• Gearbox• Generator
© Bonus
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Drive TrainsTraditional Danish
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Drive TrainsMain Shaft-Traditional
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Drive TrainsIntegrated (Small-Medium)
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Drive TrainsIntegrated (Large)
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Drive TrainsDual-Output Gearboxes
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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New Drive Trains
GE 2-3 MW
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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New Drive Trains
Fuhrländer 2 MW
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Drive TrainsMultiple-Output Gearboxes
© Clipper Wind
Paul Gipe, wind-works.orgBuffalo, New York
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Drive TrainsDirect-Drive Permanent Magnet
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
© Vensys
© Vensys
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Generators
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• DC Generators• Alternators• Induction (Asynchronous) Generators• Wound-Rotor or Doubly-Fed Induction
Generators• Direct-Drive Ring Generators• PMG
SmallLarge
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GeneratorsDual-Induction
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Dual Speeds• Simple• Rugged• Cheap
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Generator Pole Switching(RPM)
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
50 Hz 60 Hz
4-pole 1500 1800
6-pole 1000 1200
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GeneratorsWound-Rotor (Doubly-Fed)
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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GeneratorsDirect-Drive (Large)
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org © Enercon
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Generators-Variable Speed
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Better PerformanceMostly Hype
• Lower LoadsMajor Plus in LargeTurbines
• Ability to Correct Power Factor• More Expensive• More Complex• And, Don’t Forget the “Patent”
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Generators-Variable Speed
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• “Opti” Slip (10%)• Doubly Fed Generators
Widely Used in GermanyInverter Handles Only a Portion of Power
• Full Variable SpeedInverter Handles Full PowerFull Benefits of Variable SpeedEnercon, Lagerwey, & PMGs
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Towers• Guyed
Small TurbinesLarge Turbines
• Freestanding (Cantilevered)Lattice
Small TurbinesLarge Turbines
TubularConcrete
• Hinged
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Towers-GuyedSmall Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Towers-Guyed LatticeSmall & Medium Wind Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
© Vergnet
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Towers-GuyedLarge Wind Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Towers-FreestandingSmall Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Towers-Lattice
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org © Nordex
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Towers-Lattice
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Towers-TubularSmall Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Towers-TubularMedium & Large Wind Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Towers-Concrete
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org© Risø
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Towers-HingedSmall Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Hydraulic Tower
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Hydraulic Tower
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Towers-HingedMedium Turbines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Towers-Novel
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Octahedron• Farm Silos• Roof Tops• Trees
Yes, Really
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TowersPendant Cables & Raceway
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Foundations
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• PiersLattice Towers
• Spread Footing• Monopile
SolidHollow with Fill
© Goldenstedt
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Foundation MonopileHollow with Fill
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org© Neal Emmerton
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Foundation Bolts
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Foundation Bolts
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Lightning Protection
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Receptors at Blade Tip• Cabling Through Blade• Nacelle Lightning Rod• Slip Rings & Jumpers• Grounding (Earthing)
Some Areas Require Ground Net
• Large Turbines will be Hit Periodically
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Lightning ProtectionNacelle Lightning Rod
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org© Nordex
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Lightning ProtectionTower Section Jumpers
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
© Lagerwey
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Lightning Protection
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Windflow 500Gebbies Pass, NZ
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Obstruction Marking• Height Limits
200 ft USA100 m Europe
• LightsRed (night?)Strobe (Day)Impacts
• Painting
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Obstruction Marking
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Operations & Maintenance• Large Turbines
Formerly by QuarterNow Once/year
• Small TurbinesOnce/year
• Large TurbinesComplex & Rotating SchedulesVisual InspectionsMoving Parts
• Electronic ControlsLargest Single Cause of “Nuisance” Trips
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Good Housekeeping
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org© Rope Partner
• Little Items Make a Big Difference on a Million-Dollar Wind Turbine!
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Operations & MaintenanceCheck Welding
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
© Lagerwey
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Operations & Maintenance
• Condition MonitoringLarge Turbines
• w/o Condition Monitoring, No Insurance
• w/o Insurance, No Financing• Enercon “Partner” Program
Other Manufacturers Following Suit
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Operations & MaintenanceAs Percentage of Total Investment
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
*Includes prorated 20% reinvestment after year 10.Source: IEA, EMD 2001
Years 1-10 Years 10-20*
150-300 kW 1-3% 4-7%
500-600 kW 1-2% 4-5%
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Fall Protection• Body Harness• Shock-Absorbing Lanyard• Double-Acting Snap Hook• Positioning Belt is Only for
Positioning
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Safety• Helmet• Gloves• Harness• Radio
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
© Rope Partner
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Aerial Lifts
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Ladder Fall Protection
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
© Lagerwey
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Ladders
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Steps
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Secure Rotor Locking
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Rotor Hub
© Lagerwey
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Secure Rotor Locking
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org© Nordex
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Secure Rails & Attachments
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
© Nordex
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Access Doors
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
© Nordex
Tararua, NZ
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Secure Access DoorsIt’s Windy Out There
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Lock to Prevent Unauthorized Access
• Latch to PreventDoor Closing
• Interior ReleaseTo Prevent Confinement
• Ventilation Louvers© Lagerwey
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Safety . . .
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Anti-Climb Guards• Shaft Guards• Two-Person Crews• Regular Reviews• Myth Busting
“Never Fall Ascending”“Want to Jump Free”
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