technology forconstruction industry ofbangladesh
TRANSCRIPT
TECHNOLOGY FOR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYOF BANGLADESH
BY
MD ASHADUZZAMAN
A project submitted to the Department of Industrial amp ProductionEngineering Bangladesh University of Engineering amp Technology
Dhaka in partial fulfillment of the requirementsfor the degree of
MASTER OF ENGINEERING
INADVANCED ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT AEM)
APRIL 18 2004
111111111111111111111111111111991631
-
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL amp PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF~ENGINEERING ANDTECHNOLOGY
DHAKA-1000 BANGLADESH
TECHNOLOGY FOR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYOF BANGLADESH
BYMD ASHADUZZAMAN
STUDENT NO 040008101P
Approved as to the style and content by
DM~~SlmProfessorDept of IPESUET Dhaka
A-JMuLP~2 Dr Md Mazharul Hoque
ProfessorDept of CESUET Dhaka
~
F
3 Dr~hsan Akhtar HasinAssociate ProfessorDept of IPESUET Dhaka
Chairman(Supervisor)
Member
Member
April2004
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL amp PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DHAKA-lOOO BANGLADESH
--_
DECLARA nON
I hereby certify that the research work reported in this project has been
performed by me and that this work has not been submitted elsewhere for
any other purpose without written permission Irom the author
April 2004
m
~Md Asha~~zt~~an
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author wishes to express his deepest gratitude to Dr M Anwarul Azim
Professor Department of Industrial and Production Engineering IIPEI SUET
for his continuous guidance invaluable suggestions and affectionate
encouragement in many stages of this study
This author is grateful to M Ahsan Akhtar Hasin Associate Professor
Department of Industrial and Production Engineering (IPE) SUET for
rendering his helping hands during the course of this study
This author wishes to express his profound gratitude to Dr Mahiuddin
Ahmed Professor and previous Head Department of Industrial and
Production Engineering lIPE) SUET for the interest taken by him in this
research and for his miscellaneous help
This author is also grateful to DeSign Planning and Management Consultants
Ltd for their helping hands during the course of this study
Last but not least the author owes his deep sense of gratitude to his only
tiny daughter and family members for spends time during project work
Author
ABSTRACT
The Indus Valley civilization shows that Indian subcontinent had a leadership in
the advancement in construction Technology and Industry over the world But
unfortunately this part of the sub-continent especially Bangladesh could not
cope with the modern technological advancementConstruction technologies can on the basis of their content of labor and
equipment be classified as equipment intensive labor intensive and labor basedtechnology In recent years technological innovation in design analysis
construction materials construction methods etc have resulted in significant
changes in construction industry Computer aids have improved capabilities for
generating worth designs reducing th time requirement to produce alternative
designs to ensure safety with economy New technologies not only haveenhanced the quality of construction but also have shortened the time for shop
fabrication and field erection Construction methods have advanced throughvarious stages of mechanization and automation including the latest
development of construction robotics That means trend is advanced
technologyIn this study 25 numbers of six to nine storied buildings and 4 numbers of
twenty to thirty storied buildings have been studied It has been observed that
the construction industry in Bangladesh dominated by labor-intensive
technology lower grade material and primitive construction procedure In mostof the cases 29 more cost involvement has been observed These madeconstruction indl1stry of Bangladesh an inefficient one Use of high qualitymaterial easily saves huge monitory loss in this sector This will require active
participation of Engineers in design house and in field Further detail study may
enhance this fact elaboratelyDifferent sizes 10 numbers building of different excavation depth have been
studied Of these considering PWD stpound jard rate of works it has been observed
that for deeper excavation excavator or equipment intensive technology ischeaper than labour intensive excavation For ending conclusion of equipment
intensive excavation require further detailed investigationBangladesh cOl1ld regain leadership in the construction industry over the world
through accepting and participating in the advancement of the modern
technologies The scopes are waiting ahead Entrepreneur especially the
Engineers should come forward to take the challenge to advance Bangladesh in
that directionAuthor
CONTENTS
Declaration
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Graphs
Abbreviation
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1~ Development of Construction Technology
12 Objective of the Project
13 Methodology
CHAPTER 2 TECHNOLOGIESINCONSTRUCTION INOUSTRY
xi
XIII
1
5
6
21 Introduction to Technology in Construction Industry 7
22 Construction technologies on the basis of
labour and equipment
221 Equipment intensive Technology
222 labor Intensive Technology
223 labor Based Technology
8
9
9
23 Software Technology
231 Manpower (Humnware)
232 Information Infowarel
233 Organization (Orgaware)
9
9
10
10
24 Hardware Technology in 11
241 Excavation 12
242 Compaction and Grading 14
243 Drilling and Blasting 17
244 Lifting and Erecting 19
245 Mixing 19
246 Construction Tools and Other Equipment 20
247 Choice of Equipment and Standard Production Rates 21
248 BUildingMaterials 22
249 Construction Automation and Robotics 23
CHAPTER3 CONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYOF BANGLADESH
31 Introduction 24
32 Some Big Constructions in Bangladesh 26
33 Constructions in Bangladesh Using Pre-Fabrication 29
34 Humnware Infoware Orgaware and Hardware in Bangladesh
341 Humnware 31
342 Infoware 32
3430rgaware 33
344 Hardware 34
CHAPTER 4 TECHNOLOGY ON EXCAVATION AND RCC
OF BANGLADESH
41 Technology in Excavation 35
411 Preliminary Stage 37
412 Time Analysis with Seasonal Effects 38
413 Cost Analysis and Result 40
42 Design and Specifications
421 Material for BUilding Construction 45
4211 Material in Bangladesh 46
4212 Reinforcement 47
4213 Concrete 48
4214 Steel 49
4215 ReC Grading 50
4216 Interdependence of Humnware
Infoware and Hardware 51
4217 Analysis and Result 52
4219 Cost Analysis 60
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Discussion
52 Conclusion
53 Scope of Future Works
REFERENCES
63
64
64
65
APPENDIX A 5T AADlPro input and output
APPENDIX B List of buildings for different strength
concrete and reinforcement
APPENDIX C List of buildings using excavatorlabour
for excavation work C-1
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1-1 la) Natural features caves and overhangs
Fig 1-1 (bll Crude shelter
Fig 1-1 c) Beehive hut
Fig 1-1 Id) Cone on cylinder
Fig 1-1 (e) Hipped-on cube
Fig 21 Excavation Equipment
Fig 2-2 Compaction amp Grading Equipment
Fig 2-3 Drilling amp Blasting Equipment
Fig 2-4 Construction Tools amp Other Equipments
Fig 31 National Assembly
Fig 3-2 Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
Fig 3-3 Islamic Development Bhaban
Fig 3-4 Bashundhara City
1
1
2
2
2
13
16
18
21
26
27
28
29
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4-1 5 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 41Table 4-2 10 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 41Table 4-3 15 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 42Table 4-4 20 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 42Table 4-5 ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed bar 47Table 4-6 8S4149 specifications for Twisted bar 47Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Rein and Concrete 50Table 4-8 Column Concrete Strength 44 kSIand Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 52Table 49 Beam Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 52Table 410 Column Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 53Table4-11 Beam Concrete Stren9th 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 53Table 4-12 Column Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 54Table 4-13 Beam Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 54Table 414 Column Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 55Table 4-15 Beam Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 55Table 4-16 Column Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 56Table 4-17 Beam Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 56
59
Table 4-18 Column Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 57
Table 4-19 Beam Concrete Strength 3 6 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 57
Table 4-20 Column Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 58
Table 4-21 Beam Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 58
Table 4-22 Column Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi
Table 4-23 Beam Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 kSI 59
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule 60
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule 60
Table 4-26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement 61
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete ReqUirement 61
Table 4-28 Reinforcement and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka 61
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 4-1 Excavation cost for 5 feet 43Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet 43Graph 4-3 Excavation cost for 15 feet 44Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet 44Graph 4-5 Total Cost of Concrete and Reinforcement 62Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement 62
Xli
ADPASTM
BS
SUET
GATS
GIS
kip
ksi
PCpsi
PVC
PWD
GCRampD
RC
RCC
UKWTO
ABBREVIATIONS
Annual Development Program
American Society for Testing Matenal
Bangladesh Standard
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
General Agreement on Trade amp Services
Geographic Information System
KiloPound
Kilo-pound per Square Inch
Personal Computer
Pound-per Square Inch
Poly Vinyl Chloride
Public Works Department
Quality Control
Research amp Development
Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced Cement Concrete
United Kingdom
World Trade Organization
X1l1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Development of Construction Technology
Building is the earliest form of technology In civil engineering construction
From the most primitive times humans required protection from the wild
animal elements of nature changing seasons and predators in natural
shelters such as caves and rock overhangs
Step by step they learned to improve their caves with inlaid stone floors
walls at the entrances and fireplaces Ultimately they began creating entirely
new habitats in locations that had no natural shelter
Shetters built from natural material~ indicate that they had knowledge of the
stress strain and insulation properties (heat cold and water-proofing) of the
materials used The use of hand-made bricks or stone blocks indicated
knowledge of properties such as compression forces The symmetrical
shapes of the designs indicated the knowledge and application of the
principles of geometry
Most communities had their own distinctive styles lor bUilding their houses
and archaeologists have uncovered many examples through the ages
[Shown in Fig l-1a) to Flg1-1 (e)]
Fig1-110)Naturalfeaturecoos andcerhangsNaturalshell likecaveoravehangswereusedas OleSlInleornobuldngmaterialswereused
Fig1-1(b)CrudehellerTemporary5lruelue5tht neededIItUeWOlt1ltmn5hlpMalerilsfouodnoarbywereusedndoITangedona udelrameworkofbrance
Fig 11 (el llBolllvo nulA ypcal bUlldng yle of Ihe Nguni people (Zuluand Xlloa) Vertical branenes were stabilisedtl1 hOzotal bltacing wiln nO ~istnclibetweon Ine walls nd Lne roof The saplingslrueuro was bound lOgeher by gass fibreropos and tho grass eong ws wn to Ihelerura Ih gras rope
Fig 1_1 (0) Hlpped-ltgtn cubWestern fiuecaled 10 Ihe introduction of Ihe gOwall cons1ructlon The walilayoo Iso ~caeheha or the roof Walls me higher and doorvayslarger
Fig 11 (d) Con on cylinderA typlcol style among Ihe Tswana Solho andVenda peoplo Tila roof IS para and can bcleorly idenllfied The rooF as mode lrcltn grassad the wallslrom dag or tyle 01cement
The bUilding trade is the earliest form of civil engineering construction Up to
13 century building technology in the sub-continent fell under three
category (a) Thatchery and mud houses made of thatched roof of bamboo
straw grass reed etc lb) stone masonry which included hewing laying and
carving of stone and (c) Brick masonry construction consisting of lime-surki
mortar in the city areas Between 13 and 18h century the feudal monarchs
and the land lords constructed monumental bUildings After the Industrial
2
revolution in the 180 century construction of factory buildings labor sheds
ware houses etc became the major construction activities With the
invention of the steam engine in the 18 century development of railways
started Besides the construction of roads ports and harbors inland and
offshore navigation developed simultaneously after the Second World War
reconstruction of the war ravaged infrastructure brought a boom In the civil
engineering construction Civil engineering also has attained modernization
an eventually in the seventies the development of chips and micro chips and
the high capacity single chip microprocessor made possible the development
of the micro computers The computer software technology has also
developed very fast simultaneously The development of the optical fiber
and the satellite technology has made a revolution and the internet has
brought the information technology to a stage which was unimaginable even
a decade ago As result knowledge based industries now dominate over the
previous machinery based industries Traditional construction industry as
gradually becomes obsolete and ineffective worldwide in these high tech
eras This new situation put construction industry a new challenge
In modern times the civil engineers built dams sluices regulators barrages
pump houses and p ower generation and many other structures which were
believed to be impossible to construct Gigantic modern off-shore structures
are now built which go to several hundred meters below sea level In the
field of bridge construction enormous progress have been achieved Bridges
has now become relatively cheap and can be built in extremely short timeThe most ambitious bridge development ever realized is certainly the Akashi-
Kaiko Bridge in Japan with a span of 1990 meter This gigantic endeavor at
the early age where only possible due to very sophisticated and heavy
erection equipment developed The successful construction of channel
tunnel Bull twinkle (492 m worlds tallest offshore platform) Louisianan
offshore oil port supertanker unloading capacity of 100000 barrel an houri
Kansai international airport a port reclaimed from sea bed containing
extremely soft soill testify to development capability of the civil engineeringprofession in modern times it will not be out of place to mention that during
the sixties intensive urbanization in many developed countries saw the
3
spectacular revolutionary concepts such as wall frame Interaction tube-in-
tube bundle tubes diagonally braced frame and compOSite construction
pioneered the high rise growth Developments of intelligent buildings that
can respond to earthquake and fire hazards are in the making
In recent years (Information agel technological innovation in design
materials and construction methods have resulted in significant changes in
construction costs Computer aids have improved capabilities for generation
quality designs as well as reducing the time required to produce alternative
designs New equipments and materials not only have enhanced the quality
of constructIOn but also have shortened the time for shop fabrication and
field erection Construction methods have gone through various stages of
mechanization and automation including the latest development of
construction robotics
The Global Trend
Competition in global market for better amp economic building construction is
increasing day by day Construction organizations are realizing that
responsiveness to market demands and adaptability to changing condition
Competitive prices are the hallmarks of successful enterprise Therefore
every construction organization wants to lower the cost by alternate deSign
interchanging material strength amp type uSing modern construction methods
and proper management So construction world is going for new technology
and saving both time and cost
The Bangladesh Context
Bangladesh has come a long way since its independence But a very few
organizations have adopted new construction technology and ability to build
high strength material with quality After 2004 due to WTD and GATS
Bangladesh market has to be made open to outside countries and most of
the organization will face difficult challenges from the competitors of other
countries To face this challenge effectively construction organizations need
4
to be more responsive to market demands lower the prices by choosing
proper construction technology in all stages of construction as well as
improve quality of material If construction organizations of Bangladesh will
able to qualify with other countries in competition they would have to
opportunity to work abroad
Bangladesh is one of the least developed countries in the world Regrettably
In Bangladesh most of the construction methods and design are oriented by
conventional method Though volume of building construction is large but
modern construction method and equipment facilities in most of the cases
are absent Only a small number of projects have been done or ongoing With
theses modern facilities Remarkable new and high strength material are also
not using in Bangladesh Only in some national bridgeroad construction
project modern equipment and material were used in Bangladesh Due to
absent of new and high strength materials new technologies new
equipments quality as well as effiCiency of building construction are very
poor
12 Objective of the Project
Bangladesh is one of the least developing countries Contemporary
construction technology With high strength materials are not often uSing inbUildingconstruction sector The objective of this study IS to find out what
type of technology and materials are being using for building construction In
addition to find out if better technology is available why these are not
being accepted at present in construction sector of Bangladesh
Specific objectives of this study are
bull To study the exiting technological parameters in present day building
construction in Bangladesh
bull To study the economy of scale and factors as they relate to-
(a) Humnware
(b) Infoware and
(e) Hardware
5
13 Methodology
Methodologies used in this study are followings
I Study of the literature to identify the contemporary
technology in building construction in developing NIC and
developed economies
II Study of the local documents and of field data to find the
status of contemporary technology in the building industry in
Bangladesh
III Study the economy of scale and contemporary technology as
they relate to humnware Infoware and hardware
6
CHAPTER 2
TECHNOLOGIES IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
21 Introduction to Technology in Construction Industry
McGraw Hill Encyclopedia Defines Technology as 11
Technology is closely related to science and engineering Science deals with
humans understanding of real world around them - the interesting
properties of space matter energy and their interactions Engineering is the
application of objective knowledge to the creation of pians designs and
means for achieving desired objectives Technology deals with tools and
techniques for carrying out the plans
Construction Technology
Basic design and construction topics which include both field and office
activates which facilitate problem definition evaluation solution and
communication ie design electives electrical equipment estimating
formwork mechanical quantity surveying rigging scaffolding scheduling
shop drawings site planning surveying takeoff utilitiesfl9
Construction industry undoubtedly is the backbone and propelling force
behind our progress It has the potential to contribute to peoples lives in
many ways This needs high skill dynamic leadership broad vision great
courage latest technology and communication system
Modern science and technology have provided many useful tools like
computers~CPM-PERT-most productive and efficient machines financial
management procedures and many others But all these become redundant
and unproductive when these sophisticated and efficient tools are worked
by green and inexperienced hands who lack the basic ingredients of work
culture dedication and courage and people who are not imaginative and
innovative
7
22 Construction technologies on the basis of labour and equipment
Construction technologies can on the basis of their content of labour and
equipment be classified as
o Equipment Intensive
o Labour based and
o Labour Intensive Technologies
The choice of the technology may affect the overall cost the overall
duration of the construction and the overall quality of the asset Some
works allow only one type of technology while others can be done in
various ways Graphically equipment intensive labour Intensive and labor
based technologies are shown in below
Potential shift in labour contents by using labour-based methods
Llbaur - _
Equipment Intensive
Labour Based
Labour Intensive
IIIlililillllIII-IIIliillllllnmmmllF
221 Equipment Intensive Technology
Equipment intensive technology is defined as the combination of labour and
equipment In which most work is done by labOUHeplacing equipment
supported by a small labour force Although the technology might be
appropriate in circumstances with high wage levels low labour availability
and high skill levels its application is often ineffective at local level where
individual projects are relatiVely small and dispersed over a large
geographical area
8
222 labour Intensive Technology
To avoid a common misconception it is important to distinguish between
labour basedmethods and labour Intensive methods In contrast with labour
based technology labour intensive approaches seek to maximize
employment with a minimum use of mechanized equipment often at the
expense of cost and quality
223 labour BasedTechnology
In selecting the most appropriate technology it is however important that
irrespective of the type of technology resources is used efficiently quality
standards are maintained and time limitations are observed For these
reasons labour based technology has been developed to maXimize
opportunities for the employment of labour (skilled and unskilled) while
supported by light equipment under strict conditions of cost
competitiveness acceptable engineering quality standards and timely
implementation Labour based work methods are competitive only if these
conditions are met and can then provide a lasting alternative to traditional
equipment-intensive construction methods
23 Software Technologies
Normally software means the written instructions executed by some
hardware Ie Programs that are needed to run for execution and manage
the computer and those which are used to solve the problem 111 The
Software technologies have three subdivisions which are
bull Manpower (Humnware)
bull Information (Infoware)
bull Organization (Orgaware)
231 Manpower (Humnwere)
We know manpower (humnware) is the person-embodied component of
technology 111 For construction works require different types of personal but
most of them require technical background Different disciplined engineer
site engineer supervisor foreman rod binders mason skilled labour helper
9
carpenter sanitary technicians electrical technicians and other personal are
the humnware
Productivity in construction IS often broadly defined as output per labor
hour Improvement of labor productivity should be a significant activity in
building construction In construction works vigorously pursue the efficient
utilization of labor So improvement of personnel related to this field is a
vital factor of construction industry
232 Information (Infoware)
Information IInfowarel is usually the document-embodied form of technology
[11 This inciudes the specifications market database for materials theories
charts database drawing codes books journals catalogs and other
documents Requisition and supply management work(s) are also includes in
infoware Infoware constitute a crucial part of construction industry For
construction works every step is related to infoware Proper constructions
need accurate material specification guided by the code(s] Proper
information is the key factor of any construction project
233 Organization (Orgaware)
Within a frame work of the Organization (Orgawarel Manpower
(Humnware) Information (Infoware and Hardware technologies work 111
Organization techniques principles practices and arrangements that govern
the effective use of technology by humnware This includes construction
planning project management QC safety RampD
Organizational systems play the key role in construction industry Both the
success and failure of construction works widely depends on organization
An organization system includes Organization structure organization design
human resource poliCY and practice organization Culture work stress etc
Common organizational structures available in construction industries are-
bull Project organization
bull Matrix organization
bull Line and staff organization
10
24 Hardware Technology
Modern construction especially for large projects has grown in complexity
due to size cost and speed of construction Construction equipment is an
important resource and its planning assumes vital importance With the
rapidly changing technology both in design and construction areas
contractors are now shy of making heavy investment in heavy equipment
New innovation of construction equipment change the older method of
construction method and resultant is quicker and economic construction
Sometimes whole system is enhanced by new innovation Such as two
technological developments namely lilt and modern metal frame removed
the prevailing limitations on the height of the buildings Hardware is object-
embodies form of technology 111 such as Construction
equipmentmachineries all type of materials appliances computer paper
printer
The selection of appropriate construction equipment often affects the
required amount of time and effort and thus the job-site productivity of a
project It is therefore important for site managers and construction planners
to be familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment
Various types and important works are involved for construction Industry
Such as excavation loading compaction and grading drilling and blasting
equipment lift and erecting machineries mixing construction tools and
other equipment Different types of work require different type of hardwareand technology
11
Selection of most suitable and available equipment for a particular project is
a frequent problem for contractor Owner contractor and even the engineers
of our country are going for traditional method and material Sometimes due
to old technique and traditional material huge financial loss is the result
Money spent for equipments need to be considering as an investment
which can be recovered with a profit during the useful life of the equipment
241 Excavation
Types of equipment which are used to excavate earth and related materials
are known as excavator Excavation equipment includes the following
machines
1 Power shovels
2 Backhoes
3 Draglines
4 Clamshells and cranes
5 Trenching machines
6 Wheel-mounted belt loaders
Craneshovel consists 01 three major components
bull A carrier or mounting which provides mobility and stability for the
machine
bull A revolving deck or turntable which contains the power and
control units
bull A front-end attachment which serves the special function in an
operation
12
(g) Hawk_Bulk W~
(e) Cranes
(h) Q)-Qlick Mount
(c) Daglines
0l Hook Lift (k) Conlaine CITi~r (1) RollOffTrmlers Carner
Fig 2-1 Excavation Equipmentl1Gl
13
The type of mounting for all equipments Ihardware) in the above figure is
referred to as crawler mounting which is particularly suitable for crawling
over relatively roughed surfaces at a job site Other types of mounting
include truck mounting and wheel mounting which provide greater mobility
between job sites but require better surfaces for their operation The
revolving deck includes a cab to house the person operating the mounting
andor the revolving deck In the above figure a crane with hook clamshell
[Fig2-1 (f)L drag line [Fig2-1 (c)] bac khoe shovellFig 2-1 laI(b)L pile
driver[Fig2-1 (d)] and other excavation equipment are shown
A tractor consists of a crawler mounting and a non-revolving cab When an
earth-removing blade is attached to the front end of a tractor the assembly
is called a bulldozer When a bucket is attached to its front end the
assembly is known as a loader or bucket loader There are different types of
loads designed to handle most efficiently materials of different weights and
moisture contents
Scrapers are multiple units of tractor-truck and blade-bucket assemblies with
various combinations to facilitate the loading and hauling of earthwork
Major types of scrapers include single engine two-axle or three-axel
scrapers twin-engine all-wheel-drive scrapers elevating scrapers and push-
pull scrapers Each type has different characteristics of rolling resistancemaneuverability stability and speed in operation
242 Compaction and Grading
Compaction grading and soil stabilization are the works of same category
and these are interrelated Many SOilsare subject to differential expansion
and shrinkage when they undergo change in moisture content If pavements
are to be constructed on such soils it IShighly desirable to stabilize them to
prevent or reduce the change volume in order to protect the pavements from
excessive damages
Stabilizations may be applied to a soil In its natural position or as it is placed
in a fill Also stabilization may be applied to the sub-grade sub-base or
base material
14
Some methods of stabilization are
L Blending and miXing heterogeneous soils to produce more
homogenous soils
bullbullbull Incorporating hydrated lime into soils that are high in clay content
bullbullbull Blending asphalt with the soil
t Mixing Portland cement with the soil
t Incorporating various types of slats into the soils
4 Incorporating certain chemicals into the soils
t Compacting the soils thoroughly after they are processed
The function of compaction equipment is to produce higher dense soil
mechanically The basic forces used in compaction are static weight
kneading impact and vibration The degree of compaction that may be
achieved depends on the properties of soil its moisture content the
thickness of the soil layer for compaction and the method of compaction
The function of grading equipment is to bring the earthwork to desired shape
and elevation Many soils are subject to differential expansion and shrinkage
when they undergo changes in moisture content Many soils also move and
rut when subjected to moving wheel loads If pavementsbuildings are to be
constructed on such soils It is usually necessary to stabilize them to reduce
the volume changes and strengthen them to the point where then can carry
the imposed load even when they are saturated
Major types of grading equipment include motor graders and grade trimmers
The former is an all-purpose machine for grading and surface finishing the
latter is used for heavy construction because of its higher operating speed
Many types of compaction equipment are available including the following -
Towed Sheepsfoot [Fig2-2Ia)L Grid Roller [Fig2-2(b)L Self-Propelled [Fig2-
21c)) Segmented Steel Wheel Roller[Fig2-2(dll Self Propelled Tamping Foot
Roller Self Propelled Vibratory Tamping Foot Roller[Fig2-2Iel) etc These
are different operating characteristics
15
(a) Sheepsfoot roller
(b) Grid roller
(d) Two-Axle Tandem Steel-wheeled Roller
(c) Self Propelled Pneumatic-tiredRoller
(e) Self-Propelled Smooth-drumvibratory Roller
Fig 2-2 Compaction amp Grading Equipment
IG
243 Drilling and Blasting
Drilling operation used by the construction and mining industries to drillholes in both rock and earth The task of rock excavation includes looseningloading hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling and blasting
Rock excavation is a risky and hard task ReqUire special equipment andmethods for this operation The degree of difficulty depends on physicalcharacteristics of the rock type which to be excavate Grain sizes planes ofweakness weathering brittleness and hardness of rock strata are the vitalfactors of rock excavation The task of rock excavation includes looseningloadlllg hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling blasting or rippling
Major types of drilling equipment are percusSion drills and rotary-percussiondrills A percussion drill penetrates and cuts rock by impact while it rotateswithout cutting on the upstroke
Common type of percussion drills includes a jackhammer which is hand heldand others which are mounted on a fixed frame or on a wagon or crawl formobility A rotary drill [Flg2-3(bJJ cuts by turning a bit against the rocksurface A rotary precesSion drill combines the two cutting movements toprovide a laster penetration in rock
Blasting is performed to loosen rock in order that it may be excavated orremoved from its existing position Blasting requires the use of explosivesthe most common of which is dynamite Generally electriC blasting caps areconnected in a circuit with insulated wires Power sources may be powerlines or blasting machines designed for firing electriC cap Circuits Alsoavailable are non-electrical blasting systems which combine the precisetiming and flexibility of electric blasting and safety of non-electricaldetonation
Tractor-mounted rippers are capable of penetrating and prying loose mostrock types The blade or ripper IS connected to an adjustable shank whichcontrols the angle at the tip of the blade as it is raised or loweredAutomated ripper control may be Installed to control ripping depth and tipangle
In rock tunneling special tunnel machines equipped with multiple cutterheads and capable of excavating full diameter of the tunnel are nowavailable Their use has increasingly replaced the traditional methods ofdrilling and blasting
17
(a) ER1ronmomtlll Testing
It) Placer Drill
(b) Rotary drill
(dl Mincrnl Exploration Drill
eel Water Well Drilling
Fig 2-3 Drilling amp Blasting Equipmentl1bull1
18
244 Lifting and Erecting Equipment
Liftmg and erecting equipments are used to 11ftloads and to facilitate theerection of steel building frames
Derricks are commonly used to lift equipment of materiais or building
construction A derrick consists of a verticai mast and an inclined boom
sprouting from the foot of the mast Guys hold the mast in position or stiff
legs connected to a base whiie topping lift links the top of the mast and the
top of the inclined boom A hook in the road line hanging from the top of the
inclined boom is used to lift loads Guy derricks may easily be moved from
one floor to the next in a building under construction while stiff leg derricks
may be mounted on tracks for movement within a work area
Horizon boom type tower cranes are most common in high-rise building
construction Inclined boom type tower cranes are also used for erecting
steel structure
245 Mixing
Mixing concrete by hand is expensive In labour and it IS therefore not
surprising that mechanical mixers have been general use for a great many
years
The object of mixing is 10 coat the surface of all aggregate particles with
cement paste and to blend the entire ingredients of concrete into a uniform
mass this uniformity must furthermore not be disturbed by the process of
discharging from the mixer In fact the method of discharging is one of the
bases of classification of concrete mixers Several types exist In the tiltmg
mixer the mixing chamber known as the drum is tilted for discharging In
the non-tilting type the axis of the mixer is always horizontal and discharge
is obtained either by inserting a chute into the drum or by reversing the
direction of rotation of the drum or rarely by splitting of the drum There are
also pan-type mixers rather Similar in operation to an electric cake-mixer
these are called forced action mixers as distinct from the tilting and non-
tilting mixers which reiy on the free fall of concrete in the drum
19
In any mixer It is essential that sufficient interchange of materials between
different parts of the chamber takes place so that uniform concrete is
produced
On a site there is often a tendency to mix concrete as rapidly as possible
and it is therefore important to know what is the minimum mixing time
necessary to produce a concrete uniform in composition and as a result of
satisfactory strength
Concrete mixers are used to mix Portland cement sand gravel and water in
batches
There may be occasions when concrete has to be mixed by hand and
because in this case uniformity is more difficult to achieve particular care
and effort are necessary
A truck mixer refers to a concrete mixer mounted on a truck which is
capable of transporting ready mixed concrete from a central batch plant to
construction sites
246 Construction Tools and Other Equipment
Concrete can be economically pumped at the rates 15 to 200 ydhr for
horizontal distances 300 to 3000 ft and vertical distances 100 to 500 ft
without staging [11
The pumping of concrete of is especially advantageous in placements that
are physically difficult to approach with ready-mix trucks and show best
economy in the range of 20 to 80 ydhr
Air compressors [Fig2-4(al] and pumps [Fig2-4(dl] are widely used as the
power sources for construction tools include drills hammers [Fig2-4(bll
grinders saws wrenches[Fig2-4(clj staple guns sandblasting guns and
concrete vibrators Pumps are used to supply water or to dewater at
construction sites and to provide water jets for some types of construction
Vibrators are used to eliminate entrapped air Of the several types internal
vibrators perhaps the most common one External vibrator is rigidly clamped
to the formwork resting on an elastic support so that both the form and
20
concrete are vibrated Vibrating table can be considered as a case of
formwork clamped to the vibrator instead of the other way round but the
principle of vibrating the concrete and formwork together is unaltered
Besides these surface vibrator used for flat plate electric hammer can be
used as a surface vibrator when fitted with a bit having a large flat area A
vibrating roller is used for consolidating thin slabs
(a)Air Compressor
rg Wrench
(b) Hammer
(d) Concrete Pump
Fig 2-4 ConstructionTools amp Other Equipments[111
247 Choice of Equipment and Standard Production Rates
The selections of the appropriate type equipment or machines tor
construction often affect the required amount of time and effort and thus
the job site productivity of a project Equipment size determination is also a
very important task for construction Oversize equipments are expensive as
well as consume more time to handle It is therefore important for
construction planners to be familiar with the characteristics of the major
21
types of equipment most commonly used in construction Construction
planners also have to know the sources of construction equipment
Contractors and users of construction equipment frequently concerned with
a decision as to whether to purchase or rent (lease) an equipment Under
certain conditions it is financially advantageous to purchase whereas under
other conditions it is more economical and satisfactory to rent it
248 Building Materials
In recent times some of the important technological breakthroughs in
materials are stabilized soil lime-pozzolana mixes sand-lime bricks fly-ash
bricks clay-fly ash bricks gypsum boards wood-wool sheets plastic
products in utility service ready mix concrete non-shrink grout for machine
foundation super-plasticizers Ferro-cement and other materials Different
types of composite construction are also in very advance stage
In the field of concrete technology also some advances are happened such
as light weight concrete radiation shielding concrete polymer concretes
fiber reinforced concretes super plasticized concretes gap graded concrete
tenser-polymer reinforced concrete roller-compacted concrete ultra high
strength concrete improved techniques in pre-stressing prefabricated
construction and other some remarkable matenals
In low cost housing a number of developments have taken place and
following new techniques are being adopted for reduction in cost These arestone block masonry pre-cast brick panel roofing pre-cast RC channel
roofing ferro-cement tank use of secondary species of timber particle
board lor shutter doorswindows fly ash-lime-gypsum bricks for making
walls pre-cast RCC frames for doors and windows Pre-cast RC lintel (thin]
lower ceiling heights PVC pipes for water supply stabilized soil cement
base floors magneSium oxy-chloride flooring fire retardant treatment of
thatch asphaltic roofing etc Brief descriptions of some of those materials
are below-
22
249 Construction Automation and Robotics
Recent advances in robotic technology and the related experience In
manufacturing industries suggests that greater automation maybe extremely
beneficial for constructed facilities In addition construction in hazardous
environments (not approachable) may be greatly expanded by the use of
construction robots
There are several means by which construction automation and robotics
might repay the additional equipment and development costs associated
With high technology investments First robotics offers opportunities for
extending the scope of practical construction activities into hazardous
environments including outer space nuclear reactors or undersea
construction Even standard construction sites represent hazardous
environments as suggested by the large number job industrial accidents
associated with construction Second robotics may permit the practical
introduction and broader use of nonhuman senses and capabilities on
construction sites
KaJimaCompanys reinforcing bar placing robot can carry up to 20 bars and
automatically place these bars in pre-seiected patterns in both floors and
walls The equipment has achieved 40 to 50 savings in labor and 10
savings in time on several Japanese projects 131
A wall climbing robot called RM3 for tasks such as video inspections of shiphulls gamma-ray inspection of structural welds and high-pressure washing
painting shot-blasting and barnacle removal 131
23
CHAPTER 3
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN BANGLADESH
31 Introduction
The contribution of construction industry is quite significant in the national
economy but its existence is absent from the national economy plan
Recently government has made policy considering this sector as an industry
GDP Contribution of construction industry was 606 In 1991-1992 and 619
over the period 1996- 1997 Agriculture sector contributes maximum of
GDP Construction sector contribute about 20 of agriculture sector GDP
which is a remarkable role in Bangladesh economyI1
The construction Industry of Bangladesh comprises of a large number of
predominantly small firms The same can be seen to be true for most other
countries
The actual structure of the industry is not possible to measure as there are
no published papers on the total number of firms There are some 25000
nos of local contracting large medium and small categorized firms
registered with the government agencies with a varying range of financial
capacities [16]
In building construction sectors larger firms are capable to construct
concrete highrise building 30 storied Bangladesh Bank Bhaban 20 storied
Bangladesh Secretariat 20 storied Sena Kalyan Bhaban Building 20 storied
lOB Shaban and many other bUildings are the evidence of the ability to
construction of high rise concrete-building While high rise steel structures
are not yet familiar in Bangladesh but recently a number of high rise steel
structure are under construction In other sector such as bridge roads gas
pipeline electricity supply dam sluice-gate etc are implemented by
international contractors and joint venture companies (foreign and local
firms~ In 1990-91 the construction industry employed 105 and in 1995-
96 183 (statistics 97~ of total labour force In other statistics showed
that the constructing firm employs 20 lacs peoples If each family comprise
24
of four members so total 80 lacs people (615 of total population of the
countryl are dependent on the construction industry for their living The
economical and political significance of the industry ISeven greater than this
figure suggest as it captures the major part of the national investment
About 46 of the total construction labour force are involved in building
50 in construction repair and maintenance of roads and bridge works and
4 are involved in construction repair and maintenance of other activities
16]
Some domestic contractors in the building sectors have access to overseas
market but local contractors are less capable of competing with the foreign
companies due to variety of grounds -
(a) Very Less initiative from the Government to improve the capacity of the
local contractors
bull Easy policy for credit system for construction industry
bull To provide plant machinery hire facilities
bull Skill and manpower development through training
(bl Policy of the rules and conditions of the donor agencies for foreign funds
According to PWD to solve the housing problem 709131 units of houses
are required to construct in every year [15] So it indicates that Bangladesh
has a serious housing problem
12 to 15 millions people now lives in Dhaka city Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is now the city of construction Though yearly requirements in
the city is about 65000 housing but all public and private sector together
produce 25000 housing units in a year Percentage of leaving in slums and
squatter settlement is about 30 percent It would take at least 600 billion
taka which IS five times the entire ADP budget of the country to
accommodate house for the above-mentioned population Very little areas
are found in cities which are not occupied by building Every place in the city
is already filled up or construction of building process is ongoing But the
utility service and other facilities for community are not well thought-out
But according to government rules facilities shall be accommodate first
25
before any type of building construction Unfortunately community facilities
including simple parking facilities are still absent for the many new
constructing building in Dhaka city
32 Some large Constructions in Bangladesh
It is very difficult to identify which one is large construction of a country
because of project diversity In Bangladesh there are numerous
constructions many of them are significant in various aspects Although
functions and aesthetic are different of them they accomplish different type
of requirements Following are the some prominent constructions which
indicate Bangladesh building construction industry is fully capable to
construct any type of Building
Equipments used for construction of national assembly building were tower
crane larger size mixture machines and other eqUipment Tower crane amp
other equipments replaced by huge no of labors As per definition of labour
based technology construction of this building falls under this category
National Assembly
Fig 3-1 National Assemblyl101
labour Based Technology
Architect Louis I Kahn
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1962 to 1974
Building type government center
Construction System concrete marble
26
Equipments used for construction of Bangladesh bank bhaban were hoist
mixture machine and other light equipment only For excavation of 1
basement engaged huge no of labors As per definition this type of
construction falls under labour Intensive technology
bull Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
Fig 3-2 Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
labour Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
NoofFioors-31
Building type government
Construction System concrete
27
Equipments used for construction of Islamic Development Bank Shaban were
tower crane concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments
Tower crane ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments
replaced by most of the labors As per definition of equipment intensive
technology this type of construction falls under this category
bull Islamic Development Bank
7
Fig 3-3 Islamic Development Bank
Bhaban
Equipment Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
No of Floors - 20
Construction System concrete
28
Equipments used for construction of Bashundhara city were tower crane
concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments Tower crane
ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments replaced by most of
the labors As per definition 01 equipment intensive technology this type of
construction falls under this category
bull Bashundhara City
Fig 3-4 Bashundhara City
Equipment Intensive Technology
Architect VISTARA
location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1999 to 2003
Building type shopping mall
Construction System concrete marble
33 Constructions in Bangladesh Using Pre Fabrication
Prefabricate construction not yet accepted widely in Bangladesh Scenario of
developed country in this respect is totally different Even In Malaysia
Thailand Indonesia India and many other developing countries scenery is
closed to developed countries Prefabricate construction require customize
construction or a huge no of similar type productions Precast units which
normally used in Bangladesh are -
bull Tiles and mosaic
bull Low cost toilet rings and others precast accessories
bull Prestressed precast electric pole
bull Precast column for boundary wall
29
the study on availability
of indigenous materials in
bull Precast slab for surface drain
bull Precast slab for foot path
bull Precast railing and ornamental column
bull Precast lintel
bull Precast pipe for water supply and others
bull Railway sleeper
bull Road divider
In the context of Bangladesh RampD activities are yet to be worthy InBangladesh uHouse and Building Research Institute was established in the
year 1977 with the following objectives -
1 To take technical and scientific studies and research on
various problems of constructions and building materials and
to evolve housing and building technology appropriate to the
requirement and suitable for socia-economic condition of the
country
2 To specifically emphasis on
development and utilization
construction
3 To promote better uses of building materials particularly
commonly used materials improvements methods of learning
and designing of construction works and maintenance
4 To train research personnels and technicians for the purpose
out its research activities
House and Building Research Institute time to time tried to introduce someprecast module Such as -
bull Ferro cement tank
bull Precast Ferro cement channel for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete hollow slab for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete micro pile
30
bull Precast Ferro-cement folded plate for roof
bull Precast Ferro-cement L panel for inclined roofing
bull RCCdoor and window frames
Between all type of innovation only Ferro cement tank (400 gallon consisting
of cement mortar on wire mesh) is widely used mainly in Dhaka city As
bigger size is not possible with Ferro-cement Its use is limited
Above all precast construction scenario is very poor in Bangladesh This
indicates construction technology not yet advance in Bangladesh in this high
tech era
34 Humnware Infoware and Hardware in Bangladesh
341 Humnware
For construction technology humanware includes labour technicians
engineer and other persons In some way they are related to construction
industry In Bangladesh expense for humanware is cheaper with respect to
other countries because of low wages lin Bangladesh Taka 125 per hour
and for ordinary labour in UK pound6) So utilization of man power through IT is
a great opportunity for construction sector of Bangladesh But unfortunately
we are far way from proper utilization of this huge no manpower
Development of Human resources is in very preliminary stage By generating
employment and working environment general employment conditions need
to be improved Wage systems must be developed and made transparent so
as to give proper remuneration according to qualification and technical skill
It is extremely necessary for the skilled workers to pass their skills on and to
train personnel able to respond to future technological changes Professional
training centers and methods must be developed and be efficiently exercised
upon
In Bangladesh most of the cases we make out unskilled humnware which is
unexpected in this high tech era Also in most of the cases they are
uneducated Due to unskilled and uneducated labour construction qualities
31
are not normally as per requirement Also due to unskilled labor excessive
time is requiring in most of the cases
In Bangladesh labours are mainly trained-up by on-job training In many case
they are habituated from paternal side by born Though some training
institutes exist around Dhaka city but they are certificate-based institute
These institutes deal only overseas job findings peoples
342 Infoware
Infoware IS usually the document-embodied form This includes the
software design specification materials specifications theories charts
database drawing design and others activities Use of software in
Bangladesh for the purpose of analysis and design are in satisfactory leveL
Although most of the organizations are now analyze and design by some
standard software but a big amount of engineers are not stili away from this
technology Following software and tools are now using in Bangladesh
which indicates not behind from top level
Programming Language- Visual Basic Auto LISP aBasic CC Turbo C
Computer Aided Engineering STAAD-III STAADPro Math CAD ADOSS PCACOL SOL Series
Spread Sheet Analysis- Microsoft Excel Lotus MathCAD
Computer Aided Design
- AutoCAD
Database- DBase FoxPro Microsoft Access Oracle
GIS Software- Arcinfo Arcade Maplnfo Arc view Idrisi
32
Graphics software- CorelDraw Harvard Graphics
Computer Aided Project Management- MS Project
Word Processing
-MicrosoftWordWordPcrreCI
Operating Systems
- MS Windows Dos Novel
3430rgaware
Orgaware lOrganization) represents the structural framework of a
technological system and it includes for example the organizations for the
RampD the production the marketing the corporate planning etc It is needed
to produce certain goods and services Within the framework of theorgaware the other technology components work [1]
Most of the organization in Bangladesh is now using computer and software
for different type of works Some organizations are using for analysis and
design some for planning purpose some as a management tools and some
one for data processing and accounting In someway organizations ofBangladesh are taking this technological advantage
In Bangladesh some organizations are doing a number of remarkable works
excellently They are creating photo realistic rendered architectural
perspective models of 3D exterior and Interior elevation and layout
rendering services 3D animation They are also creating architectural fly-by
and walk-through simulations for interactive presentation or TV quality
advertisement GIS works are also done by these organizations
Some of organizations are also working with foreign organizations Mainly
different type of data entry is their main works which are mainly data
conversion rom one format to another Such as conversion from portabledocument format (pdf) to Word processing format (docl hand sketch
J3
bull
conversion to digital drawing (dwg etc) format some modification of
drawing ete The difficulties of our organizations are for any types of
business they require an overseas office This is a very big problem for
entrepreneurs of data exchanging business
344 Hardware
In Bangladesh hardware use of construction industry is not in a suitable
level Moreover specifically modern construction equipment J technology are
not utilizing in Bangladesh most of the cases Only in a few sector such as
deeper excavation in highway construction a few no of building works are
done by modern equipments but in other sectors modern equipment are
ignoring by Bangladeshi construction industry Computer based hardware
widely using in Bangladesh as computer and some computer related
hardware are reasonably priced for middle class people
For construction projects require modern management which is based on
personal computer (PC) In Bangladesh computer based project management
is not yet popular in construction industry Only some foreign aided
government project has some activities on this but also up-to proposal level
only Truly computer based project management in construction sector not
yet Implemented in Bangladesh This is limited to some Gantt chart and
critical path draw works But hardware based computer management easily
save both money and time Probable cause for which not yet go for
computer based project management listing below -
Labours and technicians are illiterate
bull
bull
bull
bull
Labours and technicians are unskilled
Top management of an organization are not wanted to go for
new particularly computer based technology
From Government side there are no plan to facilitate these sector
even in Government project
Our engineers backgrounds are also not upto that extent and
also they are not interested to go for such type of management
34
CHAPTER 4
TECHNOLOGY ON EXCAVATION amp RCC OF BANGLADESH
Nowadays building construction mainly equipment intensive works allover
the world that is depend on modern technology Similarly construction
industry of Bangladesh going away step by step depends on technology
Technological application sophistication quality etc are different in country
to country but at every steps of construction industry including construction
industry of Bangladesh totally depends on construction technology For
excavation loading compaction grading drilling lifting erecting mixing
and other purposes require some construction hardwareequipment and there
technological approach is different Not only for equipment but in every
steps of construction process depends on technological involvement In this
chapter mainly discussed the effect on excavation due to equipment
intensive and labour intensive works Also for building construction the
effect of alternate combination of material use
41 Technology in Excavation
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground This foundation is mandatory for
every structure ThiS is the reason of start of excavation technology which
is an earliest form of civil engineering construction This technology is used
for excavate earth of foundationbasement Excavated soilrock usually
dumps in other places which is known as loading Many construction
industry of Bangladesh Excavator and Loader are mainly using for
excavation works But use of excavator is mostly Dhaka based In other
places of the country except Dhaka city excavation works are done by
manually which is very unlikable in this high tech era Even in Dhaka city
many excavation works had been done by manually Such as 18 storied
New Market City Complex building with two basements (adjacent of Dhaka
new market) 14 storied CRP building project with two basements at Mirpur-
35
14 Dhaka A few but in some projects huge volume of soil was excavated
manually Excavation operations 01 these many projects are done by
manually because 01 availability and low-priced labor In this chapter try to
focus why this technology (excavator not used in most of the cases
In many project of Bangladesh excavation operation are done by manually
because 01-
Soil Characteristics - Comparatively solt layer 01 earth exists all
around Bangladesh
raquo labour (Humnwarel - labour costs are cheap and available
Non-availability of equipment (Hardware) - Modern equipment
cost is very high for which it is not pOSSiblelor contractor to
buy excavator and other heavy equipments lor a singie project
gt- No and size of the Job - As no 01 projects limited and also
areas of a single projects are not big Use of Excavator and
loader are not economically viable
Rental organization - Renta I organization not yet developed
widely and systematically Above all limited rental organization
and their higher charges of hardware
Topography Most of the lands in Bangladesh are plain So
labors can work comfortably
lacks of technicians - lack of skilled technicians are one of the
reasons to avoid new technology
Time - Peoples of Bangladesh are not anxious about time
Utilization of time is very important lack 01 this awareness is
one 01 the reasons of avoiding tendency of new technology for
excavation
)- Space constrains - Particularly in Dhaka city buildings are not
build in well planned way but very haphazard So in many case
movement 01 excavator is very difficult and in some cases it is
impossible to work due to space constrain
36
bull Weather and Temperature - Luckily most of the seasons are
suitable for labour works Nature is very fever for manual
labour except very little lime through out the year So not
need to take extra precaution lor climate
gt Dumping area - Some time huge amount of dumping is not
possible For that reason avoiding tendency to new technology
of excavation
bull Transportation equipments - Some times transportation of
dumping is not viable and In that type of case manual labour is
preferable
411 Preliminary Stage
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground and which transmits the load to the
underlying sailor rock As the foundation normally placed below the ground
excavation is must and should be done first for any type of construction
work
More or less for every construction works need excavation some times
these are shallow and some times it is deep Due to basement construction
of high-rise buildings need massive excavation This may need up to three
four months If excavation works are done by manually a huge no of labors
will engage their and require more time
Considering employment it is solVing a substantial social problem like our
developing country by means of giving a large no of employment
opportunity Therefore out side the urban area manual excavation may be
permissible due to solving unemployment problem This might be plaYing a
significant role like our developing country to solve the problem Social
problem from society But owners always try to solve the problem from the
economic view which will figure out later on this chapter
But the scenario in urban areas like Dhaka city is different Dhaka has
already become a mega city with more than ten million inhabitants and its
population is projected to reach 16 million by 2015 which would make it
the worlds seventh most populous city This rapid growth is visible all
37
around the city by constructing new buildings But the citys infrastructure is
not keeping space with the influx of population Transport environment of
Dhaka city may be a clear example with increasing traffic congestion and
delays The ability of Dhakas transport system to sustain economic growth
and reasonable quality of life has been declining steadily
In such a poor situation if we dont use machinery equipment everyday
congestion situation of Dhaka city will escalate due to longer timerequirement of excavation
Already it is an established fact that construction works of Dhaka city is one
of main reasons of traffic congestion To overcome this awlul situation
particularly in the city areas we must have to adopt modern technology in
excavation purpose This will help to reduce construction time money
traffic congestion and other redundant situations
412 Time and Seasonal Effects on Construction
Time
In Bangladesh construction management going on very preliminary stage and
still they dont think time is a vital factor for any project But everyone is
aware the fact money has a time value Thousand Taka today is worth
more the Thousand tomorrow This lact is vividly reinforced when themonthly charge bills are examined This added charge amounts to rent on
the money that is owed and is termed interest
Besides these we know fixed costs are directly related to time variable andother costs are also similar effect ie if time span of a project is longer then
fixed cost will be more and similarly true for all other costs So time span ISa vital factor for any construction project
Again for any project there is a breakeven point which also dependents on
time If construction period is more than the estimated time timerequirement to reach break even will be more
BeSides these there is a possibility to come other competitors due to delay
of construction and sometimes it may become an unprofitable project forever in this competitive market
38
If we Consider revenue side what we see - Suppose a 10 storied office
building spaces are 12000 sq-ft and rent is 501 = Taka per sq-ft ie per day
revenue is 20 Lac Particularly this type of project per day revenue loss will
be a big amount if the construction not timely finish This is unexpected for
any organizationlsJcontractorls)
Season
In many cases for foundation purpose deep excavation is required
Sometimes need shore pile to protect adjacent soil Shore pile is essential
when permanent structure exist adjacent project site As shore pile is a
temporary work in many cases it designs less cautiously Result is that
shore pile failures are a common type of failure in Dhaka city at every year
It is occurred mainly in rainy season due to rainfall If the contractors are
finished their foundation works before rainy season most of the time they
can avoid these repetitive shore pile failure situations
On the other hand in many cases owner of adjacent structure goes to the
court when contractor goes for deeper excavation for their safety and
compensation if shore pile failure occurs Also for shore pile failure delays
the project ie more time consume for project and more money expenses
due to delay or to pay compensation Sometimes it becomes a crucial factor
for the project and as a result of big economical loss for that project Such
type of big economical loss easily can avoid by proper time scheduling ie
should be complete before expected rainy season in case of deeperfoundation works
39
413 Cost Analysis and Result
Assumption made for cost and analysis are follows-
1 For Manual 1000 eft of excavation work (PWDStandard Rates)
al For initial lead of 100_ON and lift of 5_ON
i) Ordinary labour cost Tk 088 per cIt
b) For each additional lift of one loot beyond 5-0 and upto 10_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 004 per cit
c) For each additional lilt of one foot beyond 10-0 and upto 15-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 006 per cit
d) For each additional lift of one foot beyond 15_ON and upto 20_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 008 per eft
e) Extra each additional lead of 100-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 014 per eft
2 For Excavator
f) Initial rent Tk 9000000 for upto 10 days
il Extra charge Tkl0OOO00 per day
iii Excavation capacity 10000 eft per day
3 Enough labour Force
gl Enough labour force can be engaged so that there will not be any
significant difference in excavation between these two methods
40
Tablbullbull4-1 5 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area (ff) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 500 440 90000200 1000 880 90000500 2500 2200 900001000 5000 4400 900002000 10000 8500 900005000 25000 22000 9000010000 50000 44000 9000020000 100000 95000 9000040000 200000 218000 180000100000 500000 755000 450000
Tablbullbull 4-2 10 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Areaiiti) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1000 980 90000200 2000 1960 90000500 5000 4900 900001000 10000 9800 900002000 20000 19600 900005000 50000 49000 9000010000 100000 98000 9000020000 200000 210000 18000040000 400000 476000 360000100000 1000000 1610000 900000
41
Table 4-3 15 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR I
Area (ft) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1500 1670 90000200 3000 3340 90000500 7500 8350 900001000 15000 16700 900002000 30000 33400 900005000 75000 83500 9000010000 150000 167000 13500020000 300000 355000 270000
40000 600000 794000 540000100000 1500000 2615000 1350000
Tabla 4-4 20 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area(ft ) Vo(ume(ft ) Manual(CostTk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 2000 2560 90000200 4000 5120 90000500 10000 12800 900001000 20000 25600 900002000 40000 51200 900005000 100000 128000 9000010000 200000 256000 18000020000 400000 540000 36000040000 800000 1192000 720000100000 2000000 3820000 1800000
42
Graph 41 Excavation cost for 5 feet
5 Excavation Cost
~ ~---------------
------ -
I
II
II
- ExcavatorI-Manual
I
50 -----
Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet
10 Excavation Cost
0
I Excavator-Manual
-___ e bullbullbull _
- __ - - --- - - _ - -
-
- - - - - - - - - - -
- - 250 -
oo
lti 300~~ooo~
o 100U
Area (in 100 sft)
43
Graph 43 Excavation cost for 15 feet
15 Excavation Cost
-- ExcavatorI-Manual I
eN
~NN
o
400 -
350 -
300~bull~ 250 - - - 000 ~bullbull- 0~0U 100 - ---- - -
0
Area (in 100 sft)
Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet
20 Excavation Cost
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
- - - -- - - -- - - - - - - --
350 ---------
bullbull 300
~ 250g~ 200 bullbullbullbull0
~ 0U 100 -
0
o g
-
-----------
_______ c C __
___ c c_
~c
-- Excavator-Manual
Area (in 100 sft)
44
From the above anafysis it is observed that in case of 5 feet excavation
breakeven area is 19020 sft for 10 feet excavation 9184 sfr for 15 feet
excavation 6946 sft and for 20 ft 3636 sft Excavator becomes cheaper for
any constructIOn (area) above these breakeven fevels
42 Design and Specifications
421 Material for Building Construction
Wood of course was the only material used by early builders that had more
or less equal tensile and compressive strength Early builders are also
depends on stone brick surki and lime After innovation of reinforced-
concrete and steel previously used material are replaced by concrete and
steel Concrete with reinforcement radically change in the field of building
construction technology After that steel play the vital role and contribute to
build high rise building worldwide though Bangladesh is far from that type
high rise building But recently numbers of steel bUilding are in the process
of construction and we are expecting remarkable progress will be shown
within couple of years Nowadays wood has been relegated largely to
accessory use during construction to use in temporary and secondary
structures and to use for secondary member of permanent construction
Though both concrete and steel are the two most commonly used structural
material worldwide in Bangladesh mainly concrete are common item of
building construction Recently some industrial buildings are constructed by
structural steel Builders in Bangladesh are now reali2ing that steel is also a
competitive and effective material for building construction But they are
going forward very slowly for steel structure
Selection of structural materials must be selected on availability of materials
Also depends on corresponding skill labour relative costs wage scale and
the suitability of the materials for particular structure
In Bangladesh currently carrying out research into rice straw and husks
which are a by-product of major crop of Bangladesh but have already
encountered problems with the strength of the rice straw while fit best rice
45
husks can be regarded as filler and may not contribute significantly to the
tensile strength of earth-mix bricks
Idea of including waste material from the countrys vast jute industry to use
as a binder in the bricks and not merely as rubbish to be burnt
And finally that the integrity of earth-built buildings may be considerably
strengthened and improved by applying simple low-cost principles to the
Internal strengthening structures - mostly tied bamboo frameworks
4211 Material in Bangladesh
Any material which has got application in engineering construction is termed
as engineering material Stones bricks concrete bricks lime cement surki
sand concrete iron steel ferrous alloys non-ferrous metais and alloys
timber timber products aluminums bamboos soils bituminous materials
glass plastics paints varnishes rubber tiles granite marble etc are
commonly used in Bangladesh
Among them major construction materials are now producing in Bangladesh
though maximum raw materials are imported outside from Bangladesh
Though cement raw materials like gypsum and clinker are importing from
outside of country the total cement producing capacity now is more than
countrys per year requirement and quality of cement is standard as per
specification But reinforcement quality is not yet reached to standard level
It is very serious problem for construction industry of Bangladesh
46
4212 Reinforcement
Steel is known as black copper in early ages Iron and steel developed over
2000 years ago It was Henry Bessemer who was especially interested in
good quality steel making for big canons He was the first to produce low
carbon wrought iron In Bangladesh steel also used as reinforcement in many
years before It is difficult to say when and where first time used steel
reinforcement
Concrete reinforcement bar are usually of two types
bull Deformed bar and
bull Twisted bar
Below are the specifications for two types of reinforcement bar-
Table 4-5Steel GradeGrade 40Grade 60
ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed barYield Stre9th (psi Ultimate Stren ths (psi)40000 (minimum) 70000 (minimum)60000 (minimum) 90000 (minimum)
Table 4-6Steel GradeGrade 250Grade 400Grade 460
654149 specifications for Twisted barYield Stren th (psi) Ultimate Strengths (psi)40000 (minimum) 4400060000 (minimum) 6600067000 (minimum) 73700
Grade 40 and Grade 60 both type of reinforcement are frequently used InBangladesh for building construction In Bangladesh normally steel areprocessed by the follOWingmethod
(i) Induction furnace melting and(ii) Arc furnace melting
The yearly requirement of steel in Bangladesh is 10 million ton But the
quality steel production rate is only 02 million tonyear That is remaining
08 million ton reinforcement are non-standard 1171 By which our different
construction works are building This is an awful situation of construction
sector in Bangladeshand requires immediate exemption from this situation
47
4213 Concrete
Allover the world concrete with reinforcement are the most commonly used
materials for building construction In Bangladesh it is the main structural
material using as building construction materials Concrete IS a stone like
material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement
sand and gravel or other aggregate and water to harden in forms of the
shape and dimensions of the desired structure
Bangladesh is now a big cement producing country in respect to their
required capacity Statistics says yearly requirement of cement allover the
Bangladesh is 65 million tons where as production capacity of the entire
cement mill is 120 million tons That means 55 million tons surplus cement
now existing in Bangladesh One of the main reasons of this surplus is that
world top most cement producing companies are now producing cement in
Bangladesh from their factory
The properties that make concrete a universal building material are so
pronounced that it has been used In more primitive kinds and ways than at
present for thousands of years probably beginning in Egyptian antiquity
The facility with which while plastic it can be deposited and made to fill
forms or aids of almost any practical shape is one of these factors Its high
fire and weather resistance are eVident advantages Most of the constituent
materials with the possible exception of cement are usually available at low
cost locally or at small distances from the construction site
In Bangladesh normally concrete strength (cylinder strength fc) varies from
2500 psi to 5000 psi for building construction But in many case it falls to
2000 PSI On the other hand upto 8000 psi concrete was used for
construction of Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge project Also there are many
projects already finished and ongoing where usedusing more than 5000 psi
strength concrete
48
4214 Steel
In 1885 an American engineer names William LeBaron Jenny became the
creator of the modern skyscraper when he realized that an office building
could be constructed using totally different materials He chose structural
steel and incorporated it into a revolutionary system that was to make
possible the soaring office towers that now symbolize the modernmetropolis
Steel is manufactured under controlled conditions its properties are
determined in a laboratory and described in a manufacturers certificate
Thus the designer need only specify the steel as complying with a relevant
standard and the site engineers supervision is limited to the workmanship
of the connections between the Individual steel members So responsible of
contractor is more to provide proper material
Also following are some reasons normally associated with competitiveadvantages of steel over concrete
bull Construction speed particularly during periods of high interest rates
Steel frames go up more rapidly thus reducing construction financing
costs and allowing the building to generate revenue sooner
bull Availability of steel in a variety of grades and shapes that IS suitable
for economical faming of both short and long spans
bull Steel offers economical design approach for retrofit and rehab
projects Steel can be easily modified expanded or converted to suit
future needs of owners and tenants For this reason steel frame isoften referred to as a changeable frame
bull In difficult foundation conditions steel construction may result in
reduced foundation costs because of its light weight Steel frame is
normally 25 to 35 percent lighter than a concrete frame and can
permit the use of less expensive foundation systems
In Bangladesh steel building are not constructing notably Mainly some
factory buildings are constructed with steel as a structural material In
Bangladesh peoples are not serious about time which is main advantage of
steel structure like our COuntry We have to import all the steel materials It
49
also has to PV higher tax Our engineers are not interested to go for new
technology like steel structure 0 technicians oed labors pof Vtrained P fo steel construction Ultimately except time factor steel
structure is OPt very suitable for building construction of Bangladesh Very
recently a few numbers of high-rise buildings are now under construction or
under designing stages which indicates new technology are coming
4215 RCC Grading
Strength of concrete is commonly considered its most important property
although in many practical cases other characteristic such as durability and
impermeability may in fact be more important Nevertheless strength usually
gives an overall picture of the quality of concrete because strength is
directly related to the structure of the hardened cement paste
The strength of concrete of given mix proportions is very seriously affected
by the degree of its compaction It ISvital therefore that conSistence of the
mix be such that the concrete can be transported placed and finished
sufficiently easily and without segregation Following combinations of
reinforcement and concrete are considered for thiS study-
Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Reinforcement and Concrete
Concrete Type Steel Strength (in ksi) Concrete Strength lin ksi)
I Type - 1 60 44
Type - 2 60 36
Type - 3 60 29
Type - 4 60 25
Type - 5 40 44
Type - 6 40 36
Type - 7 40 29
Type - 8 40 25
50
4217 Interdependence of Humnware Infoware and Hardware
For analysis and design purpose humnware infoware and hardware work as
an integrated system During design and analysis period due to different
grade and type material selection software hardware and humnware play
the vital role for alternate attempt Computer utilization in different stages
have improved capabilities for generating quality designs as well as redUCing
the time required to produce alternative designs Without help of these
technological combined services It IS almost impossible to get better and
optimistic design Thats why with the help of Humnware Infoware and
Hardware most economic type analysis and design may achieved within
short time which is almost impossible without these technological help
Manual analysis and design are most of the time assumption based a time
consuming matter and whose ultimate result is economical loss considered
to both time and material requirement
51
4218 Analysis and Result
For analysis purpose here considered a six storied building The analysis has
been performed by STAADIPro software 3-D model of assumed building amp
output of STAADProare given in Appendix-A
Following are the material requirement for different combination
Table 4-8 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 10487 Ib5 2148 Ib6 1375 Ib7 1386 Ib8 3971 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 193651bsTotal Volume of Concrete 28688 cuft
Table 4-9 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 23844 Ibs5 1346 Ib6 5329 Ib7 5487 Ib8 10511 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 46518 IbsTotal Vofume of Concrete 61454 cuft
52
Table 4-10 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6330 Ib5 5653 Ib6 1644 Ib7 2771 Ib8 4722 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 21120lbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3355 cUft
Table 4-11 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 22348 Ibs5 4039 Ib6 8655 Ib7 4001 Ib8 5049 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 44092 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 7279 cU1t
53
Table 4-12 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 787191bs5 29898 Ibs6 37505 Ibs7 57257 Ibs8 58754 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
26213 Ibs3528 cUft
Table 4-13 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibs)
4 221821bs5 10011 Ibs6 37652 Ibs7 6918 Ibs8 34297 Ibs
Totel weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
54
432191bs9367 cuft
Table 4-14 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 9556 Ibs5 2453 Ibs6 3810 Ibs7 6378 Ibs8 6761 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
28958 Ibs4190 cuft
Table 4-15 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibsl
4 25557 Ibs5 3126 Ibs6 4340 Ibs7 10008 Ibs8 703 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
55
43733 Ibs10076 cuft
Table 4-16 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 8680 Ib5 1358 Ib6 1434 Ib7 2588 Ib8 7727 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 21787 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3499 cUft
Table 4-17 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 17629 Ibs5 4878 Ib6 7745 Ib7 7921 Ib8 16895 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 47938Total Volume of Concrete 8546 cuft
56
Table 4-18 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 7770 Ibs5 1432 Ibs6 3795 Ibs7 4686 Ibs8 9068 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
==
26752 Ibs3479 cuft
Table 4-19 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17705 Ibs5 1591 Ibs6 13078 Ibs7 1152 Ibs8 16675 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
57
= 50201 Ibs9644 cuft
Table 420 Material Requirement for Column1ConcreteStrength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in IbsJ
4 84764 Ibs5 30846 Ibs6 22264 Ibs7 34232 Ibs8 10168 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
27379 lbs4709 cUft
Table 4-21 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17693 Ibs5 2347 Ibs6 19086 Ibs7 1367 Ibs8 13352 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
58
53845 Ibs10111 cuft
Table 4-22 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6602 Ib5 2506 Ib6 7068 Ib7 5216 Ib8 8370 Ib
Totar weight of reinforcement - 29762 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 5055 cuft
Table 4-23 Material Requirement for BeamlConcrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 18686 Ibs5 13536 Ibs6 15858 Ib7 1085 Ib8 5565 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement - 54730 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 11269 cUft JI
59
4219 Cost Analysis
Generally the cost for a construction prOject includes the expenses related to
the following activities
bull Land acquirement
bull Planning and feasibility
bull Design
bull Construction including materials equipment and lobour
bull Insurance and taxes during construction
bull Office overhead
bull Office furniture and equipment
bull Inspection testing and others
In this study considered only material cost of different grade of combination
which is mentioned in the article 4215
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Concrete Strength Concrete Cost2500 pO 155 Tkdt2900 psi 164 Tkdt3600 pO 187 Tkch4400 P 209 Tkch
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Reinforcement Strength Reinforcement Cost40000 psi 226406 TklOn
60000 psi 23625 Tkton
60
Table 4~26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequiremerType - 1 294 Ton 9014 citType - 2 291 Ton 10633 eftType - 3 310 Ton 12895 cftType - 4 325 Ton 14266 eftType - 5 311 Ton 12044 eftType - 6 344 Ton 13123 eftType - 7 363 Ton 14821 eftType - 8 377 Ton 16324 eft
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequirementType - 1 441 Ton 9916 eftType - 2 437 Ton 11697 eftType - 3 465 Ton 14185 eftType - 4 487 Ton 15693 eftType - 5 467 Ton 13249 eftType - 6 515 Ton 14435 eftType - 7 544 Ton 16304 eftType - 8 566 Ton 17957 eft
Table 4-28 Reinforcemelt and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka
Type of Concrete Renforcement Cost Concrete Cost Total CostType - 1 1042 Coo 1884 Coo 2926 CooT~2 1032 Coo 1988 Coo 3020 CooTy e - 3 1099 Coo 2115 Coo 3214 CooType - 4 1150 Coo 2211 Coo 3361 CooType - 5 1057 Coo 2517 Coo 3574 CooType6 1167 Coo 2454 Coo 3621 CooType - 7 1231 Coo 2431 Coo 3662 CooType - 8 1281 Co 2530 Coo 3811 Co
61
Graph 4-5 Total Cost 01 Concrete and Reinforcement
Total Cost
bull
0045_0000bull~bull 35000bullbull ~OO
0 ~oou
~~oo~000
WOO
bull bull
bull bull
I TotalCosti-Concrete COSJ-+-- Reinf Cost -- -- -
Type of Concrelltgt Grado
Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement
Costn Percentage
_Totalcosl
-- Concrce Co__ Renf Coso
1_23
- -
- - - - -
---------_-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
140 -
_35 --------------- bull
bull 130bullbull 120bullj U bull 105~
00095
Type of Concrete Crade
Above analysis clearly shows that Type-1 concrete is cheaper than anyother combination of reinforced concrete Up-to 29 savings is possible ifhigher grade Reinforcement and Concrete used for building construction
62
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Discussion
In developed countries civil engineering organizations spend good amount of
money in RampD At national level the universities and other institutions
should be encouraged to undertake strategic research which aims to Improve
understanding and applications of scientific and technical know how which
in turn will provide a basis in the long run proper application of new
techniques and technologies Following are some areas very essential for
construction Industry of Bangladesh
The development and dissemination of new construction equipment and
better safety must be encouraged
Pre-fabrication and use of package materials will enhance the efficiency of
work execution by standardizing specifications and reduce the site work
volumes
The development and dissemination of all weather construction technology
will make it possible to carryon with work even under bad weather
The means of transferring information between designers and constructors
need to be improved The effective use of construction equipment
prefabricated materials and products needs to be considered
The roles and responsibilities of engineers need to be reviewed With regard
to improvements in work efficiency personnel training and strengthening the
management foundation of engineers
6]
52 Conclusion
Excavation
Manual excavation and excavation USing excavator S to 20 ft depth) with
different land areas were studied in Dhaka city Considering labour cost and
excavator rental charge breakeven point for Sft excavation and 20ft excavation
are 19020sft and 3616sft respectively Using PDW97 standard rate of works
it IS observed that for deeper excavation excavator is cheaper than labor-
intensivemanual excavation Labor-intensivemanual excavation works may be
acceptable outside urban areas due to unemployment of labor But excavator is
economic solution in urban areas like Dhaka city
In Bangladesh excavation and loading is a labour-based works but in developed
countries its hardware-based works Further detail study based on socio-
economic environment etc may be required to introduce hardware-based
excavation work replacing manual labor in our country
Material
8 combinations of steel and concrete were studied for a six storied bUilding
Considering material cost Type- ICombination of high strength concrete 44-
ksi with high strength steel 60-ksi) is the most economic Type8 la
combination of low grade concrete 2S-ksi and low grade steel 40-ksi) is the
most uneconomic as it material costs 29 more than the cost due to the Type-
1 Unfortunately Type-8 combination is most widely used in private construction
even by the real estate developer One problem with Type- is that high
strength concrete 144 ksi concrete with 60 ksi steel) demands admixture which
also demand skilled humnware If it is not possible type 2 (36 ksi concrete
with 60 ksi steel) can be easily used without loosing Significant economy lonly
3 more cost than Type-l) Mainly Engineers may play the significant role to
convince ownersentrepreneur to accept this technological advantage and avoid
uneconomical traditional approach
53 Scope for Future Works
Similar studies may be carried out for other components of technology Inamely
different types of hardware technology humnware infoware etc)
64
REFERENCES[1] MAnwarul Azim Technology Mal1agement and Development of Nation
July 1999
[2) SP Arors SP Bindra A Text Book of Building Construction
131 Chris Hendrickson Tung su Project Msnagement for Construction
141 Robert L Peukrifoy William B Ledbetter Construction Planning Equipment
snd Methods McGraw-HIli Book Company International Edition 1985
[51 Robert L Mitchell Engineering EconomlcsJohn Wiley amp Sons 1980
[6J Thomas C Ksvanagh Frank Muller James J OBrien Construction
Management
[7J Donald Barrie Boyd C Paulson Jr ProfeSSlonslConstruction Management
[8J Frank Harris Modern Construction and Ground Engineering Equipment and
Method
9J V K Riana Concrete bridge practice analysis design and economics
110] wwwskycraperscomWebsite
[11] wwwtransltmixconcretecom Web site
[12] wwwlrcocomWebslte
[13] wwwantigoconstructio~0JT Web site
[14] wwwleggattequipmentcomWebsite
[15J Public Works Department Recent technical issues and association of public
works department October 19 2000
i16J AaM Ekram Ullah Construction industry of Bangladesh Journal of civil
engineerirlgIEB 2 December 2000
[17J Prospect of quality re-enforcement bar production in Bangladesh - Elite Iron
and Steel Industries Ltd 2003
[18J Analysis of rates of PWD (Bangladeshi Schedule
- July 199719h Edition)
65
APPENDIX-A
3-D Model STAADIPro Input and Output (Partiall
APPENDIXA
30 Model STAADfPro Input and Output (Partiall
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STAAD SPACE PAGE 10
n m eo 81 m~227 94 95 551 96 n 99 0
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STAADSPACE -- PAGENO
148 271 272 276 277 328 329 341 PRIS YD 20 ZD 15119 78 14 15 6~ 64 70 71 86 87 94 95 110 111 151 152 167 bull68 208 2092lt150 266 281 282 322 ~23 332 3~7 PRIS YD 23151 885 TO 892 902 TO ~08 PRIS Yil 10 ZD 2352 1268 92 149 206 153 320 336 85~ TO 866 PRIS YO 12 ZD 10153 916 65 72 88 96 112 153 J6~ 210 226 267 28~ ~2~ 333 338 PRIS YD 15J54 11 67 90 114 171 228 285 335 843 TO 850 PRIS YD 40 ZD 10155 612 730 731 734 TO 736 748 749 75~ TO 754 766 767 770 TO 772 802 80156 806 TO 808 834 PRIS YO25 ZD 15157 577 5ao 618 PRIS Yl2G ZD 10158 501 TO 503 510 TO 12 517 TO 519 526 TO 528 5J3 TO 535 542 TO 544 54159 558 TO 560 565 TO 567 574 TO 576 581 TO 58~ 590 TO 592 597 TO 599 6C160 615701 TO 703 710 711 714 715 7J~ TO 721 728 729 732 733 737 TO 73161 750751 755 TO 757 764 765 768 76~ 773 TO 775 782 783 786 787 791 TC162 801 804 805 809 TO 8JJ 810 819 822 823 831 832 PRIS YD 30 ZD n163 593 790 PRIS YO ~O ZO 151M 596 PRIS YD 35 ZD 15165 504 TO S09 S20 TO 525 536 TO S41 S52 TO 557 568 TO 573 534 TO S39 61166 704 TO 709 722 TO 727 740 TO 745 758 TO 763 776 TO 731 794 TO 799 8167 318 PRIS YD 3D ZD 15163 600 TO 605 812 TO 817 PRIS YD 33 ZD 15169 CONSTANTS170 E CONCRETEMEMll1 TO 16 ~8 )022 57 TO 72 74 TO 73 80 TO 90 92 TO 9E171 98T0102104T0114149T01S3155T0159161T0171206T021021In 218 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3173 340 TO ~42 50J TO 518 70- TO 882 885 TO 892 B95 TO 908174 POISSON CONCRETEV-EME1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 30 TO 90 917 98 TO 102 10~ TO 11~ 149 TO 13 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 2JO 2J176 21B TO 228 263 )0267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO ~30 3177 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 613 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 908173 DENSITYCONCRETEMEHB1 TO 16 13 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 8D TO 90 9179 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 21130 213 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 27 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3181 340 TO 342 50J TO 618 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 90818l ALPHACONCRETEMEMB1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 103 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 19 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212184 l18 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 33185 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 618 701 TO 832 8BS TO 392 895 TO 9031B6 UNIT FEET KIP187 SUPPORTS1B8 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 207 216 fiXED18~ 234 FIXED190 236 FIXED191 DEFINE WINDLOAD192 TYPE 1193 INT 0 0045 0053 006 HEIG 10 30 60 90194 EXP 1 JOINT 24 TO 184 192 TO 196 199 TO 202 205 206 208 TO 215 217 11~5 n7 TON3196 EXCLUDEJOINT 46 69 92 U5 J38 161 J84197 LOADJ SELFWEIGHT1~8 SELFWEIGHTY -119~ LOAD2 DEADLOAD200 FLOORLOAD201 bull GROUNDFLOORIS A PARKI~GFLOOR
5 0
STAAD SPACE - - PAGE NO
o
59B 6973 ZRANGE 4854-2
FLOAD -05 XRANGE075KSF + 025 KSFFLOAD -01
YRANGE10 10 FLOAD -0089bull 1ST FLOOR TO 5TH FLOOR JS OFFICE FLOOR + ROOF SELFWEIGHT = O068KSF FLOO- FJNJSH = 002 KSF FALSE CEILI~G NO OTHER LOADAS FLOOR DEAD LOADYRAN3E 20 70 FLOAD -0104bull ROOF(EXTRA) AS GARDEN30 SOIL IN ~ART OF THE ROO~ SOIL ~ 03 NO OTHER LOADAS fLOOR DEAD LOADYRANGE70 70 FLOAD -03 XRANGE20 598 ZRAIIGE 2133 70ATER TANKYRANGESO SObull ROOF SLABYRANGll 80 80MEMBERLOAD701 702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 791 792 809 810 UNI GY -043LOAD 3 EXTERJOR WALLMEMBERLOADbullbullbull GROUNDFLOOR TO 5TIl FLOOR 5 WALLASSUMEDAT TilE EXTERIOR OF THE501 TO 503 510 TO 519 526 TO 535 542 TO 551 558 TO 567 574 TO 583 5599 602 605 60a 609 612 701 TO 703 TLO TO 721 72B TO 739 746 TO 757764ro775782T0793800T0808815T0826B35TOB41B51TOB578f875 TO 881 B95 TO 901 UNI GY 05LOAD 4 LIVE LOADFLOOR LOADGROUND FLOOR AS GARRAGEyenRANGE 10 10 FLOAD -005bullbull OFFICE SPACE AN ~VERAGE OF 65L8SFTYRANGE20 60 FLOAD -0 065bullbull FOR PARTITION WALL(ACCIDENTALLOAD)YRANGE20 60 FLOAD -004bull ~ ROOF OCCU~ATAIONALLIVE LOADOF ]0 LBSFTyenRANGE 70 70 FLOAD -003bullbullbull ROOF LIVE LOADOP 20 L3SFTyenRANGE 80 80 FLOAD -002MEMBERLOAD701702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 781 792 809 810 UNI GY -02LOAD 5 WIND IN XWIND LOADX 1 TYPE 1LOAD 6 WIND IN -XWIND LOADX -1 TYPE 1LOAD 7 wrND IN Zwnm LOADZ 1 TYPE 1LOAD B WIND IN ZwrND LOAD Z 1 TYPE 1LOAD COMB21 UNFACTOREDLOAD FOR GEO-TECH DESING1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10LOAD COMB22 FACTROREDLOAD1142143 14 4 17LOADCOMB23 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_X)1105 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275LOAD COMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-XI1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1 275 6 1215LOAD COMB25 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_Z)11051 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275
20420520620720B209210211 212213 214 21521621721B219220 221222223224-22522622722B21~130 131131233 234135 136 13 7 238239
241142243244-245246
249250251252 253 254255256257
P1 or
STAAD SPACE
260 LOAD COMB27 O 9DL+1 WI X261 1092 09 3 O~ 5 13262 LOAD COMB28 O~Du+~3WL -x263 1092 09 3 09 6 13261 LOAD COMB29 0 9DL+1 3WL Z265 109 2 09 3 09 7 13266 LOAD COMB30 09DL+lJWL -Z6 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13268 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELKMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 419 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH g 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS ~rRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISRSPACS = 141411308 1m EXMEM _ 11323 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 1O 23H roceMing Global Stiffness M-riX 10 23H Processing Triansular actorizatiof1 10 23H Calculating Joint Displacements 1O 24H Calculating Member Forces 10 24
269 LOAD LIST 21 22270 H71 START CONCRETE DESIGU272 CODE ACI273 UNIT INCRES KIP274 TRACK 2 ALL275 MINMAIN J ALL276 MAXMAIN8 ALL277 CLB 15 ALL278 CLS 1 5 ALL279 CLT ~5 ALL280 FC 25 ALL281 FYMAN 40 ALL28lt DESIGN BEAM501 TO 08 7D~ TO 84lt 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Pog of
A-
__ PAGE 0SIMD SPACE------------------- -------------------
_ bullbull lt CONCRETE TAKE OF bullbullbullFOR BE~MS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ~BOVEI
TOTAL VOLUCTE OF CONCR~TE ~ 11268 _94 CD FT
BAR SIZSNUMBER
mIGHT(in lbs)
1868563135362115B57951084 _9755~520
bullbullbull TOTAL= 5472996
285 FINISIl
bullbullbullbullbullbull 7 END OF STAAD-III ~7
DATE= JON 2~200J
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION M PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINBERS co bullbull West Coast - (714) 97~-2500 FClX- 714 I 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbull _ bullbullbullbullbullbullbull __ bullbull bullbullbull gt bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
Pbullbullbullbullbull of
A-9
-------------STAAD SPACE
260 1 09 2 093 09 8 13261 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- ~AGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTrcs
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMllER bullbullELEMENTS(SUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WrDTH ~ 196 nTOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ a TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISIt SPACE _ 141411570 MIl ExMEM_ 11611 MB
++ Processing Elemenc Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global stiffness Matrlx++ Processing Triangular ~actorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
163542163542163542163543163543
262 LOAD LIST 21 22263 HH264 START CONCRETE DESIGN265 CODE Atl266 UNJT INCHES KIP267 TRACK 2 ALL268 MINMAIN 4 ALL269 ~~MAIN a ALL270 CLB 15 ALU271 CLS 1 5 ALL272 eLT 1 5 ALL273 Fe 28 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO n 74 TO 78 6D TO 90 92 TO S276 104 TO 114 )48 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 2]277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 3]0 332 TO 338 34278 _ 843 TO 650 B59 TO 866 885 TO sn 902 TO 908
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STAADSPACE - - PAGE NO
260 LOADCOMB28 0 ~DL+13IL_-X261 J O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 6 13262 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+1 3L ~263 1 O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 7 13264 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13L -l265 1092 09 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTSg 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX_ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISI SPACE = Hl4 11309 MS EXMEM= 11~~~ Me
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocesslng Global Stlffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
10H46101646101646101647101647
267 LOADLIST 21 22268 bullbullbullbull26~ START CONCRETEDESIGN27D CODE ACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP272 TRACK2 ALL273 MINMAIN3 ALL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL275 CLB 15 ALL276 CLS 15 ALL277 CLT 15 ALL273 FC 29 ALL279 FYMAIN40 ALL280 DESIGN BEAM 50~ TO G18 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
A-12
STAAD SPACE __ IAGENO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE = 1011146 CUFT
BAR SIZENUllBER
bull
H TOT1L~
283 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
176933223469319085 Sl136~151335171
5384462
bullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull
H DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 1018 4 H
bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING rn VERSION 0 PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast 00- (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714 ) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast 00- (9~8) 6B8-3626 Fax- (97B) 685-7230 bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A13ry ot
STAAD SPACE
260 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL -Z261 1092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STJlTISTICS
NOMllER OF JOINTSMIDIIlER+ELEMENISSUPPORTS K 2281 4791 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH K 1961 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF BTIFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 14141 9966 MIl EXMEM ~ 9995 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
162B56162656162657162857162857
263 LOADLIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETEDESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KIP268 TRACK2 ALL269 MINMAIN4 ALL270 MAXMAIN8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALL273 CLI 15 ALL274 FC 25 ALL275 FYMAIN40 ALL276 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 lB TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 7B 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 S277 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21278 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34279 B43 TO B50 859 TO 866 885 TO B92 902 TO 90B
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STAAD SPACE
26Q 1 092 09 3 09 8 13261 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day lpn 200 0505 PIlt
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSsUPPORTS ~ 2281 47~ 25ORIGINALIINAL BWP-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM n 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX n 2~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISItSPACE ~ 1414 112~8 MB EXMEM bullbull11305 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 48 H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix ~8 H Processing Triangular Factorization 48 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1048 H Calculating Membr Fore 1046 262 LOADLIST 21 22263 bullbullbullbull264 START CONCRETEDESrGN265 CODE ACr266 UNIT INCHES KIP267 TRACK2 ALL268 MINMArN4 ALL269 MAXMAIN8 ALL270 CLB 15 ALL271 CLS lS ALL272 CLT lS ALL273 FC 44 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 60 TO ~O 92 IO 96 276 104 IO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 no TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34278 843 TO 8S0 859 TO 866 SS5 TO 892 ~02 TO ~06
A_16
STAAD SACE
TUeday At 200lt 05 Q PM
__ ~AGSNO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullFOR EEAMS AND CO~UMNS DES1GNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VO~UME OF CONCRETE ~ 349873 CUFT
BAR SlZENUMBER
bullbull TOTA~~
28~ FINISH
WEWHT
lin lbs)
868018135806143447158775772658
2178704
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
DATE= rUN~9~003
bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull QUESTlONS REGARDING THIS VERSlON OF ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - 7~4) 974-~500 Fax- 1714) 9H-2543 bullbull East Coast - (976) 686-3626 Fax- 1978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A17
9Oglt of
STAAD SPACE
260 11052 105 3 105 4 1~75 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13L X262 1092 0 9 3 09 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 6 13265 LOADCOMB29 a9DL+13WL_Z266 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092 09 3 09 8 13269 PERFORM ANALYSIS
Tuesday AprLl 200lt 050 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STAJISJICS
NUMBER OF JO~NTSMEMBER+ELEHENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25OR~G~NALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 196 31TOlALPRIMARY LOAD CASES 8 JOJALDEGREES OP FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OP STIPFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PR~C KORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 14UI 10052 KB ElCKEK 10074 KB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
115749115749115749115750115750
270 LOAD LIST 21 2227l 272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 3 ALL277 MAXMAIN a ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL2ao CLl 15 ALL281 FC 44 ALL~82 FYMAIN 40 ALL283 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 6lS 701 10 84~ 851 10 858 867 TO 88~ 895 TO 901
0 or
A-1B
STAAD SPACE __ PAGE NO
bullbull bullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COGUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAG VOGUME OF CONCRETE = 854555 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
TOTAG~
186 FINISH
WEIGHT(~n Ibs)
176288448775077448379214
1689494
4793815
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 115910
bull QUESTlONS REGARDING H1SVERSlON oe PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS 0 c bullbull west Coaet - (7141 974-2500 =- (714) 921-2543 bullbull EilstCOil~t - 97B) 688-3626 FilX-(978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull
A-19
STAAD SPACE
260 LOIDCOMB30 O9DL+l3Wl -z261 1 092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORM ANALYSIS
TUesday Iltpnl 0o 00 0503 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATrSTICS
NUMBER OP JOrNTSMBMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 2SORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STlFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIlgt DlSK SPACE ~ 14l4 11297 MD IXMEM 11322 MB
++ rocessing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocessing Global stiffne~~ Matrix_++ ProceBBing Triangular Factori~ation++ Calculating Joint Di~placements++ Calculating Member Forces
92823~2823~28239282492824
263 LOAD LIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETE DESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KI268 TRACK 2 ALL269 MINMAIN 4 ALL270 MAXMAIN 8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALlgt273 CLT 15 ALlgt274 Fe 36 ALL275 FYMAIN 40 ILL276 DESIGN COLUMN 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~o 92 TO 96 277 104 TO 114 14~ TO 153 155 TO l5~ 161 TO 171 206 TO 2J0 2J2 TO 216 21276 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 3427~ 843 TO 80 89 TO 866 865 TO 892 902 TO 908
go of
TUesday Apnl 0 00 05 OJ PH
STAAD SPACE
~~~~~CONC~ETE TAKE OFF ~~~~~~~(FOR BEAMSAlD COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CO~C~ETE = 347891 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBE~
u TOTAL~
282 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
7770_05143175379537468648~067 99
2675164
~~~END OF STAAD-III ~bullbullbullbull~
~~ DATE~ JUN 292003
bullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbull~bullbullbull~~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS ~EGARDING TIllS VE~SION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESE~RCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(714) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~1~76) 688-3626 Fax- 197B) 685-7230 bull~~bullbull~bullbull~~~~bullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbull~~
A-21
Pog of
STAADSPACE
260 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 7 1275261 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-Z)262 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 8 1275263 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13WL X264 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13265 LOADCOMB28 O9DL+13WL -X266 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 1 3267 LOADCOMB29 O9DL+13WL Z268 1 09 2 09 3 09 7 13269 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+13WL -Z270 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13271 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day Apnl 200lt 0501
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS~ 228 479 25ORI~INALFINAL B~_WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAlgtPRIMARYLOADCASES 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FRlEDOM~ 1218SI~E OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 141411268 MIl EXMEM~ 11325 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorizat~on++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Fo~ces
9513495134951349513595135
272 LOADLIST 21 22273 u274 START CONCRETEDESIGN275 CODEACI276 UNIT INCHES KIP277 TRACK2 ALL278 MINMAIN3 ALL27~ MAXMAIN8 ALL280 CLB 1_5 ALL281 CLS 15 ALL282 CLT 15 ALL283 FC 36 ALL284 FYMAIN40 ALL285 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO B42 B51 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
0 - Df Slt
A-22
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 964374 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
faTAL
268 FINISH
WEJCHT(in Ibs)
177047115913713077931152341667496
5020131
bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-IJI bullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 29200J TIME~ ~5252
bullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENCJNEER8 bullbull West Coast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull
A-23
Pobullbullbullbullbull ot
STAADSPAC
260 LOADCOMB29 09DL+l3WL Z261 1092093 09 7 13262 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z263109209309813264 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
lROBLEM S TAT 1ST I C S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPlORTS 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH_ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES _ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM_ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSRZQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 141411353 Mll lXMEM~ 11380 Mll
H Processing Element Stiffness MatrlX 1519 H Precessing Global Stiffness Matrix 1519 H precessing Triangular Factorization 1519 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1519 H Calculating Member Forces 1520 0
265 LOADLIST 21 22266 bullbull u
267 STARI CONCRETEDESIGN268 CODEACI269 UNIT INCHES KIP270 TRACK2 ALL271 MINMAIN4 ALL272 MAXMAIN8 ALL273 CLB 15 ALL274 CLS 15 ALL275 CLT 15 AGL276 FC 44 ALI277 FYMAIN60 ALL278 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 279 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21280 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34281 843 TO 850 859 TO 566 885 TO 8n 902 TO 90S
A-24
STAAD SPACE
~bullbull~bullbullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbull(POR BEAJgtlSAND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
__ PAGE NO
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE w 286875 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbullbull TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in 1bs)
10486852147631374701385_57397060
1936535
bullbullbullbullbull~~~END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~~
~DATEw JUN 25200
bullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbull~~~bullbullbull~bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF ~ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West coast - (714) ~74 -2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbullbull~bullbull~~
0lt
STAADSPACE
261 LOADCOMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_XI262 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 6 1275263 LOADCOMB25 075(14DL+l7LL+l7WL_ZI264 1105 2 105 3 1054 1275 7 1275265 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI266 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 B 1275267 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X26B 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13269 LOADCOMB28 09DL+l3WL -X270 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 13271 LOADCOMB29 09DL+13WL_Z272 1 09 2 09 3 O~ 7 13273 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL_-Z274 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 1)275 PERFORMANALYSI8
- - PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALPINAL BAND-WIDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM _ 121BSIZE OF STIFF~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISISPACE ~ 141411362 MS E~ 11354 MB
++ processing Element 8tiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~m~nts++ Calculating Member Forces
154753154753154753154753154754
276 LOADLIST 21 22277 bullbull u
278 START CONCRETEDESIGN279 CODEACI280 UNIT INCHES KIP281 TRACK2 ALL282 MJNMAIN4 ALL283 MAXMAIN8 ALL284 CLB 15 ALL285 CLS 15 ALL286 CLT 15 ALL287 FC 44 ALL288 FYMAIN60 ALL289 DESJGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
A26
STAAD SPACE
~odnosdy April 07 200 12 bullbull PIlt
__ PAGE NO 4E
bullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE ~ 614543 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
h TOTAL=
292 FINISH
WEIGHTlin Ib)
23844211346225329075487201051119
46517 _88
~~bullbull~~END OF STAAD-III ~~bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JVlI 252003 TIME~ 154929 h
~~~~~~~~bullbull~~~bullbullbullbull~bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VSRSION OF PROGRAMbull RESEARCH ENGINSERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7H) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - 978 ) 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 685-7230 bull~~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbullbullbull
A-27
Pg 5
STAADSPACE
260 1092 093 09 7 13261 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z262 1092 09 3 09 8 13263 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM S TAT I S TIC S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WID~ ~ 196 31TOT-LPRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 8471 MIl ExMEM~ 8600 MB
H Ptocessing ElemEnt StiffnEss Mattix 12 132H ProcEssing Global Stiffness Matrix 12 132H Processing Trlangular Factorization 12 132H Calculating Joint Displacements 12 1]3H Calculating MEmber Forces 12 133
264 LOADLIST 21 22265 bullbull u
266 START CONCRETEDESIGN267 CODEACI268 UNIT INCHES ~lP269 TRAC~ 2 ALL270 MINMAIN4 ALL271 MAXMAIN8 ALL272 CLB 15 ALL273 CLS 15 ALL274 CLT 15 ALL275 FC 36 ALL276 FYMAIN60 ALL277 DESIGN COLUMN1 rO 16 IS TO 22 57 TO 72 74 rO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 278 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21279 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34280 843 TO 850 85~ TO 866 8B5 TO 892 902 TO 908
go
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
uUH CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ 335474 CUFT
BAR SIZENUJolBER
TOTAr~
263 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbsl
6330H565332164366277114472160
2112007
END OF STAAD-Ilr bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TrME= 12 3 5 bull
bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull eo QUESTrONS REGARDrNG THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~19781 686-3626 Fax- (9751 655-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
A-29
0 oE
STAAD SPACE
260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOAD COMB28 O9DL+JWL -x262 1092 09 3 09 6 J326 LOAD COMB29 O9DL+JWL Z264 1092 09 3 O~ 7 13265 LOAD COMB30 O_~DL+J3WL_-Z266 1 O_~ l O~ 3 09 B 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
~dn5dy AI 07 200lt 12 PM
- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIOTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES S TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121SSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = ~~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSRliQRDAVAILOISISPACE ~ 1414 8511~ EXMEM _ 8579 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
114125114125114126114126U4l27
268 LOAD LIST 21 2~269 270 START CONCRETE DESIGNl7J CODEACI22 UNIT INCHES KIP273 TRACK 2 ALL274 MINMAIN 4 ALL275 MAXMAIN 8 ALL276 CLB 15 ALL277 CLS 15 ALL278 CLT 15 ALL~79 FC 36 ALL280 FYMAIN 60 ALL28J DESIGN BEAM50J TO 6J8 70J TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
g of
A-3D
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE bull 727873 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbull
TOTAL
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
lt234770403~248654~34000 ~6504918
4409100
bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JON 262003
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSWN OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7141 974-2500 Fax- 714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (9781 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 6SS-n30 bull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull
A-31
p of bullbull
STAADSPACE
2521142143144 l7253 LOADCOMB23 075(J4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Xl254 l L05 2 L05 3 LOS 4 1275 5 1275255 LOADCOMB24 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_XI256 l L05 2 105 3 105 4 1275 6 1275257 LOADCOMB25 075(l4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Z)258 l 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275259 LOADCOMB26 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI260 l l05 2 105 3 l05 4 1275 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL_X262 l O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 1092 09 3 09 6 l3265 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+13WL Z266 1092 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL -Z268 1092 09 3 09 8 l3269 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM STATrSTrcs
NUMBEROF JOrNTSMEMBER+~~EMENTSsUPPORTS~ 2251 4791 25ORrGI~FrNAL BAND_WIDTH~ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES 5 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM 1218SlZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAlL DUK SPACE 141411569 MB EI(IIgM 11607 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ processing Globsl Stiffness Matrix++ proce~sing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member ForCes
l65923J65923J65~23l65~24165924
270 LOADLIST lt1 22271 uu272 START CONCRETEDESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK2 ALL276 MINMAIN4 ALL277 MAXMAIN8 ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT l5 ALL281 Fe 29 ALL282 FYMAIN60 ALL283 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO l6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~O n TO 96 ~284 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21285 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 2B5 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 33B 34
Fa ot
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
(FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ ~52761 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
gtbullbullbull TOTAL=
289 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbBI
7871 93298984~750 545725 66587542
bullbullbullbull DATE= JON 192003 TIME= 17 027 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull m QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Ccast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) ~21-2543 bullbull East Ccast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-33
iT oE
STAADSPACE
252 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275253 LOADCOMB24 075 (14DL+l7LL+l7WL_-XI25~ 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 175 6 1275255 LOADCOMB2S 0 7S (1 4DL+l 7LL+l 7WLZ)256 11052 105 3 105 ~ 1275 7 1175257 LOADCOMB26075(1 4DL+17LL+l 7WL -ZI258 11052 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275259 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOADCOMB25 0~DL+13WL -X262 109 2 O~ 3 09 6 13263 LOADCOMB29 0~DL+l3WL Z264 1092 09 3 09 7 13265 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL~Z266 1092 09 3 09 8 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINAL~lNAL BAND_WlDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LO~ ~ES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121BSIZE OF STIr~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 11622 MB ExMEM _ 11630 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Triangular Factorization 16 45H Calculating Joint Displacements 16 46H Calculating Member Forces 16 46
26B LOADLIST 21 TO 2226~bullbull u
270 STARTCONCRETEDESIGN271 CODE ACI272 UNIT INCHES KlP273 TRACK 2274 MINMAIN4 ALL27 MAXMAIN8 ALL276 CLB 1277 CLS 1527B CLT 15279 FC 29280 FYMAIN 602B1 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 61B 70l TO 842 85l TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Po 0
A-e4
STAAD SPACE -- PAGIgt NO
bullbull CONCRETE TA~E OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull(FOR BIgtAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ 936663 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullH TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
2218196100107537652369180134297
4321892
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull DATE_ JUN 92003 TIME~ 16 6 5 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
eoWestEast
OUESTIONS REGARDING TEIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at
Coa~t Ph- (7H) n4-2500 Fax- (7H) 92-2543Co~tPh- (978) 68B-3626 Fax- (~7B) 685-7230
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-35
go bullbullbull or ltOS
STAADS1ACE
252 LOAD COMB24 075114Dlt+17ltlt+17Wlt_-XI253 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 l27S 6 1275254 LOAD COMB25 075114Dlt+l7LL+l7WL_Z)255 11052 LOS 3 105 4 1275 7127S256 WAD COMB26 075114Dlt+17LL+17WL_ZI257 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275258 LOAD COMB27 09DL+J3WL X259 1092 09 3 09 5 13260 WAD COMB26 O9DL+13Wlt_-X261 1092 09 3 O~ 6 13262 WAD COMB29 O9DL+l3WL Z263 J 09 2 09 3 09 7 13264 LOAD COMB30 09Dlt+l3WL -Z265 109 l OS 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
-~ PAGE NO
PROBLEM S TAT S TIC S
NUMBEROF JONTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS_ 228 479 25ORIGNALFNAL BAND-WlDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SlZE OF STPFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAL DISK SPACE ~ 1414 10570 ME EXMEM 10597 ME
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~ments++ Calculating Member Forces
123548123548123548123549123549
267 LOID LIST 2l 22268 u++
269 START CONCRETEDESIGN270 CODEACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP271 TRACK 2 ALL273 MINMAIN 4 AL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL27S CB 15 ALL276 CS 15 AL277 CT 15 ALL278 FC 25 AL279 FYMAIN 60 ALL280 DESIGN COLUMNJ TO J6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 gt28J 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 lSS TO 159 J6J TO 17) 206 TO 210 212 TO 2J6 2]281 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34283 843 TO 850 859 TO 866 885 TO 891 902 TO 908
bullbull or bullbull
STNill SPACE -- PAGE NO
~~~~CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 418998 CUFT
BAR S1ltENUMBER
WEIGHTlin lbsl
9534245293381031637769676075
U TOTAL= 28~5a 03
286 FINISH
~~~~~~END OF STAAD-I11 ~~~~
bullbullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TIME= 123711 bullbullbullbull
bullbull
bullbull
921-2543685-7230
QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc atPh- 1714) n4-2500 Fax- 17141lh- (978) 688-3626 Fax- 19781
WeBt CoaBtEast CoaBt
bullbullbullbull
gO of
A-37
bull
STAAD SPACE
260 110521053 105 4 1275 8 1275261 LOAD COMB 27 O9DL+l3WL_X262 1092093 09 5 13263 LOAD COMB 28 O9DL+l3WL_-X264 1092093 09 6 13265 LOAD COMB 29 O9DL+l3WL_Z266 1092093 09 7 13267 LOAD COMB 30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092093 09 6 13269 PERFORM MlALtSrS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM S T ITIS TIC S
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 195 31TOTAro PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 rOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOW _ InSSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PRBe WORDSREQRDAVJILDISIl SPACE 141411309)IB EXMEM_ 11319 MB
++ Proce~singElement Stiffness Matrix++ PrDcessing Global Stiffness Matrix++ p~ocessing Triangular Factori2ation++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Force~
1033 91033 91033 9103310103310
270 LOAD LIST 21 22271 u272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE hCI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 4 ALL277 MAXMAIN BALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT 15 ALL281 Fe 25 hLL282 FYMAIN 60 ALL2B3 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 8~5 TO 901
FOg or
A-38
STAAD SPACE
w bullbull day PriJ 07 200lt 12
-- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull~ bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ H07625 CUFT
TOTAL~
286 FINISH
WEIGIJT(in Ibs)
2555707312566433964100076370299
4373300
bullbull bullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 292003
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull QUESTIONS REGARDING rum VERSION PROGRAM bullbull RESRARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast gt0- (7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 92) -2543 bullbull East Coast gt0- (9781 688-36)6 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull of
APPENDIX-B
List of Buildings for Different Strength Concrete and Reinforcement
APPENDIX-B
STRUCTURE DEVELOPER CONCRETE STEELSTREGTII STRENGTH
6(SIX) STORIED RESIDEIHIAL BUILDING ABC REAL ESTATES LTD 3aao pi 60000 piAT PLOT NO 239 KHILlGI ROAD BLOCK_B ABC HOUSE (6TH FLOOR) 8 KAMALATATURKMOHAMMADPUR HOUSING ESTATL AVENUE DHAKA1205MOHAYIMADP]JR DHAKA
9(NINE) STORIED RESIDENTIAl BUILDING MONICO LIMITED 3000 pi 611000piAT PLOT 0 507 MOUZA KAFRUI~ WEST HOUSE 10 7l1 ROAD NO 71A DHANMONDlAGARGAO DHAKA RIA DHAKA-12096(MX) STOlUlm RESIDFNTIAL BUILDING MR MOHAI1MAD HABlBUR RltHMAN 2500 psi 40000 piAI BAJTUL AMAN COOPERATJVE HOUSINGSOCIETY LIMITED PLOT NO-578cS 10_124KHA TIAN 0-346(SIX) STORIED CHAMP A SUPER MARKET MIS NISHA CONSTRUCTION 2500 pi 40000 piAT RAUARANDI DAZAR 13ALIAKANDlRAJBARl5(FlVE) STORIED ADMIN BUiLDIIG OF MIS NISHA CO]STRUCTlON 2500 pi 40000 piMANSUR ALI COLLEGEAT NARUA BALIAKANDI RAJBARI7 STORIED MLlNAT PLAZA MD MINNAT HOSSAIN 25110pi 40000 psiA SHOPPING CUM RESIDENTIAL DUILDINGA1 ABDULLAHPURKERANIGONJ DHAKA
WELKINS CANOPUS WELKINS PROPIRTY MANAGFMENT LTD 2500 pi 40000 pi9 STORIED APARTME1lt DUILDllG 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIBAGliAT LALKlIAI BAZAR CHlTTAGONG CIlITTAGOGWELKINS CALYX WELKINS PROPERTY MANAGEMENT LTD 2500 psi 40000 psi9 STORIED APARTMENT I3UIWING 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIDAGIIATNASlRABAD CHITTAGONG CIllTJAGONGGRAMEEN LEPTIS MAGNA GRAMEEN BANGLA HOUSING LTD 3000 psi 60000 piAT NIKETON GULSHAN SO-lARTORI TOWER (7TH FLOOR)9 STORIED APARTMENT BUILDING 12 SOlAR GAON ROAD DHAKA 1000
B~
APPENDIX - B
6 STORIED OFFICE BUILDING RUNNER AU rOMOBlLES LTD 2500Igti 40000 psiAT KUTURIA SAVAR DHAKA 74B GREEr ROAD DIJAKA
5-STORIED RESIDFNTIAL BlJILDING FOR MRROHIUL KARIM 2500 pi 40000 psiMRROBIUL KARIM AT PWT NO-lBROAD NO_7 SECTOR _7UTARA MODEL TOVNDHAKASNIGHDA ORCHID UNITIiCH HOLDIIGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD NO5 HOUSE NO - 7 BLOCK - IBANANI DHAKAJAUIIYA IJIITECH HOIDlNGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD 10 _9 HOUSE NO - 35 SECTOR- 4UTTARA DHAKA
ROUDRACHYA UNlTECIl HOJDIgtIGSLIMITED 2500 pl 40000 plROADNO_9 IlOUSENO-31SECTOR-4UITARADHAKA
UNITECH PRJ(SIDENCY UNITECH HOLDINGS LIMITED 2500 psi 40000 psiHUMAYANROAD PWTN034MOHAMMADPUR DHAKA
6-STORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING FOR Mlgt TOFAZZEL HOSSAIN 2500 pi 40000 psiMDTOFAZZEL HOSSAIN PLOT NO-64 BLOCK-C MANSURABAD HOUSING SOCIETYMOHAMMADPUR DHAKA8S10RIED IXI6MARRlED ORSQIJARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARMY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT SHAHEED YOUSUF ROAD DHAKA CANTT DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED lXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE OW amp CE (ARlfY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT POSTOGOLA CANTI DHAKA DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED IXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARII-IY) 3000 pi 40000 piAT ARMY HEAD QUATER ADMIN WING DHAKACANTIDHAKA CANTT4_STORlIW ENGINEERING FACILITIES ~ 3000 pi 60000 piBUILDING JMBAR PROJECT SARAK BHABAN
B~
APPENDIX- B
RAMNADHAKASHAPTAK SHAHNAMA SHAPTAK GRIHAY~ LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORJED APARTMENT BUILDING 819 BLOCK-C LALMATIA DHAKA-1207FORMR M MOSHIURRAHMA-lt ATPLOTNO34 BLOCK - C LALMATIA DHAKA - 1207SHAPT AK MAVIS SHAPT AK GRIllA Ylli LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORIED APARThlENT BUlTJ)ING 819 BLOCK-C lALMATlA DHAKA_1207fOR MR M MOSHllJR RAHMAN AT PLOT NO314HLOCK C LALMArJA DHAKA 1207
B-
APPENDIX-C
list of Buildings Using ExcavatorLabour for Excavation Work
APPEND1X-C
STRITCTlJRE
LABAID CARDIAC CENTREROAD _ 4 DHAllfONDJ DHAKA
LABAID SPECIALIZED 1I0SlIT AIROAD - 4 D1IA~MONDr DHKA
HABIT AT CENTER21 S]ORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEXSHAY AMOU DHAKASAM COMPLEX21 STORIED SHOPPING OfFICE COMPLEXSHAYA)IjOLl DHAKA(LOBE SHOPING CENTERto SIORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEX24 MIRPUR ROAD DHAKAHAPPY HOMES DR RAtA fULLA ARCADE6 STORIED BUIWINGROAD NO 3 DHANMONDI DJIAKAMULTILA GREEN VILLA15 SfORJED BUIWINGGREEN ROAD DHAKA
Such as 18 Storied New Market CityComplexadjacent of Dhaka new market14 storied CRP building project atMirJlur-14 Dhaka
nlvrLOP~R
LAB AlD corSTRUCTlOr
LAB AID CONSTRUCTlO
IIABITAJ REAL ESTATE LTD
GLOBE CENTER LTD
HAPPY HOMES LTD
MULTIPLAN LTD
UNIVERSE CONSTRUCTION LTD(CONTRACTOR)
m
Col
NOWIUSlMEIT
2
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EXCA VATlOr- WORKPERFORMIW BY
EQUIPMEN l 1~IiNSIVE
EQlIPME~T INTElSTVE
EQUlPMElT INTElSIVE
EQUIMElT INTENSIVE
FQUlPMENT INTENSIVE
EQUIPMENT INTElS1Vpound I ~~~0 -Ilt~ s-
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-
TECHNOLOGY FOR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYOF BANGLADESH
BYMD ASHADUZZAMAN
STUDENT NO 040008101P
Approved as to the style and content by
DM~~SlmProfessorDept of IPESUET Dhaka
A-JMuLP~2 Dr Md Mazharul Hoque
ProfessorDept of CESUET Dhaka
~
F
3 Dr~hsan Akhtar HasinAssociate ProfessorDept of IPESUET Dhaka
Chairman(Supervisor)
Member
Member
April2004
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL amp PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DHAKA-lOOO BANGLADESH
--_
DECLARA nON
I hereby certify that the research work reported in this project has been
performed by me and that this work has not been submitted elsewhere for
any other purpose without written permission Irom the author
April 2004
m
~Md Asha~~zt~~an
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author wishes to express his deepest gratitude to Dr M Anwarul Azim
Professor Department of Industrial and Production Engineering IIPEI SUET
for his continuous guidance invaluable suggestions and affectionate
encouragement in many stages of this study
This author is grateful to M Ahsan Akhtar Hasin Associate Professor
Department of Industrial and Production Engineering (IPE) SUET for
rendering his helping hands during the course of this study
This author wishes to express his profound gratitude to Dr Mahiuddin
Ahmed Professor and previous Head Department of Industrial and
Production Engineering lIPE) SUET for the interest taken by him in this
research and for his miscellaneous help
This author is also grateful to DeSign Planning and Management Consultants
Ltd for their helping hands during the course of this study
Last but not least the author owes his deep sense of gratitude to his only
tiny daughter and family members for spends time during project work
Author
ABSTRACT
The Indus Valley civilization shows that Indian subcontinent had a leadership in
the advancement in construction Technology and Industry over the world But
unfortunately this part of the sub-continent especially Bangladesh could not
cope with the modern technological advancementConstruction technologies can on the basis of their content of labor and
equipment be classified as equipment intensive labor intensive and labor basedtechnology In recent years technological innovation in design analysis
construction materials construction methods etc have resulted in significant
changes in construction industry Computer aids have improved capabilities for
generating worth designs reducing th time requirement to produce alternative
designs to ensure safety with economy New technologies not only haveenhanced the quality of construction but also have shortened the time for shop
fabrication and field erection Construction methods have advanced throughvarious stages of mechanization and automation including the latest
development of construction robotics That means trend is advanced
technologyIn this study 25 numbers of six to nine storied buildings and 4 numbers of
twenty to thirty storied buildings have been studied It has been observed that
the construction industry in Bangladesh dominated by labor-intensive
technology lower grade material and primitive construction procedure In mostof the cases 29 more cost involvement has been observed These madeconstruction indl1stry of Bangladesh an inefficient one Use of high qualitymaterial easily saves huge monitory loss in this sector This will require active
participation of Engineers in design house and in field Further detail study may
enhance this fact elaboratelyDifferent sizes 10 numbers building of different excavation depth have been
studied Of these considering PWD stpound jard rate of works it has been observed
that for deeper excavation excavator or equipment intensive technology ischeaper than labour intensive excavation For ending conclusion of equipment
intensive excavation require further detailed investigationBangladesh cOl1ld regain leadership in the construction industry over the world
through accepting and participating in the advancement of the modern
technologies The scopes are waiting ahead Entrepreneur especially the
Engineers should come forward to take the challenge to advance Bangladesh in
that directionAuthor
CONTENTS
Declaration
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Graphs
Abbreviation
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1~ Development of Construction Technology
12 Objective of the Project
13 Methodology
CHAPTER 2 TECHNOLOGIESINCONSTRUCTION INOUSTRY
xi
XIII
1
5
6
21 Introduction to Technology in Construction Industry 7
22 Construction technologies on the basis of
labour and equipment
221 Equipment intensive Technology
222 labor Intensive Technology
223 labor Based Technology
8
9
9
23 Software Technology
231 Manpower (Humnware)
232 Information Infowarel
233 Organization (Orgaware)
9
9
10
10
24 Hardware Technology in 11
241 Excavation 12
242 Compaction and Grading 14
243 Drilling and Blasting 17
244 Lifting and Erecting 19
245 Mixing 19
246 Construction Tools and Other Equipment 20
247 Choice of Equipment and Standard Production Rates 21
248 BUildingMaterials 22
249 Construction Automation and Robotics 23
CHAPTER3 CONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYOF BANGLADESH
31 Introduction 24
32 Some Big Constructions in Bangladesh 26
33 Constructions in Bangladesh Using Pre-Fabrication 29
34 Humnware Infoware Orgaware and Hardware in Bangladesh
341 Humnware 31
342 Infoware 32
3430rgaware 33
344 Hardware 34
CHAPTER 4 TECHNOLOGY ON EXCAVATION AND RCC
OF BANGLADESH
41 Technology in Excavation 35
411 Preliminary Stage 37
412 Time Analysis with Seasonal Effects 38
413 Cost Analysis and Result 40
42 Design and Specifications
421 Material for BUilding Construction 45
4211 Material in Bangladesh 46
4212 Reinforcement 47
4213 Concrete 48
4214 Steel 49
4215 ReC Grading 50
4216 Interdependence of Humnware
Infoware and Hardware 51
4217 Analysis and Result 52
4219 Cost Analysis 60
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Discussion
52 Conclusion
53 Scope of Future Works
REFERENCES
63
64
64
65
APPENDIX A 5T AADlPro input and output
APPENDIX B List of buildings for different strength
concrete and reinforcement
APPENDIX C List of buildings using excavatorlabour
for excavation work C-1
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1-1 la) Natural features caves and overhangs
Fig 1-1 (bll Crude shelter
Fig 1-1 c) Beehive hut
Fig 1-1 Id) Cone on cylinder
Fig 1-1 (e) Hipped-on cube
Fig 21 Excavation Equipment
Fig 2-2 Compaction amp Grading Equipment
Fig 2-3 Drilling amp Blasting Equipment
Fig 2-4 Construction Tools amp Other Equipments
Fig 31 National Assembly
Fig 3-2 Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
Fig 3-3 Islamic Development Bhaban
Fig 3-4 Bashundhara City
1
1
2
2
2
13
16
18
21
26
27
28
29
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4-1 5 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 41Table 4-2 10 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 41Table 4-3 15 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 42Table 4-4 20 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 42Table 4-5 ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed bar 47Table 4-6 8S4149 specifications for Twisted bar 47Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Rein and Concrete 50Table 4-8 Column Concrete Strength 44 kSIand Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 52Table 49 Beam Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 52Table 410 Column Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 53Table4-11 Beam Concrete Stren9th 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 53Table 4-12 Column Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 54Table 4-13 Beam Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 54Table 414 Column Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 55Table 4-15 Beam Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 55Table 4-16 Column Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 56Table 4-17 Beam Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 56
59
Table 4-18 Column Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 57
Table 4-19 Beam Concrete Strength 3 6 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 57
Table 4-20 Column Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 58
Table 4-21 Beam Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 58
Table 4-22 Column Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi
Table 4-23 Beam Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 kSI 59
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule 60
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule 60
Table 4-26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement 61
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete ReqUirement 61
Table 4-28 Reinforcement and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka 61
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 4-1 Excavation cost for 5 feet 43Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet 43Graph 4-3 Excavation cost for 15 feet 44Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet 44Graph 4-5 Total Cost of Concrete and Reinforcement 62Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement 62
Xli
ADPASTM
BS
SUET
GATS
GIS
kip
ksi
PCpsi
PVC
PWD
GCRampD
RC
RCC
UKWTO
ABBREVIATIONS
Annual Development Program
American Society for Testing Matenal
Bangladesh Standard
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
General Agreement on Trade amp Services
Geographic Information System
KiloPound
Kilo-pound per Square Inch
Personal Computer
Pound-per Square Inch
Poly Vinyl Chloride
Public Works Department
Quality Control
Research amp Development
Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced Cement Concrete
United Kingdom
World Trade Organization
X1l1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Development of Construction Technology
Building is the earliest form of technology In civil engineering construction
From the most primitive times humans required protection from the wild
animal elements of nature changing seasons and predators in natural
shelters such as caves and rock overhangs
Step by step they learned to improve their caves with inlaid stone floors
walls at the entrances and fireplaces Ultimately they began creating entirely
new habitats in locations that had no natural shelter
Shetters built from natural material~ indicate that they had knowledge of the
stress strain and insulation properties (heat cold and water-proofing) of the
materials used The use of hand-made bricks or stone blocks indicated
knowledge of properties such as compression forces The symmetrical
shapes of the designs indicated the knowledge and application of the
principles of geometry
Most communities had their own distinctive styles lor bUilding their houses
and archaeologists have uncovered many examples through the ages
[Shown in Fig l-1a) to Flg1-1 (e)]
Fig1-110)Naturalfeaturecoos andcerhangsNaturalshell likecaveoravehangswereusedas OleSlInleornobuldngmaterialswereused
Fig1-1(b)CrudehellerTemporary5lruelue5tht neededIItUeWOlt1ltmn5hlpMalerilsfouodnoarbywereusedndoITangedona udelrameworkofbrance
Fig 11 (el llBolllvo nulA ypcal bUlldng yle of Ihe Nguni people (Zuluand Xlloa) Vertical branenes were stabilisedtl1 hOzotal bltacing wiln nO ~istnclibetweon Ine walls nd Lne roof The saplingslrueuro was bound lOgeher by gass fibreropos and tho grass eong ws wn to Ihelerura Ih gras rope
Fig 1_1 (0) Hlpped-ltgtn cubWestern fiuecaled 10 Ihe introduction of Ihe gOwall cons1ructlon The walilayoo Iso ~caeheha or the roof Walls me higher and doorvayslarger
Fig 11 (d) Con on cylinderA typlcol style among Ihe Tswana Solho andVenda peoplo Tila roof IS para and can bcleorly idenllfied The rooF as mode lrcltn grassad the wallslrom dag or tyle 01cement
The bUilding trade is the earliest form of civil engineering construction Up to
13 century building technology in the sub-continent fell under three
category (a) Thatchery and mud houses made of thatched roof of bamboo
straw grass reed etc lb) stone masonry which included hewing laying and
carving of stone and (c) Brick masonry construction consisting of lime-surki
mortar in the city areas Between 13 and 18h century the feudal monarchs
and the land lords constructed monumental bUildings After the Industrial
2
revolution in the 180 century construction of factory buildings labor sheds
ware houses etc became the major construction activities With the
invention of the steam engine in the 18 century development of railways
started Besides the construction of roads ports and harbors inland and
offshore navigation developed simultaneously after the Second World War
reconstruction of the war ravaged infrastructure brought a boom In the civil
engineering construction Civil engineering also has attained modernization
an eventually in the seventies the development of chips and micro chips and
the high capacity single chip microprocessor made possible the development
of the micro computers The computer software technology has also
developed very fast simultaneously The development of the optical fiber
and the satellite technology has made a revolution and the internet has
brought the information technology to a stage which was unimaginable even
a decade ago As result knowledge based industries now dominate over the
previous machinery based industries Traditional construction industry as
gradually becomes obsolete and ineffective worldwide in these high tech
eras This new situation put construction industry a new challenge
In modern times the civil engineers built dams sluices regulators barrages
pump houses and p ower generation and many other structures which were
believed to be impossible to construct Gigantic modern off-shore structures
are now built which go to several hundred meters below sea level In the
field of bridge construction enormous progress have been achieved Bridges
has now become relatively cheap and can be built in extremely short timeThe most ambitious bridge development ever realized is certainly the Akashi-
Kaiko Bridge in Japan with a span of 1990 meter This gigantic endeavor at
the early age where only possible due to very sophisticated and heavy
erection equipment developed The successful construction of channel
tunnel Bull twinkle (492 m worlds tallest offshore platform) Louisianan
offshore oil port supertanker unloading capacity of 100000 barrel an houri
Kansai international airport a port reclaimed from sea bed containing
extremely soft soill testify to development capability of the civil engineeringprofession in modern times it will not be out of place to mention that during
the sixties intensive urbanization in many developed countries saw the
3
spectacular revolutionary concepts such as wall frame Interaction tube-in-
tube bundle tubes diagonally braced frame and compOSite construction
pioneered the high rise growth Developments of intelligent buildings that
can respond to earthquake and fire hazards are in the making
In recent years (Information agel technological innovation in design
materials and construction methods have resulted in significant changes in
construction costs Computer aids have improved capabilities for generation
quality designs as well as reducing the time required to produce alternative
designs New equipments and materials not only have enhanced the quality
of constructIOn but also have shortened the time for shop fabrication and
field erection Construction methods have gone through various stages of
mechanization and automation including the latest development of
construction robotics
The Global Trend
Competition in global market for better amp economic building construction is
increasing day by day Construction organizations are realizing that
responsiveness to market demands and adaptability to changing condition
Competitive prices are the hallmarks of successful enterprise Therefore
every construction organization wants to lower the cost by alternate deSign
interchanging material strength amp type uSing modern construction methods
and proper management So construction world is going for new technology
and saving both time and cost
The Bangladesh Context
Bangladesh has come a long way since its independence But a very few
organizations have adopted new construction technology and ability to build
high strength material with quality After 2004 due to WTD and GATS
Bangladesh market has to be made open to outside countries and most of
the organization will face difficult challenges from the competitors of other
countries To face this challenge effectively construction organizations need
4
to be more responsive to market demands lower the prices by choosing
proper construction technology in all stages of construction as well as
improve quality of material If construction organizations of Bangladesh will
able to qualify with other countries in competition they would have to
opportunity to work abroad
Bangladesh is one of the least developed countries in the world Regrettably
In Bangladesh most of the construction methods and design are oriented by
conventional method Though volume of building construction is large but
modern construction method and equipment facilities in most of the cases
are absent Only a small number of projects have been done or ongoing With
theses modern facilities Remarkable new and high strength material are also
not using in Bangladesh Only in some national bridgeroad construction
project modern equipment and material were used in Bangladesh Due to
absent of new and high strength materials new technologies new
equipments quality as well as effiCiency of building construction are very
poor
12 Objective of the Project
Bangladesh is one of the least developing countries Contemporary
construction technology With high strength materials are not often uSing inbUildingconstruction sector The objective of this study IS to find out what
type of technology and materials are being using for building construction In
addition to find out if better technology is available why these are not
being accepted at present in construction sector of Bangladesh
Specific objectives of this study are
bull To study the exiting technological parameters in present day building
construction in Bangladesh
bull To study the economy of scale and factors as they relate to-
(a) Humnware
(b) Infoware and
(e) Hardware
5
13 Methodology
Methodologies used in this study are followings
I Study of the literature to identify the contemporary
technology in building construction in developing NIC and
developed economies
II Study of the local documents and of field data to find the
status of contemporary technology in the building industry in
Bangladesh
III Study the economy of scale and contemporary technology as
they relate to humnware Infoware and hardware
6
CHAPTER 2
TECHNOLOGIES IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
21 Introduction to Technology in Construction Industry
McGraw Hill Encyclopedia Defines Technology as 11
Technology is closely related to science and engineering Science deals with
humans understanding of real world around them - the interesting
properties of space matter energy and their interactions Engineering is the
application of objective knowledge to the creation of pians designs and
means for achieving desired objectives Technology deals with tools and
techniques for carrying out the plans
Construction Technology
Basic design and construction topics which include both field and office
activates which facilitate problem definition evaluation solution and
communication ie design electives electrical equipment estimating
formwork mechanical quantity surveying rigging scaffolding scheduling
shop drawings site planning surveying takeoff utilitiesfl9
Construction industry undoubtedly is the backbone and propelling force
behind our progress It has the potential to contribute to peoples lives in
many ways This needs high skill dynamic leadership broad vision great
courage latest technology and communication system
Modern science and technology have provided many useful tools like
computers~CPM-PERT-most productive and efficient machines financial
management procedures and many others But all these become redundant
and unproductive when these sophisticated and efficient tools are worked
by green and inexperienced hands who lack the basic ingredients of work
culture dedication and courage and people who are not imaginative and
innovative
7
22 Construction technologies on the basis of labour and equipment
Construction technologies can on the basis of their content of labour and
equipment be classified as
o Equipment Intensive
o Labour based and
o Labour Intensive Technologies
The choice of the technology may affect the overall cost the overall
duration of the construction and the overall quality of the asset Some
works allow only one type of technology while others can be done in
various ways Graphically equipment intensive labour Intensive and labor
based technologies are shown in below
Potential shift in labour contents by using labour-based methods
Llbaur - _
Equipment Intensive
Labour Based
Labour Intensive
IIIlililillllIII-IIIliillllllnmmmllF
221 Equipment Intensive Technology
Equipment intensive technology is defined as the combination of labour and
equipment In which most work is done by labOUHeplacing equipment
supported by a small labour force Although the technology might be
appropriate in circumstances with high wage levels low labour availability
and high skill levels its application is often ineffective at local level where
individual projects are relatiVely small and dispersed over a large
geographical area
8
222 labour Intensive Technology
To avoid a common misconception it is important to distinguish between
labour basedmethods and labour Intensive methods In contrast with labour
based technology labour intensive approaches seek to maximize
employment with a minimum use of mechanized equipment often at the
expense of cost and quality
223 labour BasedTechnology
In selecting the most appropriate technology it is however important that
irrespective of the type of technology resources is used efficiently quality
standards are maintained and time limitations are observed For these
reasons labour based technology has been developed to maXimize
opportunities for the employment of labour (skilled and unskilled) while
supported by light equipment under strict conditions of cost
competitiveness acceptable engineering quality standards and timely
implementation Labour based work methods are competitive only if these
conditions are met and can then provide a lasting alternative to traditional
equipment-intensive construction methods
23 Software Technologies
Normally software means the written instructions executed by some
hardware Ie Programs that are needed to run for execution and manage
the computer and those which are used to solve the problem 111 The
Software technologies have three subdivisions which are
bull Manpower (Humnware)
bull Information (Infoware)
bull Organization (Orgaware)
231 Manpower (Humnwere)
We know manpower (humnware) is the person-embodied component of
technology 111 For construction works require different types of personal but
most of them require technical background Different disciplined engineer
site engineer supervisor foreman rod binders mason skilled labour helper
9
carpenter sanitary technicians electrical technicians and other personal are
the humnware
Productivity in construction IS often broadly defined as output per labor
hour Improvement of labor productivity should be a significant activity in
building construction In construction works vigorously pursue the efficient
utilization of labor So improvement of personnel related to this field is a
vital factor of construction industry
232 Information (Infoware)
Information IInfowarel is usually the document-embodied form of technology
[11 This inciudes the specifications market database for materials theories
charts database drawing codes books journals catalogs and other
documents Requisition and supply management work(s) are also includes in
infoware Infoware constitute a crucial part of construction industry For
construction works every step is related to infoware Proper constructions
need accurate material specification guided by the code(s] Proper
information is the key factor of any construction project
233 Organization (Orgaware)
Within a frame work of the Organization (Orgawarel Manpower
(Humnware) Information (Infoware and Hardware technologies work 111
Organization techniques principles practices and arrangements that govern
the effective use of technology by humnware This includes construction
planning project management QC safety RampD
Organizational systems play the key role in construction industry Both the
success and failure of construction works widely depends on organization
An organization system includes Organization structure organization design
human resource poliCY and practice organization Culture work stress etc
Common organizational structures available in construction industries are-
bull Project organization
bull Matrix organization
bull Line and staff organization
10
24 Hardware Technology
Modern construction especially for large projects has grown in complexity
due to size cost and speed of construction Construction equipment is an
important resource and its planning assumes vital importance With the
rapidly changing technology both in design and construction areas
contractors are now shy of making heavy investment in heavy equipment
New innovation of construction equipment change the older method of
construction method and resultant is quicker and economic construction
Sometimes whole system is enhanced by new innovation Such as two
technological developments namely lilt and modern metal frame removed
the prevailing limitations on the height of the buildings Hardware is object-
embodies form of technology 111 such as Construction
equipmentmachineries all type of materials appliances computer paper
printer
The selection of appropriate construction equipment often affects the
required amount of time and effort and thus the job-site productivity of a
project It is therefore important for site managers and construction planners
to be familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment
Various types and important works are involved for construction Industry
Such as excavation loading compaction and grading drilling and blasting
equipment lift and erecting machineries mixing construction tools and
other equipment Different types of work require different type of hardwareand technology
11
Selection of most suitable and available equipment for a particular project is
a frequent problem for contractor Owner contractor and even the engineers
of our country are going for traditional method and material Sometimes due
to old technique and traditional material huge financial loss is the result
Money spent for equipments need to be considering as an investment
which can be recovered with a profit during the useful life of the equipment
241 Excavation
Types of equipment which are used to excavate earth and related materials
are known as excavator Excavation equipment includes the following
machines
1 Power shovels
2 Backhoes
3 Draglines
4 Clamshells and cranes
5 Trenching machines
6 Wheel-mounted belt loaders
Craneshovel consists 01 three major components
bull A carrier or mounting which provides mobility and stability for the
machine
bull A revolving deck or turntable which contains the power and
control units
bull A front-end attachment which serves the special function in an
operation
12
(g) Hawk_Bulk W~
(e) Cranes
(h) Q)-Qlick Mount
(c) Daglines
0l Hook Lift (k) Conlaine CITi~r (1) RollOffTrmlers Carner
Fig 2-1 Excavation Equipmentl1Gl
13
The type of mounting for all equipments Ihardware) in the above figure is
referred to as crawler mounting which is particularly suitable for crawling
over relatively roughed surfaces at a job site Other types of mounting
include truck mounting and wheel mounting which provide greater mobility
between job sites but require better surfaces for their operation The
revolving deck includes a cab to house the person operating the mounting
andor the revolving deck In the above figure a crane with hook clamshell
[Fig2-1 (f)L drag line [Fig2-1 (c)] bac khoe shovellFig 2-1 laI(b)L pile
driver[Fig2-1 (d)] and other excavation equipment are shown
A tractor consists of a crawler mounting and a non-revolving cab When an
earth-removing blade is attached to the front end of a tractor the assembly
is called a bulldozer When a bucket is attached to its front end the
assembly is known as a loader or bucket loader There are different types of
loads designed to handle most efficiently materials of different weights and
moisture contents
Scrapers are multiple units of tractor-truck and blade-bucket assemblies with
various combinations to facilitate the loading and hauling of earthwork
Major types of scrapers include single engine two-axle or three-axel
scrapers twin-engine all-wheel-drive scrapers elevating scrapers and push-
pull scrapers Each type has different characteristics of rolling resistancemaneuverability stability and speed in operation
242 Compaction and Grading
Compaction grading and soil stabilization are the works of same category
and these are interrelated Many SOilsare subject to differential expansion
and shrinkage when they undergo change in moisture content If pavements
are to be constructed on such soils it IShighly desirable to stabilize them to
prevent or reduce the change volume in order to protect the pavements from
excessive damages
Stabilizations may be applied to a soil In its natural position or as it is placed
in a fill Also stabilization may be applied to the sub-grade sub-base or
base material
14
Some methods of stabilization are
L Blending and miXing heterogeneous soils to produce more
homogenous soils
bullbullbull Incorporating hydrated lime into soils that are high in clay content
bullbullbull Blending asphalt with the soil
t Mixing Portland cement with the soil
t Incorporating various types of slats into the soils
4 Incorporating certain chemicals into the soils
t Compacting the soils thoroughly after they are processed
The function of compaction equipment is to produce higher dense soil
mechanically The basic forces used in compaction are static weight
kneading impact and vibration The degree of compaction that may be
achieved depends on the properties of soil its moisture content the
thickness of the soil layer for compaction and the method of compaction
The function of grading equipment is to bring the earthwork to desired shape
and elevation Many soils are subject to differential expansion and shrinkage
when they undergo changes in moisture content Many soils also move and
rut when subjected to moving wheel loads If pavementsbuildings are to be
constructed on such soils It is usually necessary to stabilize them to reduce
the volume changes and strengthen them to the point where then can carry
the imposed load even when they are saturated
Major types of grading equipment include motor graders and grade trimmers
The former is an all-purpose machine for grading and surface finishing the
latter is used for heavy construction because of its higher operating speed
Many types of compaction equipment are available including the following -
Towed Sheepsfoot [Fig2-2Ia)L Grid Roller [Fig2-2(b)L Self-Propelled [Fig2-
21c)) Segmented Steel Wheel Roller[Fig2-2(dll Self Propelled Tamping Foot
Roller Self Propelled Vibratory Tamping Foot Roller[Fig2-2Iel) etc These
are different operating characteristics
15
(a) Sheepsfoot roller
(b) Grid roller
(d) Two-Axle Tandem Steel-wheeled Roller
(c) Self Propelled Pneumatic-tiredRoller
(e) Self-Propelled Smooth-drumvibratory Roller
Fig 2-2 Compaction amp Grading Equipment
IG
243 Drilling and Blasting
Drilling operation used by the construction and mining industries to drillholes in both rock and earth The task of rock excavation includes looseningloading hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling and blasting
Rock excavation is a risky and hard task ReqUire special equipment andmethods for this operation The degree of difficulty depends on physicalcharacteristics of the rock type which to be excavate Grain sizes planes ofweakness weathering brittleness and hardness of rock strata are the vitalfactors of rock excavation The task of rock excavation includes looseningloadlllg hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling blasting or rippling
Major types of drilling equipment are percusSion drills and rotary-percussiondrills A percussion drill penetrates and cuts rock by impact while it rotateswithout cutting on the upstroke
Common type of percussion drills includes a jackhammer which is hand heldand others which are mounted on a fixed frame or on a wagon or crawl formobility A rotary drill [Flg2-3(bJJ cuts by turning a bit against the rocksurface A rotary precesSion drill combines the two cutting movements toprovide a laster penetration in rock
Blasting is performed to loosen rock in order that it may be excavated orremoved from its existing position Blasting requires the use of explosivesthe most common of which is dynamite Generally electriC blasting caps areconnected in a circuit with insulated wires Power sources may be powerlines or blasting machines designed for firing electriC cap Circuits Alsoavailable are non-electrical blasting systems which combine the precisetiming and flexibility of electric blasting and safety of non-electricaldetonation
Tractor-mounted rippers are capable of penetrating and prying loose mostrock types The blade or ripper IS connected to an adjustable shank whichcontrols the angle at the tip of the blade as it is raised or loweredAutomated ripper control may be Installed to control ripping depth and tipangle
In rock tunneling special tunnel machines equipped with multiple cutterheads and capable of excavating full diameter of the tunnel are nowavailable Their use has increasingly replaced the traditional methods ofdrilling and blasting
17
(a) ER1ronmomtlll Testing
It) Placer Drill
(b) Rotary drill
(dl Mincrnl Exploration Drill
eel Water Well Drilling
Fig 2-3 Drilling amp Blasting Equipmentl1bull1
18
244 Lifting and Erecting Equipment
Liftmg and erecting equipments are used to 11ftloads and to facilitate theerection of steel building frames
Derricks are commonly used to lift equipment of materiais or building
construction A derrick consists of a verticai mast and an inclined boom
sprouting from the foot of the mast Guys hold the mast in position or stiff
legs connected to a base whiie topping lift links the top of the mast and the
top of the inclined boom A hook in the road line hanging from the top of the
inclined boom is used to lift loads Guy derricks may easily be moved from
one floor to the next in a building under construction while stiff leg derricks
may be mounted on tracks for movement within a work area
Horizon boom type tower cranes are most common in high-rise building
construction Inclined boom type tower cranes are also used for erecting
steel structure
245 Mixing
Mixing concrete by hand is expensive In labour and it IS therefore not
surprising that mechanical mixers have been general use for a great many
years
The object of mixing is 10 coat the surface of all aggregate particles with
cement paste and to blend the entire ingredients of concrete into a uniform
mass this uniformity must furthermore not be disturbed by the process of
discharging from the mixer In fact the method of discharging is one of the
bases of classification of concrete mixers Several types exist In the tiltmg
mixer the mixing chamber known as the drum is tilted for discharging In
the non-tilting type the axis of the mixer is always horizontal and discharge
is obtained either by inserting a chute into the drum or by reversing the
direction of rotation of the drum or rarely by splitting of the drum There are
also pan-type mixers rather Similar in operation to an electric cake-mixer
these are called forced action mixers as distinct from the tilting and non-
tilting mixers which reiy on the free fall of concrete in the drum
19
In any mixer It is essential that sufficient interchange of materials between
different parts of the chamber takes place so that uniform concrete is
produced
On a site there is often a tendency to mix concrete as rapidly as possible
and it is therefore important to know what is the minimum mixing time
necessary to produce a concrete uniform in composition and as a result of
satisfactory strength
Concrete mixers are used to mix Portland cement sand gravel and water in
batches
There may be occasions when concrete has to be mixed by hand and
because in this case uniformity is more difficult to achieve particular care
and effort are necessary
A truck mixer refers to a concrete mixer mounted on a truck which is
capable of transporting ready mixed concrete from a central batch plant to
construction sites
246 Construction Tools and Other Equipment
Concrete can be economically pumped at the rates 15 to 200 ydhr for
horizontal distances 300 to 3000 ft and vertical distances 100 to 500 ft
without staging [11
The pumping of concrete of is especially advantageous in placements that
are physically difficult to approach with ready-mix trucks and show best
economy in the range of 20 to 80 ydhr
Air compressors [Fig2-4(al] and pumps [Fig2-4(dl] are widely used as the
power sources for construction tools include drills hammers [Fig2-4(bll
grinders saws wrenches[Fig2-4(clj staple guns sandblasting guns and
concrete vibrators Pumps are used to supply water or to dewater at
construction sites and to provide water jets for some types of construction
Vibrators are used to eliminate entrapped air Of the several types internal
vibrators perhaps the most common one External vibrator is rigidly clamped
to the formwork resting on an elastic support so that both the form and
20
concrete are vibrated Vibrating table can be considered as a case of
formwork clamped to the vibrator instead of the other way round but the
principle of vibrating the concrete and formwork together is unaltered
Besides these surface vibrator used for flat plate electric hammer can be
used as a surface vibrator when fitted with a bit having a large flat area A
vibrating roller is used for consolidating thin slabs
(a)Air Compressor
rg Wrench
(b) Hammer
(d) Concrete Pump
Fig 2-4 ConstructionTools amp Other Equipments[111
247 Choice of Equipment and Standard Production Rates
The selections of the appropriate type equipment or machines tor
construction often affect the required amount of time and effort and thus
the job site productivity of a project Equipment size determination is also a
very important task for construction Oversize equipments are expensive as
well as consume more time to handle It is therefore important for
construction planners to be familiar with the characteristics of the major
21
types of equipment most commonly used in construction Construction
planners also have to know the sources of construction equipment
Contractors and users of construction equipment frequently concerned with
a decision as to whether to purchase or rent (lease) an equipment Under
certain conditions it is financially advantageous to purchase whereas under
other conditions it is more economical and satisfactory to rent it
248 Building Materials
In recent times some of the important technological breakthroughs in
materials are stabilized soil lime-pozzolana mixes sand-lime bricks fly-ash
bricks clay-fly ash bricks gypsum boards wood-wool sheets plastic
products in utility service ready mix concrete non-shrink grout for machine
foundation super-plasticizers Ferro-cement and other materials Different
types of composite construction are also in very advance stage
In the field of concrete technology also some advances are happened such
as light weight concrete radiation shielding concrete polymer concretes
fiber reinforced concretes super plasticized concretes gap graded concrete
tenser-polymer reinforced concrete roller-compacted concrete ultra high
strength concrete improved techniques in pre-stressing prefabricated
construction and other some remarkable matenals
In low cost housing a number of developments have taken place and
following new techniques are being adopted for reduction in cost These arestone block masonry pre-cast brick panel roofing pre-cast RC channel
roofing ferro-cement tank use of secondary species of timber particle
board lor shutter doorswindows fly ash-lime-gypsum bricks for making
walls pre-cast RCC frames for doors and windows Pre-cast RC lintel (thin]
lower ceiling heights PVC pipes for water supply stabilized soil cement
base floors magneSium oxy-chloride flooring fire retardant treatment of
thatch asphaltic roofing etc Brief descriptions of some of those materials
are below-
22
249 Construction Automation and Robotics
Recent advances in robotic technology and the related experience In
manufacturing industries suggests that greater automation maybe extremely
beneficial for constructed facilities In addition construction in hazardous
environments (not approachable) may be greatly expanded by the use of
construction robots
There are several means by which construction automation and robotics
might repay the additional equipment and development costs associated
With high technology investments First robotics offers opportunities for
extending the scope of practical construction activities into hazardous
environments including outer space nuclear reactors or undersea
construction Even standard construction sites represent hazardous
environments as suggested by the large number job industrial accidents
associated with construction Second robotics may permit the practical
introduction and broader use of nonhuman senses and capabilities on
construction sites
KaJimaCompanys reinforcing bar placing robot can carry up to 20 bars and
automatically place these bars in pre-seiected patterns in both floors and
walls The equipment has achieved 40 to 50 savings in labor and 10
savings in time on several Japanese projects 131
A wall climbing robot called RM3 for tasks such as video inspections of shiphulls gamma-ray inspection of structural welds and high-pressure washing
painting shot-blasting and barnacle removal 131
23
CHAPTER 3
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN BANGLADESH
31 Introduction
The contribution of construction industry is quite significant in the national
economy but its existence is absent from the national economy plan
Recently government has made policy considering this sector as an industry
GDP Contribution of construction industry was 606 In 1991-1992 and 619
over the period 1996- 1997 Agriculture sector contributes maximum of
GDP Construction sector contribute about 20 of agriculture sector GDP
which is a remarkable role in Bangladesh economyI1
The construction Industry of Bangladesh comprises of a large number of
predominantly small firms The same can be seen to be true for most other
countries
The actual structure of the industry is not possible to measure as there are
no published papers on the total number of firms There are some 25000
nos of local contracting large medium and small categorized firms
registered with the government agencies with a varying range of financial
capacities [16]
In building construction sectors larger firms are capable to construct
concrete highrise building 30 storied Bangladesh Bank Bhaban 20 storied
Bangladesh Secretariat 20 storied Sena Kalyan Bhaban Building 20 storied
lOB Shaban and many other bUildings are the evidence of the ability to
construction of high rise concrete-building While high rise steel structures
are not yet familiar in Bangladesh but recently a number of high rise steel
structure are under construction In other sector such as bridge roads gas
pipeline electricity supply dam sluice-gate etc are implemented by
international contractors and joint venture companies (foreign and local
firms~ In 1990-91 the construction industry employed 105 and in 1995-
96 183 (statistics 97~ of total labour force In other statistics showed
that the constructing firm employs 20 lacs peoples If each family comprise
24
of four members so total 80 lacs people (615 of total population of the
countryl are dependent on the construction industry for their living The
economical and political significance of the industry ISeven greater than this
figure suggest as it captures the major part of the national investment
About 46 of the total construction labour force are involved in building
50 in construction repair and maintenance of roads and bridge works and
4 are involved in construction repair and maintenance of other activities
16]
Some domestic contractors in the building sectors have access to overseas
market but local contractors are less capable of competing with the foreign
companies due to variety of grounds -
(a) Very Less initiative from the Government to improve the capacity of the
local contractors
bull Easy policy for credit system for construction industry
bull To provide plant machinery hire facilities
bull Skill and manpower development through training
(bl Policy of the rules and conditions of the donor agencies for foreign funds
According to PWD to solve the housing problem 709131 units of houses
are required to construct in every year [15] So it indicates that Bangladesh
has a serious housing problem
12 to 15 millions people now lives in Dhaka city Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is now the city of construction Though yearly requirements in
the city is about 65000 housing but all public and private sector together
produce 25000 housing units in a year Percentage of leaving in slums and
squatter settlement is about 30 percent It would take at least 600 billion
taka which IS five times the entire ADP budget of the country to
accommodate house for the above-mentioned population Very little areas
are found in cities which are not occupied by building Every place in the city
is already filled up or construction of building process is ongoing But the
utility service and other facilities for community are not well thought-out
But according to government rules facilities shall be accommodate first
25
before any type of building construction Unfortunately community facilities
including simple parking facilities are still absent for the many new
constructing building in Dhaka city
32 Some large Constructions in Bangladesh
It is very difficult to identify which one is large construction of a country
because of project diversity In Bangladesh there are numerous
constructions many of them are significant in various aspects Although
functions and aesthetic are different of them they accomplish different type
of requirements Following are the some prominent constructions which
indicate Bangladesh building construction industry is fully capable to
construct any type of Building
Equipments used for construction of national assembly building were tower
crane larger size mixture machines and other eqUipment Tower crane amp
other equipments replaced by huge no of labors As per definition of labour
based technology construction of this building falls under this category
National Assembly
Fig 3-1 National Assemblyl101
labour Based Technology
Architect Louis I Kahn
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1962 to 1974
Building type government center
Construction System concrete marble
26
Equipments used for construction of Bangladesh bank bhaban were hoist
mixture machine and other light equipment only For excavation of 1
basement engaged huge no of labors As per definition this type of
construction falls under labour Intensive technology
bull Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
Fig 3-2 Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
labour Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
NoofFioors-31
Building type government
Construction System concrete
27
Equipments used for construction of Islamic Development Bank Shaban were
tower crane concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments
Tower crane ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments
replaced by most of the labors As per definition of equipment intensive
technology this type of construction falls under this category
bull Islamic Development Bank
7
Fig 3-3 Islamic Development Bank
Bhaban
Equipment Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
No of Floors - 20
Construction System concrete
28
Equipments used for construction of Bashundhara city were tower crane
concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments Tower crane
ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments replaced by most of
the labors As per definition 01 equipment intensive technology this type of
construction falls under this category
bull Bashundhara City
Fig 3-4 Bashundhara City
Equipment Intensive Technology
Architect VISTARA
location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1999 to 2003
Building type shopping mall
Construction System concrete marble
33 Constructions in Bangladesh Using Pre Fabrication
Prefabricate construction not yet accepted widely in Bangladesh Scenario of
developed country in this respect is totally different Even In Malaysia
Thailand Indonesia India and many other developing countries scenery is
closed to developed countries Prefabricate construction require customize
construction or a huge no of similar type productions Precast units which
normally used in Bangladesh are -
bull Tiles and mosaic
bull Low cost toilet rings and others precast accessories
bull Prestressed precast electric pole
bull Precast column for boundary wall
29
the study on availability
of indigenous materials in
bull Precast slab for surface drain
bull Precast slab for foot path
bull Precast railing and ornamental column
bull Precast lintel
bull Precast pipe for water supply and others
bull Railway sleeper
bull Road divider
In the context of Bangladesh RampD activities are yet to be worthy InBangladesh uHouse and Building Research Institute was established in the
year 1977 with the following objectives -
1 To take technical and scientific studies and research on
various problems of constructions and building materials and
to evolve housing and building technology appropriate to the
requirement and suitable for socia-economic condition of the
country
2 To specifically emphasis on
development and utilization
construction
3 To promote better uses of building materials particularly
commonly used materials improvements methods of learning
and designing of construction works and maintenance
4 To train research personnels and technicians for the purpose
out its research activities
House and Building Research Institute time to time tried to introduce someprecast module Such as -
bull Ferro cement tank
bull Precast Ferro cement channel for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete hollow slab for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete micro pile
30
bull Precast Ferro-cement folded plate for roof
bull Precast Ferro-cement L panel for inclined roofing
bull RCCdoor and window frames
Between all type of innovation only Ferro cement tank (400 gallon consisting
of cement mortar on wire mesh) is widely used mainly in Dhaka city As
bigger size is not possible with Ferro-cement Its use is limited
Above all precast construction scenario is very poor in Bangladesh This
indicates construction technology not yet advance in Bangladesh in this high
tech era
34 Humnware Infoware and Hardware in Bangladesh
341 Humnware
For construction technology humanware includes labour technicians
engineer and other persons In some way they are related to construction
industry In Bangladesh expense for humanware is cheaper with respect to
other countries because of low wages lin Bangladesh Taka 125 per hour
and for ordinary labour in UK pound6) So utilization of man power through IT is
a great opportunity for construction sector of Bangladesh But unfortunately
we are far way from proper utilization of this huge no manpower
Development of Human resources is in very preliminary stage By generating
employment and working environment general employment conditions need
to be improved Wage systems must be developed and made transparent so
as to give proper remuneration according to qualification and technical skill
It is extremely necessary for the skilled workers to pass their skills on and to
train personnel able to respond to future technological changes Professional
training centers and methods must be developed and be efficiently exercised
upon
In Bangladesh most of the cases we make out unskilled humnware which is
unexpected in this high tech era Also in most of the cases they are
uneducated Due to unskilled and uneducated labour construction qualities
31
are not normally as per requirement Also due to unskilled labor excessive
time is requiring in most of the cases
In Bangladesh labours are mainly trained-up by on-job training In many case
they are habituated from paternal side by born Though some training
institutes exist around Dhaka city but they are certificate-based institute
These institutes deal only overseas job findings peoples
342 Infoware
Infoware IS usually the document-embodied form This includes the
software design specification materials specifications theories charts
database drawing design and others activities Use of software in
Bangladesh for the purpose of analysis and design are in satisfactory leveL
Although most of the organizations are now analyze and design by some
standard software but a big amount of engineers are not stili away from this
technology Following software and tools are now using in Bangladesh
which indicates not behind from top level
Programming Language- Visual Basic Auto LISP aBasic CC Turbo C
Computer Aided Engineering STAAD-III STAADPro Math CAD ADOSS PCACOL SOL Series
Spread Sheet Analysis- Microsoft Excel Lotus MathCAD
Computer Aided Design
- AutoCAD
Database- DBase FoxPro Microsoft Access Oracle
GIS Software- Arcinfo Arcade Maplnfo Arc view Idrisi
32
Graphics software- CorelDraw Harvard Graphics
Computer Aided Project Management- MS Project
Word Processing
-MicrosoftWordWordPcrreCI
Operating Systems
- MS Windows Dos Novel
3430rgaware
Orgaware lOrganization) represents the structural framework of a
technological system and it includes for example the organizations for the
RampD the production the marketing the corporate planning etc It is needed
to produce certain goods and services Within the framework of theorgaware the other technology components work [1]
Most of the organization in Bangladesh is now using computer and software
for different type of works Some organizations are using for analysis and
design some for planning purpose some as a management tools and some
one for data processing and accounting In someway organizations ofBangladesh are taking this technological advantage
In Bangladesh some organizations are doing a number of remarkable works
excellently They are creating photo realistic rendered architectural
perspective models of 3D exterior and Interior elevation and layout
rendering services 3D animation They are also creating architectural fly-by
and walk-through simulations for interactive presentation or TV quality
advertisement GIS works are also done by these organizations
Some of organizations are also working with foreign organizations Mainly
different type of data entry is their main works which are mainly data
conversion rom one format to another Such as conversion from portabledocument format (pdf) to Word processing format (docl hand sketch
J3
bull
conversion to digital drawing (dwg etc) format some modification of
drawing ete The difficulties of our organizations are for any types of
business they require an overseas office This is a very big problem for
entrepreneurs of data exchanging business
344 Hardware
In Bangladesh hardware use of construction industry is not in a suitable
level Moreover specifically modern construction equipment J technology are
not utilizing in Bangladesh most of the cases Only in a few sector such as
deeper excavation in highway construction a few no of building works are
done by modern equipments but in other sectors modern equipment are
ignoring by Bangladeshi construction industry Computer based hardware
widely using in Bangladesh as computer and some computer related
hardware are reasonably priced for middle class people
For construction projects require modern management which is based on
personal computer (PC) In Bangladesh computer based project management
is not yet popular in construction industry Only some foreign aided
government project has some activities on this but also up-to proposal level
only Truly computer based project management in construction sector not
yet Implemented in Bangladesh This is limited to some Gantt chart and
critical path draw works But hardware based computer management easily
save both money and time Probable cause for which not yet go for
computer based project management listing below -
Labours and technicians are illiterate
bull
bull
bull
bull
Labours and technicians are unskilled
Top management of an organization are not wanted to go for
new particularly computer based technology
From Government side there are no plan to facilitate these sector
even in Government project
Our engineers backgrounds are also not upto that extent and
also they are not interested to go for such type of management
34
CHAPTER 4
TECHNOLOGY ON EXCAVATION amp RCC OF BANGLADESH
Nowadays building construction mainly equipment intensive works allover
the world that is depend on modern technology Similarly construction
industry of Bangladesh going away step by step depends on technology
Technological application sophistication quality etc are different in country
to country but at every steps of construction industry including construction
industry of Bangladesh totally depends on construction technology For
excavation loading compaction grading drilling lifting erecting mixing
and other purposes require some construction hardwareequipment and there
technological approach is different Not only for equipment but in every
steps of construction process depends on technological involvement In this
chapter mainly discussed the effect on excavation due to equipment
intensive and labour intensive works Also for building construction the
effect of alternate combination of material use
41 Technology in Excavation
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground This foundation is mandatory for
every structure ThiS is the reason of start of excavation technology which
is an earliest form of civil engineering construction This technology is used
for excavate earth of foundationbasement Excavated soilrock usually
dumps in other places which is known as loading Many construction
industry of Bangladesh Excavator and Loader are mainly using for
excavation works But use of excavator is mostly Dhaka based In other
places of the country except Dhaka city excavation works are done by
manually which is very unlikable in this high tech era Even in Dhaka city
many excavation works had been done by manually Such as 18 storied
New Market City Complex building with two basements (adjacent of Dhaka
new market) 14 storied CRP building project with two basements at Mirpur-
35
14 Dhaka A few but in some projects huge volume of soil was excavated
manually Excavation operations 01 these many projects are done by
manually because 01 availability and low-priced labor In this chapter try to
focus why this technology (excavator not used in most of the cases
In many project of Bangladesh excavation operation are done by manually
because 01-
Soil Characteristics - Comparatively solt layer 01 earth exists all
around Bangladesh
raquo labour (Humnwarel - labour costs are cheap and available
Non-availability of equipment (Hardware) - Modern equipment
cost is very high for which it is not pOSSiblelor contractor to
buy excavator and other heavy equipments lor a singie project
gt- No and size of the Job - As no 01 projects limited and also
areas of a single projects are not big Use of Excavator and
loader are not economically viable
Rental organization - Renta I organization not yet developed
widely and systematically Above all limited rental organization
and their higher charges of hardware
Topography Most of the lands in Bangladesh are plain So
labors can work comfortably
lacks of technicians - lack of skilled technicians are one of the
reasons to avoid new technology
Time - Peoples of Bangladesh are not anxious about time
Utilization of time is very important lack 01 this awareness is
one 01 the reasons of avoiding tendency of new technology for
excavation
)- Space constrains - Particularly in Dhaka city buildings are not
build in well planned way but very haphazard So in many case
movement 01 excavator is very difficult and in some cases it is
impossible to work due to space constrain
36
bull Weather and Temperature - Luckily most of the seasons are
suitable for labour works Nature is very fever for manual
labour except very little lime through out the year So not
need to take extra precaution lor climate
gt Dumping area - Some time huge amount of dumping is not
possible For that reason avoiding tendency to new technology
of excavation
bull Transportation equipments - Some times transportation of
dumping is not viable and In that type of case manual labour is
preferable
411 Preliminary Stage
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground and which transmits the load to the
underlying sailor rock As the foundation normally placed below the ground
excavation is must and should be done first for any type of construction
work
More or less for every construction works need excavation some times
these are shallow and some times it is deep Due to basement construction
of high-rise buildings need massive excavation This may need up to three
four months If excavation works are done by manually a huge no of labors
will engage their and require more time
Considering employment it is solVing a substantial social problem like our
developing country by means of giving a large no of employment
opportunity Therefore out side the urban area manual excavation may be
permissible due to solving unemployment problem This might be plaYing a
significant role like our developing country to solve the problem Social
problem from society But owners always try to solve the problem from the
economic view which will figure out later on this chapter
But the scenario in urban areas like Dhaka city is different Dhaka has
already become a mega city with more than ten million inhabitants and its
population is projected to reach 16 million by 2015 which would make it
the worlds seventh most populous city This rapid growth is visible all
37
around the city by constructing new buildings But the citys infrastructure is
not keeping space with the influx of population Transport environment of
Dhaka city may be a clear example with increasing traffic congestion and
delays The ability of Dhakas transport system to sustain economic growth
and reasonable quality of life has been declining steadily
In such a poor situation if we dont use machinery equipment everyday
congestion situation of Dhaka city will escalate due to longer timerequirement of excavation
Already it is an established fact that construction works of Dhaka city is one
of main reasons of traffic congestion To overcome this awlul situation
particularly in the city areas we must have to adopt modern technology in
excavation purpose This will help to reduce construction time money
traffic congestion and other redundant situations
412 Time and Seasonal Effects on Construction
Time
In Bangladesh construction management going on very preliminary stage and
still they dont think time is a vital factor for any project But everyone is
aware the fact money has a time value Thousand Taka today is worth
more the Thousand tomorrow This lact is vividly reinforced when themonthly charge bills are examined This added charge amounts to rent on
the money that is owed and is termed interest
Besides these we know fixed costs are directly related to time variable andother costs are also similar effect ie if time span of a project is longer then
fixed cost will be more and similarly true for all other costs So time span ISa vital factor for any construction project
Again for any project there is a breakeven point which also dependents on
time If construction period is more than the estimated time timerequirement to reach break even will be more
BeSides these there is a possibility to come other competitors due to delay
of construction and sometimes it may become an unprofitable project forever in this competitive market
38
If we Consider revenue side what we see - Suppose a 10 storied office
building spaces are 12000 sq-ft and rent is 501 = Taka per sq-ft ie per day
revenue is 20 Lac Particularly this type of project per day revenue loss will
be a big amount if the construction not timely finish This is unexpected for
any organizationlsJcontractorls)
Season
In many cases for foundation purpose deep excavation is required
Sometimes need shore pile to protect adjacent soil Shore pile is essential
when permanent structure exist adjacent project site As shore pile is a
temporary work in many cases it designs less cautiously Result is that
shore pile failures are a common type of failure in Dhaka city at every year
It is occurred mainly in rainy season due to rainfall If the contractors are
finished their foundation works before rainy season most of the time they
can avoid these repetitive shore pile failure situations
On the other hand in many cases owner of adjacent structure goes to the
court when contractor goes for deeper excavation for their safety and
compensation if shore pile failure occurs Also for shore pile failure delays
the project ie more time consume for project and more money expenses
due to delay or to pay compensation Sometimes it becomes a crucial factor
for the project and as a result of big economical loss for that project Such
type of big economical loss easily can avoid by proper time scheduling ie
should be complete before expected rainy season in case of deeperfoundation works
39
413 Cost Analysis and Result
Assumption made for cost and analysis are follows-
1 For Manual 1000 eft of excavation work (PWDStandard Rates)
al For initial lead of 100_ON and lift of 5_ON
i) Ordinary labour cost Tk 088 per cIt
b) For each additional lift of one loot beyond 5-0 and upto 10_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 004 per cit
c) For each additional lilt of one foot beyond 10-0 and upto 15-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 006 per cit
d) For each additional lift of one foot beyond 15_ON and upto 20_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 008 per eft
e) Extra each additional lead of 100-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 014 per eft
2 For Excavator
f) Initial rent Tk 9000000 for upto 10 days
il Extra charge Tkl0OOO00 per day
iii Excavation capacity 10000 eft per day
3 Enough labour Force
gl Enough labour force can be engaged so that there will not be any
significant difference in excavation between these two methods
40
Tablbullbull4-1 5 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area (ff) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 500 440 90000200 1000 880 90000500 2500 2200 900001000 5000 4400 900002000 10000 8500 900005000 25000 22000 9000010000 50000 44000 9000020000 100000 95000 9000040000 200000 218000 180000100000 500000 755000 450000
Tablbullbull 4-2 10 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Areaiiti) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1000 980 90000200 2000 1960 90000500 5000 4900 900001000 10000 9800 900002000 20000 19600 900005000 50000 49000 9000010000 100000 98000 9000020000 200000 210000 18000040000 400000 476000 360000100000 1000000 1610000 900000
41
Table 4-3 15 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR I
Area (ft) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1500 1670 90000200 3000 3340 90000500 7500 8350 900001000 15000 16700 900002000 30000 33400 900005000 75000 83500 9000010000 150000 167000 13500020000 300000 355000 270000
40000 600000 794000 540000100000 1500000 2615000 1350000
Tabla 4-4 20 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area(ft ) Vo(ume(ft ) Manual(CostTk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 2000 2560 90000200 4000 5120 90000500 10000 12800 900001000 20000 25600 900002000 40000 51200 900005000 100000 128000 9000010000 200000 256000 18000020000 400000 540000 36000040000 800000 1192000 720000100000 2000000 3820000 1800000
42
Graph 41 Excavation cost for 5 feet
5 Excavation Cost
~ ~---------------
------ -
I
II
II
- ExcavatorI-Manual
I
50 -----
Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet
10 Excavation Cost
0
I Excavator-Manual
-___ e bullbullbull _
- __ - - --- - - _ - -
-
- - - - - - - - - - -
- - 250 -
oo
lti 300~~ooo~
o 100U
Area (in 100 sft)
43
Graph 43 Excavation cost for 15 feet
15 Excavation Cost
-- ExcavatorI-Manual I
eN
~NN
o
400 -
350 -
300~bull~ 250 - - - 000 ~bullbull- 0~0U 100 - ---- - -
0
Area (in 100 sft)
Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet
20 Excavation Cost
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
- - - -- - - -- - - - - - - --
350 ---------
bullbull 300
~ 250g~ 200 bullbullbullbull0
~ 0U 100 -
0
o g
-
-----------
_______ c C __
___ c c_
~c
-- Excavator-Manual
Area (in 100 sft)
44
From the above anafysis it is observed that in case of 5 feet excavation
breakeven area is 19020 sft for 10 feet excavation 9184 sfr for 15 feet
excavation 6946 sft and for 20 ft 3636 sft Excavator becomes cheaper for
any constructIOn (area) above these breakeven fevels
42 Design and Specifications
421 Material for Building Construction
Wood of course was the only material used by early builders that had more
or less equal tensile and compressive strength Early builders are also
depends on stone brick surki and lime After innovation of reinforced-
concrete and steel previously used material are replaced by concrete and
steel Concrete with reinforcement radically change in the field of building
construction technology After that steel play the vital role and contribute to
build high rise building worldwide though Bangladesh is far from that type
high rise building But recently numbers of steel bUilding are in the process
of construction and we are expecting remarkable progress will be shown
within couple of years Nowadays wood has been relegated largely to
accessory use during construction to use in temporary and secondary
structures and to use for secondary member of permanent construction
Though both concrete and steel are the two most commonly used structural
material worldwide in Bangladesh mainly concrete are common item of
building construction Recently some industrial buildings are constructed by
structural steel Builders in Bangladesh are now reali2ing that steel is also a
competitive and effective material for building construction But they are
going forward very slowly for steel structure
Selection of structural materials must be selected on availability of materials
Also depends on corresponding skill labour relative costs wage scale and
the suitability of the materials for particular structure
In Bangladesh currently carrying out research into rice straw and husks
which are a by-product of major crop of Bangladesh but have already
encountered problems with the strength of the rice straw while fit best rice
45
husks can be regarded as filler and may not contribute significantly to the
tensile strength of earth-mix bricks
Idea of including waste material from the countrys vast jute industry to use
as a binder in the bricks and not merely as rubbish to be burnt
And finally that the integrity of earth-built buildings may be considerably
strengthened and improved by applying simple low-cost principles to the
Internal strengthening structures - mostly tied bamboo frameworks
4211 Material in Bangladesh
Any material which has got application in engineering construction is termed
as engineering material Stones bricks concrete bricks lime cement surki
sand concrete iron steel ferrous alloys non-ferrous metais and alloys
timber timber products aluminums bamboos soils bituminous materials
glass plastics paints varnishes rubber tiles granite marble etc are
commonly used in Bangladesh
Among them major construction materials are now producing in Bangladesh
though maximum raw materials are imported outside from Bangladesh
Though cement raw materials like gypsum and clinker are importing from
outside of country the total cement producing capacity now is more than
countrys per year requirement and quality of cement is standard as per
specification But reinforcement quality is not yet reached to standard level
It is very serious problem for construction industry of Bangladesh
46
4212 Reinforcement
Steel is known as black copper in early ages Iron and steel developed over
2000 years ago It was Henry Bessemer who was especially interested in
good quality steel making for big canons He was the first to produce low
carbon wrought iron In Bangladesh steel also used as reinforcement in many
years before It is difficult to say when and where first time used steel
reinforcement
Concrete reinforcement bar are usually of two types
bull Deformed bar and
bull Twisted bar
Below are the specifications for two types of reinforcement bar-
Table 4-5Steel GradeGrade 40Grade 60
ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed barYield Stre9th (psi Ultimate Stren ths (psi)40000 (minimum) 70000 (minimum)60000 (minimum) 90000 (minimum)
Table 4-6Steel GradeGrade 250Grade 400Grade 460
654149 specifications for Twisted barYield Stren th (psi) Ultimate Strengths (psi)40000 (minimum) 4400060000 (minimum) 6600067000 (minimum) 73700
Grade 40 and Grade 60 both type of reinforcement are frequently used InBangladesh for building construction In Bangladesh normally steel areprocessed by the follOWingmethod
(i) Induction furnace melting and(ii) Arc furnace melting
The yearly requirement of steel in Bangladesh is 10 million ton But the
quality steel production rate is only 02 million tonyear That is remaining
08 million ton reinforcement are non-standard 1171 By which our different
construction works are building This is an awful situation of construction
sector in Bangladeshand requires immediate exemption from this situation
47
4213 Concrete
Allover the world concrete with reinforcement are the most commonly used
materials for building construction In Bangladesh it is the main structural
material using as building construction materials Concrete IS a stone like
material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement
sand and gravel or other aggregate and water to harden in forms of the
shape and dimensions of the desired structure
Bangladesh is now a big cement producing country in respect to their
required capacity Statistics says yearly requirement of cement allover the
Bangladesh is 65 million tons where as production capacity of the entire
cement mill is 120 million tons That means 55 million tons surplus cement
now existing in Bangladesh One of the main reasons of this surplus is that
world top most cement producing companies are now producing cement in
Bangladesh from their factory
The properties that make concrete a universal building material are so
pronounced that it has been used In more primitive kinds and ways than at
present for thousands of years probably beginning in Egyptian antiquity
The facility with which while plastic it can be deposited and made to fill
forms or aids of almost any practical shape is one of these factors Its high
fire and weather resistance are eVident advantages Most of the constituent
materials with the possible exception of cement are usually available at low
cost locally or at small distances from the construction site
In Bangladesh normally concrete strength (cylinder strength fc) varies from
2500 psi to 5000 psi for building construction But in many case it falls to
2000 PSI On the other hand upto 8000 psi concrete was used for
construction of Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge project Also there are many
projects already finished and ongoing where usedusing more than 5000 psi
strength concrete
48
4214 Steel
In 1885 an American engineer names William LeBaron Jenny became the
creator of the modern skyscraper when he realized that an office building
could be constructed using totally different materials He chose structural
steel and incorporated it into a revolutionary system that was to make
possible the soaring office towers that now symbolize the modernmetropolis
Steel is manufactured under controlled conditions its properties are
determined in a laboratory and described in a manufacturers certificate
Thus the designer need only specify the steel as complying with a relevant
standard and the site engineers supervision is limited to the workmanship
of the connections between the Individual steel members So responsible of
contractor is more to provide proper material
Also following are some reasons normally associated with competitiveadvantages of steel over concrete
bull Construction speed particularly during periods of high interest rates
Steel frames go up more rapidly thus reducing construction financing
costs and allowing the building to generate revenue sooner
bull Availability of steel in a variety of grades and shapes that IS suitable
for economical faming of both short and long spans
bull Steel offers economical design approach for retrofit and rehab
projects Steel can be easily modified expanded or converted to suit
future needs of owners and tenants For this reason steel frame isoften referred to as a changeable frame
bull In difficult foundation conditions steel construction may result in
reduced foundation costs because of its light weight Steel frame is
normally 25 to 35 percent lighter than a concrete frame and can
permit the use of less expensive foundation systems
In Bangladesh steel building are not constructing notably Mainly some
factory buildings are constructed with steel as a structural material In
Bangladesh peoples are not serious about time which is main advantage of
steel structure like our COuntry We have to import all the steel materials It
49
also has to PV higher tax Our engineers are not interested to go for new
technology like steel structure 0 technicians oed labors pof Vtrained P fo steel construction Ultimately except time factor steel
structure is OPt very suitable for building construction of Bangladesh Very
recently a few numbers of high-rise buildings are now under construction or
under designing stages which indicates new technology are coming
4215 RCC Grading
Strength of concrete is commonly considered its most important property
although in many practical cases other characteristic such as durability and
impermeability may in fact be more important Nevertheless strength usually
gives an overall picture of the quality of concrete because strength is
directly related to the structure of the hardened cement paste
The strength of concrete of given mix proportions is very seriously affected
by the degree of its compaction It ISvital therefore that conSistence of the
mix be such that the concrete can be transported placed and finished
sufficiently easily and without segregation Following combinations of
reinforcement and concrete are considered for thiS study-
Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Reinforcement and Concrete
Concrete Type Steel Strength (in ksi) Concrete Strength lin ksi)
I Type - 1 60 44
Type - 2 60 36
Type - 3 60 29
Type - 4 60 25
Type - 5 40 44
Type - 6 40 36
Type - 7 40 29
Type - 8 40 25
50
4217 Interdependence of Humnware Infoware and Hardware
For analysis and design purpose humnware infoware and hardware work as
an integrated system During design and analysis period due to different
grade and type material selection software hardware and humnware play
the vital role for alternate attempt Computer utilization in different stages
have improved capabilities for generating quality designs as well as redUCing
the time required to produce alternative designs Without help of these
technological combined services It IS almost impossible to get better and
optimistic design Thats why with the help of Humnware Infoware and
Hardware most economic type analysis and design may achieved within
short time which is almost impossible without these technological help
Manual analysis and design are most of the time assumption based a time
consuming matter and whose ultimate result is economical loss considered
to both time and material requirement
51
4218 Analysis and Result
For analysis purpose here considered a six storied building The analysis has
been performed by STAADIPro software 3-D model of assumed building amp
output of STAADProare given in Appendix-A
Following are the material requirement for different combination
Table 4-8 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 10487 Ib5 2148 Ib6 1375 Ib7 1386 Ib8 3971 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 193651bsTotal Volume of Concrete 28688 cuft
Table 4-9 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 23844 Ibs5 1346 Ib6 5329 Ib7 5487 Ib8 10511 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 46518 IbsTotal Vofume of Concrete 61454 cuft
52
Table 4-10 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6330 Ib5 5653 Ib6 1644 Ib7 2771 Ib8 4722 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 21120lbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3355 cUft
Table 4-11 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 22348 Ibs5 4039 Ib6 8655 Ib7 4001 Ib8 5049 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 44092 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 7279 cU1t
53
Table 4-12 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 787191bs5 29898 Ibs6 37505 Ibs7 57257 Ibs8 58754 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
26213 Ibs3528 cUft
Table 4-13 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibs)
4 221821bs5 10011 Ibs6 37652 Ibs7 6918 Ibs8 34297 Ibs
Totel weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
54
432191bs9367 cuft
Table 4-14 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 9556 Ibs5 2453 Ibs6 3810 Ibs7 6378 Ibs8 6761 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
28958 Ibs4190 cuft
Table 4-15 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibsl
4 25557 Ibs5 3126 Ibs6 4340 Ibs7 10008 Ibs8 703 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
55
43733 Ibs10076 cuft
Table 4-16 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 8680 Ib5 1358 Ib6 1434 Ib7 2588 Ib8 7727 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 21787 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3499 cUft
Table 4-17 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 17629 Ibs5 4878 Ib6 7745 Ib7 7921 Ib8 16895 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 47938Total Volume of Concrete 8546 cuft
56
Table 4-18 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 7770 Ibs5 1432 Ibs6 3795 Ibs7 4686 Ibs8 9068 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
==
26752 Ibs3479 cuft
Table 4-19 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17705 Ibs5 1591 Ibs6 13078 Ibs7 1152 Ibs8 16675 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
57
= 50201 Ibs9644 cuft
Table 420 Material Requirement for Column1ConcreteStrength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in IbsJ
4 84764 Ibs5 30846 Ibs6 22264 Ibs7 34232 Ibs8 10168 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
27379 lbs4709 cUft
Table 4-21 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17693 Ibs5 2347 Ibs6 19086 Ibs7 1367 Ibs8 13352 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
58
53845 Ibs10111 cuft
Table 4-22 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6602 Ib5 2506 Ib6 7068 Ib7 5216 Ib8 8370 Ib
Totar weight of reinforcement - 29762 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 5055 cuft
Table 4-23 Material Requirement for BeamlConcrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 18686 Ibs5 13536 Ibs6 15858 Ib7 1085 Ib8 5565 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement - 54730 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 11269 cUft JI
59
4219 Cost Analysis
Generally the cost for a construction prOject includes the expenses related to
the following activities
bull Land acquirement
bull Planning and feasibility
bull Design
bull Construction including materials equipment and lobour
bull Insurance and taxes during construction
bull Office overhead
bull Office furniture and equipment
bull Inspection testing and others
In this study considered only material cost of different grade of combination
which is mentioned in the article 4215
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Concrete Strength Concrete Cost2500 pO 155 Tkdt2900 psi 164 Tkdt3600 pO 187 Tkch4400 P 209 Tkch
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Reinforcement Strength Reinforcement Cost40000 psi 226406 TklOn
60000 psi 23625 Tkton
60
Table 4~26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequiremerType - 1 294 Ton 9014 citType - 2 291 Ton 10633 eftType - 3 310 Ton 12895 cftType - 4 325 Ton 14266 eftType - 5 311 Ton 12044 eftType - 6 344 Ton 13123 eftType - 7 363 Ton 14821 eftType - 8 377 Ton 16324 eft
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequirementType - 1 441 Ton 9916 eftType - 2 437 Ton 11697 eftType - 3 465 Ton 14185 eftType - 4 487 Ton 15693 eftType - 5 467 Ton 13249 eftType - 6 515 Ton 14435 eftType - 7 544 Ton 16304 eftType - 8 566 Ton 17957 eft
Table 4-28 Reinforcemelt and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka
Type of Concrete Renforcement Cost Concrete Cost Total CostType - 1 1042 Coo 1884 Coo 2926 CooT~2 1032 Coo 1988 Coo 3020 CooTy e - 3 1099 Coo 2115 Coo 3214 CooType - 4 1150 Coo 2211 Coo 3361 CooType - 5 1057 Coo 2517 Coo 3574 CooType6 1167 Coo 2454 Coo 3621 CooType - 7 1231 Coo 2431 Coo 3662 CooType - 8 1281 Co 2530 Coo 3811 Co
61
Graph 4-5 Total Cost 01 Concrete and Reinforcement
Total Cost
bull
0045_0000bull~bull 35000bullbull ~OO
0 ~oou
~~oo~000
WOO
bull bull
bull bull
I TotalCosti-Concrete COSJ-+-- Reinf Cost -- -- -
Type of Concrelltgt Grado
Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement
Costn Percentage
_Totalcosl
-- Concrce Co__ Renf Coso
1_23
- -
- - - - -
---------_-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
140 -
_35 --------------- bull
bull 130bullbull 120bullj U bull 105~
00095
Type of Concrete Crade
Above analysis clearly shows that Type-1 concrete is cheaper than anyother combination of reinforced concrete Up-to 29 savings is possible ifhigher grade Reinforcement and Concrete used for building construction
62
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Discussion
In developed countries civil engineering organizations spend good amount of
money in RampD At national level the universities and other institutions
should be encouraged to undertake strategic research which aims to Improve
understanding and applications of scientific and technical know how which
in turn will provide a basis in the long run proper application of new
techniques and technologies Following are some areas very essential for
construction Industry of Bangladesh
The development and dissemination of new construction equipment and
better safety must be encouraged
Pre-fabrication and use of package materials will enhance the efficiency of
work execution by standardizing specifications and reduce the site work
volumes
The development and dissemination of all weather construction technology
will make it possible to carryon with work even under bad weather
The means of transferring information between designers and constructors
need to be improved The effective use of construction equipment
prefabricated materials and products needs to be considered
The roles and responsibilities of engineers need to be reviewed With regard
to improvements in work efficiency personnel training and strengthening the
management foundation of engineers
6]
52 Conclusion
Excavation
Manual excavation and excavation USing excavator S to 20 ft depth) with
different land areas were studied in Dhaka city Considering labour cost and
excavator rental charge breakeven point for Sft excavation and 20ft excavation
are 19020sft and 3616sft respectively Using PDW97 standard rate of works
it IS observed that for deeper excavation excavator is cheaper than labor-
intensivemanual excavation Labor-intensivemanual excavation works may be
acceptable outside urban areas due to unemployment of labor But excavator is
economic solution in urban areas like Dhaka city
In Bangladesh excavation and loading is a labour-based works but in developed
countries its hardware-based works Further detail study based on socio-
economic environment etc may be required to introduce hardware-based
excavation work replacing manual labor in our country
Material
8 combinations of steel and concrete were studied for a six storied bUilding
Considering material cost Type- ICombination of high strength concrete 44-
ksi with high strength steel 60-ksi) is the most economic Type8 la
combination of low grade concrete 2S-ksi and low grade steel 40-ksi) is the
most uneconomic as it material costs 29 more than the cost due to the Type-
1 Unfortunately Type-8 combination is most widely used in private construction
even by the real estate developer One problem with Type- is that high
strength concrete 144 ksi concrete with 60 ksi steel) demands admixture which
also demand skilled humnware If it is not possible type 2 (36 ksi concrete
with 60 ksi steel) can be easily used without loosing Significant economy lonly
3 more cost than Type-l) Mainly Engineers may play the significant role to
convince ownersentrepreneur to accept this technological advantage and avoid
uneconomical traditional approach
53 Scope for Future Works
Similar studies may be carried out for other components of technology Inamely
different types of hardware technology humnware infoware etc)
64
REFERENCES[1] MAnwarul Azim Technology Mal1agement and Development of Nation
July 1999
[2) SP Arors SP Bindra A Text Book of Building Construction
131 Chris Hendrickson Tung su Project Msnagement for Construction
141 Robert L Peukrifoy William B Ledbetter Construction Planning Equipment
snd Methods McGraw-HIli Book Company International Edition 1985
[51 Robert L Mitchell Engineering EconomlcsJohn Wiley amp Sons 1980
[6J Thomas C Ksvanagh Frank Muller James J OBrien Construction
Management
[7J Donald Barrie Boyd C Paulson Jr ProfeSSlonslConstruction Management
[8J Frank Harris Modern Construction and Ground Engineering Equipment and
Method
9J V K Riana Concrete bridge practice analysis design and economics
110] wwwskycraperscomWebsite
[11] wwwtransltmixconcretecom Web site
[12] wwwlrcocomWebslte
[13] wwwantigoconstructio~0JT Web site
[14] wwwleggattequipmentcomWebsite
[15J Public Works Department Recent technical issues and association of public
works department October 19 2000
i16J AaM Ekram Ullah Construction industry of Bangladesh Journal of civil
engineerirlgIEB 2 December 2000
[17J Prospect of quality re-enforcement bar production in Bangladesh - Elite Iron
and Steel Industries Ltd 2003
[18J Analysis of rates of PWD (Bangladeshi Schedule
- July 199719h Edition)
65
APPENDIX-A
3-D Model STAADIPro Input and Output (Partiall
APPENDIXA
30 Model STAADfPro Input and Output (Partiall
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STAAD SPACE PAGE 10
n m eo 81 m~227 94 95 551 96 n 99 0
55j 00 101 555 106 107 m 108 m 112 55
no m 114 115 240 00 0 102 no 104 CO 228 56~
00 m 118 m n 119 568 m 122 m 123 m m 124 m m m 130 m DO 131 00 135 m no bull36 on no 137 57
m m 125 m no 127 0 m 229 m en 140 m 0 141 53J
0 00 145 146 147 m m 152 m 153 58
m 158 on m 159 00 00 160 00 242 00 148 59~
100 00 m 230 m 13 m 00 164 m 0 105 00 168 010l m 170 no 175 oo no 17 no 177 eo 181 60
102 oom 183 00 243 no no 171 on 172 173 m en 231 613
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109_ m 75 m 82 m 38 m n 76 83 H 89 H110 _ H n 84 90 92 m 00 78 He H 210 85 111_ m oo 91 m 79 m 2lt9 87 m 98 m 112 m III BO H 99 B 106 112 100 CO
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STAADSPACE -- PAGENO
148 271 272 276 277 328 329 341 PRIS YD 20 ZD 15119 78 14 15 6~ 64 70 71 86 87 94 95 110 111 151 152 167 bull68 208 2092lt150 266 281 282 322 ~23 332 3~7 PRIS YD 23151 885 TO 892 902 TO ~08 PRIS Yil 10 ZD 2352 1268 92 149 206 153 320 336 85~ TO 866 PRIS YO 12 ZD 10153 916 65 72 88 96 112 153 J6~ 210 226 267 28~ ~2~ 333 338 PRIS YD 15J54 11 67 90 114 171 228 285 335 843 TO 850 PRIS YD 40 ZD 10155 612 730 731 734 TO 736 748 749 75~ TO 754 766 767 770 TO 772 802 80156 806 TO 808 834 PRIS YO25 ZD 15157 577 5ao 618 PRIS Yl2G ZD 10158 501 TO 503 510 TO 12 517 TO 519 526 TO 528 5J3 TO 535 542 TO 544 54159 558 TO 560 565 TO 567 574 TO 576 581 TO 58~ 590 TO 592 597 TO 599 6C160 615701 TO 703 710 711 714 715 7J~ TO 721 728 729 732 733 737 TO 73161 750751 755 TO 757 764 765 768 76~ 773 TO 775 782 783 786 787 791 TC162 801 804 805 809 TO 8JJ 810 819 822 823 831 832 PRIS YD 30 ZD n163 593 790 PRIS YO ~O ZO 151M 596 PRIS YD 35 ZD 15165 504 TO S09 S20 TO 525 536 TO S41 S52 TO 557 568 TO 573 534 TO S39 61166 704 TO 709 722 TO 727 740 TO 745 758 TO 763 776 TO 731 794 TO 799 8167 318 PRIS YD 3D ZD 15163 600 TO 605 812 TO 817 PRIS YD 33 ZD 15169 CONSTANTS170 E CONCRETEMEMll1 TO 16 ~8 )022 57 TO 72 74 TO 73 80 TO 90 92 TO 9E171 98T0102104T0114149T01S3155T0159161T0171206T021021In 218 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3173 340 TO ~42 50J TO 518 70- TO 882 885 TO 892 B95 TO 908174 POISSON CONCRETEV-EME1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 30 TO 90 917 98 TO 102 10~ TO 11~ 149 TO 13 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 2JO 2J176 21B TO 228 263 )0267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO ~30 3177 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 613 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 908173 DENSITYCONCRETEMEHB1 TO 16 13 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 8D TO 90 9179 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 21130 213 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 27 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3181 340 TO 342 50J TO 618 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 90818l ALPHACONCRETEMEMB1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 103 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 19 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212184 l18 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 33185 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 618 701 TO 832 8BS TO 392 895 TO 9031B6 UNIT FEET KIP187 SUPPORTS1B8 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 207 216 fiXED18~ 234 FIXED190 236 FIXED191 DEFINE WINDLOAD192 TYPE 1193 INT 0 0045 0053 006 HEIG 10 30 60 90194 EXP 1 JOINT 24 TO 184 192 TO 196 199 TO 202 205 206 208 TO 215 217 11~5 n7 TON3196 EXCLUDEJOINT 46 69 92 U5 J38 161 J84197 LOADJ SELFWEIGHT1~8 SELFWEIGHTY -119~ LOAD2 DEADLOAD200 FLOORLOAD201 bull GROUNDFLOORIS A PARKI~GFLOOR
5 0
STAAD SPACE - - PAGE NO
o
59B 6973 ZRANGE 4854-2
FLOAD -05 XRANGE075KSF + 025 KSFFLOAD -01
YRANGE10 10 FLOAD -0089bull 1ST FLOOR TO 5TH FLOOR JS OFFICE FLOOR + ROOF SELFWEIGHT = O068KSF FLOO- FJNJSH = 002 KSF FALSE CEILI~G NO OTHER LOADAS FLOOR DEAD LOADYRAN3E 20 70 FLOAD -0104bull ROOF(EXTRA) AS GARDEN30 SOIL IN ~ART OF THE ROO~ SOIL ~ 03 NO OTHER LOADAS fLOOR DEAD LOADYRANGE70 70 FLOAD -03 XRANGE20 598 ZRAIIGE 2133 70ATER TANKYRANGESO SObull ROOF SLABYRANGll 80 80MEMBERLOAD701 702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 791 792 809 810 UNI GY -043LOAD 3 EXTERJOR WALLMEMBERLOADbullbullbull GROUNDFLOOR TO 5TIl FLOOR 5 WALLASSUMEDAT TilE EXTERIOR OF THE501 TO 503 510 TO 519 526 TO 535 542 TO 551 558 TO 567 574 TO 583 5599 602 605 60a 609 612 701 TO 703 TLO TO 721 72B TO 739 746 TO 757764ro775782T0793800T0808815T0826B35TOB41B51TOB578f875 TO 881 B95 TO 901 UNI GY 05LOAD 4 LIVE LOADFLOOR LOADGROUND FLOOR AS GARRAGEyenRANGE 10 10 FLOAD -005bullbull OFFICE SPACE AN ~VERAGE OF 65L8SFTYRANGE20 60 FLOAD -0 065bullbull FOR PARTITION WALL(ACCIDENTALLOAD)YRANGE20 60 FLOAD -004bull ~ ROOF OCCU~ATAIONALLIVE LOADOF ]0 LBSFTyenRANGE 70 70 FLOAD -003bullbullbull ROOF LIVE LOADOP 20 L3SFTyenRANGE 80 80 FLOAD -002MEMBERLOAD701702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 781 792 809 810 UNI GY -02LOAD 5 WIND IN XWIND LOADX 1 TYPE 1LOAD 6 WIND IN -XWIND LOADX -1 TYPE 1LOAD 7 wrND IN Zwnm LOADZ 1 TYPE 1LOAD B WIND IN ZwrND LOAD Z 1 TYPE 1LOAD COMB21 UNFACTOREDLOAD FOR GEO-TECH DESING1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10LOAD COMB22 FACTROREDLOAD1142143 14 4 17LOADCOMB23 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_X)1105 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275LOAD COMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-XI1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1 275 6 1215LOAD COMB25 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_Z)11051 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275
20420520620720B209210211 212213 214 21521621721B219220 221222223224-22522622722B21~130 131131233 234135 136 13 7 238239
241142243244-245246
249250251252 253 254255256257
P1 or
STAAD SPACE
260 LOAD COMB27 O 9DL+1 WI X261 1092 09 3 O~ 5 13262 LOAD COMB28 O~Du+~3WL -x263 1092 09 3 09 6 13261 LOAD COMB29 0 9DL+1 3WL Z265 109 2 09 3 09 7 13266 LOAD COMB30 09DL+lJWL -Z6 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13268 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELKMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 419 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH g 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS ~rRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISRSPACS = 141411308 1m EXMEM _ 11323 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 1O 23H roceMing Global Stiffness M-riX 10 23H Processing Triansular actorizatiof1 10 23H Calculating Joint Displacements 1O 24H Calculating Member Forces 10 24
269 LOAD LIST 21 22270 H71 START CONCRETE DESIGU272 CODE ACI273 UNIT INCRES KIP274 TRACK 2 ALL275 MINMAIN J ALL276 MAXMAIN8 ALL277 CLB 15 ALL278 CLS 1 5 ALL279 CLT ~5 ALL280 FC 25 ALL281 FYMAN 40 ALL28lt DESIGN BEAM501 TO 08 7D~ TO 84lt 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
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A-
__ PAGE 0SIMD SPACE------------------- -------------------
_ bullbull lt CONCRETE TAKE OF bullbullbullFOR BE~MS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ~BOVEI
TOTAL VOLUCTE OF CONCR~TE ~ 11268 _94 CD FT
BAR SIZSNUMBER
mIGHT(in lbs)
1868563135362115B57951084 _9755~520
bullbullbull TOTAL= 5472996
285 FINISIl
bullbullbullbullbullbull 7 END OF STAAD-III ~7
DATE= JON 2~200J
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION M PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINBERS co bullbull West Coast - (714) 97~-2500 FClX- 714 I 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbull _ bullbullbullbullbullbullbull __ bullbull bullbullbull gt bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
Pbullbullbullbullbull of
A-9
-------------STAAD SPACE
260 1 09 2 093 09 8 13261 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- ~AGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTrcs
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMllER bullbullELEMENTS(SUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WrDTH ~ 196 nTOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ a TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISIt SPACE _ 141411570 MIl ExMEM_ 11611 MB
++ Processing Elemenc Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global stiffness Matrlx++ Processing Triangular ~actorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
163542163542163542163543163543
262 LOAD LIST 21 22263 HH264 START CONCRETE DESIGN265 CODE Atl266 UNJT INCHES KIP267 TRACK 2 ALL268 MINMAIN 4 ALL269 ~~MAIN a ALL270 CLB 15 ALU271 CLS 1 5 ALL272 eLT 1 5 ALL273 Fe 28 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO n 74 TO 78 6D TO 90 92 TO S276 104 TO 114 )48 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 2]277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 3]0 332 TO 338 34278 _ 843 TO 650 B59 TO 866 885 TO sn 902 TO 908
g of
A-10
w
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H Z 00 H gt 0 H Z H g H
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mgtow 0
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bull 0 bull 0 H 0 o H
bull H H H H bull H H 0 0 0 0 00 bull 0bull 0 0 H bull 0 0 bull 0 bull bull I bullbull __ ro- bull w n bullbullbull H 0 0 0 0 bull H bullbull 00 bull bull e 0 bull H bull bull
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STAADSPACE - - PAGE NO
260 LOADCOMB28 0 ~DL+13IL_-X261 J O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 6 13262 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+1 3L ~263 1 O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 7 13264 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13L -l265 1092 09 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTSg 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX_ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISI SPACE = Hl4 11309 MS EXMEM= 11~~~ Me
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocesslng Global Stlffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
10H46101646101646101647101647
267 LOADLIST 21 22268 bullbullbullbull26~ START CONCRETEDESIGN27D CODE ACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP272 TRACK2 ALL273 MINMAIN3 ALL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL275 CLB 15 ALL276 CLS 15 ALL277 CLT 15 ALL273 FC 29 ALL279 FYMAIN40 ALL280 DESIGN BEAM 50~ TO G18 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
A-12
STAAD SPACE __ IAGENO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE = 1011146 CUFT
BAR SIZENUllBER
bull
H TOT1L~
283 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
176933223469319085 Sl136~151335171
5384462
bullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull
H DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 1018 4 H
bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING rn VERSION 0 PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast 00- (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714 ) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast 00- (9~8) 6B8-3626 Fax- (97B) 685-7230 bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A13ry ot
STAAD SPACE
260 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL -Z261 1092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STJlTISTICS
NOMllER OF JOINTSMIDIIlER+ELEMENISSUPPORTS K 2281 4791 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH K 1961 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF BTIFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 14141 9966 MIl EXMEM ~ 9995 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
162B56162656162657162857162857
263 LOADLIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETEDESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KIP268 TRACK2 ALL269 MINMAIN4 ALL270 MAXMAIN8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALL273 CLI 15 ALL274 FC 25 ALL275 FYMAIN40 ALL276 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 lB TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 7B 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 S277 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21278 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34279 B43 TO B50 859 TO 866 885 TO B92 902 TO 90B
bullbull r
A-14
gt ~ rl bull bullbull bull 0
z 1 ~~ ~-x ~~ bullbullbullbull~ ~ ~ 00
bull gt ~ ~~
bull bull bullbull ltfl~ ~~Nm bull bull bull bullbull 0 ~ bull bull ~o bullgt bull f-lt bull --~ ~ bull ~ bull lt bull
bull 0gt bull 0 bullbull U ~M---~- bull _Z bullbull 0 0_0 N bull rl HU~~ ~Z ifgt H (1 H 10HO H_gt ~0 H bull O o ~ E-lt bull 00 -4 0 bull gt-lt bulllt bull ltVl b ofltgt l-ltZ M bull H
e 0 bull gt lt- Ii 0 Z b 0 b 0gt 0 N H bullbO b ~~ 00 __ 0 bull
U Orl rlOlt Q bull ~ H 00- Z N bull ltCUM ~U U U ~ ON bullbull bull bullbull bull ZZ Z ~ N ~ bull lt0-- 0-lt0 - IN bullbull u U bullbull lil bull bullbull lt1 u -lt ~Ilaquo0 0 ~ b oH bull c O-I-wO ~bull e 0 m CO ~0 b ~0 O bullbullbull 0 00_ - 0 N flt bullbullbull 0 UUo ~bull gt H bull bullbull bull 0bull bullbull CO bullbull bull COUO ltJ ltgtgt _0 Q
0 ltl bull -0 H ] b Z bullH bullbullbullbullbullbull ~
~ ~ ~b ~C m lt
STAAD SPACE
26Q 1 092 09 3 09 8 13261 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day lpn 200 0505 PIlt
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSsUPPORTS ~ 2281 47~ 25ORIGINALIINAL BWP-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM n 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX n 2~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISItSPACE ~ 1414 112~8 MB EXMEM bullbull11305 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 48 H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix ~8 H Processing Triangular Factorization 48 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1048 H Calculating Membr Fore 1046 262 LOADLIST 21 22263 bullbullbullbull264 START CONCRETEDESrGN265 CODE ACr266 UNIT INCHES KIP267 TRACK2 ALL268 MINMArN4 ALL269 MAXMAIN8 ALL270 CLB 15 ALL271 CLS lS ALL272 CLT lS ALL273 FC 44 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 60 TO ~O 92 IO 96 276 104 IO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 no TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34278 843 TO 8S0 859 TO 866 SS5 TO 892 ~02 TO ~06
A_16
STAAD SACE
TUeday At 200lt 05 Q PM
__ ~AGSNO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullFOR EEAMS AND CO~UMNS DES1GNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VO~UME OF CONCRETE ~ 349873 CUFT
BAR SlZENUMBER
bullbull TOTA~~
28~ FINISH
WEWHT
lin lbs)
868018135806143447158775772658
2178704
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
DATE= rUN~9~003
bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull QUESTlONS REGARDING THIS VERSlON OF ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - 7~4) 974-~500 Fax- 1714) 9H-2543 bullbull East Coast - (976) 686-3626 Fax- 1978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A17
9Oglt of
STAAD SPACE
260 11052 105 3 105 4 1~75 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13L X262 1092 0 9 3 09 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 6 13265 LOADCOMB29 a9DL+13WL_Z266 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092 09 3 09 8 13269 PERFORM ANALYSIS
Tuesday AprLl 200lt 050 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STAJISJICS
NUMBER OF JO~NTSMEMBER+ELEHENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25OR~G~NALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 196 31TOlALPRIMARY LOAD CASES 8 JOJALDEGREES OP FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OP STIPFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PR~C KORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 14UI 10052 KB ElCKEK 10074 KB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
115749115749115749115750115750
270 LOAD LIST 21 2227l 272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 3 ALL277 MAXMAIN a ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL2ao CLl 15 ALL281 FC 44 ALL~82 FYMAIN 40 ALL283 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 6lS 701 10 84~ 851 10 858 867 TO 88~ 895 TO 901
0 or
A-1B
STAAD SPACE __ PAGE NO
bullbull bullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COGUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAG VOGUME OF CONCRETE = 854555 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
TOTAG~
186 FINISH
WEIGHT(~n Ibs)
176288448775077448379214
1689494
4793815
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 115910
bull QUESTlONS REGARDING H1SVERSlON oe PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS 0 c bullbull west Coaet - (7141 974-2500 =- (714) 921-2543 bullbull EilstCOil~t - 97B) 688-3626 FilX-(978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull
A-19
STAAD SPACE
260 LOIDCOMB30 O9DL+l3Wl -z261 1 092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORM ANALYSIS
TUesday Iltpnl 0o 00 0503 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATrSTICS
NUMBER OP JOrNTSMBMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 2SORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STlFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIlgt DlSK SPACE ~ 14l4 11297 MD IXMEM 11322 MB
++ rocessing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocessing Global stiffne~~ Matrix_++ ProceBBing Triangular Factori~ation++ Calculating Joint Di~placements++ Calculating Member Forces
92823~2823~28239282492824
263 LOAD LIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETE DESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KI268 TRACK 2 ALL269 MINMAIN 4 ALL270 MAXMAIN 8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALlgt273 CLT 15 ALlgt274 Fe 36 ALL275 FYMAIN 40 ILL276 DESIGN COLUMN 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~o 92 TO 96 277 104 TO 114 14~ TO 153 155 TO l5~ 161 TO 171 206 TO 2J0 2J2 TO 216 21276 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 3427~ 843 TO 80 89 TO 866 865 TO 892 902 TO 908
go of
TUesday Apnl 0 00 05 OJ PH
STAAD SPACE
~~~~~CONC~ETE TAKE OFF ~~~~~~~(FOR BEAMSAlD COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CO~C~ETE = 347891 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBE~
u TOTAL~
282 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
7770_05143175379537468648~067 99
2675164
~~~END OF STAAD-III ~bullbullbullbull~
~~ DATE~ JUN 292003
bullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbull~bullbullbull~~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS ~EGARDING TIllS VE~SION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESE~RCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(714) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~1~76) 688-3626 Fax- 197B) 685-7230 bull~~bullbull~bullbull~~~~bullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbull~~
A-21
Pog of
STAADSPACE
260 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 7 1275261 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-Z)262 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 8 1275263 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13WL X264 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13265 LOADCOMB28 O9DL+13WL -X266 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 1 3267 LOADCOMB29 O9DL+13WL Z268 1 09 2 09 3 09 7 13269 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+13WL -Z270 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13271 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day Apnl 200lt 0501
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS~ 228 479 25ORI~INALFINAL B~_WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAlgtPRIMARYLOADCASES 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FRlEDOM~ 1218SI~E OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 141411268 MIl EXMEM~ 11325 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorizat~on++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Fo~ces
9513495134951349513595135
272 LOADLIST 21 22273 u274 START CONCRETEDESIGN275 CODEACI276 UNIT INCHES KIP277 TRACK2 ALL278 MINMAIN3 ALL27~ MAXMAIN8 ALL280 CLB 1_5 ALL281 CLS 15 ALL282 CLT 15 ALL283 FC 36 ALL284 FYMAIN40 ALL285 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO B42 B51 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
0 - Df Slt
A-22
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 964374 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
faTAL
268 FINISH
WEJCHT(in Ibs)
177047115913713077931152341667496
5020131
bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-IJI bullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 29200J TIME~ ~5252
bullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENCJNEER8 bullbull West Coast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull
A-23
Pobullbullbullbullbull ot
STAADSPAC
260 LOADCOMB29 09DL+l3WL Z261 1092093 09 7 13262 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z263109209309813264 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
lROBLEM S TAT 1ST I C S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPlORTS 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH_ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES _ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM_ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSRZQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 141411353 Mll lXMEM~ 11380 Mll
H Processing Element Stiffness MatrlX 1519 H Precessing Global Stiffness Matrix 1519 H precessing Triangular Factorization 1519 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1519 H Calculating Member Forces 1520 0
265 LOADLIST 21 22266 bullbull u
267 STARI CONCRETEDESIGN268 CODEACI269 UNIT INCHES KIP270 TRACK2 ALL271 MINMAIN4 ALL272 MAXMAIN8 ALL273 CLB 15 ALL274 CLS 15 ALL275 CLT 15 AGL276 FC 44 ALI277 FYMAIN60 ALL278 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 279 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21280 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34281 843 TO 850 859 TO 566 885 TO 8n 902 TO 90S
A-24
STAAD SPACE
~bullbull~bullbullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbull(POR BEAJgtlSAND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
__ PAGE NO
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE w 286875 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbullbull TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in 1bs)
10486852147631374701385_57397060
1936535
bullbullbullbullbull~~~END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~~
~DATEw JUN 25200
bullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbull~~~bullbullbull~bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF ~ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West coast - (714) ~74 -2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbullbull~bullbull~~
0lt
STAADSPACE
261 LOADCOMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_XI262 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 6 1275263 LOADCOMB25 075(14DL+l7LL+l7WL_ZI264 1105 2 105 3 1054 1275 7 1275265 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI266 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 B 1275267 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X26B 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13269 LOADCOMB28 09DL+l3WL -X270 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 13271 LOADCOMB29 09DL+13WL_Z272 1 09 2 09 3 O~ 7 13273 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL_-Z274 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 1)275 PERFORMANALYSI8
- - PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALPINAL BAND-WIDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM _ 121BSIZE OF STIFF~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISISPACE ~ 141411362 MS E~ 11354 MB
++ processing Element 8tiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~m~nts++ Calculating Member Forces
154753154753154753154753154754
276 LOADLIST 21 22277 bullbull u
278 START CONCRETEDESIGN279 CODEACI280 UNIT INCHES KIP281 TRACK2 ALL282 MJNMAIN4 ALL283 MAXMAIN8 ALL284 CLB 15 ALL285 CLS 15 ALL286 CLT 15 ALL287 FC 44 ALL288 FYMAIN60 ALL289 DESJGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
A26
STAAD SPACE
~odnosdy April 07 200 12 bullbull PIlt
__ PAGE NO 4E
bullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE ~ 614543 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
h TOTAL=
292 FINISH
WEIGHTlin Ib)
23844211346225329075487201051119
46517 _88
~~bullbull~~END OF STAAD-III ~~bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JVlI 252003 TIME~ 154929 h
~~~~~~~~bullbull~~~bullbullbullbull~bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VSRSION OF PROGRAMbull RESEARCH ENGINSERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7H) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - 978 ) 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 685-7230 bull~~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbullbullbull
A-27
Pg 5
STAADSPACE
260 1092 093 09 7 13261 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z262 1092 09 3 09 8 13263 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM S TAT I S TIC S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WID~ ~ 196 31TOT-LPRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 8471 MIl ExMEM~ 8600 MB
H Ptocessing ElemEnt StiffnEss Mattix 12 132H ProcEssing Global Stiffness Matrix 12 132H Processing Trlangular Factorization 12 132H Calculating Joint Displacements 12 1]3H Calculating MEmber Forces 12 133
264 LOADLIST 21 22265 bullbull u
266 START CONCRETEDESIGN267 CODEACI268 UNIT INCHES ~lP269 TRAC~ 2 ALL270 MINMAIN4 ALL271 MAXMAIN8 ALL272 CLB 15 ALL273 CLS 15 ALL274 CLT 15 ALL275 FC 36 ALL276 FYMAIN60 ALL277 DESIGN COLUMN1 rO 16 IS TO 22 57 TO 72 74 rO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 278 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21279 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34280 843 TO 850 85~ TO 866 8B5 TO 892 902 TO 908
go
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
uUH CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ 335474 CUFT
BAR SIZENUJolBER
TOTAr~
263 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbsl
6330H565332164366277114472160
2112007
END OF STAAD-Ilr bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TrME= 12 3 5 bull
bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull eo QUESTrONS REGARDrNG THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~19781 686-3626 Fax- (9751 655-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
A-29
0 oE
STAAD SPACE
260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOAD COMB28 O9DL+JWL -x262 1092 09 3 09 6 J326 LOAD COMB29 O9DL+JWL Z264 1092 09 3 O~ 7 13265 LOAD COMB30 O_~DL+J3WL_-Z266 1 O_~ l O~ 3 09 B 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
~dn5dy AI 07 200lt 12 PM
- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIOTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES S TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121SSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = ~~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSRliQRDAVAILOISISPACE ~ 1414 8511~ EXMEM _ 8579 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
114125114125114126114126U4l27
268 LOAD LIST 21 2~269 270 START CONCRETE DESIGNl7J CODEACI22 UNIT INCHES KIP273 TRACK 2 ALL274 MINMAIN 4 ALL275 MAXMAIN 8 ALL276 CLB 15 ALL277 CLS 15 ALL278 CLT 15 ALL~79 FC 36 ALL280 FYMAIN 60 ALL28J DESIGN BEAM50J TO 6J8 70J TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
g of
A-3D
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE bull 727873 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbull
TOTAL
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
lt234770403~248654~34000 ~6504918
4409100
bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JON 262003
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSWN OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7141 974-2500 Fax- 714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (9781 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 6SS-n30 bull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull
A-31
p of bullbull
STAADSPACE
2521142143144 l7253 LOADCOMB23 075(J4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Xl254 l L05 2 L05 3 LOS 4 1275 5 1275255 LOADCOMB24 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_XI256 l L05 2 105 3 105 4 1275 6 1275257 LOADCOMB25 075(l4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Z)258 l 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275259 LOADCOMB26 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI260 l l05 2 105 3 l05 4 1275 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL_X262 l O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 1092 09 3 09 6 l3265 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+13WL Z266 1092 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL -Z268 1092 09 3 09 8 l3269 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM STATrSTrcs
NUMBEROF JOrNTSMEMBER+~~EMENTSsUPPORTS~ 2251 4791 25ORrGI~FrNAL BAND_WIDTH~ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES 5 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM 1218SlZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAlL DUK SPACE 141411569 MB EI(IIgM 11607 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ processing Globsl Stiffness Matrix++ proce~sing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member ForCes
l65923J65923J65~23l65~24165924
270 LOADLIST lt1 22271 uu272 START CONCRETEDESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK2 ALL276 MINMAIN4 ALL277 MAXMAIN8 ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT l5 ALL281 Fe 29 ALL282 FYMAIN60 ALL283 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO l6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~O n TO 96 ~284 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21285 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 2B5 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 33B 34
Fa ot
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
(FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ ~52761 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
gtbullbullbull TOTAL=
289 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbBI
7871 93298984~750 545725 66587542
bullbullbullbull DATE= JON 192003 TIME= 17 027 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull m QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Ccast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) ~21-2543 bullbull East Ccast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-33
iT oE
STAADSPACE
252 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275253 LOADCOMB24 075 (14DL+l7LL+l7WL_-XI25~ 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 175 6 1275255 LOADCOMB2S 0 7S (1 4DL+l 7LL+l 7WLZ)256 11052 105 3 105 ~ 1275 7 1175257 LOADCOMB26075(1 4DL+17LL+l 7WL -ZI258 11052 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275259 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOADCOMB25 0~DL+13WL -X262 109 2 O~ 3 09 6 13263 LOADCOMB29 0~DL+l3WL Z264 1092 09 3 09 7 13265 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL~Z266 1092 09 3 09 8 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINAL~lNAL BAND_WlDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LO~ ~ES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121BSIZE OF STIr~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 11622 MB ExMEM _ 11630 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Triangular Factorization 16 45H Calculating Joint Displacements 16 46H Calculating Member Forces 16 46
26B LOADLIST 21 TO 2226~bullbull u
270 STARTCONCRETEDESIGN271 CODE ACI272 UNIT INCHES KlP273 TRACK 2274 MINMAIN4 ALL27 MAXMAIN8 ALL276 CLB 1277 CLS 1527B CLT 15279 FC 29280 FYMAIN 602B1 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 61B 70l TO 842 85l TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Po 0
A-e4
STAAD SPACE -- PAGIgt NO
bullbull CONCRETE TA~E OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull(FOR BIgtAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ 936663 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullH TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
2218196100107537652369180134297
4321892
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull DATE_ JUN 92003 TIME~ 16 6 5 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
eoWestEast
OUESTIONS REGARDING TEIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at
Coa~t Ph- (7H) n4-2500 Fax- (7H) 92-2543Co~tPh- (978) 68B-3626 Fax- (~7B) 685-7230
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-35
go bullbullbull or ltOS
STAADS1ACE
252 LOAD COMB24 075114Dlt+17ltlt+17Wlt_-XI253 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 l27S 6 1275254 LOAD COMB25 075114Dlt+l7LL+l7WL_Z)255 11052 LOS 3 105 4 1275 7127S256 WAD COMB26 075114Dlt+17LL+17WL_ZI257 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275258 LOAD COMB27 09DL+J3WL X259 1092 09 3 09 5 13260 WAD COMB26 O9DL+13Wlt_-X261 1092 09 3 O~ 6 13262 WAD COMB29 O9DL+l3WL Z263 J 09 2 09 3 09 7 13264 LOAD COMB30 09Dlt+l3WL -Z265 109 l OS 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
-~ PAGE NO
PROBLEM S TAT S TIC S
NUMBEROF JONTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS_ 228 479 25ORIGNALFNAL BAND-WlDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SlZE OF STPFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAL DISK SPACE ~ 1414 10570 ME EXMEM 10597 ME
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~ments++ Calculating Member Forces
123548123548123548123549123549
267 LOID LIST 2l 22268 u++
269 START CONCRETEDESIGN270 CODEACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP271 TRACK 2 ALL273 MINMAIN 4 AL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL27S CB 15 ALL276 CS 15 AL277 CT 15 ALL278 FC 25 AL279 FYMAIN 60 ALL280 DESIGN COLUMNJ TO J6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 gt28J 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 lSS TO 159 J6J TO 17) 206 TO 210 212 TO 2J6 2]281 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34283 843 TO 850 859 TO 866 885 TO 891 902 TO 908
bullbull or bullbull
STNill SPACE -- PAGE NO
~~~~CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 418998 CUFT
BAR S1ltENUMBER
WEIGHTlin lbsl
9534245293381031637769676075
U TOTAL= 28~5a 03
286 FINISH
~~~~~~END OF STAAD-I11 ~~~~
bullbullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TIME= 123711 bullbullbullbull
bullbull
bullbull
921-2543685-7230
QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc atPh- 1714) n4-2500 Fax- 17141lh- (978) 688-3626 Fax- 19781
WeBt CoaBtEast CoaBt
bullbullbullbull
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A-37
bull
STAAD SPACE
260 110521053 105 4 1275 8 1275261 LOAD COMB 27 O9DL+l3WL_X262 1092093 09 5 13263 LOAD COMB 28 O9DL+l3WL_-X264 1092093 09 6 13265 LOAD COMB 29 O9DL+l3WL_Z266 1092093 09 7 13267 LOAD COMB 30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092093 09 6 13269 PERFORM MlALtSrS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM S T ITIS TIC S
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 195 31TOTAro PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 rOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOW _ InSSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PRBe WORDSREQRDAVJILDISIl SPACE 141411309)IB EXMEM_ 11319 MB
++ Proce~singElement Stiffness Matrix++ PrDcessing Global Stiffness Matrix++ p~ocessing Triangular Factori2ation++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Force~
1033 91033 91033 9103310103310
270 LOAD LIST 21 22271 u272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE hCI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 4 ALL277 MAXMAIN BALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT 15 ALL281 Fe 25 hLL282 FYMAIN 60 ALL2B3 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 8~5 TO 901
FOg or
A-38
STAAD SPACE
w bullbull day PriJ 07 200lt 12
-- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull~ bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ H07625 CUFT
TOTAL~
286 FINISH
WEIGIJT(in Ibs)
2555707312566433964100076370299
4373300
bullbull bullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 292003
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull QUESTIONS REGARDING rum VERSION PROGRAM bullbull RESRARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast gt0- (7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 92) -2543 bullbull East Coast gt0- (9781 688-36)6 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull of
APPENDIX-B
List of Buildings for Different Strength Concrete and Reinforcement
APPENDIX-B
STRUCTURE DEVELOPER CONCRETE STEELSTREGTII STRENGTH
6(SIX) STORIED RESIDEIHIAL BUILDING ABC REAL ESTATES LTD 3aao pi 60000 piAT PLOT NO 239 KHILlGI ROAD BLOCK_B ABC HOUSE (6TH FLOOR) 8 KAMALATATURKMOHAMMADPUR HOUSING ESTATL AVENUE DHAKA1205MOHAYIMADP]JR DHAKA
9(NINE) STORIED RESIDENTIAl BUILDING MONICO LIMITED 3000 pi 611000piAT PLOT 0 507 MOUZA KAFRUI~ WEST HOUSE 10 7l1 ROAD NO 71A DHANMONDlAGARGAO DHAKA RIA DHAKA-12096(MX) STOlUlm RESIDFNTIAL BUILDING MR MOHAI1MAD HABlBUR RltHMAN 2500 psi 40000 piAI BAJTUL AMAN COOPERATJVE HOUSINGSOCIETY LIMITED PLOT NO-578cS 10_124KHA TIAN 0-346(SIX) STORIED CHAMP A SUPER MARKET MIS NISHA CONSTRUCTION 2500 pi 40000 piAT RAUARANDI DAZAR 13ALIAKANDlRAJBARl5(FlVE) STORIED ADMIN BUiLDIIG OF MIS NISHA CO]STRUCTlON 2500 pi 40000 piMANSUR ALI COLLEGEAT NARUA BALIAKANDI RAJBARI7 STORIED MLlNAT PLAZA MD MINNAT HOSSAIN 25110pi 40000 psiA SHOPPING CUM RESIDENTIAL DUILDINGA1 ABDULLAHPURKERANIGONJ DHAKA
WELKINS CANOPUS WELKINS PROPIRTY MANAGFMENT LTD 2500 pi 40000 pi9 STORIED APARTME1lt DUILDllG 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIBAGliAT LALKlIAI BAZAR CHlTTAGONG CIlITTAGOGWELKINS CALYX WELKINS PROPERTY MANAGEMENT LTD 2500 psi 40000 psi9 STORIED APARTMENT I3UIWING 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIDAGIIATNASlRABAD CHITTAGONG CIllTJAGONGGRAMEEN LEPTIS MAGNA GRAMEEN BANGLA HOUSING LTD 3000 psi 60000 piAT NIKETON GULSHAN SO-lARTORI TOWER (7TH FLOOR)9 STORIED APARTMENT BUILDING 12 SOlAR GAON ROAD DHAKA 1000
B~
APPENDIX - B
6 STORIED OFFICE BUILDING RUNNER AU rOMOBlLES LTD 2500Igti 40000 psiAT KUTURIA SAVAR DHAKA 74B GREEr ROAD DIJAKA
5-STORIED RESIDFNTIAL BlJILDING FOR MRROHIUL KARIM 2500 pi 40000 psiMRROBIUL KARIM AT PWT NO-lBROAD NO_7 SECTOR _7UTARA MODEL TOVNDHAKASNIGHDA ORCHID UNITIiCH HOLDIIGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD NO5 HOUSE NO - 7 BLOCK - IBANANI DHAKAJAUIIYA IJIITECH HOIDlNGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD 10 _9 HOUSE NO - 35 SECTOR- 4UTTARA DHAKA
ROUDRACHYA UNlTECIl HOJDIgtIGSLIMITED 2500 pl 40000 plROADNO_9 IlOUSENO-31SECTOR-4UITARADHAKA
UNITECH PRJ(SIDENCY UNITECH HOLDINGS LIMITED 2500 psi 40000 psiHUMAYANROAD PWTN034MOHAMMADPUR DHAKA
6-STORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING FOR Mlgt TOFAZZEL HOSSAIN 2500 pi 40000 psiMDTOFAZZEL HOSSAIN PLOT NO-64 BLOCK-C MANSURABAD HOUSING SOCIETYMOHAMMADPUR DHAKA8S10RIED IXI6MARRlED ORSQIJARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARMY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT SHAHEED YOUSUF ROAD DHAKA CANTT DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED lXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE OW amp CE (ARlfY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT POSTOGOLA CANTI DHAKA DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED IXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARII-IY) 3000 pi 40000 piAT ARMY HEAD QUATER ADMIN WING DHAKACANTIDHAKA CANTT4_STORlIW ENGINEERING FACILITIES ~ 3000 pi 60000 piBUILDING JMBAR PROJECT SARAK BHABAN
B~
APPENDIX- B
RAMNADHAKASHAPTAK SHAHNAMA SHAPTAK GRIHAY~ LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORJED APARTMENT BUILDING 819 BLOCK-C LALMATIA DHAKA-1207FORMR M MOSHIURRAHMA-lt ATPLOTNO34 BLOCK - C LALMATIA DHAKA - 1207SHAPT AK MAVIS SHAPT AK GRIllA Ylli LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORIED APARThlENT BUlTJ)ING 819 BLOCK-C lALMATlA DHAKA_1207fOR MR M MOSHllJR RAHMAN AT PLOT NO314HLOCK C LALMArJA DHAKA 1207
B-
APPENDIX-C
list of Buildings Using ExcavatorLabour for Excavation Work
APPEND1X-C
STRITCTlJRE
LABAID CARDIAC CENTREROAD _ 4 DHAllfONDJ DHAKA
LABAID SPECIALIZED 1I0SlIT AIROAD - 4 D1IA~MONDr DHKA
HABIT AT CENTER21 S]ORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEXSHAY AMOU DHAKASAM COMPLEX21 STORIED SHOPPING OfFICE COMPLEXSHAYA)IjOLl DHAKA(LOBE SHOPING CENTERto SIORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEX24 MIRPUR ROAD DHAKAHAPPY HOMES DR RAtA fULLA ARCADE6 STORIED BUIWINGROAD NO 3 DHANMONDI DJIAKAMULTILA GREEN VILLA15 SfORJED BUIWINGGREEN ROAD DHAKA
Such as 18 Storied New Market CityComplexadjacent of Dhaka new market14 storied CRP building project atMirJlur-14 Dhaka
nlvrLOP~R
LAB AlD corSTRUCTlOr
LAB AID CONSTRUCTlO
IIABITAJ REAL ESTATE LTD
GLOBE CENTER LTD
HAPPY HOMES LTD
MULTIPLAN LTD
UNIVERSE CONSTRUCTION LTD(CONTRACTOR)
m
Col
NOWIUSlMEIT
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
EXCA VATlOr- WORKPERFORMIW BY
EQUIPMEN l 1~IiNSIVE
EQlIPME~T INTElSTVE
EQUlPMElT INTElSIVE
EQUIMElT INTENSIVE
FQUlPMENT INTENSIVE
EQUIPMENT INTElS1Vpound I ~~~0 -Ilt~ s-
J~LABOUR INTENSIVE~i -ii amp
jjik ciI ~ ~ f- 1j
LABOURINTENSIV lt~~(I)ill- ~ J lt 4M
LABOUR INTENSIVE (
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- 00000002
- 00000003
- 00000004
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- 00000008
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-
--_
DECLARA nON
I hereby certify that the research work reported in this project has been
performed by me and that this work has not been submitted elsewhere for
any other purpose without written permission Irom the author
April 2004
m
~Md Asha~~zt~~an
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author wishes to express his deepest gratitude to Dr M Anwarul Azim
Professor Department of Industrial and Production Engineering IIPEI SUET
for his continuous guidance invaluable suggestions and affectionate
encouragement in many stages of this study
This author is grateful to M Ahsan Akhtar Hasin Associate Professor
Department of Industrial and Production Engineering (IPE) SUET for
rendering his helping hands during the course of this study
This author wishes to express his profound gratitude to Dr Mahiuddin
Ahmed Professor and previous Head Department of Industrial and
Production Engineering lIPE) SUET for the interest taken by him in this
research and for his miscellaneous help
This author is also grateful to DeSign Planning and Management Consultants
Ltd for their helping hands during the course of this study
Last but not least the author owes his deep sense of gratitude to his only
tiny daughter and family members for spends time during project work
Author
ABSTRACT
The Indus Valley civilization shows that Indian subcontinent had a leadership in
the advancement in construction Technology and Industry over the world But
unfortunately this part of the sub-continent especially Bangladesh could not
cope with the modern technological advancementConstruction technologies can on the basis of their content of labor and
equipment be classified as equipment intensive labor intensive and labor basedtechnology In recent years technological innovation in design analysis
construction materials construction methods etc have resulted in significant
changes in construction industry Computer aids have improved capabilities for
generating worth designs reducing th time requirement to produce alternative
designs to ensure safety with economy New technologies not only haveenhanced the quality of construction but also have shortened the time for shop
fabrication and field erection Construction methods have advanced throughvarious stages of mechanization and automation including the latest
development of construction robotics That means trend is advanced
technologyIn this study 25 numbers of six to nine storied buildings and 4 numbers of
twenty to thirty storied buildings have been studied It has been observed that
the construction industry in Bangladesh dominated by labor-intensive
technology lower grade material and primitive construction procedure In mostof the cases 29 more cost involvement has been observed These madeconstruction indl1stry of Bangladesh an inefficient one Use of high qualitymaterial easily saves huge monitory loss in this sector This will require active
participation of Engineers in design house and in field Further detail study may
enhance this fact elaboratelyDifferent sizes 10 numbers building of different excavation depth have been
studied Of these considering PWD stpound jard rate of works it has been observed
that for deeper excavation excavator or equipment intensive technology ischeaper than labour intensive excavation For ending conclusion of equipment
intensive excavation require further detailed investigationBangladesh cOl1ld regain leadership in the construction industry over the world
through accepting and participating in the advancement of the modern
technologies The scopes are waiting ahead Entrepreneur especially the
Engineers should come forward to take the challenge to advance Bangladesh in
that directionAuthor
CONTENTS
Declaration
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Graphs
Abbreviation
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1~ Development of Construction Technology
12 Objective of the Project
13 Methodology
CHAPTER 2 TECHNOLOGIESINCONSTRUCTION INOUSTRY
xi
XIII
1
5
6
21 Introduction to Technology in Construction Industry 7
22 Construction technologies on the basis of
labour and equipment
221 Equipment intensive Technology
222 labor Intensive Technology
223 labor Based Technology
8
9
9
23 Software Technology
231 Manpower (Humnware)
232 Information Infowarel
233 Organization (Orgaware)
9
9
10
10
24 Hardware Technology in 11
241 Excavation 12
242 Compaction and Grading 14
243 Drilling and Blasting 17
244 Lifting and Erecting 19
245 Mixing 19
246 Construction Tools and Other Equipment 20
247 Choice of Equipment and Standard Production Rates 21
248 BUildingMaterials 22
249 Construction Automation and Robotics 23
CHAPTER3 CONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYOF BANGLADESH
31 Introduction 24
32 Some Big Constructions in Bangladesh 26
33 Constructions in Bangladesh Using Pre-Fabrication 29
34 Humnware Infoware Orgaware and Hardware in Bangladesh
341 Humnware 31
342 Infoware 32
3430rgaware 33
344 Hardware 34
CHAPTER 4 TECHNOLOGY ON EXCAVATION AND RCC
OF BANGLADESH
41 Technology in Excavation 35
411 Preliminary Stage 37
412 Time Analysis with Seasonal Effects 38
413 Cost Analysis and Result 40
42 Design and Specifications
421 Material for BUilding Construction 45
4211 Material in Bangladesh 46
4212 Reinforcement 47
4213 Concrete 48
4214 Steel 49
4215 ReC Grading 50
4216 Interdependence of Humnware
Infoware and Hardware 51
4217 Analysis and Result 52
4219 Cost Analysis 60
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Discussion
52 Conclusion
53 Scope of Future Works
REFERENCES
63
64
64
65
APPENDIX A 5T AADlPro input and output
APPENDIX B List of buildings for different strength
concrete and reinforcement
APPENDIX C List of buildings using excavatorlabour
for excavation work C-1
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1-1 la) Natural features caves and overhangs
Fig 1-1 (bll Crude shelter
Fig 1-1 c) Beehive hut
Fig 1-1 Id) Cone on cylinder
Fig 1-1 (e) Hipped-on cube
Fig 21 Excavation Equipment
Fig 2-2 Compaction amp Grading Equipment
Fig 2-3 Drilling amp Blasting Equipment
Fig 2-4 Construction Tools amp Other Equipments
Fig 31 National Assembly
Fig 3-2 Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
Fig 3-3 Islamic Development Bhaban
Fig 3-4 Bashundhara City
1
1
2
2
2
13
16
18
21
26
27
28
29
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4-1 5 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 41Table 4-2 10 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 41Table 4-3 15 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 42Table 4-4 20 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 42Table 4-5 ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed bar 47Table 4-6 8S4149 specifications for Twisted bar 47Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Rein and Concrete 50Table 4-8 Column Concrete Strength 44 kSIand Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 52Table 49 Beam Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 52Table 410 Column Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 53Table4-11 Beam Concrete Stren9th 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 53Table 4-12 Column Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 54Table 4-13 Beam Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 54Table 414 Column Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 55Table 4-15 Beam Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 55Table 4-16 Column Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 56Table 4-17 Beam Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 56
59
Table 4-18 Column Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 57
Table 4-19 Beam Concrete Strength 3 6 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 57
Table 4-20 Column Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 58
Table 4-21 Beam Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 58
Table 4-22 Column Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi
Table 4-23 Beam Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 kSI 59
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule 60
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule 60
Table 4-26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement 61
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete ReqUirement 61
Table 4-28 Reinforcement and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka 61
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 4-1 Excavation cost for 5 feet 43Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet 43Graph 4-3 Excavation cost for 15 feet 44Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet 44Graph 4-5 Total Cost of Concrete and Reinforcement 62Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement 62
Xli
ADPASTM
BS
SUET
GATS
GIS
kip
ksi
PCpsi
PVC
PWD
GCRampD
RC
RCC
UKWTO
ABBREVIATIONS
Annual Development Program
American Society for Testing Matenal
Bangladesh Standard
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
General Agreement on Trade amp Services
Geographic Information System
KiloPound
Kilo-pound per Square Inch
Personal Computer
Pound-per Square Inch
Poly Vinyl Chloride
Public Works Department
Quality Control
Research amp Development
Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced Cement Concrete
United Kingdom
World Trade Organization
X1l1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Development of Construction Technology
Building is the earliest form of technology In civil engineering construction
From the most primitive times humans required protection from the wild
animal elements of nature changing seasons and predators in natural
shelters such as caves and rock overhangs
Step by step they learned to improve their caves with inlaid stone floors
walls at the entrances and fireplaces Ultimately they began creating entirely
new habitats in locations that had no natural shelter
Shetters built from natural material~ indicate that they had knowledge of the
stress strain and insulation properties (heat cold and water-proofing) of the
materials used The use of hand-made bricks or stone blocks indicated
knowledge of properties such as compression forces The symmetrical
shapes of the designs indicated the knowledge and application of the
principles of geometry
Most communities had their own distinctive styles lor bUilding their houses
and archaeologists have uncovered many examples through the ages
[Shown in Fig l-1a) to Flg1-1 (e)]
Fig1-110)Naturalfeaturecoos andcerhangsNaturalshell likecaveoravehangswereusedas OleSlInleornobuldngmaterialswereused
Fig1-1(b)CrudehellerTemporary5lruelue5tht neededIItUeWOlt1ltmn5hlpMalerilsfouodnoarbywereusedndoITangedona udelrameworkofbrance
Fig 11 (el llBolllvo nulA ypcal bUlldng yle of Ihe Nguni people (Zuluand Xlloa) Vertical branenes were stabilisedtl1 hOzotal bltacing wiln nO ~istnclibetweon Ine walls nd Lne roof The saplingslrueuro was bound lOgeher by gass fibreropos and tho grass eong ws wn to Ihelerura Ih gras rope
Fig 1_1 (0) Hlpped-ltgtn cubWestern fiuecaled 10 Ihe introduction of Ihe gOwall cons1ructlon The walilayoo Iso ~caeheha or the roof Walls me higher and doorvayslarger
Fig 11 (d) Con on cylinderA typlcol style among Ihe Tswana Solho andVenda peoplo Tila roof IS para and can bcleorly idenllfied The rooF as mode lrcltn grassad the wallslrom dag or tyle 01cement
The bUilding trade is the earliest form of civil engineering construction Up to
13 century building technology in the sub-continent fell under three
category (a) Thatchery and mud houses made of thatched roof of bamboo
straw grass reed etc lb) stone masonry which included hewing laying and
carving of stone and (c) Brick masonry construction consisting of lime-surki
mortar in the city areas Between 13 and 18h century the feudal monarchs
and the land lords constructed monumental bUildings After the Industrial
2
revolution in the 180 century construction of factory buildings labor sheds
ware houses etc became the major construction activities With the
invention of the steam engine in the 18 century development of railways
started Besides the construction of roads ports and harbors inland and
offshore navigation developed simultaneously after the Second World War
reconstruction of the war ravaged infrastructure brought a boom In the civil
engineering construction Civil engineering also has attained modernization
an eventually in the seventies the development of chips and micro chips and
the high capacity single chip microprocessor made possible the development
of the micro computers The computer software technology has also
developed very fast simultaneously The development of the optical fiber
and the satellite technology has made a revolution and the internet has
brought the information technology to a stage which was unimaginable even
a decade ago As result knowledge based industries now dominate over the
previous machinery based industries Traditional construction industry as
gradually becomes obsolete and ineffective worldwide in these high tech
eras This new situation put construction industry a new challenge
In modern times the civil engineers built dams sluices regulators barrages
pump houses and p ower generation and many other structures which were
believed to be impossible to construct Gigantic modern off-shore structures
are now built which go to several hundred meters below sea level In the
field of bridge construction enormous progress have been achieved Bridges
has now become relatively cheap and can be built in extremely short timeThe most ambitious bridge development ever realized is certainly the Akashi-
Kaiko Bridge in Japan with a span of 1990 meter This gigantic endeavor at
the early age where only possible due to very sophisticated and heavy
erection equipment developed The successful construction of channel
tunnel Bull twinkle (492 m worlds tallest offshore platform) Louisianan
offshore oil port supertanker unloading capacity of 100000 barrel an houri
Kansai international airport a port reclaimed from sea bed containing
extremely soft soill testify to development capability of the civil engineeringprofession in modern times it will not be out of place to mention that during
the sixties intensive urbanization in many developed countries saw the
3
spectacular revolutionary concepts such as wall frame Interaction tube-in-
tube bundle tubes diagonally braced frame and compOSite construction
pioneered the high rise growth Developments of intelligent buildings that
can respond to earthquake and fire hazards are in the making
In recent years (Information agel technological innovation in design
materials and construction methods have resulted in significant changes in
construction costs Computer aids have improved capabilities for generation
quality designs as well as reducing the time required to produce alternative
designs New equipments and materials not only have enhanced the quality
of constructIOn but also have shortened the time for shop fabrication and
field erection Construction methods have gone through various stages of
mechanization and automation including the latest development of
construction robotics
The Global Trend
Competition in global market for better amp economic building construction is
increasing day by day Construction organizations are realizing that
responsiveness to market demands and adaptability to changing condition
Competitive prices are the hallmarks of successful enterprise Therefore
every construction organization wants to lower the cost by alternate deSign
interchanging material strength amp type uSing modern construction methods
and proper management So construction world is going for new technology
and saving both time and cost
The Bangladesh Context
Bangladesh has come a long way since its independence But a very few
organizations have adopted new construction technology and ability to build
high strength material with quality After 2004 due to WTD and GATS
Bangladesh market has to be made open to outside countries and most of
the organization will face difficult challenges from the competitors of other
countries To face this challenge effectively construction organizations need
4
to be more responsive to market demands lower the prices by choosing
proper construction technology in all stages of construction as well as
improve quality of material If construction organizations of Bangladesh will
able to qualify with other countries in competition they would have to
opportunity to work abroad
Bangladesh is one of the least developed countries in the world Regrettably
In Bangladesh most of the construction methods and design are oriented by
conventional method Though volume of building construction is large but
modern construction method and equipment facilities in most of the cases
are absent Only a small number of projects have been done or ongoing With
theses modern facilities Remarkable new and high strength material are also
not using in Bangladesh Only in some national bridgeroad construction
project modern equipment and material were used in Bangladesh Due to
absent of new and high strength materials new technologies new
equipments quality as well as effiCiency of building construction are very
poor
12 Objective of the Project
Bangladesh is one of the least developing countries Contemporary
construction technology With high strength materials are not often uSing inbUildingconstruction sector The objective of this study IS to find out what
type of technology and materials are being using for building construction In
addition to find out if better technology is available why these are not
being accepted at present in construction sector of Bangladesh
Specific objectives of this study are
bull To study the exiting technological parameters in present day building
construction in Bangladesh
bull To study the economy of scale and factors as they relate to-
(a) Humnware
(b) Infoware and
(e) Hardware
5
13 Methodology
Methodologies used in this study are followings
I Study of the literature to identify the contemporary
technology in building construction in developing NIC and
developed economies
II Study of the local documents and of field data to find the
status of contemporary technology in the building industry in
Bangladesh
III Study the economy of scale and contemporary technology as
they relate to humnware Infoware and hardware
6
CHAPTER 2
TECHNOLOGIES IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
21 Introduction to Technology in Construction Industry
McGraw Hill Encyclopedia Defines Technology as 11
Technology is closely related to science and engineering Science deals with
humans understanding of real world around them - the interesting
properties of space matter energy and their interactions Engineering is the
application of objective knowledge to the creation of pians designs and
means for achieving desired objectives Technology deals with tools and
techniques for carrying out the plans
Construction Technology
Basic design and construction topics which include both field and office
activates which facilitate problem definition evaluation solution and
communication ie design electives electrical equipment estimating
formwork mechanical quantity surveying rigging scaffolding scheduling
shop drawings site planning surveying takeoff utilitiesfl9
Construction industry undoubtedly is the backbone and propelling force
behind our progress It has the potential to contribute to peoples lives in
many ways This needs high skill dynamic leadership broad vision great
courage latest technology and communication system
Modern science and technology have provided many useful tools like
computers~CPM-PERT-most productive and efficient machines financial
management procedures and many others But all these become redundant
and unproductive when these sophisticated and efficient tools are worked
by green and inexperienced hands who lack the basic ingredients of work
culture dedication and courage and people who are not imaginative and
innovative
7
22 Construction technologies on the basis of labour and equipment
Construction technologies can on the basis of their content of labour and
equipment be classified as
o Equipment Intensive
o Labour based and
o Labour Intensive Technologies
The choice of the technology may affect the overall cost the overall
duration of the construction and the overall quality of the asset Some
works allow only one type of technology while others can be done in
various ways Graphically equipment intensive labour Intensive and labor
based technologies are shown in below
Potential shift in labour contents by using labour-based methods
Llbaur - _
Equipment Intensive
Labour Based
Labour Intensive
IIIlililillllIII-IIIliillllllnmmmllF
221 Equipment Intensive Technology
Equipment intensive technology is defined as the combination of labour and
equipment In which most work is done by labOUHeplacing equipment
supported by a small labour force Although the technology might be
appropriate in circumstances with high wage levels low labour availability
and high skill levels its application is often ineffective at local level where
individual projects are relatiVely small and dispersed over a large
geographical area
8
222 labour Intensive Technology
To avoid a common misconception it is important to distinguish between
labour basedmethods and labour Intensive methods In contrast with labour
based technology labour intensive approaches seek to maximize
employment with a minimum use of mechanized equipment often at the
expense of cost and quality
223 labour BasedTechnology
In selecting the most appropriate technology it is however important that
irrespective of the type of technology resources is used efficiently quality
standards are maintained and time limitations are observed For these
reasons labour based technology has been developed to maXimize
opportunities for the employment of labour (skilled and unskilled) while
supported by light equipment under strict conditions of cost
competitiveness acceptable engineering quality standards and timely
implementation Labour based work methods are competitive only if these
conditions are met and can then provide a lasting alternative to traditional
equipment-intensive construction methods
23 Software Technologies
Normally software means the written instructions executed by some
hardware Ie Programs that are needed to run for execution and manage
the computer and those which are used to solve the problem 111 The
Software technologies have three subdivisions which are
bull Manpower (Humnware)
bull Information (Infoware)
bull Organization (Orgaware)
231 Manpower (Humnwere)
We know manpower (humnware) is the person-embodied component of
technology 111 For construction works require different types of personal but
most of them require technical background Different disciplined engineer
site engineer supervisor foreman rod binders mason skilled labour helper
9
carpenter sanitary technicians electrical technicians and other personal are
the humnware
Productivity in construction IS often broadly defined as output per labor
hour Improvement of labor productivity should be a significant activity in
building construction In construction works vigorously pursue the efficient
utilization of labor So improvement of personnel related to this field is a
vital factor of construction industry
232 Information (Infoware)
Information IInfowarel is usually the document-embodied form of technology
[11 This inciudes the specifications market database for materials theories
charts database drawing codes books journals catalogs and other
documents Requisition and supply management work(s) are also includes in
infoware Infoware constitute a crucial part of construction industry For
construction works every step is related to infoware Proper constructions
need accurate material specification guided by the code(s] Proper
information is the key factor of any construction project
233 Organization (Orgaware)
Within a frame work of the Organization (Orgawarel Manpower
(Humnware) Information (Infoware and Hardware technologies work 111
Organization techniques principles practices and arrangements that govern
the effective use of technology by humnware This includes construction
planning project management QC safety RampD
Organizational systems play the key role in construction industry Both the
success and failure of construction works widely depends on organization
An organization system includes Organization structure organization design
human resource poliCY and practice organization Culture work stress etc
Common organizational structures available in construction industries are-
bull Project organization
bull Matrix organization
bull Line and staff organization
10
24 Hardware Technology
Modern construction especially for large projects has grown in complexity
due to size cost and speed of construction Construction equipment is an
important resource and its planning assumes vital importance With the
rapidly changing technology both in design and construction areas
contractors are now shy of making heavy investment in heavy equipment
New innovation of construction equipment change the older method of
construction method and resultant is quicker and economic construction
Sometimes whole system is enhanced by new innovation Such as two
technological developments namely lilt and modern metal frame removed
the prevailing limitations on the height of the buildings Hardware is object-
embodies form of technology 111 such as Construction
equipmentmachineries all type of materials appliances computer paper
printer
The selection of appropriate construction equipment often affects the
required amount of time and effort and thus the job-site productivity of a
project It is therefore important for site managers and construction planners
to be familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment
Various types and important works are involved for construction Industry
Such as excavation loading compaction and grading drilling and blasting
equipment lift and erecting machineries mixing construction tools and
other equipment Different types of work require different type of hardwareand technology
11
Selection of most suitable and available equipment for a particular project is
a frequent problem for contractor Owner contractor and even the engineers
of our country are going for traditional method and material Sometimes due
to old technique and traditional material huge financial loss is the result
Money spent for equipments need to be considering as an investment
which can be recovered with a profit during the useful life of the equipment
241 Excavation
Types of equipment which are used to excavate earth and related materials
are known as excavator Excavation equipment includes the following
machines
1 Power shovels
2 Backhoes
3 Draglines
4 Clamshells and cranes
5 Trenching machines
6 Wheel-mounted belt loaders
Craneshovel consists 01 three major components
bull A carrier or mounting which provides mobility and stability for the
machine
bull A revolving deck or turntable which contains the power and
control units
bull A front-end attachment which serves the special function in an
operation
12
(g) Hawk_Bulk W~
(e) Cranes
(h) Q)-Qlick Mount
(c) Daglines
0l Hook Lift (k) Conlaine CITi~r (1) RollOffTrmlers Carner
Fig 2-1 Excavation Equipmentl1Gl
13
The type of mounting for all equipments Ihardware) in the above figure is
referred to as crawler mounting which is particularly suitable for crawling
over relatively roughed surfaces at a job site Other types of mounting
include truck mounting and wheel mounting which provide greater mobility
between job sites but require better surfaces for their operation The
revolving deck includes a cab to house the person operating the mounting
andor the revolving deck In the above figure a crane with hook clamshell
[Fig2-1 (f)L drag line [Fig2-1 (c)] bac khoe shovellFig 2-1 laI(b)L pile
driver[Fig2-1 (d)] and other excavation equipment are shown
A tractor consists of a crawler mounting and a non-revolving cab When an
earth-removing blade is attached to the front end of a tractor the assembly
is called a bulldozer When a bucket is attached to its front end the
assembly is known as a loader or bucket loader There are different types of
loads designed to handle most efficiently materials of different weights and
moisture contents
Scrapers are multiple units of tractor-truck and blade-bucket assemblies with
various combinations to facilitate the loading and hauling of earthwork
Major types of scrapers include single engine two-axle or three-axel
scrapers twin-engine all-wheel-drive scrapers elevating scrapers and push-
pull scrapers Each type has different characteristics of rolling resistancemaneuverability stability and speed in operation
242 Compaction and Grading
Compaction grading and soil stabilization are the works of same category
and these are interrelated Many SOilsare subject to differential expansion
and shrinkage when they undergo change in moisture content If pavements
are to be constructed on such soils it IShighly desirable to stabilize them to
prevent or reduce the change volume in order to protect the pavements from
excessive damages
Stabilizations may be applied to a soil In its natural position or as it is placed
in a fill Also stabilization may be applied to the sub-grade sub-base or
base material
14
Some methods of stabilization are
L Blending and miXing heterogeneous soils to produce more
homogenous soils
bullbullbull Incorporating hydrated lime into soils that are high in clay content
bullbullbull Blending asphalt with the soil
t Mixing Portland cement with the soil
t Incorporating various types of slats into the soils
4 Incorporating certain chemicals into the soils
t Compacting the soils thoroughly after they are processed
The function of compaction equipment is to produce higher dense soil
mechanically The basic forces used in compaction are static weight
kneading impact and vibration The degree of compaction that may be
achieved depends on the properties of soil its moisture content the
thickness of the soil layer for compaction and the method of compaction
The function of grading equipment is to bring the earthwork to desired shape
and elevation Many soils are subject to differential expansion and shrinkage
when they undergo changes in moisture content Many soils also move and
rut when subjected to moving wheel loads If pavementsbuildings are to be
constructed on such soils It is usually necessary to stabilize them to reduce
the volume changes and strengthen them to the point where then can carry
the imposed load even when they are saturated
Major types of grading equipment include motor graders and grade trimmers
The former is an all-purpose machine for grading and surface finishing the
latter is used for heavy construction because of its higher operating speed
Many types of compaction equipment are available including the following -
Towed Sheepsfoot [Fig2-2Ia)L Grid Roller [Fig2-2(b)L Self-Propelled [Fig2-
21c)) Segmented Steel Wheel Roller[Fig2-2(dll Self Propelled Tamping Foot
Roller Self Propelled Vibratory Tamping Foot Roller[Fig2-2Iel) etc These
are different operating characteristics
15
(a) Sheepsfoot roller
(b) Grid roller
(d) Two-Axle Tandem Steel-wheeled Roller
(c) Self Propelled Pneumatic-tiredRoller
(e) Self-Propelled Smooth-drumvibratory Roller
Fig 2-2 Compaction amp Grading Equipment
IG
243 Drilling and Blasting
Drilling operation used by the construction and mining industries to drillholes in both rock and earth The task of rock excavation includes looseningloading hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling and blasting
Rock excavation is a risky and hard task ReqUire special equipment andmethods for this operation The degree of difficulty depends on physicalcharacteristics of the rock type which to be excavate Grain sizes planes ofweakness weathering brittleness and hardness of rock strata are the vitalfactors of rock excavation The task of rock excavation includes looseningloadlllg hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling blasting or rippling
Major types of drilling equipment are percusSion drills and rotary-percussiondrills A percussion drill penetrates and cuts rock by impact while it rotateswithout cutting on the upstroke
Common type of percussion drills includes a jackhammer which is hand heldand others which are mounted on a fixed frame or on a wagon or crawl formobility A rotary drill [Flg2-3(bJJ cuts by turning a bit against the rocksurface A rotary precesSion drill combines the two cutting movements toprovide a laster penetration in rock
Blasting is performed to loosen rock in order that it may be excavated orremoved from its existing position Blasting requires the use of explosivesthe most common of which is dynamite Generally electriC blasting caps areconnected in a circuit with insulated wires Power sources may be powerlines or blasting machines designed for firing electriC cap Circuits Alsoavailable are non-electrical blasting systems which combine the precisetiming and flexibility of electric blasting and safety of non-electricaldetonation
Tractor-mounted rippers are capable of penetrating and prying loose mostrock types The blade or ripper IS connected to an adjustable shank whichcontrols the angle at the tip of the blade as it is raised or loweredAutomated ripper control may be Installed to control ripping depth and tipangle
In rock tunneling special tunnel machines equipped with multiple cutterheads and capable of excavating full diameter of the tunnel are nowavailable Their use has increasingly replaced the traditional methods ofdrilling and blasting
17
(a) ER1ronmomtlll Testing
It) Placer Drill
(b) Rotary drill
(dl Mincrnl Exploration Drill
eel Water Well Drilling
Fig 2-3 Drilling amp Blasting Equipmentl1bull1
18
244 Lifting and Erecting Equipment
Liftmg and erecting equipments are used to 11ftloads and to facilitate theerection of steel building frames
Derricks are commonly used to lift equipment of materiais or building
construction A derrick consists of a verticai mast and an inclined boom
sprouting from the foot of the mast Guys hold the mast in position or stiff
legs connected to a base whiie topping lift links the top of the mast and the
top of the inclined boom A hook in the road line hanging from the top of the
inclined boom is used to lift loads Guy derricks may easily be moved from
one floor to the next in a building under construction while stiff leg derricks
may be mounted on tracks for movement within a work area
Horizon boom type tower cranes are most common in high-rise building
construction Inclined boom type tower cranes are also used for erecting
steel structure
245 Mixing
Mixing concrete by hand is expensive In labour and it IS therefore not
surprising that mechanical mixers have been general use for a great many
years
The object of mixing is 10 coat the surface of all aggregate particles with
cement paste and to blend the entire ingredients of concrete into a uniform
mass this uniformity must furthermore not be disturbed by the process of
discharging from the mixer In fact the method of discharging is one of the
bases of classification of concrete mixers Several types exist In the tiltmg
mixer the mixing chamber known as the drum is tilted for discharging In
the non-tilting type the axis of the mixer is always horizontal and discharge
is obtained either by inserting a chute into the drum or by reversing the
direction of rotation of the drum or rarely by splitting of the drum There are
also pan-type mixers rather Similar in operation to an electric cake-mixer
these are called forced action mixers as distinct from the tilting and non-
tilting mixers which reiy on the free fall of concrete in the drum
19
In any mixer It is essential that sufficient interchange of materials between
different parts of the chamber takes place so that uniform concrete is
produced
On a site there is often a tendency to mix concrete as rapidly as possible
and it is therefore important to know what is the minimum mixing time
necessary to produce a concrete uniform in composition and as a result of
satisfactory strength
Concrete mixers are used to mix Portland cement sand gravel and water in
batches
There may be occasions when concrete has to be mixed by hand and
because in this case uniformity is more difficult to achieve particular care
and effort are necessary
A truck mixer refers to a concrete mixer mounted on a truck which is
capable of transporting ready mixed concrete from a central batch plant to
construction sites
246 Construction Tools and Other Equipment
Concrete can be economically pumped at the rates 15 to 200 ydhr for
horizontal distances 300 to 3000 ft and vertical distances 100 to 500 ft
without staging [11
The pumping of concrete of is especially advantageous in placements that
are physically difficult to approach with ready-mix trucks and show best
economy in the range of 20 to 80 ydhr
Air compressors [Fig2-4(al] and pumps [Fig2-4(dl] are widely used as the
power sources for construction tools include drills hammers [Fig2-4(bll
grinders saws wrenches[Fig2-4(clj staple guns sandblasting guns and
concrete vibrators Pumps are used to supply water or to dewater at
construction sites and to provide water jets for some types of construction
Vibrators are used to eliminate entrapped air Of the several types internal
vibrators perhaps the most common one External vibrator is rigidly clamped
to the formwork resting on an elastic support so that both the form and
20
concrete are vibrated Vibrating table can be considered as a case of
formwork clamped to the vibrator instead of the other way round but the
principle of vibrating the concrete and formwork together is unaltered
Besides these surface vibrator used for flat plate electric hammer can be
used as a surface vibrator when fitted with a bit having a large flat area A
vibrating roller is used for consolidating thin slabs
(a)Air Compressor
rg Wrench
(b) Hammer
(d) Concrete Pump
Fig 2-4 ConstructionTools amp Other Equipments[111
247 Choice of Equipment and Standard Production Rates
The selections of the appropriate type equipment or machines tor
construction often affect the required amount of time and effort and thus
the job site productivity of a project Equipment size determination is also a
very important task for construction Oversize equipments are expensive as
well as consume more time to handle It is therefore important for
construction planners to be familiar with the characteristics of the major
21
types of equipment most commonly used in construction Construction
planners also have to know the sources of construction equipment
Contractors and users of construction equipment frequently concerned with
a decision as to whether to purchase or rent (lease) an equipment Under
certain conditions it is financially advantageous to purchase whereas under
other conditions it is more economical and satisfactory to rent it
248 Building Materials
In recent times some of the important technological breakthroughs in
materials are stabilized soil lime-pozzolana mixes sand-lime bricks fly-ash
bricks clay-fly ash bricks gypsum boards wood-wool sheets plastic
products in utility service ready mix concrete non-shrink grout for machine
foundation super-plasticizers Ferro-cement and other materials Different
types of composite construction are also in very advance stage
In the field of concrete technology also some advances are happened such
as light weight concrete radiation shielding concrete polymer concretes
fiber reinforced concretes super plasticized concretes gap graded concrete
tenser-polymer reinforced concrete roller-compacted concrete ultra high
strength concrete improved techniques in pre-stressing prefabricated
construction and other some remarkable matenals
In low cost housing a number of developments have taken place and
following new techniques are being adopted for reduction in cost These arestone block masonry pre-cast brick panel roofing pre-cast RC channel
roofing ferro-cement tank use of secondary species of timber particle
board lor shutter doorswindows fly ash-lime-gypsum bricks for making
walls pre-cast RCC frames for doors and windows Pre-cast RC lintel (thin]
lower ceiling heights PVC pipes for water supply stabilized soil cement
base floors magneSium oxy-chloride flooring fire retardant treatment of
thatch asphaltic roofing etc Brief descriptions of some of those materials
are below-
22
249 Construction Automation and Robotics
Recent advances in robotic technology and the related experience In
manufacturing industries suggests that greater automation maybe extremely
beneficial for constructed facilities In addition construction in hazardous
environments (not approachable) may be greatly expanded by the use of
construction robots
There are several means by which construction automation and robotics
might repay the additional equipment and development costs associated
With high technology investments First robotics offers opportunities for
extending the scope of practical construction activities into hazardous
environments including outer space nuclear reactors or undersea
construction Even standard construction sites represent hazardous
environments as suggested by the large number job industrial accidents
associated with construction Second robotics may permit the practical
introduction and broader use of nonhuman senses and capabilities on
construction sites
KaJimaCompanys reinforcing bar placing robot can carry up to 20 bars and
automatically place these bars in pre-seiected patterns in both floors and
walls The equipment has achieved 40 to 50 savings in labor and 10
savings in time on several Japanese projects 131
A wall climbing robot called RM3 for tasks such as video inspections of shiphulls gamma-ray inspection of structural welds and high-pressure washing
painting shot-blasting and barnacle removal 131
23
CHAPTER 3
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN BANGLADESH
31 Introduction
The contribution of construction industry is quite significant in the national
economy but its existence is absent from the national economy plan
Recently government has made policy considering this sector as an industry
GDP Contribution of construction industry was 606 In 1991-1992 and 619
over the period 1996- 1997 Agriculture sector contributes maximum of
GDP Construction sector contribute about 20 of agriculture sector GDP
which is a remarkable role in Bangladesh economyI1
The construction Industry of Bangladesh comprises of a large number of
predominantly small firms The same can be seen to be true for most other
countries
The actual structure of the industry is not possible to measure as there are
no published papers on the total number of firms There are some 25000
nos of local contracting large medium and small categorized firms
registered with the government agencies with a varying range of financial
capacities [16]
In building construction sectors larger firms are capable to construct
concrete highrise building 30 storied Bangladesh Bank Bhaban 20 storied
Bangladesh Secretariat 20 storied Sena Kalyan Bhaban Building 20 storied
lOB Shaban and many other bUildings are the evidence of the ability to
construction of high rise concrete-building While high rise steel structures
are not yet familiar in Bangladesh but recently a number of high rise steel
structure are under construction In other sector such as bridge roads gas
pipeline electricity supply dam sluice-gate etc are implemented by
international contractors and joint venture companies (foreign and local
firms~ In 1990-91 the construction industry employed 105 and in 1995-
96 183 (statistics 97~ of total labour force In other statistics showed
that the constructing firm employs 20 lacs peoples If each family comprise
24
of four members so total 80 lacs people (615 of total population of the
countryl are dependent on the construction industry for their living The
economical and political significance of the industry ISeven greater than this
figure suggest as it captures the major part of the national investment
About 46 of the total construction labour force are involved in building
50 in construction repair and maintenance of roads and bridge works and
4 are involved in construction repair and maintenance of other activities
16]
Some domestic contractors in the building sectors have access to overseas
market but local contractors are less capable of competing with the foreign
companies due to variety of grounds -
(a) Very Less initiative from the Government to improve the capacity of the
local contractors
bull Easy policy for credit system for construction industry
bull To provide plant machinery hire facilities
bull Skill and manpower development through training
(bl Policy of the rules and conditions of the donor agencies for foreign funds
According to PWD to solve the housing problem 709131 units of houses
are required to construct in every year [15] So it indicates that Bangladesh
has a serious housing problem
12 to 15 millions people now lives in Dhaka city Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is now the city of construction Though yearly requirements in
the city is about 65000 housing but all public and private sector together
produce 25000 housing units in a year Percentage of leaving in slums and
squatter settlement is about 30 percent It would take at least 600 billion
taka which IS five times the entire ADP budget of the country to
accommodate house for the above-mentioned population Very little areas
are found in cities which are not occupied by building Every place in the city
is already filled up or construction of building process is ongoing But the
utility service and other facilities for community are not well thought-out
But according to government rules facilities shall be accommodate first
25
before any type of building construction Unfortunately community facilities
including simple parking facilities are still absent for the many new
constructing building in Dhaka city
32 Some large Constructions in Bangladesh
It is very difficult to identify which one is large construction of a country
because of project diversity In Bangladesh there are numerous
constructions many of them are significant in various aspects Although
functions and aesthetic are different of them they accomplish different type
of requirements Following are the some prominent constructions which
indicate Bangladesh building construction industry is fully capable to
construct any type of Building
Equipments used for construction of national assembly building were tower
crane larger size mixture machines and other eqUipment Tower crane amp
other equipments replaced by huge no of labors As per definition of labour
based technology construction of this building falls under this category
National Assembly
Fig 3-1 National Assemblyl101
labour Based Technology
Architect Louis I Kahn
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1962 to 1974
Building type government center
Construction System concrete marble
26
Equipments used for construction of Bangladesh bank bhaban were hoist
mixture machine and other light equipment only For excavation of 1
basement engaged huge no of labors As per definition this type of
construction falls under labour Intensive technology
bull Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
Fig 3-2 Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
labour Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
NoofFioors-31
Building type government
Construction System concrete
27
Equipments used for construction of Islamic Development Bank Shaban were
tower crane concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments
Tower crane ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments
replaced by most of the labors As per definition of equipment intensive
technology this type of construction falls under this category
bull Islamic Development Bank
7
Fig 3-3 Islamic Development Bank
Bhaban
Equipment Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
No of Floors - 20
Construction System concrete
28
Equipments used for construction of Bashundhara city were tower crane
concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments Tower crane
ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments replaced by most of
the labors As per definition 01 equipment intensive technology this type of
construction falls under this category
bull Bashundhara City
Fig 3-4 Bashundhara City
Equipment Intensive Technology
Architect VISTARA
location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1999 to 2003
Building type shopping mall
Construction System concrete marble
33 Constructions in Bangladesh Using Pre Fabrication
Prefabricate construction not yet accepted widely in Bangladesh Scenario of
developed country in this respect is totally different Even In Malaysia
Thailand Indonesia India and many other developing countries scenery is
closed to developed countries Prefabricate construction require customize
construction or a huge no of similar type productions Precast units which
normally used in Bangladesh are -
bull Tiles and mosaic
bull Low cost toilet rings and others precast accessories
bull Prestressed precast electric pole
bull Precast column for boundary wall
29
the study on availability
of indigenous materials in
bull Precast slab for surface drain
bull Precast slab for foot path
bull Precast railing and ornamental column
bull Precast lintel
bull Precast pipe for water supply and others
bull Railway sleeper
bull Road divider
In the context of Bangladesh RampD activities are yet to be worthy InBangladesh uHouse and Building Research Institute was established in the
year 1977 with the following objectives -
1 To take technical and scientific studies and research on
various problems of constructions and building materials and
to evolve housing and building technology appropriate to the
requirement and suitable for socia-economic condition of the
country
2 To specifically emphasis on
development and utilization
construction
3 To promote better uses of building materials particularly
commonly used materials improvements methods of learning
and designing of construction works and maintenance
4 To train research personnels and technicians for the purpose
out its research activities
House and Building Research Institute time to time tried to introduce someprecast module Such as -
bull Ferro cement tank
bull Precast Ferro cement channel for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete hollow slab for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete micro pile
30
bull Precast Ferro-cement folded plate for roof
bull Precast Ferro-cement L panel for inclined roofing
bull RCCdoor and window frames
Between all type of innovation only Ferro cement tank (400 gallon consisting
of cement mortar on wire mesh) is widely used mainly in Dhaka city As
bigger size is not possible with Ferro-cement Its use is limited
Above all precast construction scenario is very poor in Bangladesh This
indicates construction technology not yet advance in Bangladesh in this high
tech era
34 Humnware Infoware and Hardware in Bangladesh
341 Humnware
For construction technology humanware includes labour technicians
engineer and other persons In some way they are related to construction
industry In Bangladesh expense for humanware is cheaper with respect to
other countries because of low wages lin Bangladesh Taka 125 per hour
and for ordinary labour in UK pound6) So utilization of man power through IT is
a great opportunity for construction sector of Bangladesh But unfortunately
we are far way from proper utilization of this huge no manpower
Development of Human resources is in very preliminary stage By generating
employment and working environment general employment conditions need
to be improved Wage systems must be developed and made transparent so
as to give proper remuneration according to qualification and technical skill
It is extremely necessary for the skilled workers to pass their skills on and to
train personnel able to respond to future technological changes Professional
training centers and methods must be developed and be efficiently exercised
upon
In Bangladesh most of the cases we make out unskilled humnware which is
unexpected in this high tech era Also in most of the cases they are
uneducated Due to unskilled and uneducated labour construction qualities
31
are not normally as per requirement Also due to unskilled labor excessive
time is requiring in most of the cases
In Bangladesh labours are mainly trained-up by on-job training In many case
they are habituated from paternal side by born Though some training
institutes exist around Dhaka city but they are certificate-based institute
These institutes deal only overseas job findings peoples
342 Infoware
Infoware IS usually the document-embodied form This includes the
software design specification materials specifications theories charts
database drawing design and others activities Use of software in
Bangladesh for the purpose of analysis and design are in satisfactory leveL
Although most of the organizations are now analyze and design by some
standard software but a big amount of engineers are not stili away from this
technology Following software and tools are now using in Bangladesh
which indicates not behind from top level
Programming Language- Visual Basic Auto LISP aBasic CC Turbo C
Computer Aided Engineering STAAD-III STAADPro Math CAD ADOSS PCACOL SOL Series
Spread Sheet Analysis- Microsoft Excel Lotus MathCAD
Computer Aided Design
- AutoCAD
Database- DBase FoxPro Microsoft Access Oracle
GIS Software- Arcinfo Arcade Maplnfo Arc view Idrisi
32
Graphics software- CorelDraw Harvard Graphics
Computer Aided Project Management- MS Project
Word Processing
-MicrosoftWordWordPcrreCI
Operating Systems
- MS Windows Dos Novel
3430rgaware
Orgaware lOrganization) represents the structural framework of a
technological system and it includes for example the organizations for the
RampD the production the marketing the corporate planning etc It is needed
to produce certain goods and services Within the framework of theorgaware the other technology components work [1]
Most of the organization in Bangladesh is now using computer and software
for different type of works Some organizations are using for analysis and
design some for planning purpose some as a management tools and some
one for data processing and accounting In someway organizations ofBangladesh are taking this technological advantage
In Bangladesh some organizations are doing a number of remarkable works
excellently They are creating photo realistic rendered architectural
perspective models of 3D exterior and Interior elevation and layout
rendering services 3D animation They are also creating architectural fly-by
and walk-through simulations for interactive presentation or TV quality
advertisement GIS works are also done by these organizations
Some of organizations are also working with foreign organizations Mainly
different type of data entry is their main works which are mainly data
conversion rom one format to another Such as conversion from portabledocument format (pdf) to Word processing format (docl hand sketch
J3
bull
conversion to digital drawing (dwg etc) format some modification of
drawing ete The difficulties of our organizations are for any types of
business they require an overseas office This is a very big problem for
entrepreneurs of data exchanging business
344 Hardware
In Bangladesh hardware use of construction industry is not in a suitable
level Moreover specifically modern construction equipment J technology are
not utilizing in Bangladesh most of the cases Only in a few sector such as
deeper excavation in highway construction a few no of building works are
done by modern equipments but in other sectors modern equipment are
ignoring by Bangladeshi construction industry Computer based hardware
widely using in Bangladesh as computer and some computer related
hardware are reasonably priced for middle class people
For construction projects require modern management which is based on
personal computer (PC) In Bangladesh computer based project management
is not yet popular in construction industry Only some foreign aided
government project has some activities on this but also up-to proposal level
only Truly computer based project management in construction sector not
yet Implemented in Bangladesh This is limited to some Gantt chart and
critical path draw works But hardware based computer management easily
save both money and time Probable cause for which not yet go for
computer based project management listing below -
Labours and technicians are illiterate
bull
bull
bull
bull
Labours and technicians are unskilled
Top management of an organization are not wanted to go for
new particularly computer based technology
From Government side there are no plan to facilitate these sector
even in Government project
Our engineers backgrounds are also not upto that extent and
also they are not interested to go for such type of management
34
CHAPTER 4
TECHNOLOGY ON EXCAVATION amp RCC OF BANGLADESH
Nowadays building construction mainly equipment intensive works allover
the world that is depend on modern technology Similarly construction
industry of Bangladesh going away step by step depends on technology
Technological application sophistication quality etc are different in country
to country but at every steps of construction industry including construction
industry of Bangladesh totally depends on construction technology For
excavation loading compaction grading drilling lifting erecting mixing
and other purposes require some construction hardwareequipment and there
technological approach is different Not only for equipment but in every
steps of construction process depends on technological involvement In this
chapter mainly discussed the effect on excavation due to equipment
intensive and labour intensive works Also for building construction the
effect of alternate combination of material use
41 Technology in Excavation
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground This foundation is mandatory for
every structure ThiS is the reason of start of excavation technology which
is an earliest form of civil engineering construction This technology is used
for excavate earth of foundationbasement Excavated soilrock usually
dumps in other places which is known as loading Many construction
industry of Bangladesh Excavator and Loader are mainly using for
excavation works But use of excavator is mostly Dhaka based In other
places of the country except Dhaka city excavation works are done by
manually which is very unlikable in this high tech era Even in Dhaka city
many excavation works had been done by manually Such as 18 storied
New Market City Complex building with two basements (adjacent of Dhaka
new market) 14 storied CRP building project with two basements at Mirpur-
35
14 Dhaka A few but in some projects huge volume of soil was excavated
manually Excavation operations 01 these many projects are done by
manually because 01 availability and low-priced labor In this chapter try to
focus why this technology (excavator not used in most of the cases
In many project of Bangladesh excavation operation are done by manually
because 01-
Soil Characteristics - Comparatively solt layer 01 earth exists all
around Bangladesh
raquo labour (Humnwarel - labour costs are cheap and available
Non-availability of equipment (Hardware) - Modern equipment
cost is very high for which it is not pOSSiblelor contractor to
buy excavator and other heavy equipments lor a singie project
gt- No and size of the Job - As no 01 projects limited and also
areas of a single projects are not big Use of Excavator and
loader are not economically viable
Rental organization - Renta I organization not yet developed
widely and systematically Above all limited rental organization
and their higher charges of hardware
Topography Most of the lands in Bangladesh are plain So
labors can work comfortably
lacks of technicians - lack of skilled technicians are one of the
reasons to avoid new technology
Time - Peoples of Bangladesh are not anxious about time
Utilization of time is very important lack 01 this awareness is
one 01 the reasons of avoiding tendency of new technology for
excavation
)- Space constrains - Particularly in Dhaka city buildings are not
build in well planned way but very haphazard So in many case
movement 01 excavator is very difficult and in some cases it is
impossible to work due to space constrain
36
bull Weather and Temperature - Luckily most of the seasons are
suitable for labour works Nature is very fever for manual
labour except very little lime through out the year So not
need to take extra precaution lor climate
gt Dumping area - Some time huge amount of dumping is not
possible For that reason avoiding tendency to new technology
of excavation
bull Transportation equipments - Some times transportation of
dumping is not viable and In that type of case manual labour is
preferable
411 Preliminary Stage
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground and which transmits the load to the
underlying sailor rock As the foundation normally placed below the ground
excavation is must and should be done first for any type of construction
work
More or less for every construction works need excavation some times
these are shallow and some times it is deep Due to basement construction
of high-rise buildings need massive excavation This may need up to three
four months If excavation works are done by manually a huge no of labors
will engage their and require more time
Considering employment it is solVing a substantial social problem like our
developing country by means of giving a large no of employment
opportunity Therefore out side the urban area manual excavation may be
permissible due to solving unemployment problem This might be plaYing a
significant role like our developing country to solve the problem Social
problem from society But owners always try to solve the problem from the
economic view which will figure out later on this chapter
But the scenario in urban areas like Dhaka city is different Dhaka has
already become a mega city with more than ten million inhabitants and its
population is projected to reach 16 million by 2015 which would make it
the worlds seventh most populous city This rapid growth is visible all
37
around the city by constructing new buildings But the citys infrastructure is
not keeping space with the influx of population Transport environment of
Dhaka city may be a clear example with increasing traffic congestion and
delays The ability of Dhakas transport system to sustain economic growth
and reasonable quality of life has been declining steadily
In such a poor situation if we dont use machinery equipment everyday
congestion situation of Dhaka city will escalate due to longer timerequirement of excavation
Already it is an established fact that construction works of Dhaka city is one
of main reasons of traffic congestion To overcome this awlul situation
particularly in the city areas we must have to adopt modern technology in
excavation purpose This will help to reduce construction time money
traffic congestion and other redundant situations
412 Time and Seasonal Effects on Construction
Time
In Bangladesh construction management going on very preliminary stage and
still they dont think time is a vital factor for any project But everyone is
aware the fact money has a time value Thousand Taka today is worth
more the Thousand tomorrow This lact is vividly reinforced when themonthly charge bills are examined This added charge amounts to rent on
the money that is owed and is termed interest
Besides these we know fixed costs are directly related to time variable andother costs are also similar effect ie if time span of a project is longer then
fixed cost will be more and similarly true for all other costs So time span ISa vital factor for any construction project
Again for any project there is a breakeven point which also dependents on
time If construction period is more than the estimated time timerequirement to reach break even will be more
BeSides these there is a possibility to come other competitors due to delay
of construction and sometimes it may become an unprofitable project forever in this competitive market
38
If we Consider revenue side what we see - Suppose a 10 storied office
building spaces are 12000 sq-ft and rent is 501 = Taka per sq-ft ie per day
revenue is 20 Lac Particularly this type of project per day revenue loss will
be a big amount if the construction not timely finish This is unexpected for
any organizationlsJcontractorls)
Season
In many cases for foundation purpose deep excavation is required
Sometimes need shore pile to protect adjacent soil Shore pile is essential
when permanent structure exist adjacent project site As shore pile is a
temporary work in many cases it designs less cautiously Result is that
shore pile failures are a common type of failure in Dhaka city at every year
It is occurred mainly in rainy season due to rainfall If the contractors are
finished their foundation works before rainy season most of the time they
can avoid these repetitive shore pile failure situations
On the other hand in many cases owner of adjacent structure goes to the
court when contractor goes for deeper excavation for their safety and
compensation if shore pile failure occurs Also for shore pile failure delays
the project ie more time consume for project and more money expenses
due to delay or to pay compensation Sometimes it becomes a crucial factor
for the project and as a result of big economical loss for that project Such
type of big economical loss easily can avoid by proper time scheduling ie
should be complete before expected rainy season in case of deeperfoundation works
39
413 Cost Analysis and Result
Assumption made for cost and analysis are follows-
1 For Manual 1000 eft of excavation work (PWDStandard Rates)
al For initial lead of 100_ON and lift of 5_ON
i) Ordinary labour cost Tk 088 per cIt
b) For each additional lift of one loot beyond 5-0 and upto 10_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 004 per cit
c) For each additional lilt of one foot beyond 10-0 and upto 15-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 006 per cit
d) For each additional lift of one foot beyond 15_ON and upto 20_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 008 per eft
e) Extra each additional lead of 100-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 014 per eft
2 For Excavator
f) Initial rent Tk 9000000 for upto 10 days
il Extra charge Tkl0OOO00 per day
iii Excavation capacity 10000 eft per day
3 Enough labour Force
gl Enough labour force can be engaged so that there will not be any
significant difference in excavation between these two methods
40
Tablbullbull4-1 5 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area (ff) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 500 440 90000200 1000 880 90000500 2500 2200 900001000 5000 4400 900002000 10000 8500 900005000 25000 22000 9000010000 50000 44000 9000020000 100000 95000 9000040000 200000 218000 180000100000 500000 755000 450000
Tablbullbull 4-2 10 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Areaiiti) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1000 980 90000200 2000 1960 90000500 5000 4900 900001000 10000 9800 900002000 20000 19600 900005000 50000 49000 9000010000 100000 98000 9000020000 200000 210000 18000040000 400000 476000 360000100000 1000000 1610000 900000
41
Table 4-3 15 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR I
Area (ft) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1500 1670 90000200 3000 3340 90000500 7500 8350 900001000 15000 16700 900002000 30000 33400 900005000 75000 83500 9000010000 150000 167000 13500020000 300000 355000 270000
40000 600000 794000 540000100000 1500000 2615000 1350000
Tabla 4-4 20 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area(ft ) Vo(ume(ft ) Manual(CostTk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 2000 2560 90000200 4000 5120 90000500 10000 12800 900001000 20000 25600 900002000 40000 51200 900005000 100000 128000 9000010000 200000 256000 18000020000 400000 540000 36000040000 800000 1192000 720000100000 2000000 3820000 1800000
42
Graph 41 Excavation cost for 5 feet
5 Excavation Cost
~ ~---------------
------ -
I
II
II
- ExcavatorI-Manual
I
50 -----
Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet
10 Excavation Cost
0
I Excavator-Manual
-___ e bullbullbull _
- __ - - --- - - _ - -
-
- - - - - - - - - - -
- - 250 -
oo
lti 300~~ooo~
o 100U
Area (in 100 sft)
43
Graph 43 Excavation cost for 15 feet
15 Excavation Cost
-- ExcavatorI-Manual I
eN
~NN
o
400 -
350 -
300~bull~ 250 - - - 000 ~bullbull- 0~0U 100 - ---- - -
0
Area (in 100 sft)
Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet
20 Excavation Cost
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
- - - -- - - -- - - - - - - --
350 ---------
bullbull 300
~ 250g~ 200 bullbullbullbull0
~ 0U 100 -
0
o g
-
-----------
_______ c C __
___ c c_
~c
-- Excavator-Manual
Area (in 100 sft)
44
From the above anafysis it is observed that in case of 5 feet excavation
breakeven area is 19020 sft for 10 feet excavation 9184 sfr for 15 feet
excavation 6946 sft and for 20 ft 3636 sft Excavator becomes cheaper for
any constructIOn (area) above these breakeven fevels
42 Design and Specifications
421 Material for Building Construction
Wood of course was the only material used by early builders that had more
or less equal tensile and compressive strength Early builders are also
depends on stone brick surki and lime After innovation of reinforced-
concrete and steel previously used material are replaced by concrete and
steel Concrete with reinforcement radically change in the field of building
construction technology After that steel play the vital role and contribute to
build high rise building worldwide though Bangladesh is far from that type
high rise building But recently numbers of steel bUilding are in the process
of construction and we are expecting remarkable progress will be shown
within couple of years Nowadays wood has been relegated largely to
accessory use during construction to use in temporary and secondary
structures and to use for secondary member of permanent construction
Though both concrete and steel are the two most commonly used structural
material worldwide in Bangladesh mainly concrete are common item of
building construction Recently some industrial buildings are constructed by
structural steel Builders in Bangladesh are now reali2ing that steel is also a
competitive and effective material for building construction But they are
going forward very slowly for steel structure
Selection of structural materials must be selected on availability of materials
Also depends on corresponding skill labour relative costs wage scale and
the suitability of the materials for particular structure
In Bangladesh currently carrying out research into rice straw and husks
which are a by-product of major crop of Bangladesh but have already
encountered problems with the strength of the rice straw while fit best rice
45
husks can be regarded as filler and may not contribute significantly to the
tensile strength of earth-mix bricks
Idea of including waste material from the countrys vast jute industry to use
as a binder in the bricks and not merely as rubbish to be burnt
And finally that the integrity of earth-built buildings may be considerably
strengthened and improved by applying simple low-cost principles to the
Internal strengthening structures - mostly tied bamboo frameworks
4211 Material in Bangladesh
Any material which has got application in engineering construction is termed
as engineering material Stones bricks concrete bricks lime cement surki
sand concrete iron steel ferrous alloys non-ferrous metais and alloys
timber timber products aluminums bamboos soils bituminous materials
glass plastics paints varnishes rubber tiles granite marble etc are
commonly used in Bangladesh
Among them major construction materials are now producing in Bangladesh
though maximum raw materials are imported outside from Bangladesh
Though cement raw materials like gypsum and clinker are importing from
outside of country the total cement producing capacity now is more than
countrys per year requirement and quality of cement is standard as per
specification But reinforcement quality is not yet reached to standard level
It is very serious problem for construction industry of Bangladesh
46
4212 Reinforcement
Steel is known as black copper in early ages Iron and steel developed over
2000 years ago It was Henry Bessemer who was especially interested in
good quality steel making for big canons He was the first to produce low
carbon wrought iron In Bangladesh steel also used as reinforcement in many
years before It is difficult to say when and where first time used steel
reinforcement
Concrete reinforcement bar are usually of two types
bull Deformed bar and
bull Twisted bar
Below are the specifications for two types of reinforcement bar-
Table 4-5Steel GradeGrade 40Grade 60
ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed barYield Stre9th (psi Ultimate Stren ths (psi)40000 (minimum) 70000 (minimum)60000 (minimum) 90000 (minimum)
Table 4-6Steel GradeGrade 250Grade 400Grade 460
654149 specifications for Twisted barYield Stren th (psi) Ultimate Strengths (psi)40000 (minimum) 4400060000 (minimum) 6600067000 (minimum) 73700
Grade 40 and Grade 60 both type of reinforcement are frequently used InBangladesh for building construction In Bangladesh normally steel areprocessed by the follOWingmethod
(i) Induction furnace melting and(ii) Arc furnace melting
The yearly requirement of steel in Bangladesh is 10 million ton But the
quality steel production rate is only 02 million tonyear That is remaining
08 million ton reinforcement are non-standard 1171 By which our different
construction works are building This is an awful situation of construction
sector in Bangladeshand requires immediate exemption from this situation
47
4213 Concrete
Allover the world concrete with reinforcement are the most commonly used
materials for building construction In Bangladesh it is the main structural
material using as building construction materials Concrete IS a stone like
material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement
sand and gravel or other aggregate and water to harden in forms of the
shape and dimensions of the desired structure
Bangladesh is now a big cement producing country in respect to their
required capacity Statistics says yearly requirement of cement allover the
Bangladesh is 65 million tons where as production capacity of the entire
cement mill is 120 million tons That means 55 million tons surplus cement
now existing in Bangladesh One of the main reasons of this surplus is that
world top most cement producing companies are now producing cement in
Bangladesh from their factory
The properties that make concrete a universal building material are so
pronounced that it has been used In more primitive kinds and ways than at
present for thousands of years probably beginning in Egyptian antiquity
The facility with which while plastic it can be deposited and made to fill
forms or aids of almost any practical shape is one of these factors Its high
fire and weather resistance are eVident advantages Most of the constituent
materials with the possible exception of cement are usually available at low
cost locally or at small distances from the construction site
In Bangladesh normally concrete strength (cylinder strength fc) varies from
2500 psi to 5000 psi for building construction But in many case it falls to
2000 PSI On the other hand upto 8000 psi concrete was used for
construction of Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge project Also there are many
projects already finished and ongoing where usedusing more than 5000 psi
strength concrete
48
4214 Steel
In 1885 an American engineer names William LeBaron Jenny became the
creator of the modern skyscraper when he realized that an office building
could be constructed using totally different materials He chose structural
steel and incorporated it into a revolutionary system that was to make
possible the soaring office towers that now symbolize the modernmetropolis
Steel is manufactured under controlled conditions its properties are
determined in a laboratory and described in a manufacturers certificate
Thus the designer need only specify the steel as complying with a relevant
standard and the site engineers supervision is limited to the workmanship
of the connections between the Individual steel members So responsible of
contractor is more to provide proper material
Also following are some reasons normally associated with competitiveadvantages of steel over concrete
bull Construction speed particularly during periods of high interest rates
Steel frames go up more rapidly thus reducing construction financing
costs and allowing the building to generate revenue sooner
bull Availability of steel in a variety of grades and shapes that IS suitable
for economical faming of both short and long spans
bull Steel offers economical design approach for retrofit and rehab
projects Steel can be easily modified expanded or converted to suit
future needs of owners and tenants For this reason steel frame isoften referred to as a changeable frame
bull In difficult foundation conditions steel construction may result in
reduced foundation costs because of its light weight Steel frame is
normally 25 to 35 percent lighter than a concrete frame and can
permit the use of less expensive foundation systems
In Bangladesh steel building are not constructing notably Mainly some
factory buildings are constructed with steel as a structural material In
Bangladesh peoples are not serious about time which is main advantage of
steel structure like our COuntry We have to import all the steel materials It
49
also has to PV higher tax Our engineers are not interested to go for new
technology like steel structure 0 technicians oed labors pof Vtrained P fo steel construction Ultimately except time factor steel
structure is OPt very suitable for building construction of Bangladesh Very
recently a few numbers of high-rise buildings are now under construction or
under designing stages which indicates new technology are coming
4215 RCC Grading
Strength of concrete is commonly considered its most important property
although in many practical cases other characteristic such as durability and
impermeability may in fact be more important Nevertheless strength usually
gives an overall picture of the quality of concrete because strength is
directly related to the structure of the hardened cement paste
The strength of concrete of given mix proportions is very seriously affected
by the degree of its compaction It ISvital therefore that conSistence of the
mix be such that the concrete can be transported placed and finished
sufficiently easily and without segregation Following combinations of
reinforcement and concrete are considered for thiS study-
Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Reinforcement and Concrete
Concrete Type Steel Strength (in ksi) Concrete Strength lin ksi)
I Type - 1 60 44
Type - 2 60 36
Type - 3 60 29
Type - 4 60 25
Type - 5 40 44
Type - 6 40 36
Type - 7 40 29
Type - 8 40 25
50
4217 Interdependence of Humnware Infoware and Hardware
For analysis and design purpose humnware infoware and hardware work as
an integrated system During design and analysis period due to different
grade and type material selection software hardware and humnware play
the vital role for alternate attempt Computer utilization in different stages
have improved capabilities for generating quality designs as well as redUCing
the time required to produce alternative designs Without help of these
technological combined services It IS almost impossible to get better and
optimistic design Thats why with the help of Humnware Infoware and
Hardware most economic type analysis and design may achieved within
short time which is almost impossible without these technological help
Manual analysis and design are most of the time assumption based a time
consuming matter and whose ultimate result is economical loss considered
to both time and material requirement
51
4218 Analysis and Result
For analysis purpose here considered a six storied building The analysis has
been performed by STAADIPro software 3-D model of assumed building amp
output of STAADProare given in Appendix-A
Following are the material requirement for different combination
Table 4-8 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 10487 Ib5 2148 Ib6 1375 Ib7 1386 Ib8 3971 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 193651bsTotal Volume of Concrete 28688 cuft
Table 4-9 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 23844 Ibs5 1346 Ib6 5329 Ib7 5487 Ib8 10511 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 46518 IbsTotal Vofume of Concrete 61454 cuft
52
Table 4-10 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6330 Ib5 5653 Ib6 1644 Ib7 2771 Ib8 4722 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 21120lbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3355 cUft
Table 4-11 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 22348 Ibs5 4039 Ib6 8655 Ib7 4001 Ib8 5049 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 44092 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 7279 cU1t
53
Table 4-12 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 787191bs5 29898 Ibs6 37505 Ibs7 57257 Ibs8 58754 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
26213 Ibs3528 cUft
Table 4-13 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibs)
4 221821bs5 10011 Ibs6 37652 Ibs7 6918 Ibs8 34297 Ibs
Totel weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
54
432191bs9367 cuft
Table 4-14 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 9556 Ibs5 2453 Ibs6 3810 Ibs7 6378 Ibs8 6761 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
28958 Ibs4190 cuft
Table 4-15 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibsl
4 25557 Ibs5 3126 Ibs6 4340 Ibs7 10008 Ibs8 703 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
55
43733 Ibs10076 cuft
Table 4-16 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 8680 Ib5 1358 Ib6 1434 Ib7 2588 Ib8 7727 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 21787 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3499 cUft
Table 4-17 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 17629 Ibs5 4878 Ib6 7745 Ib7 7921 Ib8 16895 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 47938Total Volume of Concrete 8546 cuft
56
Table 4-18 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 7770 Ibs5 1432 Ibs6 3795 Ibs7 4686 Ibs8 9068 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
==
26752 Ibs3479 cuft
Table 4-19 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17705 Ibs5 1591 Ibs6 13078 Ibs7 1152 Ibs8 16675 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
57
= 50201 Ibs9644 cuft
Table 420 Material Requirement for Column1ConcreteStrength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in IbsJ
4 84764 Ibs5 30846 Ibs6 22264 Ibs7 34232 Ibs8 10168 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
27379 lbs4709 cUft
Table 4-21 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17693 Ibs5 2347 Ibs6 19086 Ibs7 1367 Ibs8 13352 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
58
53845 Ibs10111 cuft
Table 4-22 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6602 Ib5 2506 Ib6 7068 Ib7 5216 Ib8 8370 Ib
Totar weight of reinforcement - 29762 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 5055 cuft
Table 4-23 Material Requirement for BeamlConcrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 18686 Ibs5 13536 Ibs6 15858 Ib7 1085 Ib8 5565 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement - 54730 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 11269 cUft JI
59
4219 Cost Analysis
Generally the cost for a construction prOject includes the expenses related to
the following activities
bull Land acquirement
bull Planning and feasibility
bull Design
bull Construction including materials equipment and lobour
bull Insurance and taxes during construction
bull Office overhead
bull Office furniture and equipment
bull Inspection testing and others
In this study considered only material cost of different grade of combination
which is mentioned in the article 4215
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Concrete Strength Concrete Cost2500 pO 155 Tkdt2900 psi 164 Tkdt3600 pO 187 Tkch4400 P 209 Tkch
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Reinforcement Strength Reinforcement Cost40000 psi 226406 TklOn
60000 psi 23625 Tkton
60
Table 4~26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequiremerType - 1 294 Ton 9014 citType - 2 291 Ton 10633 eftType - 3 310 Ton 12895 cftType - 4 325 Ton 14266 eftType - 5 311 Ton 12044 eftType - 6 344 Ton 13123 eftType - 7 363 Ton 14821 eftType - 8 377 Ton 16324 eft
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequirementType - 1 441 Ton 9916 eftType - 2 437 Ton 11697 eftType - 3 465 Ton 14185 eftType - 4 487 Ton 15693 eftType - 5 467 Ton 13249 eftType - 6 515 Ton 14435 eftType - 7 544 Ton 16304 eftType - 8 566 Ton 17957 eft
Table 4-28 Reinforcemelt and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka
Type of Concrete Renforcement Cost Concrete Cost Total CostType - 1 1042 Coo 1884 Coo 2926 CooT~2 1032 Coo 1988 Coo 3020 CooTy e - 3 1099 Coo 2115 Coo 3214 CooType - 4 1150 Coo 2211 Coo 3361 CooType - 5 1057 Coo 2517 Coo 3574 CooType6 1167 Coo 2454 Coo 3621 CooType - 7 1231 Coo 2431 Coo 3662 CooType - 8 1281 Co 2530 Coo 3811 Co
61
Graph 4-5 Total Cost 01 Concrete and Reinforcement
Total Cost
bull
0045_0000bull~bull 35000bullbull ~OO
0 ~oou
~~oo~000
WOO
bull bull
bull bull
I TotalCosti-Concrete COSJ-+-- Reinf Cost -- -- -
Type of Concrelltgt Grado
Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement
Costn Percentage
_Totalcosl
-- Concrce Co__ Renf Coso
1_23
- -
- - - - -
---------_-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
140 -
_35 --------------- bull
bull 130bullbull 120bullj U bull 105~
00095
Type of Concrete Crade
Above analysis clearly shows that Type-1 concrete is cheaper than anyother combination of reinforced concrete Up-to 29 savings is possible ifhigher grade Reinforcement and Concrete used for building construction
62
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Discussion
In developed countries civil engineering organizations spend good amount of
money in RampD At national level the universities and other institutions
should be encouraged to undertake strategic research which aims to Improve
understanding and applications of scientific and technical know how which
in turn will provide a basis in the long run proper application of new
techniques and technologies Following are some areas very essential for
construction Industry of Bangladesh
The development and dissemination of new construction equipment and
better safety must be encouraged
Pre-fabrication and use of package materials will enhance the efficiency of
work execution by standardizing specifications and reduce the site work
volumes
The development and dissemination of all weather construction technology
will make it possible to carryon with work even under bad weather
The means of transferring information between designers and constructors
need to be improved The effective use of construction equipment
prefabricated materials and products needs to be considered
The roles and responsibilities of engineers need to be reviewed With regard
to improvements in work efficiency personnel training and strengthening the
management foundation of engineers
6]
52 Conclusion
Excavation
Manual excavation and excavation USing excavator S to 20 ft depth) with
different land areas were studied in Dhaka city Considering labour cost and
excavator rental charge breakeven point for Sft excavation and 20ft excavation
are 19020sft and 3616sft respectively Using PDW97 standard rate of works
it IS observed that for deeper excavation excavator is cheaper than labor-
intensivemanual excavation Labor-intensivemanual excavation works may be
acceptable outside urban areas due to unemployment of labor But excavator is
economic solution in urban areas like Dhaka city
In Bangladesh excavation and loading is a labour-based works but in developed
countries its hardware-based works Further detail study based on socio-
economic environment etc may be required to introduce hardware-based
excavation work replacing manual labor in our country
Material
8 combinations of steel and concrete were studied for a six storied bUilding
Considering material cost Type- ICombination of high strength concrete 44-
ksi with high strength steel 60-ksi) is the most economic Type8 la
combination of low grade concrete 2S-ksi and low grade steel 40-ksi) is the
most uneconomic as it material costs 29 more than the cost due to the Type-
1 Unfortunately Type-8 combination is most widely used in private construction
even by the real estate developer One problem with Type- is that high
strength concrete 144 ksi concrete with 60 ksi steel) demands admixture which
also demand skilled humnware If it is not possible type 2 (36 ksi concrete
with 60 ksi steel) can be easily used without loosing Significant economy lonly
3 more cost than Type-l) Mainly Engineers may play the significant role to
convince ownersentrepreneur to accept this technological advantage and avoid
uneconomical traditional approach
53 Scope for Future Works
Similar studies may be carried out for other components of technology Inamely
different types of hardware technology humnware infoware etc)
64
REFERENCES[1] MAnwarul Azim Technology Mal1agement and Development of Nation
July 1999
[2) SP Arors SP Bindra A Text Book of Building Construction
131 Chris Hendrickson Tung su Project Msnagement for Construction
141 Robert L Peukrifoy William B Ledbetter Construction Planning Equipment
snd Methods McGraw-HIli Book Company International Edition 1985
[51 Robert L Mitchell Engineering EconomlcsJohn Wiley amp Sons 1980
[6J Thomas C Ksvanagh Frank Muller James J OBrien Construction
Management
[7J Donald Barrie Boyd C Paulson Jr ProfeSSlonslConstruction Management
[8J Frank Harris Modern Construction and Ground Engineering Equipment and
Method
9J V K Riana Concrete bridge practice analysis design and economics
110] wwwskycraperscomWebsite
[11] wwwtransltmixconcretecom Web site
[12] wwwlrcocomWebslte
[13] wwwantigoconstructio~0JT Web site
[14] wwwleggattequipmentcomWebsite
[15J Public Works Department Recent technical issues and association of public
works department October 19 2000
i16J AaM Ekram Ullah Construction industry of Bangladesh Journal of civil
engineerirlgIEB 2 December 2000
[17J Prospect of quality re-enforcement bar production in Bangladesh - Elite Iron
and Steel Industries Ltd 2003
[18J Analysis of rates of PWD (Bangladeshi Schedule
- July 199719h Edition)
65
APPENDIX-A
3-D Model STAADIPro Input and Output (Partiall
APPENDIXA
30 Model STAADfPro Input and Output (Partiall
x
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STAAD SPACE PAGE 10
n m eo 81 m~227 94 95 551 96 n 99 0
55j 00 101 555 106 107 m 108 m 112 55
no m 114 115 240 00 0 102 no 104 CO 228 56~
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STAADSPACE -- PAGENO
148 271 272 276 277 328 329 341 PRIS YD 20 ZD 15119 78 14 15 6~ 64 70 71 86 87 94 95 110 111 151 152 167 bull68 208 2092lt150 266 281 282 322 ~23 332 3~7 PRIS YD 23151 885 TO 892 902 TO ~08 PRIS Yil 10 ZD 2352 1268 92 149 206 153 320 336 85~ TO 866 PRIS YO 12 ZD 10153 916 65 72 88 96 112 153 J6~ 210 226 267 28~ ~2~ 333 338 PRIS YD 15J54 11 67 90 114 171 228 285 335 843 TO 850 PRIS YD 40 ZD 10155 612 730 731 734 TO 736 748 749 75~ TO 754 766 767 770 TO 772 802 80156 806 TO 808 834 PRIS YO25 ZD 15157 577 5ao 618 PRIS Yl2G ZD 10158 501 TO 503 510 TO 12 517 TO 519 526 TO 528 5J3 TO 535 542 TO 544 54159 558 TO 560 565 TO 567 574 TO 576 581 TO 58~ 590 TO 592 597 TO 599 6C160 615701 TO 703 710 711 714 715 7J~ TO 721 728 729 732 733 737 TO 73161 750751 755 TO 757 764 765 768 76~ 773 TO 775 782 783 786 787 791 TC162 801 804 805 809 TO 8JJ 810 819 822 823 831 832 PRIS YD 30 ZD n163 593 790 PRIS YO ~O ZO 151M 596 PRIS YD 35 ZD 15165 504 TO S09 S20 TO 525 536 TO S41 S52 TO 557 568 TO 573 534 TO S39 61166 704 TO 709 722 TO 727 740 TO 745 758 TO 763 776 TO 731 794 TO 799 8167 318 PRIS YD 3D ZD 15163 600 TO 605 812 TO 817 PRIS YD 33 ZD 15169 CONSTANTS170 E CONCRETEMEMll1 TO 16 ~8 )022 57 TO 72 74 TO 73 80 TO 90 92 TO 9E171 98T0102104T0114149T01S3155T0159161T0171206T021021In 218 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3173 340 TO ~42 50J TO 518 70- TO 882 885 TO 892 B95 TO 908174 POISSON CONCRETEV-EME1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 30 TO 90 917 98 TO 102 10~ TO 11~ 149 TO 13 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 2JO 2J176 21B TO 228 263 )0267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO ~30 3177 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 613 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 908173 DENSITYCONCRETEMEHB1 TO 16 13 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 8D TO 90 9179 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 21130 213 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 27 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3181 340 TO 342 50J TO 618 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 90818l ALPHACONCRETEMEMB1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 103 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 19 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212184 l18 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 33185 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 618 701 TO 832 8BS TO 392 895 TO 9031B6 UNIT FEET KIP187 SUPPORTS1B8 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 207 216 fiXED18~ 234 FIXED190 236 FIXED191 DEFINE WINDLOAD192 TYPE 1193 INT 0 0045 0053 006 HEIG 10 30 60 90194 EXP 1 JOINT 24 TO 184 192 TO 196 199 TO 202 205 206 208 TO 215 217 11~5 n7 TON3196 EXCLUDEJOINT 46 69 92 U5 J38 161 J84197 LOADJ SELFWEIGHT1~8 SELFWEIGHTY -119~ LOAD2 DEADLOAD200 FLOORLOAD201 bull GROUNDFLOORIS A PARKI~GFLOOR
5 0
STAAD SPACE - - PAGE NO
o
59B 6973 ZRANGE 4854-2
FLOAD -05 XRANGE075KSF + 025 KSFFLOAD -01
YRANGE10 10 FLOAD -0089bull 1ST FLOOR TO 5TH FLOOR JS OFFICE FLOOR + ROOF SELFWEIGHT = O068KSF FLOO- FJNJSH = 002 KSF FALSE CEILI~G NO OTHER LOADAS FLOOR DEAD LOADYRAN3E 20 70 FLOAD -0104bull ROOF(EXTRA) AS GARDEN30 SOIL IN ~ART OF THE ROO~ SOIL ~ 03 NO OTHER LOADAS fLOOR DEAD LOADYRANGE70 70 FLOAD -03 XRANGE20 598 ZRAIIGE 2133 70ATER TANKYRANGESO SObull ROOF SLABYRANGll 80 80MEMBERLOAD701 702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 791 792 809 810 UNI GY -043LOAD 3 EXTERJOR WALLMEMBERLOADbullbullbull GROUNDFLOOR TO 5TIl FLOOR 5 WALLASSUMEDAT TilE EXTERIOR OF THE501 TO 503 510 TO 519 526 TO 535 542 TO 551 558 TO 567 574 TO 583 5599 602 605 60a 609 612 701 TO 703 TLO TO 721 72B TO 739 746 TO 757764ro775782T0793800T0808815T0826B35TOB41B51TOB578f875 TO 881 B95 TO 901 UNI GY 05LOAD 4 LIVE LOADFLOOR LOADGROUND FLOOR AS GARRAGEyenRANGE 10 10 FLOAD -005bullbull OFFICE SPACE AN ~VERAGE OF 65L8SFTYRANGE20 60 FLOAD -0 065bullbull FOR PARTITION WALL(ACCIDENTALLOAD)YRANGE20 60 FLOAD -004bull ~ ROOF OCCU~ATAIONALLIVE LOADOF ]0 LBSFTyenRANGE 70 70 FLOAD -003bullbullbull ROOF LIVE LOADOP 20 L3SFTyenRANGE 80 80 FLOAD -002MEMBERLOAD701702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 781 792 809 810 UNI GY -02LOAD 5 WIND IN XWIND LOADX 1 TYPE 1LOAD 6 WIND IN -XWIND LOADX -1 TYPE 1LOAD 7 wrND IN Zwnm LOADZ 1 TYPE 1LOAD B WIND IN ZwrND LOAD Z 1 TYPE 1LOAD COMB21 UNFACTOREDLOAD FOR GEO-TECH DESING1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10LOAD COMB22 FACTROREDLOAD1142143 14 4 17LOADCOMB23 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_X)1105 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275LOAD COMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-XI1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1 275 6 1215LOAD COMB25 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_Z)11051 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275
20420520620720B209210211 212213 214 21521621721B219220 221222223224-22522622722B21~130 131131233 234135 136 13 7 238239
241142243244-245246
249250251252 253 254255256257
P1 or
STAAD SPACE
260 LOAD COMB27 O 9DL+1 WI X261 1092 09 3 O~ 5 13262 LOAD COMB28 O~Du+~3WL -x263 1092 09 3 09 6 13261 LOAD COMB29 0 9DL+1 3WL Z265 109 2 09 3 09 7 13266 LOAD COMB30 09DL+lJWL -Z6 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13268 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELKMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 419 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH g 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS ~rRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISRSPACS = 141411308 1m EXMEM _ 11323 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 1O 23H roceMing Global Stiffness M-riX 10 23H Processing Triansular actorizatiof1 10 23H Calculating Joint Displacements 1O 24H Calculating Member Forces 10 24
269 LOAD LIST 21 22270 H71 START CONCRETE DESIGU272 CODE ACI273 UNIT INCRES KIP274 TRACK 2 ALL275 MINMAIN J ALL276 MAXMAIN8 ALL277 CLB 15 ALL278 CLS 1 5 ALL279 CLT ~5 ALL280 FC 25 ALL281 FYMAN 40 ALL28lt DESIGN BEAM501 TO 08 7D~ TO 84lt 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Pog of
A-
__ PAGE 0SIMD SPACE------------------- -------------------
_ bullbull lt CONCRETE TAKE OF bullbullbullFOR BE~MS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ~BOVEI
TOTAL VOLUCTE OF CONCR~TE ~ 11268 _94 CD FT
BAR SIZSNUMBER
mIGHT(in lbs)
1868563135362115B57951084 _9755~520
bullbullbull TOTAL= 5472996
285 FINISIl
bullbullbullbullbullbull 7 END OF STAAD-III ~7
DATE= JON 2~200J
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION M PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINBERS co bullbull West Coast - (714) 97~-2500 FClX- 714 I 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbull _ bullbullbullbullbullbullbull __ bullbull bullbullbull gt bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
Pbullbullbullbullbull of
A-9
-------------STAAD SPACE
260 1 09 2 093 09 8 13261 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- ~AGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTrcs
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMllER bullbullELEMENTS(SUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WrDTH ~ 196 nTOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ a TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISIt SPACE _ 141411570 MIl ExMEM_ 11611 MB
++ Processing Elemenc Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global stiffness Matrlx++ Processing Triangular ~actorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
163542163542163542163543163543
262 LOAD LIST 21 22263 HH264 START CONCRETE DESIGN265 CODE Atl266 UNJT INCHES KIP267 TRACK 2 ALL268 MINMAIN 4 ALL269 ~~MAIN a ALL270 CLB 15 ALU271 CLS 1 5 ALL272 eLT 1 5 ALL273 Fe 28 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO n 74 TO 78 6D TO 90 92 TO S276 104 TO 114 )48 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 2]277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 3]0 332 TO 338 34278 _ 843 TO 650 B59 TO 866 885 TO sn 902 TO 908
g of
A-10
w
gt w
~bull
H Z 00 H gt 0 H Z H g H
0 0 bull Z H n H bull Z 0 bull H
~bull 0 0 bull bull bull bull WHO om bull bull OH Z bullbull on 0 bull bull H N 0 H bull 0 0 Z bull 0 H 0 0 bull
~ bullbull 0 H 0 H bull 0 0 00
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bull bull H bull bull H
bull 0 bull H bull 0 ~
bull H H H 0 bull bull H
bull bull 000 bull n 0 ~
n n
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bull COgt bull 0 0 WW 0 H 0 0 no 0 tor o H
bull ow W 0 0 H O H 00
2 bull 0 H 0 0 w Lbull m-lGlCl 0 0 bull H bull N 00bull Z gt-J
~
mgtow 0
gt I bull 0 H bull 000lt H 0
bull ltraquooOl H bull 0H bull 0 Z H W H H
bull 0 bull 0 H 0 o H
bull H H H H bull H H 0 0 0 0 00 bull 0bull 0 0 H bull 0 0 bull 0 bull bull I bullbull __ ro- bull w n bullbullbull H 0 0 0 0 bull H bullbull 00 bull bull e 0 bull H bull bull
~bull w 0 bull bull bullbull bull 0 bull bull bullbull 0 bull bull bull bullbull bull bull bull bull W bull 0 bull bull W bullbull 0 bull bull 0 bull bull bull bull bull bull bull lbull
bullbull
0 0 0 0bull
W bullw bull
STAADSPACE - - PAGE NO
260 LOADCOMB28 0 ~DL+13IL_-X261 J O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 6 13262 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+1 3L ~263 1 O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 7 13264 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13L -l265 1092 09 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTSg 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX_ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISI SPACE = Hl4 11309 MS EXMEM= 11~~~ Me
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocesslng Global Stlffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
10H46101646101646101647101647
267 LOADLIST 21 22268 bullbullbullbull26~ START CONCRETEDESIGN27D CODE ACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP272 TRACK2 ALL273 MINMAIN3 ALL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL275 CLB 15 ALL276 CLS 15 ALL277 CLT 15 ALL273 FC 29 ALL279 FYMAIN40 ALL280 DESIGN BEAM 50~ TO G18 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
A-12
STAAD SPACE __ IAGENO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE = 1011146 CUFT
BAR SIZENUllBER
bull
H TOT1L~
283 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
176933223469319085 Sl136~151335171
5384462
bullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull
H DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 1018 4 H
bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING rn VERSION 0 PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast 00- (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714 ) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast 00- (9~8) 6B8-3626 Fax- (97B) 685-7230 bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A13ry ot
STAAD SPACE
260 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL -Z261 1092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STJlTISTICS
NOMllER OF JOINTSMIDIIlER+ELEMENISSUPPORTS K 2281 4791 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH K 1961 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF BTIFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 14141 9966 MIl EXMEM ~ 9995 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
162B56162656162657162857162857
263 LOADLIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETEDESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KIP268 TRACK2 ALL269 MINMAIN4 ALL270 MAXMAIN8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALL273 CLI 15 ALL274 FC 25 ALL275 FYMAIN40 ALL276 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 lB TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 7B 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 S277 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21278 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34279 B43 TO B50 859 TO 866 885 TO B92 902 TO 90B
bullbull r
A-14
gt ~ rl bull bullbull bull 0
z 1 ~~ ~-x ~~ bullbullbullbull~ ~ ~ 00
bull gt ~ ~~
bull bull bullbull ltfl~ ~~Nm bull bull bull bullbull 0 ~ bull bull ~o bullgt bull f-lt bull --~ ~ bull ~ bull lt bull
bull 0gt bull 0 bullbull U ~M---~- bull _Z bullbull 0 0_0 N bull rl HU~~ ~Z ifgt H (1 H 10HO H_gt ~0 H bull O o ~ E-lt bull 00 -4 0 bull gt-lt bulllt bull ltVl b ofltgt l-ltZ M bull H
e 0 bull gt lt- Ii 0 Z b 0 b 0gt 0 N H bullbO b ~~ 00 __ 0 bull
U Orl rlOlt Q bull ~ H 00- Z N bull ltCUM ~U U U ~ ON bullbull bull bullbull bull ZZ Z ~ N ~ bull lt0-- 0-lt0 - IN bullbull u U bullbull lil bull bullbull lt1 u -lt ~Ilaquo0 0 ~ b oH bull c O-I-wO ~bull e 0 m CO ~0 b ~0 O bullbullbull 0 00_ - 0 N flt bullbullbull 0 UUo ~bull gt H bull bullbull bull 0bull bullbull CO bullbull bull COUO ltJ ltgtgt _0 Q
0 ltl bull -0 H ] b Z bullH bullbullbullbullbullbull ~
~ ~ ~b ~C m lt
STAAD SPACE
26Q 1 092 09 3 09 8 13261 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day lpn 200 0505 PIlt
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSsUPPORTS ~ 2281 47~ 25ORIGINALIINAL BWP-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM n 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX n 2~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISItSPACE ~ 1414 112~8 MB EXMEM bullbull11305 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 48 H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix ~8 H Processing Triangular Factorization 48 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1048 H Calculating Membr Fore 1046 262 LOADLIST 21 22263 bullbullbullbull264 START CONCRETEDESrGN265 CODE ACr266 UNIT INCHES KIP267 TRACK2 ALL268 MINMArN4 ALL269 MAXMAIN8 ALL270 CLB 15 ALL271 CLS lS ALL272 CLT lS ALL273 FC 44 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 60 TO ~O 92 IO 96 276 104 IO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 no TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34278 843 TO 8S0 859 TO 866 SS5 TO 892 ~02 TO ~06
A_16
STAAD SACE
TUeday At 200lt 05 Q PM
__ ~AGSNO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullFOR EEAMS AND CO~UMNS DES1GNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VO~UME OF CONCRETE ~ 349873 CUFT
BAR SlZENUMBER
bullbull TOTA~~
28~ FINISH
WEWHT
lin lbs)
868018135806143447158775772658
2178704
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
DATE= rUN~9~003
bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull QUESTlONS REGARDING THIS VERSlON OF ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - 7~4) 974-~500 Fax- 1714) 9H-2543 bullbull East Coast - (976) 686-3626 Fax- 1978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A17
9Oglt of
STAAD SPACE
260 11052 105 3 105 4 1~75 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13L X262 1092 0 9 3 09 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 6 13265 LOADCOMB29 a9DL+13WL_Z266 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092 09 3 09 8 13269 PERFORM ANALYSIS
Tuesday AprLl 200lt 050 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STAJISJICS
NUMBER OF JO~NTSMEMBER+ELEHENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25OR~G~NALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 196 31TOlALPRIMARY LOAD CASES 8 JOJALDEGREES OP FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OP STIPFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PR~C KORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 14UI 10052 KB ElCKEK 10074 KB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
115749115749115749115750115750
270 LOAD LIST 21 2227l 272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 3 ALL277 MAXMAIN a ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL2ao CLl 15 ALL281 FC 44 ALL~82 FYMAIN 40 ALL283 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 6lS 701 10 84~ 851 10 858 867 TO 88~ 895 TO 901
0 or
A-1B
STAAD SPACE __ PAGE NO
bullbull bullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COGUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAG VOGUME OF CONCRETE = 854555 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
TOTAG~
186 FINISH
WEIGHT(~n Ibs)
176288448775077448379214
1689494
4793815
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 115910
bull QUESTlONS REGARDING H1SVERSlON oe PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS 0 c bullbull west Coaet - (7141 974-2500 =- (714) 921-2543 bullbull EilstCOil~t - 97B) 688-3626 FilX-(978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull
A-19
STAAD SPACE
260 LOIDCOMB30 O9DL+l3Wl -z261 1 092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORM ANALYSIS
TUesday Iltpnl 0o 00 0503 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATrSTICS
NUMBER OP JOrNTSMBMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 2SORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STlFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIlgt DlSK SPACE ~ 14l4 11297 MD IXMEM 11322 MB
++ rocessing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocessing Global stiffne~~ Matrix_++ ProceBBing Triangular Factori~ation++ Calculating Joint Di~placements++ Calculating Member Forces
92823~2823~28239282492824
263 LOAD LIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETE DESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KI268 TRACK 2 ALL269 MINMAIN 4 ALL270 MAXMAIN 8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALlgt273 CLT 15 ALlgt274 Fe 36 ALL275 FYMAIN 40 ILL276 DESIGN COLUMN 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~o 92 TO 96 277 104 TO 114 14~ TO 153 155 TO l5~ 161 TO 171 206 TO 2J0 2J2 TO 216 21276 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 3427~ 843 TO 80 89 TO 866 865 TO 892 902 TO 908
go of
TUesday Apnl 0 00 05 OJ PH
STAAD SPACE
~~~~~CONC~ETE TAKE OFF ~~~~~~~(FOR BEAMSAlD COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CO~C~ETE = 347891 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBE~
u TOTAL~
282 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
7770_05143175379537468648~067 99
2675164
~~~END OF STAAD-III ~bullbullbullbull~
~~ DATE~ JUN 292003
bullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbull~bullbullbull~~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS ~EGARDING TIllS VE~SION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESE~RCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(714) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~1~76) 688-3626 Fax- 197B) 685-7230 bull~~bullbull~bullbull~~~~bullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbull~~
A-21
Pog of
STAADSPACE
260 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 7 1275261 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-Z)262 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 8 1275263 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13WL X264 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13265 LOADCOMB28 O9DL+13WL -X266 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 1 3267 LOADCOMB29 O9DL+13WL Z268 1 09 2 09 3 09 7 13269 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+13WL -Z270 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13271 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day Apnl 200lt 0501
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS~ 228 479 25ORI~INALFINAL B~_WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAlgtPRIMARYLOADCASES 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FRlEDOM~ 1218SI~E OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 141411268 MIl EXMEM~ 11325 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorizat~on++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Fo~ces
9513495134951349513595135
272 LOADLIST 21 22273 u274 START CONCRETEDESIGN275 CODEACI276 UNIT INCHES KIP277 TRACK2 ALL278 MINMAIN3 ALL27~ MAXMAIN8 ALL280 CLB 1_5 ALL281 CLS 15 ALL282 CLT 15 ALL283 FC 36 ALL284 FYMAIN40 ALL285 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO B42 B51 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
0 - Df Slt
A-22
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 964374 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
faTAL
268 FINISH
WEJCHT(in Ibs)
177047115913713077931152341667496
5020131
bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-IJI bullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 29200J TIME~ ~5252
bullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENCJNEER8 bullbull West Coast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull
A-23
Pobullbullbullbullbull ot
STAADSPAC
260 LOADCOMB29 09DL+l3WL Z261 1092093 09 7 13262 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z263109209309813264 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
lROBLEM S TAT 1ST I C S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPlORTS 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH_ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES _ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM_ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSRZQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 141411353 Mll lXMEM~ 11380 Mll
H Processing Element Stiffness MatrlX 1519 H Precessing Global Stiffness Matrix 1519 H precessing Triangular Factorization 1519 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1519 H Calculating Member Forces 1520 0
265 LOADLIST 21 22266 bullbull u
267 STARI CONCRETEDESIGN268 CODEACI269 UNIT INCHES KIP270 TRACK2 ALL271 MINMAIN4 ALL272 MAXMAIN8 ALL273 CLB 15 ALL274 CLS 15 ALL275 CLT 15 AGL276 FC 44 ALI277 FYMAIN60 ALL278 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 279 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21280 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34281 843 TO 850 859 TO 566 885 TO 8n 902 TO 90S
A-24
STAAD SPACE
~bullbull~bullbullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbull(POR BEAJgtlSAND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
__ PAGE NO
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE w 286875 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbullbull TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in 1bs)
10486852147631374701385_57397060
1936535
bullbullbullbullbull~~~END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~~
~DATEw JUN 25200
bullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbull~~~bullbullbull~bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF ~ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West coast - (714) ~74 -2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbullbull~bullbull~~
0lt
STAADSPACE
261 LOADCOMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_XI262 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 6 1275263 LOADCOMB25 075(14DL+l7LL+l7WL_ZI264 1105 2 105 3 1054 1275 7 1275265 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI266 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 B 1275267 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X26B 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13269 LOADCOMB28 09DL+l3WL -X270 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 13271 LOADCOMB29 09DL+13WL_Z272 1 09 2 09 3 O~ 7 13273 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL_-Z274 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 1)275 PERFORMANALYSI8
- - PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALPINAL BAND-WIDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM _ 121BSIZE OF STIFF~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISISPACE ~ 141411362 MS E~ 11354 MB
++ processing Element 8tiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~m~nts++ Calculating Member Forces
154753154753154753154753154754
276 LOADLIST 21 22277 bullbull u
278 START CONCRETEDESIGN279 CODEACI280 UNIT INCHES KIP281 TRACK2 ALL282 MJNMAIN4 ALL283 MAXMAIN8 ALL284 CLB 15 ALL285 CLS 15 ALL286 CLT 15 ALL287 FC 44 ALL288 FYMAIN60 ALL289 DESJGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
A26
STAAD SPACE
~odnosdy April 07 200 12 bullbull PIlt
__ PAGE NO 4E
bullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE ~ 614543 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
h TOTAL=
292 FINISH
WEIGHTlin Ib)
23844211346225329075487201051119
46517 _88
~~bullbull~~END OF STAAD-III ~~bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JVlI 252003 TIME~ 154929 h
~~~~~~~~bullbull~~~bullbullbullbull~bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VSRSION OF PROGRAMbull RESEARCH ENGINSERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7H) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - 978 ) 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 685-7230 bull~~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbullbullbull
A-27
Pg 5
STAADSPACE
260 1092 093 09 7 13261 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z262 1092 09 3 09 8 13263 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM S TAT I S TIC S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WID~ ~ 196 31TOT-LPRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 8471 MIl ExMEM~ 8600 MB
H Ptocessing ElemEnt StiffnEss Mattix 12 132H ProcEssing Global Stiffness Matrix 12 132H Processing Trlangular Factorization 12 132H Calculating Joint Displacements 12 1]3H Calculating MEmber Forces 12 133
264 LOADLIST 21 22265 bullbull u
266 START CONCRETEDESIGN267 CODEACI268 UNIT INCHES ~lP269 TRAC~ 2 ALL270 MINMAIN4 ALL271 MAXMAIN8 ALL272 CLB 15 ALL273 CLS 15 ALL274 CLT 15 ALL275 FC 36 ALL276 FYMAIN60 ALL277 DESIGN COLUMN1 rO 16 IS TO 22 57 TO 72 74 rO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 278 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21279 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34280 843 TO 850 85~ TO 866 8B5 TO 892 902 TO 908
go
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
uUH CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ 335474 CUFT
BAR SIZENUJolBER
TOTAr~
263 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbsl
6330H565332164366277114472160
2112007
END OF STAAD-Ilr bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TrME= 12 3 5 bull
bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull eo QUESTrONS REGARDrNG THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~19781 686-3626 Fax- (9751 655-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
A-29
0 oE
STAAD SPACE
260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOAD COMB28 O9DL+JWL -x262 1092 09 3 09 6 J326 LOAD COMB29 O9DL+JWL Z264 1092 09 3 O~ 7 13265 LOAD COMB30 O_~DL+J3WL_-Z266 1 O_~ l O~ 3 09 B 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
~dn5dy AI 07 200lt 12 PM
- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIOTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES S TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121SSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = ~~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSRliQRDAVAILOISISPACE ~ 1414 8511~ EXMEM _ 8579 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
114125114125114126114126U4l27
268 LOAD LIST 21 2~269 270 START CONCRETE DESIGNl7J CODEACI22 UNIT INCHES KIP273 TRACK 2 ALL274 MINMAIN 4 ALL275 MAXMAIN 8 ALL276 CLB 15 ALL277 CLS 15 ALL278 CLT 15 ALL~79 FC 36 ALL280 FYMAIN 60 ALL28J DESIGN BEAM50J TO 6J8 70J TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
g of
A-3D
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE bull 727873 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbull
TOTAL
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
lt234770403~248654~34000 ~6504918
4409100
bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JON 262003
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSWN OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7141 974-2500 Fax- 714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (9781 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 6SS-n30 bull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull
A-31
p of bullbull
STAADSPACE
2521142143144 l7253 LOADCOMB23 075(J4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Xl254 l L05 2 L05 3 LOS 4 1275 5 1275255 LOADCOMB24 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_XI256 l L05 2 105 3 105 4 1275 6 1275257 LOADCOMB25 075(l4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Z)258 l 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275259 LOADCOMB26 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI260 l l05 2 105 3 l05 4 1275 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL_X262 l O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 1092 09 3 09 6 l3265 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+13WL Z266 1092 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL -Z268 1092 09 3 09 8 l3269 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM STATrSTrcs
NUMBEROF JOrNTSMEMBER+~~EMENTSsUPPORTS~ 2251 4791 25ORrGI~FrNAL BAND_WIDTH~ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES 5 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM 1218SlZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAlL DUK SPACE 141411569 MB EI(IIgM 11607 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ processing Globsl Stiffness Matrix++ proce~sing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member ForCes
l65923J65923J65~23l65~24165924
270 LOADLIST lt1 22271 uu272 START CONCRETEDESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK2 ALL276 MINMAIN4 ALL277 MAXMAIN8 ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT l5 ALL281 Fe 29 ALL282 FYMAIN60 ALL283 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO l6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~O n TO 96 ~284 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21285 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 2B5 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 33B 34
Fa ot
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
(FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ ~52761 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
gtbullbullbull TOTAL=
289 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbBI
7871 93298984~750 545725 66587542
bullbullbullbull DATE= JON 192003 TIME= 17 027 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull m QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Ccast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) ~21-2543 bullbull East Ccast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-33
iT oE
STAADSPACE
252 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275253 LOADCOMB24 075 (14DL+l7LL+l7WL_-XI25~ 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 175 6 1275255 LOADCOMB2S 0 7S (1 4DL+l 7LL+l 7WLZ)256 11052 105 3 105 ~ 1275 7 1175257 LOADCOMB26075(1 4DL+17LL+l 7WL -ZI258 11052 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275259 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOADCOMB25 0~DL+13WL -X262 109 2 O~ 3 09 6 13263 LOADCOMB29 0~DL+l3WL Z264 1092 09 3 09 7 13265 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL~Z266 1092 09 3 09 8 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINAL~lNAL BAND_WlDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LO~ ~ES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121BSIZE OF STIr~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 11622 MB ExMEM _ 11630 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Triangular Factorization 16 45H Calculating Joint Displacements 16 46H Calculating Member Forces 16 46
26B LOADLIST 21 TO 2226~bullbull u
270 STARTCONCRETEDESIGN271 CODE ACI272 UNIT INCHES KlP273 TRACK 2274 MINMAIN4 ALL27 MAXMAIN8 ALL276 CLB 1277 CLS 1527B CLT 15279 FC 29280 FYMAIN 602B1 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 61B 70l TO 842 85l TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Po 0
A-e4
STAAD SPACE -- PAGIgt NO
bullbull CONCRETE TA~E OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull(FOR BIgtAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ 936663 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullH TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
2218196100107537652369180134297
4321892
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull DATE_ JUN 92003 TIME~ 16 6 5 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
eoWestEast
OUESTIONS REGARDING TEIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at
Coa~t Ph- (7H) n4-2500 Fax- (7H) 92-2543Co~tPh- (978) 68B-3626 Fax- (~7B) 685-7230
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-35
go bullbullbull or ltOS
STAADS1ACE
252 LOAD COMB24 075114Dlt+17ltlt+17Wlt_-XI253 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 l27S 6 1275254 LOAD COMB25 075114Dlt+l7LL+l7WL_Z)255 11052 LOS 3 105 4 1275 7127S256 WAD COMB26 075114Dlt+17LL+17WL_ZI257 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275258 LOAD COMB27 09DL+J3WL X259 1092 09 3 09 5 13260 WAD COMB26 O9DL+13Wlt_-X261 1092 09 3 O~ 6 13262 WAD COMB29 O9DL+l3WL Z263 J 09 2 09 3 09 7 13264 LOAD COMB30 09Dlt+l3WL -Z265 109 l OS 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
-~ PAGE NO
PROBLEM S TAT S TIC S
NUMBEROF JONTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS_ 228 479 25ORIGNALFNAL BAND-WlDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SlZE OF STPFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAL DISK SPACE ~ 1414 10570 ME EXMEM 10597 ME
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~ments++ Calculating Member Forces
123548123548123548123549123549
267 LOID LIST 2l 22268 u++
269 START CONCRETEDESIGN270 CODEACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP271 TRACK 2 ALL273 MINMAIN 4 AL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL27S CB 15 ALL276 CS 15 AL277 CT 15 ALL278 FC 25 AL279 FYMAIN 60 ALL280 DESIGN COLUMNJ TO J6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 gt28J 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 lSS TO 159 J6J TO 17) 206 TO 210 212 TO 2J6 2]281 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34283 843 TO 850 859 TO 866 885 TO 891 902 TO 908
bullbull or bullbull
STNill SPACE -- PAGE NO
~~~~CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 418998 CUFT
BAR S1ltENUMBER
WEIGHTlin lbsl
9534245293381031637769676075
U TOTAL= 28~5a 03
286 FINISH
~~~~~~END OF STAAD-I11 ~~~~
bullbullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TIME= 123711 bullbullbullbull
bullbull
bullbull
921-2543685-7230
QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc atPh- 1714) n4-2500 Fax- 17141lh- (978) 688-3626 Fax- 19781
WeBt CoaBtEast CoaBt
bullbullbullbull
gO of
A-37
bull
STAAD SPACE
260 110521053 105 4 1275 8 1275261 LOAD COMB 27 O9DL+l3WL_X262 1092093 09 5 13263 LOAD COMB 28 O9DL+l3WL_-X264 1092093 09 6 13265 LOAD COMB 29 O9DL+l3WL_Z266 1092093 09 7 13267 LOAD COMB 30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092093 09 6 13269 PERFORM MlALtSrS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM S T ITIS TIC S
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 195 31TOTAro PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 rOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOW _ InSSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PRBe WORDSREQRDAVJILDISIl SPACE 141411309)IB EXMEM_ 11319 MB
++ Proce~singElement Stiffness Matrix++ PrDcessing Global Stiffness Matrix++ p~ocessing Triangular Factori2ation++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Force~
1033 91033 91033 9103310103310
270 LOAD LIST 21 22271 u272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE hCI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 4 ALL277 MAXMAIN BALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT 15 ALL281 Fe 25 hLL282 FYMAIN 60 ALL2B3 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 8~5 TO 901
FOg or
A-38
STAAD SPACE
w bullbull day PriJ 07 200lt 12
-- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull~ bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ H07625 CUFT
TOTAL~
286 FINISH
WEIGIJT(in Ibs)
2555707312566433964100076370299
4373300
bullbull bullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 292003
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull QUESTIONS REGARDING rum VERSION PROGRAM bullbull RESRARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast gt0- (7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 92) -2543 bullbull East Coast gt0- (9781 688-36)6 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull of
APPENDIX-B
List of Buildings for Different Strength Concrete and Reinforcement
APPENDIX-B
STRUCTURE DEVELOPER CONCRETE STEELSTREGTII STRENGTH
6(SIX) STORIED RESIDEIHIAL BUILDING ABC REAL ESTATES LTD 3aao pi 60000 piAT PLOT NO 239 KHILlGI ROAD BLOCK_B ABC HOUSE (6TH FLOOR) 8 KAMALATATURKMOHAMMADPUR HOUSING ESTATL AVENUE DHAKA1205MOHAYIMADP]JR DHAKA
9(NINE) STORIED RESIDENTIAl BUILDING MONICO LIMITED 3000 pi 611000piAT PLOT 0 507 MOUZA KAFRUI~ WEST HOUSE 10 7l1 ROAD NO 71A DHANMONDlAGARGAO DHAKA RIA DHAKA-12096(MX) STOlUlm RESIDFNTIAL BUILDING MR MOHAI1MAD HABlBUR RltHMAN 2500 psi 40000 piAI BAJTUL AMAN COOPERATJVE HOUSINGSOCIETY LIMITED PLOT NO-578cS 10_124KHA TIAN 0-346(SIX) STORIED CHAMP A SUPER MARKET MIS NISHA CONSTRUCTION 2500 pi 40000 piAT RAUARANDI DAZAR 13ALIAKANDlRAJBARl5(FlVE) STORIED ADMIN BUiLDIIG OF MIS NISHA CO]STRUCTlON 2500 pi 40000 piMANSUR ALI COLLEGEAT NARUA BALIAKANDI RAJBARI7 STORIED MLlNAT PLAZA MD MINNAT HOSSAIN 25110pi 40000 psiA SHOPPING CUM RESIDENTIAL DUILDINGA1 ABDULLAHPURKERANIGONJ DHAKA
WELKINS CANOPUS WELKINS PROPIRTY MANAGFMENT LTD 2500 pi 40000 pi9 STORIED APARTME1lt DUILDllG 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIBAGliAT LALKlIAI BAZAR CHlTTAGONG CIlITTAGOGWELKINS CALYX WELKINS PROPERTY MANAGEMENT LTD 2500 psi 40000 psi9 STORIED APARTMENT I3UIWING 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIDAGIIATNASlRABAD CHITTAGONG CIllTJAGONGGRAMEEN LEPTIS MAGNA GRAMEEN BANGLA HOUSING LTD 3000 psi 60000 piAT NIKETON GULSHAN SO-lARTORI TOWER (7TH FLOOR)9 STORIED APARTMENT BUILDING 12 SOlAR GAON ROAD DHAKA 1000
B~
APPENDIX - B
6 STORIED OFFICE BUILDING RUNNER AU rOMOBlLES LTD 2500Igti 40000 psiAT KUTURIA SAVAR DHAKA 74B GREEr ROAD DIJAKA
5-STORIED RESIDFNTIAL BlJILDING FOR MRROHIUL KARIM 2500 pi 40000 psiMRROBIUL KARIM AT PWT NO-lBROAD NO_7 SECTOR _7UTARA MODEL TOVNDHAKASNIGHDA ORCHID UNITIiCH HOLDIIGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD NO5 HOUSE NO - 7 BLOCK - IBANANI DHAKAJAUIIYA IJIITECH HOIDlNGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD 10 _9 HOUSE NO - 35 SECTOR- 4UTTARA DHAKA
ROUDRACHYA UNlTECIl HOJDIgtIGSLIMITED 2500 pl 40000 plROADNO_9 IlOUSENO-31SECTOR-4UITARADHAKA
UNITECH PRJ(SIDENCY UNITECH HOLDINGS LIMITED 2500 psi 40000 psiHUMAYANROAD PWTN034MOHAMMADPUR DHAKA
6-STORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING FOR Mlgt TOFAZZEL HOSSAIN 2500 pi 40000 psiMDTOFAZZEL HOSSAIN PLOT NO-64 BLOCK-C MANSURABAD HOUSING SOCIETYMOHAMMADPUR DHAKA8S10RIED IXI6MARRlED ORSQIJARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARMY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT SHAHEED YOUSUF ROAD DHAKA CANTT DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED lXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE OW amp CE (ARlfY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT POSTOGOLA CANTI DHAKA DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED IXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARII-IY) 3000 pi 40000 piAT ARMY HEAD QUATER ADMIN WING DHAKACANTIDHAKA CANTT4_STORlIW ENGINEERING FACILITIES ~ 3000 pi 60000 piBUILDING JMBAR PROJECT SARAK BHABAN
B~
APPENDIX- B
RAMNADHAKASHAPTAK SHAHNAMA SHAPTAK GRIHAY~ LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORJED APARTMENT BUILDING 819 BLOCK-C LALMATIA DHAKA-1207FORMR M MOSHIURRAHMA-lt ATPLOTNO34 BLOCK - C LALMATIA DHAKA - 1207SHAPT AK MAVIS SHAPT AK GRIllA Ylli LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORIED APARThlENT BUlTJ)ING 819 BLOCK-C lALMATlA DHAKA_1207fOR MR M MOSHllJR RAHMAN AT PLOT NO314HLOCK C LALMArJA DHAKA 1207
B-
APPENDIX-C
list of Buildings Using ExcavatorLabour for Excavation Work
APPEND1X-C
STRITCTlJRE
LABAID CARDIAC CENTREROAD _ 4 DHAllfONDJ DHAKA
LABAID SPECIALIZED 1I0SlIT AIROAD - 4 D1IA~MONDr DHKA
HABIT AT CENTER21 S]ORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEXSHAY AMOU DHAKASAM COMPLEX21 STORIED SHOPPING OfFICE COMPLEXSHAYA)IjOLl DHAKA(LOBE SHOPING CENTERto SIORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEX24 MIRPUR ROAD DHAKAHAPPY HOMES DR RAtA fULLA ARCADE6 STORIED BUIWINGROAD NO 3 DHANMONDI DJIAKAMULTILA GREEN VILLA15 SfORJED BUIWINGGREEN ROAD DHAKA
Such as 18 Storied New Market CityComplexadjacent of Dhaka new market14 storied CRP building project atMirJlur-14 Dhaka
nlvrLOP~R
LAB AlD corSTRUCTlOr
LAB AID CONSTRUCTlO
IIABITAJ REAL ESTATE LTD
GLOBE CENTER LTD
HAPPY HOMES LTD
MULTIPLAN LTD
UNIVERSE CONSTRUCTION LTD(CONTRACTOR)
m
Col
NOWIUSlMEIT
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
EXCA VATlOr- WORKPERFORMIW BY
EQUIPMEN l 1~IiNSIVE
EQlIPME~T INTElSTVE
EQUlPMElT INTElSIVE
EQUIMElT INTENSIVE
FQUlPMENT INTENSIVE
EQUIPMENT INTElS1Vpound I ~~~0 -Ilt~ s-
J~LABOUR INTENSIVE~i -ii amp
jjik ciI ~ ~ f- 1j
LABOURINTENSIV lt~~(I)ill- ~ J lt 4M
LABOUR INTENSIVE (
- 00000001
- 00000002
- 00000003
- 00000004
- 00000005
- 00000006
- 00000007
- 00000008
- 00000009
- 00000010
- 00000011
- 00000012
- 00000013
- 00000014
- 00000015
- 00000016
- 00000017
- 00000018
- 00000019
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- 00000023
- 00000024
- 00000025
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- 00000031
- 00000032
- 00000033
- 00000034
- 00000035
- 00000036
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- 00000039
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- 00000050
- 00000051
- 00000052
- 00000053
- 00000054
- 00000055
- 00000056
- 00000057
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- 00000059
- 00000060
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- 00000062
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- 00000064
- 00000065
- 00000066
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- 00000068
- 00000069
- 00000070
- 00000071
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- 00000073
- 00000074
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- 00000100
- 00000101
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- 00000116
- 00000117
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- 00000119
- 00000120
- 00000121
- 00000122
- 00000123
- 00000124
-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author wishes to express his deepest gratitude to Dr M Anwarul Azim
Professor Department of Industrial and Production Engineering IIPEI SUET
for his continuous guidance invaluable suggestions and affectionate
encouragement in many stages of this study
This author is grateful to M Ahsan Akhtar Hasin Associate Professor
Department of Industrial and Production Engineering (IPE) SUET for
rendering his helping hands during the course of this study
This author wishes to express his profound gratitude to Dr Mahiuddin
Ahmed Professor and previous Head Department of Industrial and
Production Engineering lIPE) SUET for the interest taken by him in this
research and for his miscellaneous help
This author is also grateful to DeSign Planning and Management Consultants
Ltd for their helping hands during the course of this study
Last but not least the author owes his deep sense of gratitude to his only
tiny daughter and family members for spends time during project work
Author
ABSTRACT
The Indus Valley civilization shows that Indian subcontinent had a leadership in
the advancement in construction Technology and Industry over the world But
unfortunately this part of the sub-continent especially Bangladesh could not
cope with the modern technological advancementConstruction technologies can on the basis of their content of labor and
equipment be classified as equipment intensive labor intensive and labor basedtechnology In recent years technological innovation in design analysis
construction materials construction methods etc have resulted in significant
changes in construction industry Computer aids have improved capabilities for
generating worth designs reducing th time requirement to produce alternative
designs to ensure safety with economy New technologies not only haveenhanced the quality of construction but also have shortened the time for shop
fabrication and field erection Construction methods have advanced throughvarious stages of mechanization and automation including the latest
development of construction robotics That means trend is advanced
technologyIn this study 25 numbers of six to nine storied buildings and 4 numbers of
twenty to thirty storied buildings have been studied It has been observed that
the construction industry in Bangladesh dominated by labor-intensive
technology lower grade material and primitive construction procedure In mostof the cases 29 more cost involvement has been observed These madeconstruction indl1stry of Bangladesh an inefficient one Use of high qualitymaterial easily saves huge monitory loss in this sector This will require active
participation of Engineers in design house and in field Further detail study may
enhance this fact elaboratelyDifferent sizes 10 numbers building of different excavation depth have been
studied Of these considering PWD stpound jard rate of works it has been observed
that for deeper excavation excavator or equipment intensive technology ischeaper than labour intensive excavation For ending conclusion of equipment
intensive excavation require further detailed investigationBangladesh cOl1ld regain leadership in the construction industry over the world
through accepting and participating in the advancement of the modern
technologies The scopes are waiting ahead Entrepreneur especially the
Engineers should come forward to take the challenge to advance Bangladesh in
that directionAuthor
CONTENTS
Declaration
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Graphs
Abbreviation
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1~ Development of Construction Technology
12 Objective of the Project
13 Methodology
CHAPTER 2 TECHNOLOGIESINCONSTRUCTION INOUSTRY
xi
XIII
1
5
6
21 Introduction to Technology in Construction Industry 7
22 Construction technologies on the basis of
labour and equipment
221 Equipment intensive Technology
222 labor Intensive Technology
223 labor Based Technology
8
9
9
23 Software Technology
231 Manpower (Humnware)
232 Information Infowarel
233 Organization (Orgaware)
9
9
10
10
24 Hardware Technology in 11
241 Excavation 12
242 Compaction and Grading 14
243 Drilling and Blasting 17
244 Lifting and Erecting 19
245 Mixing 19
246 Construction Tools and Other Equipment 20
247 Choice of Equipment and Standard Production Rates 21
248 BUildingMaterials 22
249 Construction Automation and Robotics 23
CHAPTER3 CONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYOF BANGLADESH
31 Introduction 24
32 Some Big Constructions in Bangladesh 26
33 Constructions in Bangladesh Using Pre-Fabrication 29
34 Humnware Infoware Orgaware and Hardware in Bangladesh
341 Humnware 31
342 Infoware 32
3430rgaware 33
344 Hardware 34
CHAPTER 4 TECHNOLOGY ON EXCAVATION AND RCC
OF BANGLADESH
41 Technology in Excavation 35
411 Preliminary Stage 37
412 Time Analysis with Seasonal Effects 38
413 Cost Analysis and Result 40
42 Design and Specifications
421 Material for BUilding Construction 45
4211 Material in Bangladesh 46
4212 Reinforcement 47
4213 Concrete 48
4214 Steel 49
4215 ReC Grading 50
4216 Interdependence of Humnware
Infoware and Hardware 51
4217 Analysis and Result 52
4219 Cost Analysis 60
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Discussion
52 Conclusion
53 Scope of Future Works
REFERENCES
63
64
64
65
APPENDIX A 5T AADlPro input and output
APPENDIX B List of buildings for different strength
concrete and reinforcement
APPENDIX C List of buildings using excavatorlabour
for excavation work C-1
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1-1 la) Natural features caves and overhangs
Fig 1-1 (bll Crude shelter
Fig 1-1 c) Beehive hut
Fig 1-1 Id) Cone on cylinder
Fig 1-1 (e) Hipped-on cube
Fig 21 Excavation Equipment
Fig 2-2 Compaction amp Grading Equipment
Fig 2-3 Drilling amp Blasting Equipment
Fig 2-4 Construction Tools amp Other Equipments
Fig 31 National Assembly
Fig 3-2 Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
Fig 3-3 Islamic Development Bhaban
Fig 3-4 Bashundhara City
1
1
2
2
2
13
16
18
21
26
27
28
29
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4-1 5 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 41Table 4-2 10 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 41Table 4-3 15 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 42Table 4-4 20 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 42Table 4-5 ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed bar 47Table 4-6 8S4149 specifications for Twisted bar 47Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Rein and Concrete 50Table 4-8 Column Concrete Strength 44 kSIand Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 52Table 49 Beam Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 52Table 410 Column Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 53Table4-11 Beam Concrete Stren9th 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 53Table 4-12 Column Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 54Table 4-13 Beam Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 54Table 414 Column Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 55Table 4-15 Beam Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 55Table 4-16 Column Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 56Table 4-17 Beam Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 56
59
Table 4-18 Column Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 57
Table 4-19 Beam Concrete Strength 3 6 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 57
Table 4-20 Column Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 58
Table 4-21 Beam Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 58
Table 4-22 Column Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi
Table 4-23 Beam Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 kSI 59
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule 60
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule 60
Table 4-26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement 61
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete ReqUirement 61
Table 4-28 Reinforcement and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka 61
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 4-1 Excavation cost for 5 feet 43Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet 43Graph 4-3 Excavation cost for 15 feet 44Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet 44Graph 4-5 Total Cost of Concrete and Reinforcement 62Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement 62
Xli
ADPASTM
BS
SUET
GATS
GIS
kip
ksi
PCpsi
PVC
PWD
GCRampD
RC
RCC
UKWTO
ABBREVIATIONS
Annual Development Program
American Society for Testing Matenal
Bangladesh Standard
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
General Agreement on Trade amp Services
Geographic Information System
KiloPound
Kilo-pound per Square Inch
Personal Computer
Pound-per Square Inch
Poly Vinyl Chloride
Public Works Department
Quality Control
Research amp Development
Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced Cement Concrete
United Kingdom
World Trade Organization
X1l1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Development of Construction Technology
Building is the earliest form of technology In civil engineering construction
From the most primitive times humans required protection from the wild
animal elements of nature changing seasons and predators in natural
shelters such as caves and rock overhangs
Step by step they learned to improve their caves with inlaid stone floors
walls at the entrances and fireplaces Ultimately they began creating entirely
new habitats in locations that had no natural shelter
Shetters built from natural material~ indicate that they had knowledge of the
stress strain and insulation properties (heat cold and water-proofing) of the
materials used The use of hand-made bricks or stone blocks indicated
knowledge of properties such as compression forces The symmetrical
shapes of the designs indicated the knowledge and application of the
principles of geometry
Most communities had their own distinctive styles lor bUilding their houses
and archaeologists have uncovered many examples through the ages
[Shown in Fig l-1a) to Flg1-1 (e)]
Fig1-110)Naturalfeaturecoos andcerhangsNaturalshell likecaveoravehangswereusedas OleSlInleornobuldngmaterialswereused
Fig1-1(b)CrudehellerTemporary5lruelue5tht neededIItUeWOlt1ltmn5hlpMalerilsfouodnoarbywereusedndoITangedona udelrameworkofbrance
Fig 11 (el llBolllvo nulA ypcal bUlldng yle of Ihe Nguni people (Zuluand Xlloa) Vertical branenes were stabilisedtl1 hOzotal bltacing wiln nO ~istnclibetweon Ine walls nd Lne roof The saplingslrueuro was bound lOgeher by gass fibreropos and tho grass eong ws wn to Ihelerura Ih gras rope
Fig 1_1 (0) Hlpped-ltgtn cubWestern fiuecaled 10 Ihe introduction of Ihe gOwall cons1ructlon The walilayoo Iso ~caeheha or the roof Walls me higher and doorvayslarger
Fig 11 (d) Con on cylinderA typlcol style among Ihe Tswana Solho andVenda peoplo Tila roof IS para and can bcleorly idenllfied The rooF as mode lrcltn grassad the wallslrom dag or tyle 01cement
The bUilding trade is the earliest form of civil engineering construction Up to
13 century building technology in the sub-continent fell under three
category (a) Thatchery and mud houses made of thatched roof of bamboo
straw grass reed etc lb) stone masonry which included hewing laying and
carving of stone and (c) Brick masonry construction consisting of lime-surki
mortar in the city areas Between 13 and 18h century the feudal monarchs
and the land lords constructed monumental bUildings After the Industrial
2
revolution in the 180 century construction of factory buildings labor sheds
ware houses etc became the major construction activities With the
invention of the steam engine in the 18 century development of railways
started Besides the construction of roads ports and harbors inland and
offshore navigation developed simultaneously after the Second World War
reconstruction of the war ravaged infrastructure brought a boom In the civil
engineering construction Civil engineering also has attained modernization
an eventually in the seventies the development of chips and micro chips and
the high capacity single chip microprocessor made possible the development
of the micro computers The computer software technology has also
developed very fast simultaneously The development of the optical fiber
and the satellite technology has made a revolution and the internet has
brought the information technology to a stage which was unimaginable even
a decade ago As result knowledge based industries now dominate over the
previous machinery based industries Traditional construction industry as
gradually becomes obsolete and ineffective worldwide in these high tech
eras This new situation put construction industry a new challenge
In modern times the civil engineers built dams sluices regulators barrages
pump houses and p ower generation and many other structures which were
believed to be impossible to construct Gigantic modern off-shore structures
are now built which go to several hundred meters below sea level In the
field of bridge construction enormous progress have been achieved Bridges
has now become relatively cheap and can be built in extremely short timeThe most ambitious bridge development ever realized is certainly the Akashi-
Kaiko Bridge in Japan with a span of 1990 meter This gigantic endeavor at
the early age where only possible due to very sophisticated and heavy
erection equipment developed The successful construction of channel
tunnel Bull twinkle (492 m worlds tallest offshore platform) Louisianan
offshore oil port supertanker unloading capacity of 100000 barrel an houri
Kansai international airport a port reclaimed from sea bed containing
extremely soft soill testify to development capability of the civil engineeringprofession in modern times it will not be out of place to mention that during
the sixties intensive urbanization in many developed countries saw the
3
spectacular revolutionary concepts such as wall frame Interaction tube-in-
tube bundle tubes diagonally braced frame and compOSite construction
pioneered the high rise growth Developments of intelligent buildings that
can respond to earthquake and fire hazards are in the making
In recent years (Information agel technological innovation in design
materials and construction methods have resulted in significant changes in
construction costs Computer aids have improved capabilities for generation
quality designs as well as reducing the time required to produce alternative
designs New equipments and materials not only have enhanced the quality
of constructIOn but also have shortened the time for shop fabrication and
field erection Construction methods have gone through various stages of
mechanization and automation including the latest development of
construction robotics
The Global Trend
Competition in global market for better amp economic building construction is
increasing day by day Construction organizations are realizing that
responsiveness to market demands and adaptability to changing condition
Competitive prices are the hallmarks of successful enterprise Therefore
every construction organization wants to lower the cost by alternate deSign
interchanging material strength amp type uSing modern construction methods
and proper management So construction world is going for new technology
and saving both time and cost
The Bangladesh Context
Bangladesh has come a long way since its independence But a very few
organizations have adopted new construction technology and ability to build
high strength material with quality After 2004 due to WTD and GATS
Bangladesh market has to be made open to outside countries and most of
the organization will face difficult challenges from the competitors of other
countries To face this challenge effectively construction organizations need
4
to be more responsive to market demands lower the prices by choosing
proper construction technology in all stages of construction as well as
improve quality of material If construction organizations of Bangladesh will
able to qualify with other countries in competition they would have to
opportunity to work abroad
Bangladesh is one of the least developed countries in the world Regrettably
In Bangladesh most of the construction methods and design are oriented by
conventional method Though volume of building construction is large but
modern construction method and equipment facilities in most of the cases
are absent Only a small number of projects have been done or ongoing With
theses modern facilities Remarkable new and high strength material are also
not using in Bangladesh Only in some national bridgeroad construction
project modern equipment and material were used in Bangladesh Due to
absent of new and high strength materials new technologies new
equipments quality as well as effiCiency of building construction are very
poor
12 Objective of the Project
Bangladesh is one of the least developing countries Contemporary
construction technology With high strength materials are not often uSing inbUildingconstruction sector The objective of this study IS to find out what
type of technology and materials are being using for building construction In
addition to find out if better technology is available why these are not
being accepted at present in construction sector of Bangladesh
Specific objectives of this study are
bull To study the exiting technological parameters in present day building
construction in Bangladesh
bull To study the economy of scale and factors as they relate to-
(a) Humnware
(b) Infoware and
(e) Hardware
5
13 Methodology
Methodologies used in this study are followings
I Study of the literature to identify the contemporary
technology in building construction in developing NIC and
developed economies
II Study of the local documents and of field data to find the
status of contemporary technology in the building industry in
Bangladesh
III Study the economy of scale and contemporary technology as
they relate to humnware Infoware and hardware
6
CHAPTER 2
TECHNOLOGIES IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
21 Introduction to Technology in Construction Industry
McGraw Hill Encyclopedia Defines Technology as 11
Technology is closely related to science and engineering Science deals with
humans understanding of real world around them - the interesting
properties of space matter energy and their interactions Engineering is the
application of objective knowledge to the creation of pians designs and
means for achieving desired objectives Technology deals with tools and
techniques for carrying out the plans
Construction Technology
Basic design and construction topics which include both field and office
activates which facilitate problem definition evaluation solution and
communication ie design electives electrical equipment estimating
formwork mechanical quantity surveying rigging scaffolding scheduling
shop drawings site planning surveying takeoff utilitiesfl9
Construction industry undoubtedly is the backbone and propelling force
behind our progress It has the potential to contribute to peoples lives in
many ways This needs high skill dynamic leadership broad vision great
courage latest technology and communication system
Modern science and technology have provided many useful tools like
computers~CPM-PERT-most productive and efficient machines financial
management procedures and many others But all these become redundant
and unproductive when these sophisticated and efficient tools are worked
by green and inexperienced hands who lack the basic ingredients of work
culture dedication and courage and people who are not imaginative and
innovative
7
22 Construction technologies on the basis of labour and equipment
Construction technologies can on the basis of their content of labour and
equipment be classified as
o Equipment Intensive
o Labour based and
o Labour Intensive Technologies
The choice of the technology may affect the overall cost the overall
duration of the construction and the overall quality of the asset Some
works allow only one type of technology while others can be done in
various ways Graphically equipment intensive labour Intensive and labor
based technologies are shown in below
Potential shift in labour contents by using labour-based methods
Llbaur - _
Equipment Intensive
Labour Based
Labour Intensive
IIIlililillllIII-IIIliillllllnmmmllF
221 Equipment Intensive Technology
Equipment intensive technology is defined as the combination of labour and
equipment In which most work is done by labOUHeplacing equipment
supported by a small labour force Although the technology might be
appropriate in circumstances with high wage levels low labour availability
and high skill levels its application is often ineffective at local level where
individual projects are relatiVely small and dispersed over a large
geographical area
8
222 labour Intensive Technology
To avoid a common misconception it is important to distinguish between
labour basedmethods and labour Intensive methods In contrast with labour
based technology labour intensive approaches seek to maximize
employment with a minimum use of mechanized equipment often at the
expense of cost and quality
223 labour BasedTechnology
In selecting the most appropriate technology it is however important that
irrespective of the type of technology resources is used efficiently quality
standards are maintained and time limitations are observed For these
reasons labour based technology has been developed to maXimize
opportunities for the employment of labour (skilled and unskilled) while
supported by light equipment under strict conditions of cost
competitiveness acceptable engineering quality standards and timely
implementation Labour based work methods are competitive only if these
conditions are met and can then provide a lasting alternative to traditional
equipment-intensive construction methods
23 Software Technologies
Normally software means the written instructions executed by some
hardware Ie Programs that are needed to run for execution and manage
the computer and those which are used to solve the problem 111 The
Software technologies have three subdivisions which are
bull Manpower (Humnware)
bull Information (Infoware)
bull Organization (Orgaware)
231 Manpower (Humnwere)
We know manpower (humnware) is the person-embodied component of
technology 111 For construction works require different types of personal but
most of them require technical background Different disciplined engineer
site engineer supervisor foreman rod binders mason skilled labour helper
9
carpenter sanitary technicians electrical technicians and other personal are
the humnware
Productivity in construction IS often broadly defined as output per labor
hour Improvement of labor productivity should be a significant activity in
building construction In construction works vigorously pursue the efficient
utilization of labor So improvement of personnel related to this field is a
vital factor of construction industry
232 Information (Infoware)
Information IInfowarel is usually the document-embodied form of technology
[11 This inciudes the specifications market database for materials theories
charts database drawing codes books journals catalogs and other
documents Requisition and supply management work(s) are also includes in
infoware Infoware constitute a crucial part of construction industry For
construction works every step is related to infoware Proper constructions
need accurate material specification guided by the code(s] Proper
information is the key factor of any construction project
233 Organization (Orgaware)
Within a frame work of the Organization (Orgawarel Manpower
(Humnware) Information (Infoware and Hardware technologies work 111
Organization techniques principles practices and arrangements that govern
the effective use of technology by humnware This includes construction
planning project management QC safety RampD
Organizational systems play the key role in construction industry Both the
success and failure of construction works widely depends on organization
An organization system includes Organization structure organization design
human resource poliCY and practice organization Culture work stress etc
Common organizational structures available in construction industries are-
bull Project organization
bull Matrix organization
bull Line and staff organization
10
24 Hardware Technology
Modern construction especially for large projects has grown in complexity
due to size cost and speed of construction Construction equipment is an
important resource and its planning assumes vital importance With the
rapidly changing technology both in design and construction areas
contractors are now shy of making heavy investment in heavy equipment
New innovation of construction equipment change the older method of
construction method and resultant is quicker and economic construction
Sometimes whole system is enhanced by new innovation Such as two
technological developments namely lilt and modern metal frame removed
the prevailing limitations on the height of the buildings Hardware is object-
embodies form of technology 111 such as Construction
equipmentmachineries all type of materials appliances computer paper
printer
The selection of appropriate construction equipment often affects the
required amount of time and effort and thus the job-site productivity of a
project It is therefore important for site managers and construction planners
to be familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment
Various types and important works are involved for construction Industry
Such as excavation loading compaction and grading drilling and blasting
equipment lift and erecting machineries mixing construction tools and
other equipment Different types of work require different type of hardwareand technology
11
Selection of most suitable and available equipment for a particular project is
a frequent problem for contractor Owner contractor and even the engineers
of our country are going for traditional method and material Sometimes due
to old technique and traditional material huge financial loss is the result
Money spent for equipments need to be considering as an investment
which can be recovered with a profit during the useful life of the equipment
241 Excavation
Types of equipment which are used to excavate earth and related materials
are known as excavator Excavation equipment includes the following
machines
1 Power shovels
2 Backhoes
3 Draglines
4 Clamshells and cranes
5 Trenching machines
6 Wheel-mounted belt loaders
Craneshovel consists 01 three major components
bull A carrier or mounting which provides mobility and stability for the
machine
bull A revolving deck or turntable which contains the power and
control units
bull A front-end attachment which serves the special function in an
operation
12
(g) Hawk_Bulk W~
(e) Cranes
(h) Q)-Qlick Mount
(c) Daglines
0l Hook Lift (k) Conlaine CITi~r (1) RollOffTrmlers Carner
Fig 2-1 Excavation Equipmentl1Gl
13
The type of mounting for all equipments Ihardware) in the above figure is
referred to as crawler mounting which is particularly suitable for crawling
over relatively roughed surfaces at a job site Other types of mounting
include truck mounting and wheel mounting which provide greater mobility
between job sites but require better surfaces for their operation The
revolving deck includes a cab to house the person operating the mounting
andor the revolving deck In the above figure a crane with hook clamshell
[Fig2-1 (f)L drag line [Fig2-1 (c)] bac khoe shovellFig 2-1 laI(b)L pile
driver[Fig2-1 (d)] and other excavation equipment are shown
A tractor consists of a crawler mounting and a non-revolving cab When an
earth-removing blade is attached to the front end of a tractor the assembly
is called a bulldozer When a bucket is attached to its front end the
assembly is known as a loader or bucket loader There are different types of
loads designed to handle most efficiently materials of different weights and
moisture contents
Scrapers are multiple units of tractor-truck and blade-bucket assemblies with
various combinations to facilitate the loading and hauling of earthwork
Major types of scrapers include single engine two-axle or three-axel
scrapers twin-engine all-wheel-drive scrapers elevating scrapers and push-
pull scrapers Each type has different characteristics of rolling resistancemaneuverability stability and speed in operation
242 Compaction and Grading
Compaction grading and soil stabilization are the works of same category
and these are interrelated Many SOilsare subject to differential expansion
and shrinkage when they undergo change in moisture content If pavements
are to be constructed on such soils it IShighly desirable to stabilize them to
prevent or reduce the change volume in order to protect the pavements from
excessive damages
Stabilizations may be applied to a soil In its natural position or as it is placed
in a fill Also stabilization may be applied to the sub-grade sub-base or
base material
14
Some methods of stabilization are
L Blending and miXing heterogeneous soils to produce more
homogenous soils
bullbullbull Incorporating hydrated lime into soils that are high in clay content
bullbullbull Blending asphalt with the soil
t Mixing Portland cement with the soil
t Incorporating various types of slats into the soils
4 Incorporating certain chemicals into the soils
t Compacting the soils thoroughly after they are processed
The function of compaction equipment is to produce higher dense soil
mechanically The basic forces used in compaction are static weight
kneading impact and vibration The degree of compaction that may be
achieved depends on the properties of soil its moisture content the
thickness of the soil layer for compaction and the method of compaction
The function of grading equipment is to bring the earthwork to desired shape
and elevation Many soils are subject to differential expansion and shrinkage
when they undergo changes in moisture content Many soils also move and
rut when subjected to moving wheel loads If pavementsbuildings are to be
constructed on such soils It is usually necessary to stabilize them to reduce
the volume changes and strengthen them to the point where then can carry
the imposed load even when they are saturated
Major types of grading equipment include motor graders and grade trimmers
The former is an all-purpose machine for grading and surface finishing the
latter is used for heavy construction because of its higher operating speed
Many types of compaction equipment are available including the following -
Towed Sheepsfoot [Fig2-2Ia)L Grid Roller [Fig2-2(b)L Self-Propelled [Fig2-
21c)) Segmented Steel Wheel Roller[Fig2-2(dll Self Propelled Tamping Foot
Roller Self Propelled Vibratory Tamping Foot Roller[Fig2-2Iel) etc These
are different operating characteristics
15
(a) Sheepsfoot roller
(b) Grid roller
(d) Two-Axle Tandem Steel-wheeled Roller
(c) Self Propelled Pneumatic-tiredRoller
(e) Self-Propelled Smooth-drumvibratory Roller
Fig 2-2 Compaction amp Grading Equipment
IG
243 Drilling and Blasting
Drilling operation used by the construction and mining industries to drillholes in both rock and earth The task of rock excavation includes looseningloading hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling and blasting
Rock excavation is a risky and hard task ReqUire special equipment andmethods for this operation The degree of difficulty depends on physicalcharacteristics of the rock type which to be excavate Grain sizes planes ofweakness weathering brittleness and hardness of rock strata are the vitalfactors of rock excavation The task of rock excavation includes looseningloadlllg hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling blasting or rippling
Major types of drilling equipment are percusSion drills and rotary-percussiondrills A percussion drill penetrates and cuts rock by impact while it rotateswithout cutting on the upstroke
Common type of percussion drills includes a jackhammer which is hand heldand others which are mounted on a fixed frame or on a wagon or crawl formobility A rotary drill [Flg2-3(bJJ cuts by turning a bit against the rocksurface A rotary precesSion drill combines the two cutting movements toprovide a laster penetration in rock
Blasting is performed to loosen rock in order that it may be excavated orremoved from its existing position Blasting requires the use of explosivesthe most common of which is dynamite Generally electriC blasting caps areconnected in a circuit with insulated wires Power sources may be powerlines or blasting machines designed for firing electriC cap Circuits Alsoavailable are non-electrical blasting systems which combine the precisetiming and flexibility of electric blasting and safety of non-electricaldetonation
Tractor-mounted rippers are capable of penetrating and prying loose mostrock types The blade or ripper IS connected to an adjustable shank whichcontrols the angle at the tip of the blade as it is raised or loweredAutomated ripper control may be Installed to control ripping depth and tipangle
In rock tunneling special tunnel machines equipped with multiple cutterheads and capable of excavating full diameter of the tunnel are nowavailable Their use has increasingly replaced the traditional methods ofdrilling and blasting
17
(a) ER1ronmomtlll Testing
It) Placer Drill
(b) Rotary drill
(dl Mincrnl Exploration Drill
eel Water Well Drilling
Fig 2-3 Drilling amp Blasting Equipmentl1bull1
18
244 Lifting and Erecting Equipment
Liftmg and erecting equipments are used to 11ftloads and to facilitate theerection of steel building frames
Derricks are commonly used to lift equipment of materiais or building
construction A derrick consists of a verticai mast and an inclined boom
sprouting from the foot of the mast Guys hold the mast in position or stiff
legs connected to a base whiie topping lift links the top of the mast and the
top of the inclined boom A hook in the road line hanging from the top of the
inclined boom is used to lift loads Guy derricks may easily be moved from
one floor to the next in a building under construction while stiff leg derricks
may be mounted on tracks for movement within a work area
Horizon boom type tower cranes are most common in high-rise building
construction Inclined boom type tower cranes are also used for erecting
steel structure
245 Mixing
Mixing concrete by hand is expensive In labour and it IS therefore not
surprising that mechanical mixers have been general use for a great many
years
The object of mixing is 10 coat the surface of all aggregate particles with
cement paste and to blend the entire ingredients of concrete into a uniform
mass this uniformity must furthermore not be disturbed by the process of
discharging from the mixer In fact the method of discharging is one of the
bases of classification of concrete mixers Several types exist In the tiltmg
mixer the mixing chamber known as the drum is tilted for discharging In
the non-tilting type the axis of the mixer is always horizontal and discharge
is obtained either by inserting a chute into the drum or by reversing the
direction of rotation of the drum or rarely by splitting of the drum There are
also pan-type mixers rather Similar in operation to an electric cake-mixer
these are called forced action mixers as distinct from the tilting and non-
tilting mixers which reiy on the free fall of concrete in the drum
19
In any mixer It is essential that sufficient interchange of materials between
different parts of the chamber takes place so that uniform concrete is
produced
On a site there is often a tendency to mix concrete as rapidly as possible
and it is therefore important to know what is the minimum mixing time
necessary to produce a concrete uniform in composition and as a result of
satisfactory strength
Concrete mixers are used to mix Portland cement sand gravel and water in
batches
There may be occasions when concrete has to be mixed by hand and
because in this case uniformity is more difficult to achieve particular care
and effort are necessary
A truck mixer refers to a concrete mixer mounted on a truck which is
capable of transporting ready mixed concrete from a central batch plant to
construction sites
246 Construction Tools and Other Equipment
Concrete can be economically pumped at the rates 15 to 200 ydhr for
horizontal distances 300 to 3000 ft and vertical distances 100 to 500 ft
without staging [11
The pumping of concrete of is especially advantageous in placements that
are physically difficult to approach with ready-mix trucks and show best
economy in the range of 20 to 80 ydhr
Air compressors [Fig2-4(al] and pumps [Fig2-4(dl] are widely used as the
power sources for construction tools include drills hammers [Fig2-4(bll
grinders saws wrenches[Fig2-4(clj staple guns sandblasting guns and
concrete vibrators Pumps are used to supply water or to dewater at
construction sites and to provide water jets for some types of construction
Vibrators are used to eliminate entrapped air Of the several types internal
vibrators perhaps the most common one External vibrator is rigidly clamped
to the formwork resting on an elastic support so that both the form and
20
concrete are vibrated Vibrating table can be considered as a case of
formwork clamped to the vibrator instead of the other way round but the
principle of vibrating the concrete and formwork together is unaltered
Besides these surface vibrator used for flat plate electric hammer can be
used as a surface vibrator when fitted with a bit having a large flat area A
vibrating roller is used for consolidating thin slabs
(a)Air Compressor
rg Wrench
(b) Hammer
(d) Concrete Pump
Fig 2-4 ConstructionTools amp Other Equipments[111
247 Choice of Equipment and Standard Production Rates
The selections of the appropriate type equipment or machines tor
construction often affect the required amount of time and effort and thus
the job site productivity of a project Equipment size determination is also a
very important task for construction Oversize equipments are expensive as
well as consume more time to handle It is therefore important for
construction planners to be familiar with the characteristics of the major
21
types of equipment most commonly used in construction Construction
planners also have to know the sources of construction equipment
Contractors and users of construction equipment frequently concerned with
a decision as to whether to purchase or rent (lease) an equipment Under
certain conditions it is financially advantageous to purchase whereas under
other conditions it is more economical and satisfactory to rent it
248 Building Materials
In recent times some of the important technological breakthroughs in
materials are stabilized soil lime-pozzolana mixes sand-lime bricks fly-ash
bricks clay-fly ash bricks gypsum boards wood-wool sheets plastic
products in utility service ready mix concrete non-shrink grout for machine
foundation super-plasticizers Ferro-cement and other materials Different
types of composite construction are also in very advance stage
In the field of concrete technology also some advances are happened such
as light weight concrete radiation shielding concrete polymer concretes
fiber reinforced concretes super plasticized concretes gap graded concrete
tenser-polymer reinforced concrete roller-compacted concrete ultra high
strength concrete improved techniques in pre-stressing prefabricated
construction and other some remarkable matenals
In low cost housing a number of developments have taken place and
following new techniques are being adopted for reduction in cost These arestone block masonry pre-cast brick panel roofing pre-cast RC channel
roofing ferro-cement tank use of secondary species of timber particle
board lor shutter doorswindows fly ash-lime-gypsum bricks for making
walls pre-cast RCC frames for doors and windows Pre-cast RC lintel (thin]
lower ceiling heights PVC pipes for water supply stabilized soil cement
base floors magneSium oxy-chloride flooring fire retardant treatment of
thatch asphaltic roofing etc Brief descriptions of some of those materials
are below-
22
249 Construction Automation and Robotics
Recent advances in robotic technology and the related experience In
manufacturing industries suggests that greater automation maybe extremely
beneficial for constructed facilities In addition construction in hazardous
environments (not approachable) may be greatly expanded by the use of
construction robots
There are several means by which construction automation and robotics
might repay the additional equipment and development costs associated
With high technology investments First robotics offers opportunities for
extending the scope of practical construction activities into hazardous
environments including outer space nuclear reactors or undersea
construction Even standard construction sites represent hazardous
environments as suggested by the large number job industrial accidents
associated with construction Second robotics may permit the practical
introduction and broader use of nonhuman senses and capabilities on
construction sites
KaJimaCompanys reinforcing bar placing robot can carry up to 20 bars and
automatically place these bars in pre-seiected patterns in both floors and
walls The equipment has achieved 40 to 50 savings in labor and 10
savings in time on several Japanese projects 131
A wall climbing robot called RM3 for tasks such as video inspections of shiphulls gamma-ray inspection of structural welds and high-pressure washing
painting shot-blasting and barnacle removal 131
23
CHAPTER 3
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN BANGLADESH
31 Introduction
The contribution of construction industry is quite significant in the national
economy but its existence is absent from the national economy plan
Recently government has made policy considering this sector as an industry
GDP Contribution of construction industry was 606 In 1991-1992 and 619
over the period 1996- 1997 Agriculture sector contributes maximum of
GDP Construction sector contribute about 20 of agriculture sector GDP
which is a remarkable role in Bangladesh economyI1
The construction Industry of Bangladesh comprises of a large number of
predominantly small firms The same can be seen to be true for most other
countries
The actual structure of the industry is not possible to measure as there are
no published papers on the total number of firms There are some 25000
nos of local contracting large medium and small categorized firms
registered with the government agencies with a varying range of financial
capacities [16]
In building construction sectors larger firms are capable to construct
concrete highrise building 30 storied Bangladesh Bank Bhaban 20 storied
Bangladesh Secretariat 20 storied Sena Kalyan Bhaban Building 20 storied
lOB Shaban and many other bUildings are the evidence of the ability to
construction of high rise concrete-building While high rise steel structures
are not yet familiar in Bangladesh but recently a number of high rise steel
structure are under construction In other sector such as bridge roads gas
pipeline electricity supply dam sluice-gate etc are implemented by
international contractors and joint venture companies (foreign and local
firms~ In 1990-91 the construction industry employed 105 and in 1995-
96 183 (statistics 97~ of total labour force In other statistics showed
that the constructing firm employs 20 lacs peoples If each family comprise
24
of four members so total 80 lacs people (615 of total population of the
countryl are dependent on the construction industry for their living The
economical and political significance of the industry ISeven greater than this
figure suggest as it captures the major part of the national investment
About 46 of the total construction labour force are involved in building
50 in construction repair and maintenance of roads and bridge works and
4 are involved in construction repair and maintenance of other activities
16]
Some domestic contractors in the building sectors have access to overseas
market but local contractors are less capable of competing with the foreign
companies due to variety of grounds -
(a) Very Less initiative from the Government to improve the capacity of the
local contractors
bull Easy policy for credit system for construction industry
bull To provide plant machinery hire facilities
bull Skill and manpower development through training
(bl Policy of the rules and conditions of the donor agencies for foreign funds
According to PWD to solve the housing problem 709131 units of houses
are required to construct in every year [15] So it indicates that Bangladesh
has a serious housing problem
12 to 15 millions people now lives in Dhaka city Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is now the city of construction Though yearly requirements in
the city is about 65000 housing but all public and private sector together
produce 25000 housing units in a year Percentage of leaving in slums and
squatter settlement is about 30 percent It would take at least 600 billion
taka which IS five times the entire ADP budget of the country to
accommodate house for the above-mentioned population Very little areas
are found in cities which are not occupied by building Every place in the city
is already filled up or construction of building process is ongoing But the
utility service and other facilities for community are not well thought-out
But according to government rules facilities shall be accommodate first
25
before any type of building construction Unfortunately community facilities
including simple parking facilities are still absent for the many new
constructing building in Dhaka city
32 Some large Constructions in Bangladesh
It is very difficult to identify which one is large construction of a country
because of project diversity In Bangladesh there are numerous
constructions many of them are significant in various aspects Although
functions and aesthetic are different of them they accomplish different type
of requirements Following are the some prominent constructions which
indicate Bangladesh building construction industry is fully capable to
construct any type of Building
Equipments used for construction of national assembly building were tower
crane larger size mixture machines and other eqUipment Tower crane amp
other equipments replaced by huge no of labors As per definition of labour
based technology construction of this building falls under this category
National Assembly
Fig 3-1 National Assemblyl101
labour Based Technology
Architect Louis I Kahn
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1962 to 1974
Building type government center
Construction System concrete marble
26
Equipments used for construction of Bangladesh bank bhaban were hoist
mixture machine and other light equipment only For excavation of 1
basement engaged huge no of labors As per definition this type of
construction falls under labour Intensive technology
bull Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
Fig 3-2 Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
labour Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
NoofFioors-31
Building type government
Construction System concrete
27
Equipments used for construction of Islamic Development Bank Shaban were
tower crane concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments
Tower crane ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments
replaced by most of the labors As per definition of equipment intensive
technology this type of construction falls under this category
bull Islamic Development Bank
7
Fig 3-3 Islamic Development Bank
Bhaban
Equipment Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
No of Floors - 20
Construction System concrete
28
Equipments used for construction of Bashundhara city were tower crane
concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments Tower crane
ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments replaced by most of
the labors As per definition 01 equipment intensive technology this type of
construction falls under this category
bull Bashundhara City
Fig 3-4 Bashundhara City
Equipment Intensive Technology
Architect VISTARA
location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1999 to 2003
Building type shopping mall
Construction System concrete marble
33 Constructions in Bangladesh Using Pre Fabrication
Prefabricate construction not yet accepted widely in Bangladesh Scenario of
developed country in this respect is totally different Even In Malaysia
Thailand Indonesia India and many other developing countries scenery is
closed to developed countries Prefabricate construction require customize
construction or a huge no of similar type productions Precast units which
normally used in Bangladesh are -
bull Tiles and mosaic
bull Low cost toilet rings and others precast accessories
bull Prestressed precast electric pole
bull Precast column for boundary wall
29
the study on availability
of indigenous materials in
bull Precast slab for surface drain
bull Precast slab for foot path
bull Precast railing and ornamental column
bull Precast lintel
bull Precast pipe for water supply and others
bull Railway sleeper
bull Road divider
In the context of Bangladesh RampD activities are yet to be worthy InBangladesh uHouse and Building Research Institute was established in the
year 1977 with the following objectives -
1 To take technical and scientific studies and research on
various problems of constructions and building materials and
to evolve housing and building technology appropriate to the
requirement and suitable for socia-economic condition of the
country
2 To specifically emphasis on
development and utilization
construction
3 To promote better uses of building materials particularly
commonly used materials improvements methods of learning
and designing of construction works and maintenance
4 To train research personnels and technicians for the purpose
out its research activities
House and Building Research Institute time to time tried to introduce someprecast module Such as -
bull Ferro cement tank
bull Precast Ferro cement channel for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete hollow slab for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete micro pile
30
bull Precast Ferro-cement folded plate for roof
bull Precast Ferro-cement L panel for inclined roofing
bull RCCdoor and window frames
Between all type of innovation only Ferro cement tank (400 gallon consisting
of cement mortar on wire mesh) is widely used mainly in Dhaka city As
bigger size is not possible with Ferro-cement Its use is limited
Above all precast construction scenario is very poor in Bangladesh This
indicates construction technology not yet advance in Bangladesh in this high
tech era
34 Humnware Infoware and Hardware in Bangladesh
341 Humnware
For construction technology humanware includes labour technicians
engineer and other persons In some way they are related to construction
industry In Bangladesh expense for humanware is cheaper with respect to
other countries because of low wages lin Bangladesh Taka 125 per hour
and for ordinary labour in UK pound6) So utilization of man power through IT is
a great opportunity for construction sector of Bangladesh But unfortunately
we are far way from proper utilization of this huge no manpower
Development of Human resources is in very preliminary stage By generating
employment and working environment general employment conditions need
to be improved Wage systems must be developed and made transparent so
as to give proper remuneration according to qualification and technical skill
It is extremely necessary for the skilled workers to pass their skills on and to
train personnel able to respond to future technological changes Professional
training centers and methods must be developed and be efficiently exercised
upon
In Bangladesh most of the cases we make out unskilled humnware which is
unexpected in this high tech era Also in most of the cases they are
uneducated Due to unskilled and uneducated labour construction qualities
31
are not normally as per requirement Also due to unskilled labor excessive
time is requiring in most of the cases
In Bangladesh labours are mainly trained-up by on-job training In many case
they are habituated from paternal side by born Though some training
institutes exist around Dhaka city but they are certificate-based institute
These institutes deal only overseas job findings peoples
342 Infoware
Infoware IS usually the document-embodied form This includes the
software design specification materials specifications theories charts
database drawing design and others activities Use of software in
Bangladesh for the purpose of analysis and design are in satisfactory leveL
Although most of the organizations are now analyze and design by some
standard software but a big amount of engineers are not stili away from this
technology Following software and tools are now using in Bangladesh
which indicates not behind from top level
Programming Language- Visual Basic Auto LISP aBasic CC Turbo C
Computer Aided Engineering STAAD-III STAADPro Math CAD ADOSS PCACOL SOL Series
Spread Sheet Analysis- Microsoft Excel Lotus MathCAD
Computer Aided Design
- AutoCAD
Database- DBase FoxPro Microsoft Access Oracle
GIS Software- Arcinfo Arcade Maplnfo Arc view Idrisi
32
Graphics software- CorelDraw Harvard Graphics
Computer Aided Project Management- MS Project
Word Processing
-MicrosoftWordWordPcrreCI
Operating Systems
- MS Windows Dos Novel
3430rgaware
Orgaware lOrganization) represents the structural framework of a
technological system and it includes for example the organizations for the
RampD the production the marketing the corporate planning etc It is needed
to produce certain goods and services Within the framework of theorgaware the other technology components work [1]
Most of the organization in Bangladesh is now using computer and software
for different type of works Some organizations are using for analysis and
design some for planning purpose some as a management tools and some
one for data processing and accounting In someway organizations ofBangladesh are taking this technological advantage
In Bangladesh some organizations are doing a number of remarkable works
excellently They are creating photo realistic rendered architectural
perspective models of 3D exterior and Interior elevation and layout
rendering services 3D animation They are also creating architectural fly-by
and walk-through simulations for interactive presentation or TV quality
advertisement GIS works are also done by these organizations
Some of organizations are also working with foreign organizations Mainly
different type of data entry is their main works which are mainly data
conversion rom one format to another Such as conversion from portabledocument format (pdf) to Word processing format (docl hand sketch
J3
bull
conversion to digital drawing (dwg etc) format some modification of
drawing ete The difficulties of our organizations are for any types of
business they require an overseas office This is a very big problem for
entrepreneurs of data exchanging business
344 Hardware
In Bangladesh hardware use of construction industry is not in a suitable
level Moreover specifically modern construction equipment J technology are
not utilizing in Bangladesh most of the cases Only in a few sector such as
deeper excavation in highway construction a few no of building works are
done by modern equipments but in other sectors modern equipment are
ignoring by Bangladeshi construction industry Computer based hardware
widely using in Bangladesh as computer and some computer related
hardware are reasonably priced for middle class people
For construction projects require modern management which is based on
personal computer (PC) In Bangladesh computer based project management
is not yet popular in construction industry Only some foreign aided
government project has some activities on this but also up-to proposal level
only Truly computer based project management in construction sector not
yet Implemented in Bangladesh This is limited to some Gantt chart and
critical path draw works But hardware based computer management easily
save both money and time Probable cause for which not yet go for
computer based project management listing below -
Labours and technicians are illiterate
bull
bull
bull
bull
Labours and technicians are unskilled
Top management of an organization are not wanted to go for
new particularly computer based technology
From Government side there are no plan to facilitate these sector
even in Government project
Our engineers backgrounds are also not upto that extent and
also they are not interested to go for such type of management
34
CHAPTER 4
TECHNOLOGY ON EXCAVATION amp RCC OF BANGLADESH
Nowadays building construction mainly equipment intensive works allover
the world that is depend on modern technology Similarly construction
industry of Bangladesh going away step by step depends on technology
Technological application sophistication quality etc are different in country
to country but at every steps of construction industry including construction
industry of Bangladesh totally depends on construction technology For
excavation loading compaction grading drilling lifting erecting mixing
and other purposes require some construction hardwareequipment and there
technological approach is different Not only for equipment but in every
steps of construction process depends on technological involvement In this
chapter mainly discussed the effect on excavation due to equipment
intensive and labour intensive works Also for building construction the
effect of alternate combination of material use
41 Technology in Excavation
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground This foundation is mandatory for
every structure ThiS is the reason of start of excavation technology which
is an earliest form of civil engineering construction This technology is used
for excavate earth of foundationbasement Excavated soilrock usually
dumps in other places which is known as loading Many construction
industry of Bangladesh Excavator and Loader are mainly using for
excavation works But use of excavator is mostly Dhaka based In other
places of the country except Dhaka city excavation works are done by
manually which is very unlikable in this high tech era Even in Dhaka city
many excavation works had been done by manually Such as 18 storied
New Market City Complex building with two basements (adjacent of Dhaka
new market) 14 storied CRP building project with two basements at Mirpur-
35
14 Dhaka A few but in some projects huge volume of soil was excavated
manually Excavation operations 01 these many projects are done by
manually because 01 availability and low-priced labor In this chapter try to
focus why this technology (excavator not used in most of the cases
In many project of Bangladesh excavation operation are done by manually
because 01-
Soil Characteristics - Comparatively solt layer 01 earth exists all
around Bangladesh
raquo labour (Humnwarel - labour costs are cheap and available
Non-availability of equipment (Hardware) - Modern equipment
cost is very high for which it is not pOSSiblelor contractor to
buy excavator and other heavy equipments lor a singie project
gt- No and size of the Job - As no 01 projects limited and also
areas of a single projects are not big Use of Excavator and
loader are not economically viable
Rental organization - Renta I organization not yet developed
widely and systematically Above all limited rental organization
and their higher charges of hardware
Topography Most of the lands in Bangladesh are plain So
labors can work comfortably
lacks of technicians - lack of skilled technicians are one of the
reasons to avoid new technology
Time - Peoples of Bangladesh are not anxious about time
Utilization of time is very important lack 01 this awareness is
one 01 the reasons of avoiding tendency of new technology for
excavation
)- Space constrains - Particularly in Dhaka city buildings are not
build in well planned way but very haphazard So in many case
movement 01 excavator is very difficult and in some cases it is
impossible to work due to space constrain
36
bull Weather and Temperature - Luckily most of the seasons are
suitable for labour works Nature is very fever for manual
labour except very little lime through out the year So not
need to take extra precaution lor climate
gt Dumping area - Some time huge amount of dumping is not
possible For that reason avoiding tendency to new technology
of excavation
bull Transportation equipments - Some times transportation of
dumping is not viable and In that type of case manual labour is
preferable
411 Preliminary Stage
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground and which transmits the load to the
underlying sailor rock As the foundation normally placed below the ground
excavation is must and should be done first for any type of construction
work
More or less for every construction works need excavation some times
these are shallow and some times it is deep Due to basement construction
of high-rise buildings need massive excavation This may need up to three
four months If excavation works are done by manually a huge no of labors
will engage their and require more time
Considering employment it is solVing a substantial social problem like our
developing country by means of giving a large no of employment
opportunity Therefore out side the urban area manual excavation may be
permissible due to solving unemployment problem This might be plaYing a
significant role like our developing country to solve the problem Social
problem from society But owners always try to solve the problem from the
economic view which will figure out later on this chapter
But the scenario in urban areas like Dhaka city is different Dhaka has
already become a mega city with more than ten million inhabitants and its
population is projected to reach 16 million by 2015 which would make it
the worlds seventh most populous city This rapid growth is visible all
37
around the city by constructing new buildings But the citys infrastructure is
not keeping space with the influx of population Transport environment of
Dhaka city may be a clear example with increasing traffic congestion and
delays The ability of Dhakas transport system to sustain economic growth
and reasonable quality of life has been declining steadily
In such a poor situation if we dont use machinery equipment everyday
congestion situation of Dhaka city will escalate due to longer timerequirement of excavation
Already it is an established fact that construction works of Dhaka city is one
of main reasons of traffic congestion To overcome this awlul situation
particularly in the city areas we must have to adopt modern technology in
excavation purpose This will help to reduce construction time money
traffic congestion and other redundant situations
412 Time and Seasonal Effects on Construction
Time
In Bangladesh construction management going on very preliminary stage and
still they dont think time is a vital factor for any project But everyone is
aware the fact money has a time value Thousand Taka today is worth
more the Thousand tomorrow This lact is vividly reinforced when themonthly charge bills are examined This added charge amounts to rent on
the money that is owed and is termed interest
Besides these we know fixed costs are directly related to time variable andother costs are also similar effect ie if time span of a project is longer then
fixed cost will be more and similarly true for all other costs So time span ISa vital factor for any construction project
Again for any project there is a breakeven point which also dependents on
time If construction period is more than the estimated time timerequirement to reach break even will be more
BeSides these there is a possibility to come other competitors due to delay
of construction and sometimes it may become an unprofitable project forever in this competitive market
38
If we Consider revenue side what we see - Suppose a 10 storied office
building spaces are 12000 sq-ft and rent is 501 = Taka per sq-ft ie per day
revenue is 20 Lac Particularly this type of project per day revenue loss will
be a big amount if the construction not timely finish This is unexpected for
any organizationlsJcontractorls)
Season
In many cases for foundation purpose deep excavation is required
Sometimes need shore pile to protect adjacent soil Shore pile is essential
when permanent structure exist adjacent project site As shore pile is a
temporary work in many cases it designs less cautiously Result is that
shore pile failures are a common type of failure in Dhaka city at every year
It is occurred mainly in rainy season due to rainfall If the contractors are
finished their foundation works before rainy season most of the time they
can avoid these repetitive shore pile failure situations
On the other hand in many cases owner of adjacent structure goes to the
court when contractor goes for deeper excavation for their safety and
compensation if shore pile failure occurs Also for shore pile failure delays
the project ie more time consume for project and more money expenses
due to delay or to pay compensation Sometimes it becomes a crucial factor
for the project and as a result of big economical loss for that project Such
type of big economical loss easily can avoid by proper time scheduling ie
should be complete before expected rainy season in case of deeperfoundation works
39
413 Cost Analysis and Result
Assumption made for cost and analysis are follows-
1 For Manual 1000 eft of excavation work (PWDStandard Rates)
al For initial lead of 100_ON and lift of 5_ON
i) Ordinary labour cost Tk 088 per cIt
b) For each additional lift of one loot beyond 5-0 and upto 10_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 004 per cit
c) For each additional lilt of one foot beyond 10-0 and upto 15-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 006 per cit
d) For each additional lift of one foot beyond 15_ON and upto 20_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 008 per eft
e) Extra each additional lead of 100-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 014 per eft
2 For Excavator
f) Initial rent Tk 9000000 for upto 10 days
il Extra charge Tkl0OOO00 per day
iii Excavation capacity 10000 eft per day
3 Enough labour Force
gl Enough labour force can be engaged so that there will not be any
significant difference in excavation between these two methods
40
Tablbullbull4-1 5 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area (ff) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 500 440 90000200 1000 880 90000500 2500 2200 900001000 5000 4400 900002000 10000 8500 900005000 25000 22000 9000010000 50000 44000 9000020000 100000 95000 9000040000 200000 218000 180000100000 500000 755000 450000
Tablbullbull 4-2 10 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Areaiiti) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1000 980 90000200 2000 1960 90000500 5000 4900 900001000 10000 9800 900002000 20000 19600 900005000 50000 49000 9000010000 100000 98000 9000020000 200000 210000 18000040000 400000 476000 360000100000 1000000 1610000 900000
41
Table 4-3 15 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR I
Area (ft) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1500 1670 90000200 3000 3340 90000500 7500 8350 900001000 15000 16700 900002000 30000 33400 900005000 75000 83500 9000010000 150000 167000 13500020000 300000 355000 270000
40000 600000 794000 540000100000 1500000 2615000 1350000
Tabla 4-4 20 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area(ft ) Vo(ume(ft ) Manual(CostTk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 2000 2560 90000200 4000 5120 90000500 10000 12800 900001000 20000 25600 900002000 40000 51200 900005000 100000 128000 9000010000 200000 256000 18000020000 400000 540000 36000040000 800000 1192000 720000100000 2000000 3820000 1800000
42
Graph 41 Excavation cost for 5 feet
5 Excavation Cost
~ ~---------------
------ -
I
II
II
- ExcavatorI-Manual
I
50 -----
Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet
10 Excavation Cost
0
I Excavator-Manual
-___ e bullbullbull _
- __ - - --- - - _ - -
-
- - - - - - - - - - -
- - 250 -
oo
lti 300~~ooo~
o 100U
Area (in 100 sft)
43
Graph 43 Excavation cost for 15 feet
15 Excavation Cost
-- ExcavatorI-Manual I
eN
~NN
o
400 -
350 -
300~bull~ 250 - - - 000 ~bullbull- 0~0U 100 - ---- - -
0
Area (in 100 sft)
Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet
20 Excavation Cost
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
- - - -- - - -- - - - - - - --
350 ---------
bullbull 300
~ 250g~ 200 bullbullbullbull0
~ 0U 100 -
0
o g
-
-----------
_______ c C __
___ c c_
~c
-- Excavator-Manual
Area (in 100 sft)
44
From the above anafysis it is observed that in case of 5 feet excavation
breakeven area is 19020 sft for 10 feet excavation 9184 sfr for 15 feet
excavation 6946 sft and for 20 ft 3636 sft Excavator becomes cheaper for
any constructIOn (area) above these breakeven fevels
42 Design and Specifications
421 Material for Building Construction
Wood of course was the only material used by early builders that had more
or less equal tensile and compressive strength Early builders are also
depends on stone brick surki and lime After innovation of reinforced-
concrete and steel previously used material are replaced by concrete and
steel Concrete with reinforcement radically change in the field of building
construction technology After that steel play the vital role and contribute to
build high rise building worldwide though Bangladesh is far from that type
high rise building But recently numbers of steel bUilding are in the process
of construction and we are expecting remarkable progress will be shown
within couple of years Nowadays wood has been relegated largely to
accessory use during construction to use in temporary and secondary
structures and to use for secondary member of permanent construction
Though both concrete and steel are the two most commonly used structural
material worldwide in Bangladesh mainly concrete are common item of
building construction Recently some industrial buildings are constructed by
structural steel Builders in Bangladesh are now reali2ing that steel is also a
competitive and effective material for building construction But they are
going forward very slowly for steel structure
Selection of structural materials must be selected on availability of materials
Also depends on corresponding skill labour relative costs wage scale and
the suitability of the materials for particular structure
In Bangladesh currently carrying out research into rice straw and husks
which are a by-product of major crop of Bangladesh but have already
encountered problems with the strength of the rice straw while fit best rice
45
husks can be regarded as filler and may not contribute significantly to the
tensile strength of earth-mix bricks
Idea of including waste material from the countrys vast jute industry to use
as a binder in the bricks and not merely as rubbish to be burnt
And finally that the integrity of earth-built buildings may be considerably
strengthened and improved by applying simple low-cost principles to the
Internal strengthening structures - mostly tied bamboo frameworks
4211 Material in Bangladesh
Any material which has got application in engineering construction is termed
as engineering material Stones bricks concrete bricks lime cement surki
sand concrete iron steel ferrous alloys non-ferrous metais and alloys
timber timber products aluminums bamboos soils bituminous materials
glass plastics paints varnishes rubber tiles granite marble etc are
commonly used in Bangladesh
Among them major construction materials are now producing in Bangladesh
though maximum raw materials are imported outside from Bangladesh
Though cement raw materials like gypsum and clinker are importing from
outside of country the total cement producing capacity now is more than
countrys per year requirement and quality of cement is standard as per
specification But reinforcement quality is not yet reached to standard level
It is very serious problem for construction industry of Bangladesh
46
4212 Reinforcement
Steel is known as black copper in early ages Iron and steel developed over
2000 years ago It was Henry Bessemer who was especially interested in
good quality steel making for big canons He was the first to produce low
carbon wrought iron In Bangladesh steel also used as reinforcement in many
years before It is difficult to say when and where first time used steel
reinforcement
Concrete reinforcement bar are usually of two types
bull Deformed bar and
bull Twisted bar
Below are the specifications for two types of reinforcement bar-
Table 4-5Steel GradeGrade 40Grade 60
ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed barYield Stre9th (psi Ultimate Stren ths (psi)40000 (minimum) 70000 (minimum)60000 (minimum) 90000 (minimum)
Table 4-6Steel GradeGrade 250Grade 400Grade 460
654149 specifications for Twisted barYield Stren th (psi) Ultimate Strengths (psi)40000 (minimum) 4400060000 (minimum) 6600067000 (minimum) 73700
Grade 40 and Grade 60 both type of reinforcement are frequently used InBangladesh for building construction In Bangladesh normally steel areprocessed by the follOWingmethod
(i) Induction furnace melting and(ii) Arc furnace melting
The yearly requirement of steel in Bangladesh is 10 million ton But the
quality steel production rate is only 02 million tonyear That is remaining
08 million ton reinforcement are non-standard 1171 By which our different
construction works are building This is an awful situation of construction
sector in Bangladeshand requires immediate exemption from this situation
47
4213 Concrete
Allover the world concrete with reinforcement are the most commonly used
materials for building construction In Bangladesh it is the main structural
material using as building construction materials Concrete IS a stone like
material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement
sand and gravel or other aggregate and water to harden in forms of the
shape and dimensions of the desired structure
Bangladesh is now a big cement producing country in respect to their
required capacity Statistics says yearly requirement of cement allover the
Bangladesh is 65 million tons where as production capacity of the entire
cement mill is 120 million tons That means 55 million tons surplus cement
now existing in Bangladesh One of the main reasons of this surplus is that
world top most cement producing companies are now producing cement in
Bangladesh from their factory
The properties that make concrete a universal building material are so
pronounced that it has been used In more primitive kinds and ways than at
present for thousands of years probably beginning in Egyptian antiquity
The facility with which while plastic it can be deposited and made to fill
forms or aids of almost any practical shape is one of these factors Its high
fire and weather resistance are eVident advantages Most of the constituent
materials with the possible exception of cement are usually available at low
cost locally or at small distances from the construction site
In Bangladesh normally concrete strength (cylinder strength fc) varies from
2500 psi to 5000 psi for building construction But in many case it falls to
2000 PSI On the other hand upto 8000 psi concrete was used for
construction of Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge project Also there are many
projects already finished and ongoing where usedusing more than 5000 psi
strength concrete
48
4214 Steel
In 1885 an American engineer names William LeBaron Jenny became the
creator of the modern skyscraper when he realized that an office building
could be constructed using totally different materials He chose structural
steel and incorporated it into a revolutionary system that was to make
possible the soaring office towers that now symbolize the modernmetropolis
Steel is manufactured under controlled conditions its properties are
determined in a laboratory and described in a manufacturers certificate
Thus the designer need only specify the steel as complying with a relevant
standard and the site engineers supervision is limited to the workmanship
of the connections between the Individual steel members So responsible of
contractor is more to provide proper material
Also following are some reasons normally associated with competitiveadvantages of steel over concrete
bull Construction speed particularly during periods of high interest rates
Steel frames go up more rapidly thus reducing construction financing
costs and allowing the building to generate revenue sooner
bull Availability of steel in a variety of grades and shapes that IS suitable
for economical faming of both short and long spans
bull Steel offers economical design approach for retrofit and rehab
projects Steel can be easily modified expanded or converted to suit
future needs of owners and tenants For this reason steel frame isoften referred to as a changeable frame
bull In difficult foundation conditions steel construction may result in
reduced foundation costs because of its light weight Steel frame is
normally 25 to 35 percent lighter than a concrete frame and can
permit the use of less expensive foundation systems
In Bangladesh steel building are not constructing notably Mainly some
factory buildings are constructed with steel as a structural material In
Bangladesh peoples are not serious about time which is main advantage of
steel structure like our COuntry We have to import all the steel materials It
49
also has to PV higher tax Our engineers are not interested to go for new
technology like steel structure 0 technicians oed labors pof Vtrained P fo steel construction Ultimately except time factor steel
structure is OPt very suitable for building construction of Bangladesh Very
recently a few numbers of high-rise buildings are now under construction or
under designing stages which indicates new technology are coming
4215 RCC Grading
Strength of concrete is commonly considered its most important property
although in many practical cases other characteristic such as durability and
impermeability may in fact be more important Nevertheless strength usually
gives an overall picture of the quality of concrete because strength is
directly related to the structure of the hardened cement paste
The strength of concrete of given mix proportions is very seriously affected
by the degree of its compaction It ISvital therefore that conSistence of the
mix be such that the concrete can be transported placed and finished
sufficiently easily and without segregation Following combinations of
reinforcement and concrete are considered for thiS study-
Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Reinforcement and Concrete
Concrete Type Steel Strength (in ksi) Concrete Strength lin ksi)
I Type - 1 60 44
Type - 2 60 36
Type - 3 60 29
Type - 4 60 25
Type - 5 40 44
Type - 6 40 36
Type - 7 40 29
Type - 8 40 25
50
4217 Interdependence of Humnware Infoware and Hardware
For analysis and design purpose humnware infoware and hardware work as
an integrated system During design and analysis period due to different
grade and type material selection software hardware and humnware play
the vital role for alternate attempt Computer utilization in different stages
have improved capabilities for generating quality designs as well as redUCing
the time required to produce alternative designs Without help of these
technological combined services It IS almost impossible to get better and
optimistic design Thats why with the help of Humnware Infoware and
Hardware most economic type analysis and design may achieved within
short time which is almost impossible without these technological help
Manual analysis and design are most of the time assumption based a time
consuming matter and whose ultimate result is economical loss considered
to both time and material requirement
51
4218 Analysis and Result
For analysis purpose here considered a six storied building The analysis has
been performed by STAADIPro software 3-D model of assumed building amp
output of STAADProare given in Appendix-A
Following are the material requirement for different combination
Table 4-8 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 10487 Ib5 2148 Ib6 1375 Ib7 1386 Ib8 3971 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 193651bsTotal Volume of Concrete 28688 cuft
Table 4-9 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 23844 Ibs5 1346 Ib6 5329 Ib7 5487 Ib8 10511 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 46518 IbsTotal Vofume of Concrete 61454 cuft
52
Table 4-10 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6330 Ib5 5653 Ib6 1644 Ib7 2771 Ib8 4722 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 21120lbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3355 cUft
Table 4-11 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 22348 Ibs5 4039 Ib6 8655 Ib7 4001 Ib8 5049 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 44092 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 7279 cU1t
53
Table 4-12 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 787191bs5 29898 Ibs6 37505 Ibs7 57257 Ibs8 58754 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
26213 Ibs3528 cUft
Table 4-13 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibs)
4 221821bs5 10011 Ibs6 37652 Ibs7 6918 Ibs8 34297 Ibs
Totel weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
54
432191bs9367 cuft
Table 4-14 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 9556 Ibs5 2453 Ibs6 3810 Ibs7 6378 Ibs8 6761 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
28958 Ibs4190 cuft
Table 4-15 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibsl
4 25557 Ibs5 3126 Ibs6 4340 Ibs7 10008 Ibs8 703 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
55
43733 Ibs10076 cuft
Table 4-16 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 8680 Ib5 1358 Ib6 1434 Ib7 2588 Ib8 7727 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 21787 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3499 cUft
Table 4-17 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 17629 Ibs5 4878 Ib6 7745 Ib7 7921 Ib8 16895 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 47938Total Volume of Concrete 8546 cuft
56
Table 4-18 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 7770 Ibs5 1432 Ibs6 3795 Ibs7 4686 Ibs8 9068 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
==
26752 Ibs3479 cuft
Table 4-19 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17705 Ibs5 1591 Ibs6 13078 Ibs7 1152 Ibs8 16675 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
57
= 50201 Ibs9644 cuft
Table 420 Material Requirement for Column1ConcreteStrength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in IbsJ
4 84764 Ibs5 30846 Ibs6 22264 Ibs7 34232 Ibs8 10168 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
27379 lbs4709 cUft
Table 4-21 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17693 Ibs5 2347 Ibs6 19086 Ibs7 1367 Ibs8 13352 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
58
53845 Ibs10111 cuft
Table 4-22 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6602 Ib5 2506 Ib6 7068 Ib7 5216 Ib8 8370 Ib
Totar weight of reinforcement - 29762 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 5055 cuft
Table 4-23 Material Requirement for BeamlConcrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 18686 Ibs5 13536 Ibs6 15858 Ib7 1085 Ib8 5565 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement - 54730 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 11269 cUft JI
59
4219 Cost Analysis
Generally the cost for a construction prOject includes the expenses related to
the following activities
bull Land acquirement
bull Planning and feasibility
bull Design
bull Construction including materials equipment and lobour
bull Insurance and taxes during construction
bull Office overhead
bull Office furniture and equipment
bull Inspection testing and others
In this study considered only material cost of different grade of combination
which is mentioned in the article 4215
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Concrete Strength Concrete Cost2500 pO 155 Tkdt2900 psi 164 Tkdt3600 pO 187 Tkch4400 P 209 Tkch
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Reinforcement Strength Reinforcement Cost40000 psi 226406 TklOn
60000 psi 23625 Tkton
60
Table 4~26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequiremerType - 1 294 Ton 9014 citType - 2 291 Ton 10633 eftType - 3 310 Ton 12895 cftType - 4 325 Ton 14266 eftType - 5 311 Ton 12044 eftType - 6 344 Ton 13123 eftType - 7 363 Ton 14821 eftType - 8 377 Ton 16324 eft
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequirementType - 1 441 Ton 9916 eftType - 2 437 Ton 11697 eftType - 3 465 Ton 14185 eftType - 4 487 Ton 15693 eftType - 5 467 Ton 13249 eftType - 6 515 Ton 14435 eftType - 7 544 Ton 16304 eftType - 8 566 Ton 17957 eft
Table 4-28 Reinforcemelt and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka
Type of Concrete Renforcement Cost Concrete Cost Total CostType - 1 1042 Coo 1884 Coo 2926 CooT~2 1032 Coo 1988 Coo 3020 CooTy e - 3 1099 Coo 2115 Coo 3214 CooType - 4 1150 Coo 2211 Coo 3361 CooType - 5 1057 Coo 2517 Coo 3574 CooType6 1167 Coo 2454 Coo 3621 CooType - 7 1231 Coo 2431 Coo 3662 CooType - 8 1281 Co 2530 Coo 3811 Co
61
Graph 4-5 Total Cost 01 Concrete and Reinforcement
Total Cost
bull
0045_0000bull~bull 35000bullbull ~OO
0 ~oou
~~oo~000
WOO
bull bull
bull bull
I TotalCosti-Concrete COSJ-+-- Reinf Cost -- -- -
Type of Concrelltgt Grado
Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement
Costn Percentage
_Totalcosl
-- Concrce Co__ Renf Coso
1_23
- -
- - - - -
---------_-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
140 -
_35 --------------- bull
bull 130bullbull 120bullj U bull 105~
00095
Type of Concrete Crade
Above analysis clearly shows that Type-1 concrete is cheaper than anyother combination of reinforced concrete Up-to 29 savings is possible ifhigher grade Reinforcement and Concrete used for building construction
62
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Discussion
In developed countries civil engineering organizations spend good amount of
money in RampD At national level the universities and other institutions
should be encouraged to undertake strategic research which aims to Improve
understanding and applications of scientific and technical know how which
in turn will provide a basis in the long run proper application of new
techniques and technologies Following are some areas very essential for
construction Industry of Bangladesh
The development and dissemination of new construction equipment and
better safety must be encouraged
Pre-fabrication and use of package materials will enhance the efficiency of
work execution by standardizing specifications and reduce the site work
volumes
The development and dissemination of all weather construction technology
will make it possible to carryon with work even under bad weather
The means of transferring information between designers and constructors
need to be improved The effective use of construction equipment
prefabricated materials and products needs to be considered
The roles and responsibilities of engineers need to be reviewed With regard
to improvements in work efficiency personnel training and strengthening the
management foundation of engineers
6]
52 Conclusion
Excavation
Manual excavation and excavation USing excavator S to 20 ft depth) with
different land areas were studied in Dhaka city Considering labour cost and
excavator rental charge breakeven point for Sft excavation and 20ft excavation
are 19020sft and 3616sft respectively Using PDW97 standard rate of works
it IS observed that for deeper excavation excavator is cheaper than labor-
intensivemanual excavation Labor-intensivemanual excavation works may be
acceptable outside urban areas due to unemployment of labor But excavator is
economic solution in urban areas like Dhaka city
In Bangladesh excavation and loading is a labour-based works but in developed
countries its hardware-based works Further detail study based on socio-
economic environment etc may be required to introduce hardware-based
excavation work replacing manual labor in our country
Material
8 combinations of steel and concrete were studied for a six storied bUilding
Considering material cost Type- ICombination of high strength concrete 44-
ksi with high strength steel 60-ksi) is the most economic Type8 la
combination of low grade concrete 2S-ksi and low grade steel 40-ksi) is the
most uneconomic as it material costs 29 more than the cost due to the Type-
1 Unfortunately Type-8 combination is most widely used in private construction
even by the real estate developer One problem with Type- is that high
strength concrete 144 ksi concrete with 60 ksi steel) demands admixture which
also demand skilled humnware If it is not possible type 2 (36 ksi concrete
with 60 ksi steel) can be easily used without loosing Significant economy lonly
3 more cost than Type-l) Mainly Engineers may play the significant role to
convince ownersentrepreneur to accept this technological advantage and avoid
uneconomical traditional approach
53 Scope for Future Works
Similar studies may be carried out for other components of technology Inamely
different types of hardware technology humnware infoware etc)
64
REFERENCES[1] MAnwarul Azim Technology Mal1agement and Development of Nation
July 1999
[2) SP Arors SP Bindra A Text Book of Building Construction
131 Chris Hendrickson Tung su Project Msnagement for Construction
141 Robert L Peukrifoy William B Ledbetter Construction Planning Equipment
snd Methods McGraw-HIli Book Company International Edition 1985
[51 Robert L Mitchell Engineering EconomlcsJohn Wiley amp Sons 1980
[6J Thomas C Ksvanagh Frank Muller James J OBrien Construction
Management
[7J Donald Barrie Boyd C Paulson Jr ProfeSSlonslConstruction Management
[8J Frank Harris Modern Construction and Ground Engineering Equipment and
Method
9J V K Riana Concrete bridge practice analysis design and economics
110] wwwskycraperscomWebsite
[11] wwwtransltmixconcretecom Web site
[12] wwwlrcocomWebslte
[13] wwwantigoconstructio~0JT Web site
[14] wwwleggattequipmentcomWebsite
[15J Public Works Department Recent technical issues and association of public
works department October 19 2000
i16J AaM Ekram Ullah Construction industry of Bangladesh Journal of civil
engineerirlgIEB 2 December 2000
[17J Prospect of quality re-enforcement bar production in Bangladesh - Elite Iron
and Steel Industries Ltd 2003
[18J Analysis of rates of PWD (Bangladeshi Schedule
- July 199719h Edition)
65
APPENDIX-A
3-D Model STAADIPro Input and Output (Partiall
APPENDIXA
30 Model STAADfPro Input and Output (Partiall
x
3-D ST AADIPro Model of Six Storied Building
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STAAD SPACE PAGE 10
n m eo 81 m~227 94 95 551 96 n 99 0
55j 00 101 555 106 107 m 108 m 112 55
no m 114 115 240 00 0 102 no 104 CO 228 56~
00 m 118 m n 119 568 m 122 m 123 m m 124 m m m 130 m DO 131 00 135 m no bull36 on no 137 57
m m 125 m no 127 0 m 229 m en 140 m 0 141 53J
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102 oom 183 00 243 no no 171 on 172 173 m en 231 613
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lt bull 0
STAADSPACE -- PAGENO
148 271 272 276 277 328 329 341 PRIS YD 20 ZD 15119 78 14 15 6~ 64 70 71 86 87 94 95 110 111 151 152 167 bull68 208 2092lt150 266 281 282 322 ~23 332 3~7 PRIS YD 23151 885 TO 892 902 TO ~08 PRIS Yil 10 ZD 2352 1268 92 149 206 153 320 336 85~ TO 866 PRIS YO 12 ZD 10153 916 65 72 88 96 112 153 J6~ 210 226 267 28~ ~2~ 333 338 PRIS YD 15J54 11 67 90 114 171 228 285 335 843 TO 850 PRIS YD 40 ZD 10155 612 730 731 734 TO 736 748 749 75~ TO 754 766 767 770 TO 772 802 80156 806 TO 808 834 PRIS YO25 ZD 15157 577 5ao 618 PRIS Yl2G ZD 10158 501 TO 503 510 TO 12 517 TO 519 526 TO 528 5J3 TO 535 542 TO 544 54159 558 TO 560 565 TO 567 574 TO 576 581 TO 58~ 590 TO 592 597 TO 599 6C160 615701 TO 703 710 711 714 715 7J~ TO 721 728 729 732 733 737 TO 73161 750751 755 TO 757 764 765 768 76~ 773 TO 775 782 783 786 787 791 TC162 801 804 805 809 TO 8JJ 810 819 822 823 831 832 PRIS YD 30 ZD n163 593 790 PRIS YO ~O ZO 151M 596 PRIS YD 35 ZD 15165 504 TO S09 S20 TO 525 536 TO S41 S52 TO 557 568 TO 573 534 TO S39 61166 704 TO 709 722 TO 727 740 TO 745 758 TO 763 776 TO 731 794 TO 799 8167 318 PRIS YD 3D ZD 15163 600 TO 605 812 TO 817 PRIS YD 33 ZD 15169 CONSTANTS170 E CONCRETEMEMll1 TO 16 ~8 )022 57 TO 72 74 TO 73 80 TO 90 92 TO 9E171 98T0102104T0114149T01S3155T0159161T0171206T021021In 218 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3173 340 TO ~42 50J TO 518 70- TO 882 885 TO 892 B95 TO 908174 POISSON CONCRETEV-EME1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 30 TO 90 917 98 TO 102 10~ TO 11~ 149 TO 13 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 2JO 2J176 21B TO 228 263 )0267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO ~30 3177 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 613 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 908173 DENSITYCONCRETEMEHB1 TO 16 13 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 8D TO 90 9179 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 21130 213 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 27 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3181 340 TO 342 50J TO 618 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 90818l ALPHACONCRETEMEMB1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 103 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 19 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212184 l18 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 33185 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 618 701 TO 832 8BS TO 392 895 TO 9031B6 UNIT FEET KIP187 SUPPORTS1B8 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 207 216 fiXED18~ 234 FIXED190 236 FIXED191 DEFINE WINDLOAD192 TYPE 1193 INT 0 0045 0053 006 HEIG 10 30 60 90194 EXP 1 JOINT 24 TO 184 192 TO 196 199 TO 202 205 206 208 TO 215 217 11~5 n7 TON3196 EXCLUDEJOINT 46 69 92 U5 J38 161 J84197 LOADJ SELFWEIGHT1~8 SELFWEIGHTY -119~ LOAD2 DEADLOAD200 FLOORLOAD201 bull GROUNDFLOORIS A PARKI~GFLOOR
5 0
STAAD SPACE - - PAGE NO
o
59B 6973 ZRANGE 4854-2
FLOAD -05 XRANGE075KSF + 025 KSFFLOAD -01
YRANGE10 10 FLOAD -0089bull 1ST FLOOR TO 5TH FLOOR JS OFFICE FLOOR + ROOF SELFWEIGHT = O068KSF FLOO- FJNJSH = 002 KSF FALSE CEILI~G NO OTHER LOADAS FLOOR DEAD LOADYRAN3E 20 70 FLOAD -0104bull ROOF(EXTRA) AS GARDEN30 SOIL IN ~ART OF THE ROO~ SOIL ~ 03 NO OTHER LOADAS fLOOR DEAD LOADYRANGE70 70 FLOAD -03 XRANGE20 598 ZRAIIGE 2133 70ATER TANKYRANGESO SObull ROOF SLABYRANGll 80 80MEMBERLOAD701 702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 791 792 809 810 UNI GY -043LOAD 3 EXTERJOR WALLMEMBERLOADbullbullbull GROUNDFLOOR TO 5TIl FLOOR 5 WALLASSUMEDAT TilE EXTERIOR OF THE501 TO 503 510 TO 519 526 TO 535 542 TO 551 558 TO 567 574 TO 583 5599 602 605 60a 609 612 701 TO 703 TLO TO 721 72B TO 739 746 TO 757764ro775782T0793800T0808815T0826B35TOB41B51TOB578f875 TO 881 B95 TO 901 UNI GY 05LOAD 4 LIVE LOADFLOOR LOADGROUND FLOOR AS GARRAGEyenRANGE 10 10 FLOAD -005bullbull OFFICE SPACE AN ~VERAGE OF 65L8SFTYRANGE20 60 FLOAD -0 065bullbull FOR PARTITION WALL(ACCIDENTALLOAD)YRANGE20 60 FLOAD -004bull ~ ROOF OCCU~ATAIONALLIVE LOADOF ]0 LBSFTyenRANGE 70 70 FLOAD -003bullbullbull ROOF LIVE LOADOP 20 L3SFTyenRANGE 80 80 FLOAD -002MEMBERLOAD701702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 781 792 809 810 UNI GY -02LOAD 5 WIND IN XWIND LOADX 1 TYPE 1LOAD 6 WIND IN -XWIND LOADX -1 TYPE 1LOAD 7 wrND IN Zwnm LOADZ 1 TYPE 1LOAD B WIND IN ZwrND LOAD Z 1 TYPE 1LOAD COMB21 UNFACTOREDLOAD FOR GEO-TECH DESING1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10LOAD COMB22 FACTROREDLOAD1142143 14 4 17LOADCOMB23 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_X)1105 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275LOAD COMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-XI1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1 275 6 1215LOAD COMB25 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_Z)11051 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275
20420520620720B209210211 212213 214 21521621721B219220 221222223224-22522622722B21~130 131131233 234135 136 13 7 238239
241142243244-245246
249250251252 253 254255256257
P1 or
STAAD SPACE
260 LOAD COMB27 O 9DL+1 WI X261 1092 09 3 O~ 5 13262 LOAD COMB28 O~Du+~3WL -x263 1092 09 3 09 6 13261 LOAD COMB29 0 9DL+1 3WL Z265 109 2 09 3 09 7 13266 LOAD COMB30 09DL+lJWL -Z6 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13268 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELKMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 419 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH g 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS ~rRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISRSPACS = 141411308 1m EXMEM _ 11323 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 1O 23H roceMing Global Stiffness M-riX 10 23H Processing Triansular actorizatiof1 10 23H Calculating Joint Displacements 1O 24H Calculating Member Forces 10 24
269 LOAD LIST 21 22270 H71 START CONCRETE DESIGU272 CODE ACI273 UNIT INCRES KIP274 TRACK 2 ALL275 MINMAIN J ALL276 MAXMAIN8 ALL277 CLB 15 ALL278 CLS 1 5 ALL279 CLT ~5 ALL280 FC 25 ALL281 FYMAN 40 ALL28lt DESIGN BEAM501 TO 08 7D~ TO 84lt 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Pog of
A-
__ PAGE 0SIMD SPACE------------------- -------------------
_ bullbull lt CONCRETE TAKE OF bullbullbullFOR BE~MS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ~BOVEI
TOTAL VOLUCTE OF CONCR~TE ~ 11268 _94 CD FT
BAR SIZSNUMBER
mIGHT(in lbs)
1868563135362115B57951084 _9755~520
bullbullbull TOTAL= 5472996
285 FINISIl
bullbullbullbullbullbull 7 END OF STAAD-III ~7
DATE= JON 2~200J
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION M PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINBERS co bullbull West Coast - (714) 97~-2500 FClX- 714 I 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbull _ bullbullbullbullbullbullbull __ bullbull bullbullbull gt bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
Pbullbullbullbullbull of
A-9
-------------STAAD SPACE
260 1 09 2 093 09 8 13261 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- ~AGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTrcs
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMllER bullbullELEMENTS(SUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WrDTH ~ 196 nTOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ a TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISIt SPACE _ 141411570 MIl ExMEM_ 11611 MB
++ Processing Elemenc Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global stiffness Matrlx++ Processing Triangular ~actorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
163542163542163542163543163543
262 LOAD LIST 21 22263 HH264 START CONCRETE DESIGN265 CODE Atl266 UNJT INCHES KIP267 TRACK 2 ALL268 MINMAIN 4 ALL269 ~~MAIN a ALL270 CLB 15 ALU271 CLS 1 5 ALL272 eLT 1 5 ALL273 Fe 28 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO n 74 TO 78 6D TO 90 92 TO S276 104 TO 114 )48 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 2]277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 3]0 332 TO 338 34278 _ 843 TO 650 B59 TO 866 885 TO sn 902 TO 908
g of
A-10
w
gt w
~bull
H Z 00 H gt 0 H Z H g H
0 0 bull Z H n H bull Z 0 bull H
~bull 0 0 bull bull bull bull WHO om bull bull OH Z bullbull on 0 bull bull H N 0 H bull 0 0 Z bull 0 H 0 0 bull
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bull bull H bull bull H
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bull H H H 0 bull bull H
bull bull 000 bull n 0 ~
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bull ow W 0 0 H O H 00
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mgtow 0
gt I bull 0 H bull 000lt H 0
bull ltraquooOl H bull 0H bull 0 Z H W H H
bull 0 bull 0 H 0 o H
bull H H H H bull H H 0 0 0 0 00 bull 0bull 0 0 H bull 0 0 bull 0 bull bull I bullbull __ ro- bull w n bullbullbull H 0 0 0 0 bull H bullbull 00 bull bull e 0 bull H bull bull
~bull w 0 bull bull bullbull bull 0 bull bull bullbull 0 bull bull bull bullbull bull bull bull bull W bull 0 bull bull W bullbull 0 bull bull 0 bull bull bull bull bull bull bull lbull
bullbull
0 0 0 0bull
W bullw bull
STAADSPACE - - PAGE NO
260 LOADCOMB28 0 ~DL+13IL_-X261 J O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 6 13262 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+1 3L ~263 1 O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 7 13264 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13L -l265 1092 09 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTSg 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX_ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISI SPACE = Hl4 11309 MS EXMEM= 11~~~ Me
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocesslng Global Stlffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
10H46101646101646101647101647
267 LOADLIST 21 22268 bullbullbullbull26~ START CONCRETEDESIGN27D CODE ACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP272 TRACK2 ALL273 MINMAIN3 ALL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL275 CLB 15 ALL276 CLS 15 ALL277 CLT 15 ALL273 FC 29 ALL279 FYMAIN40 ALL280 DESIGN BEAM 50~ TO G18 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
A-12
STAAD SPACE __ IAGENO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE = 1011146 CUFT
BAR SIZENUllBER
bull
H TOT1L~
283 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
176933223469319085 Sl136~151335171
5384462
bullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull
H DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 1018 4 H
bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING rn VERSION 0 PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast 00- (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714 ) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast 00- (9~8) 6B8-3626 Fax- (97B) 685-7230 bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A13ry ot
STAAD SPACE
260 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL -Z261 1092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STJlTISTICS
NOMllER OF JOINTSMIDIIlER+ELEMENISSUPPORTS K 2281 4791 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH K 1961 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF BTIFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 14141 9966 MIl EXMEM ~ 9995 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
162B56162656162657162857162857
263 LOADLIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETEDESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KIP268 TRACK2 ALL269 MINMAIN4 ALL270 MAXMAIN8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALL273 CLI 15 ALL274 FC 25 ALL275 FYMAIN40 ALL276 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 lB TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 7B 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 S277 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21278 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34279 B43 TO B50 859 TO 866 885 TO B92 902 TO 90B
bullbull r
A-14
gt ~ rl bull bullbull bull 0
z 1 ~~ ~-x ~~ bullbullbullbull~ ~ ~ 00
bull gt ~ ~~
bull bull bullbull ltfl~ ~~Nm bull bull bull bullbull 0 ~ bull bull ~o bullgt bull f-lt bull --~ ~ bull ~ bull lt bull
bull 0gt bull 0 bullbull U ~M---~- bull _Z bullbull 0 0_0 N bull rl HU~~ ~Z ifgt H (1 H 10HO H_gt ~0 H bull O o ~ E-lt bull 00 -4 0 bull gt-lt bulllt bull ltVl b ofltgt l-ltZ M bull H
e 0 bull gt lt- Ii 0 Z b 0 b 0gt 0 N H bullbO b ~~ 00 __ 0 bull
U Orl rlOlt Q bull ~ H 00- Z N bull ltCUM ~U U U ~ ON bullbull bull bullbull bull ZZ Z ~ N ~ bull lt0-- 0-lt0 - IN bullbull u U bullbull lil bull bullbull lt1 u -lt ~Ilaquo0 0 ~ b oH bull c O-I-wO ~bull e 0 m CO ~0 b ~0 O bullbullbull 0 00_ - 0 N flt bullbullbull 0 UUo ~bull gt H bull bullbull bull 0bull bullbull CO bullbull bull COUO ltJ ltgtgt _0 Q
0 ltl bull -0 H ] b Z bullH bullbullbullbullbullbull ~
~ ~ ~b ~C m lt
STAAD SPACE
26Q 1 092 09 3 09 8 13261 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day lpn 200 0505 PIlt
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSsUPPORTS ~ 2281 47~ 25ORIGINALIINAL BWP-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM n 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX n 2~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISItSPACE ~ 1414 112~8 MB EXMEM bullbull11305 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 48 H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix ~8 H Processing Triangular Factorization 48 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1048 H Calculating Membr Fore 1046 262 LOADLIST 21 22263 bullbullbullbull264 START CONCRETEDESrGN265 CODE ACr266 UNIT INCHES KIP267 TRACK2 ALL268 MINMArN4 ALL269 MAXMAIN8 ALL270 CLB 15 ALL271 CLS lS ALL272 CLT lS ALL273 FC 44 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 60 TO ~O 92 IO 96 276 104 IO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 no TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34278 843 TO 8S0 859 TO 866 SS5 TO 892 ~02 TO ~06
A_16
STAAD SACE
TUeday At 200lt 05 Q PM
__ ~AGSNO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullFOR EEAMS AND CO~UMNS DES1GNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VO~UME OF CONCRETE ~ 349873 CUFT
BAR SlZENUMBER
bullbull TOTA~~
28~ FINISH
WEWHT
lin lbs)
868018135806143447158775772658
2178704
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
DATE= rUN~9~003
bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull QUESTlONS REGARDING THIS VERSlON OF ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - 7~4) 974-~500 Fax- 1714) 9H-2543 bullbull East Coast - (976) 686-3626 Fax- 1978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A17
9Oglt of
STAAD SPACE
260 11052 105 3 105 4 1~75 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13L X262 1092 0 9 3 09 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 6 13265 LOADCOMB29 a9DL+13WL_Z266 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092 09 3 09 8 13269 PERFORM ANALYSIS
Tuesday AprLl 200lt 050 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STAJISJICS
NUMBER OF JO~NTSMEMBER+ELEHENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25OR~G~NALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 196 31TOlALPRIMARY LOAD CASES 8 JOJALDEGREES OP FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OP STIPFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PR~C KORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 14UI 10052 KB ElCKEK 10074 KB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
115749115749115749115750115750
270 LOAD LIST 21 2227l 272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 3 ALL277 MAXMAIN a ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL2ao CLl 15 ALL281 FC 44 ALL~82 FYMAIN 40 ALL283 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 6lS 701 10 84~ 851 10 858 867 TO 88~ 895 TO 901
0 or
A-1B
STAAD SPACE __ PAGE NO
bullbull bullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COGUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAG VOGUME OF CONCRETE = 854555 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
TOTAG~
186 FINISH
WEIGHT(~n Ibs)
176288448775077448379214
1689494
4793815
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 115910
bull QUESTlONS REGARDING H1SVERSlON oe PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS 0 c bullbull west Coaet - (7141 974-2500 =- (714) 921-2543 bullbull EilstCOil~t - 97B) 688-3626 FilX-(978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull
A-19
STAAD SPACE
260 LOIDCOMB30 O9DL+l3Wl -z261 1 092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORM ANALYSIS
TUesday Iltpnl 0o 00 0503 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATrSTICS
NUMBER OP JOrNTSMBMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 2SORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STlFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIlgt DlSK SPACE ~ 14l4 11297 MD IXMEM 11322 MB
++ rocessing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocessing Global stiffne~~ Matrix_++ ProceBBing Triangular Factori~ation++ Calculating Joint Di~placements++ Calculating Member Forces
92823~2823~28239282492824
263 LOAD LIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETE DESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KI268 TRACK 2 ALL269 MINMAIN 4 ALL270 MAXMAIN 8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALlgt273 CLT 15 ALlgt274 Fe 36 ALL275 FYMAIN 40 ILL276 DESIGN COLUMN 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~o 92 TO 96 277 104 TO 114 14~ TO 153 155 TO l5~ 161 TO 171 206 TO 2J0 2J2 TO 216 21276 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 3427~ 843 TO 80 89 TO 866 865 TO 892 902 TO 908
go of
TUesday Apnl 0 00 05 OJ PH
STAAD SPACE
~~~~~CONC~ETE TAKE OFF ~~~~~~~(FOR BEAMSAlD COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CO~C~ETE = 347891 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBE~
u TOTAL~
282 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
7770_05143175379537468648~067 99
2675164
~~~END OF STAAD-III ~bullbullbullbull~
~~ DATE~ JUN 292003
bullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbull~bullbullbull~~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS ~EGARDING TIllS VE~SION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESE~RCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(714) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~1~76) 688-3626 Fax- 197B) 685-7230 bull~~bullbull~bullbull~~~~bullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbull~~
A-21
Pog of
STAADSPACE
260 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 7 1275261 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-Z)262 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 8 1275263 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13WL X264 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13265 LOADCOMB28 O9DL+13WL -X266 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 1 3267 LOADCOMB29 O9DL+13WL Z268 1 09 2 09 3 09 7 13269 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+13WL -Z270 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13271 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day Apnl 200lt 0501
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS~ 228 479 25ORI~INALFINAL B~_WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAlgtPRIMARYLOADCASES 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FRlEDOM~ 1218SI~E OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 141411268 MIl EXMEM~ 11325 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorizat~on++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Fo~ces
9513495134951349513595135
272 LOADLIST 21 22273 u274 START CONCRETEDESIGN275 CODEACI276 UNIT INCHES KIP277 TRACK2 ALL278 MINMAIN3 ALL27~ MAXMAIN8 ALL280 CLB 1_5 ALL281 CLS 15 ALL282 CLT 15 ALL283 FC 36 ALL284 FYMAIN40 ALL285 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO B42 B51 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
0 - Df Slt
A-22
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 964374 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
faTAL
268 FINISH
WEJCHT(in Ibs)
177047115913713077931152341667496
5020131
bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-IJI bullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 29200J TIME~ ~5252
bullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENCJNEER8 bullbull West Coast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull
A-23
Pobullbullbullbullbull ot
STAADSPAC
260 LOADCOMB29 09DL+l3WL Z261 1092093 09 7 13262 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z263109209309813264 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
lROBLEM S TAT 1ST I C S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPlORTS 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH_ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES _ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM_ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSRZQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 141411353 Mll lXMEM~ 11380 Mll
H Processing Element Stiffness MatrlX 1519 H Precessing Global Stiffness Matrix 1519 H precessing Triangular Factorization 1519 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1519 H Calculating Member Forces 1520 0
265 LOADLIST 21 22266 bullbull u
267 STARI CONCRETEDESIGN268 CODEACI269 UNIT INCHES KIP270 TRACK2 ALL271 MINMAIN4 ALL272 MAXMAIN8 ALL273 CLB 15 ALL274 CLS 15 ALL275 CLT 15 AGL276 FC 44 ALI277 FYMAIN60 ALL278 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 279 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21280 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34281 843 TO 850 859 TO 566 885 TO 8n 902 TO 90S
A-24
STAAD SPACE
~bullbull~bullbullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbull(POR BEAJgtlSAND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
__ PAGE NO
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE w 286875 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbullbull TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in 1bs)
10486852147631374701385_57397060
1936535
bullbullbullbullbull~~~END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~~
~DATEw JUN 25200
bullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbull~~~bullbullbull~bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF ~ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West coast - (714) ~74 -2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbullbull~bullbull~~
0lt
STAADSPACE
261 LOADCOMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_XI262 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 6 1275263 LOADCOMB25 075(14DL+l7LL+l7WL_ZI264 1105 2 105 3 1054 1275 7 1275265 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI266 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 B 1275267 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X26B 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13269 LOADCOMB28 09DL+l3WL -X270 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 13271 LOADCOMB29 09DL+13WL_Z272 1 09 2 09 3 O~ 7 13273 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL_-Z274 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 1)275 PERFORMANALYSI8
- - PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALPINAL BAND-WIDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM _ 121BSIZE OF STIFF~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISISPACE ~ 141411362 MS E~ 11354 MB
++ processing Element 8tiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~m~nts++ Calculating Member Forces
154753154753154753154753154754
276 LOADLIST 21 22277 bullbull u
278 START CONCRETEDESIGN279 CODEACI280 UNIT INCHES KIP281 TRACK2 ALL282 MJNMAIN4 ALL283 MAXMAIN8 ALL284 CLB 15 ALL285 CLS 15 ALL286 CLT 15 ALL287 FC 44 ALL288 FYMAIN60 ALL289 DESJGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
A26
STAAD SPACE
~odnosdy April 07 200 12 bullbull PIlt
__ PAGE NO 4E
bullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE ~ 614543 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
h TOTAL=
292 FINISH
WEIGHTlin Ib)
23844211346225329075487201051119
46517 _88
~~bullbull~~END OF STAAD-III ~~bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JVlI 252003 TIME~ 154929 h
~~~~~~~~bullbull~~~bullbullbullbull~bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VSRSION OF PROGRAMbull RESEARCH ENGINSERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7H) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - 978 ) 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 685-7230 bull~~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbullbullbull
A-27
Pg 5
STAADSPACE
260 1092 093 09 7 13261 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z262 1092 09 3 09 8 13263 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM S TAT I S TIC S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WID~ ~ 196 31TOT-LPRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 8471 MIl ExMEM~ 8600 MB
H Ptocessing ElemEnt StiffnEss Mattix 12 132H ProcEssing Global Stiffness Matrix 12 132H Processing Trlangular Factorization 12 132H Calculating Joint Displacements 12 1]3H Calculating MEmber Forces 12 133
264 LOADLIST 21 22265 bullbull u
266 START CONCRETEDESIGN267 CODEACI268 UNIT INCHES ~lP269 TRAC~ 2 ALL270 MINMAIN4 ALL271 MAXMAIN8 ALL272 CLB 15 ALL273 CLS 15 ALL274 CLT 15 ALL275 FC 36 ALL276 FYMAIN60 ALL277 DESIGN COLUMN1 rO 16 IS TO 22 57 TO 72 74 rO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 278 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21279 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34280 843 TO 850 85~ TO 866 8B5 TO 892 902 TO 908
go
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
uUH CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ 335474 CUFT
BAR SIZENUJolBER
TOTAr~
263 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbsl
6330H565332164366277114472160
2112007
END OF STAAD-Ilr bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TrME= 12 3 5 bull
bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull eo QUESTrONS REGARDrNG THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~19781 686-3626 Fax- (9751 655-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
A-29
0 oE
STAAD SPACE
260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOAD COMB28 O9DL+JWL -x262 1092 09 3 09 6 J326 LOAD COMB29 O9DL+JWL Z264 1092 09 3 O~ 7 13265 LOAD COMB30 O_~DL+J3WL_-Z266 1 O_~ l O~ 3 09 B 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
~dn5dy AI 07 200lt 12 PM
- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIOTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES S TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121SSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = ~~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSRliQRDAVAILOISISPACE ~ 1414 8511~ EXMEM _ 8579 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
114125114125114126114126U4l27
268 LOAD LIST 21 2~269 270 START CONCRETE DESIGNl7J CODEACI22 UNIT INCHES KIP273 TRACK 2 ALL274 MINMAIN 4 ALL275 MAXMAIN 8 ALL276 CLB 15 ALL277 CLS 15 ALL278 CLT 15 ALL~79 FC 36 ALL280 FYMAIN 60 ALL28J DESIGN BEAM50J TO 6J8 70J TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
g of
A-3D
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE bull 727873 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbull
TOTAL
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
lt234770403~248654~34000 ~6504918
4409100
bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JON 262003
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSWN OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7141 974-2500 Fax- 714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (9781 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 6SS-n30 bull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull
A-31
p of bullbull
STAADSPACE
2521142143144 l7253 LOADCOMB23 075(J4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Xl254 l L05 2 L05 3 LOS 4 1275 5 1275255 LOADCOMB24 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_XI256 l L05 2 105 3 105 4 1275 6 1275257 LOADCOMB25 075(l4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Z)258 l 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275259 LOADCOMB26 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI260 l l05 2 105 3 l05 4 1275 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL_X262 l O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 1092 09 3 09 6 l3265 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+13WL Z266 1092 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL -Z268 1092 09 3 09 8 l3269 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM STATrSTrcs
NUMBEROF JOrNTSMEMBER+~~EMENTSsUPPORTS~ 2251 4791 25ORrGI~FrNAL BAND_WIDTH~ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES 5 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM 1218SlZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAlL DUK SPACE 141411569 MB EI(IIgM 11607 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ processing Globsl Stiffness Matrix++ proce~sing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member ForCes
l65923J65923J65~23l65~24165924
270 LOADLIST lt1 22271 uu272 START CONCRETEDESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK2 ALL276 MINMAIN4 ALL277 MAXMAIN8 ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT l5 ALL281 Fe 29 ALL282 FYMAIN60 ALL283 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO l6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~O n TO 96 ~284 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21285 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 2B5 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 33B 34
Fa ot
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
(FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ ~52761 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
gtbullbullbull TOTAL=
289 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbBI
7871 93298984~750 545725 66587542
bullbullbullbull DATE= JON 192003 TIME= 17 027 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull m QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Ccast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) ~21-2543 bullbull East Ccast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-33
iT oE
STAADSPACE
252 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275253 LOADCOMB24 075 (14DL+l7LL+l7WL_-XI25~ 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 175 6 1275255 LOADCOMB2S 0 7S (1 4DL+l 7LL+l 7WLZ)256 11052 105 3 105 ~ 1275 7 1175257 LOADCOMB26075(1 4DL+17LL+l 7WL -ZI258 11052 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275259 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOADCOMB25 0~DL+13WL -X262 109 2 O~ 3 09 6 13263 LOADCOMB29 0~DL+l3WL Z264 1092 09 3 09 7 13265 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL~Z266 1092 09 3 09 8 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINAL~lNAL BAND_WlDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LO~ ~ES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121BSIZE OF STIr~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 11622 MB ExMEM _ 11630 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Triangular Factorization 16 45H Calculating Joint Displacements 16 46H Calculating Member Forces 16 46
26B LOADLIST 21 TO 2226~bullbull u
270 STARTCONCRETEDESIGN271 CODE ACI272 UNIT INCHES KlP273 TRACK 2274 MINMAIN4 ALL27 MAXMAIN8 ALL276 CLB 1277 CLS 1527B CLT 15279 FC 29280 FYMAIN 602B1 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 61B 70l TO 842 85l TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Po 0
A-e4
STAAD SPACE -- PAGIgt NO
bullbull CONCRETE TA~E OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull(FOR BIgtAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ 936663 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullH TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
2218196100107537652369180134297
4321892
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull DATE_ JUN 92003 TIME~ 16 6 5 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
eoWestEast
OUESTIONS REGARDING TEIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at
Coa~t Ph- (7H) n4-2500 Fax- (7H) 92-2543Co~tPh- (978) 68B-3626 Fax- (~7B) 685-7230
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-35
go bullbullbull or ltOS
STAADS1ACE
252 LOAD COMB24 075114Dlt+17ltlt+17Wlt_-XI253 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 l27S 6 1275254 LOAD COMB25 075114Dlt+l7LL+l7WL_Z)255 11052 LOS 3 105 4 1275 7127S256 WAD COMB26 075114Dlt+17LL+17WL_ZI257 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275258 LOAD COMB27 09DL+J3WL X259 1092 09 3 09 5 13260 WAD COMB26 O9DL+13Wlt_-X261 1092 09 3 O~ 6 13262 WAD COMB29 O9DL+l3WL Z263 J 09 2 09 3 09 7 13264 LOAD COMB30 09Dlt+l3WL -Z265 109 l OS 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
-~ PAGE NO
PROBLEM S TAT S TIC S
NUMBEROF JONTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS_ 228 479 25ORIGNALFNAL BAND-WlDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SlZE OF STPFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAL DISK SPACE ~ 1414 10570 ME EXMEM 10597 ME
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~ments++ Calculating Member Forces
123548123548123548123549123549
267 LOID LIST 2l 22268 u++
269 START CONCRETEDESIGN270 CODEACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP271 TRACK 2 ALL273 MINMAIN 4 AL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL27S CB 15 ALL276 CS 15 AL277 CT 15 ALL278 FC 25 AL279 FYMAIN 60 ALL280 DESIGN COLUMNJ TO J6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 gt28J 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 lSS TO 159 J6J TO 17) 206 TO 210 212 TO 2J6 2]281 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34283 843 TO 850 859 TO 866 885 TO 891 902 TO 908
bullbull or bullbull
STNill SPACE -- PAGE NO
~~~~CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 418998 CUFT
BAR S1ltENUMBER
WEIGHTlin lbsl
9534245293381031637769676075
U TOTAL= 28~5a 03
286 FINISH
~~~~~~END OF STAAD-I11 ~~~~
bullbullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TIME= 123711 bullbullbullbull
bullbull
bullbull
921-2543685-7230
QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc atPh- 1714) n4-2500 Fax- 17141lh- (978) 688-3626 Fax- 19781
WeBt CoaBtEast CoaBt
bullbullbullbull
gO of
A-37
bull
STAAD SPACE
260 110521053 105 4 1275 8 1275261 LOAD COMB 27 O9DL+l3WL_X262 1092093 09 5 13263 LOAD COMB 28 O9DL+l3WL_-X264 1092093 09 6 13265 LOAD COMB 29 O9DL+l3WL_Z266 1092093 09 7 13267 LOAD COMB 30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092093 09 6 13269 PERFORM MlALtSrS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM S T ITIS TIC S
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 195 31TOTAro PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 rOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOW _ InSSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PRBe WORDSREQRDAVJILDISIl SPACE 141411309)IB EXMEM_ 11319 MB
++ Proce~singElement Stiffness Matrix++ PrDcessing Global Stiffness Matrix++ p~ocessing Triangular Factori2ation++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Force~
1033 91033 91033 9103310103310
270 LOAD LIST 21 22271 u272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE hCI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 4 ALL277 MAXMAIN BALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT 15 ALL281 Fe 25 hLL282 FYMAIN 60 ALL2B3 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 8~5 TO 901
FOg or
A-38
STAAD SPACE
w bullbull day PriJ 07 200lt 12
-- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull~ bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ H07625 CUFT
TOTAL~
286 FINISH
WEIGIJT(in Ibs)
2555707312566433964100076370299
4373300
bullbull bullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 292003
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull QUESTIONS REGARDING rum VERSION PROGRAM bullbull RESRARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast gt0- (7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 92) -2543 bullbull East Coast gt0- (9781 688-36)6 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull of
APPENDIX-B
List of Buildings for Different Strength Concrete and Reinforcement
APPENDIX-B
STRUCTURE DEVELOPER CONCRETE STEELSTREGTII STRENGTH
6(SIX) STORIED RESIDEIHIAL BUILDING ABC REAL ESTATES LTD 3aao pi 60000 piAT PLOT NO 239 KHILlGI ROAD BLOCK_B ABC HOUSE (6TH FLOOR) 8 KAMALATATURKMOHAMMADPUR HOUSING ESTATL AVENUE DHAKA1205MOHAYIMADP]JR DHAKA
9(NINE) STORIED RESIDENTIAl BUILDING MONICO LIMITED 3000 pi 611000piAT PLOT 0 507 MOUZA KAFRUI~ WEST HOUSE 10 7l1 ROAD NO 71A DHANMONDlAGARGAO DHAKA RIA DHAKA-12096(MX) STOlUlm RESIDFNTIAL BUILDING MR MOHAI1MAD HABlBUR RltHMAN 2500 psi 40000 piAI BAJTUL AMAN COOPERATJVE HOUSINGSOCIETY LIMITED PLOT NO-578cS 10_124KHA TIAN 0-346(SIX) STORIED CHAMP A SUPER MARKET MIS NISHA CONSTRUCTION 2500 pi 40000 piAT RAUARANDI DAZAR 13ALIAKANDlRAJBARl5(FlVE) STORIED ADMIN BUiLDIIG OF MIS NISHA CO]STRUCTlON 2500 pi 40000 piMANSUR ALI COLLEGEAT NARUA BALIAKANDI RAJBARI7 STORIED MLlNAT PLAZA MD MINNAT HOSSAIN 25110pi 40000 psiA SHOPPING CUM RESIDENTIAL DUILDINGA1 ABDULLAHPURKERANIGONJ DHAKA
WELKINS CANOPUS WELKINS PROPIRTY MANAGFMENT LTD 2500 pi 40000 pi9 STORIED APARTME1lt DUILDllG 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIBAGliAT LALKlIAI BAZAR CHlTTAGONG CIlITTAGOGWELKINS CALYX WELKINS PROPERTY MANAGEMENT LTD 2500 psi 40000 psi9 STORIED APARTMENT I3UIWING 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIDAGIIATNASlRABAD CHITTAGONG CIllTJAGONGGRAMEEN LEPTIS MAGNA GRAMEEN BANGLA HOUSING LTD 3000 psi 60000 piAT NIKETON GULSHAN SO-lARTORI TOWER (7TH FLOOR)9 STORIED APARTMENT BUILDING 12 SOlAR GAON ROAD DHAKA 1000
B~
APPENDIX - B
6 STORIED OFFICE BUILDING RUNNER AU rOMOBlLES LTD 2500Igti 40000 psiAT KUTURIA SAVAR DHAKA 74B GREEr ROAD DIJAKA
5-STORIED RESIDFNTIAL BlJILDING FOR MRROHIUL KARIM 2500 pi 40000 psiMRROBIUL KARIM AT PWT NO-lBROAD NO_7 SECTOR _7UTARA MODEL TOVNDHAKASNIGHDA ORCHID UNITIiCH HOLDIIGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD NO5 HOUSE NO - 7 BLOCK - IBANANI DHAKAJAUIIYA IJIITECH HOIDlNGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD 10 _9 HOUSE NO - 35 SECTOR- 4UTTARA DHAKA
ROUDRACHYA UNlTECIl HOJDIgtIGSLIMITED 2500 pl 40000 plROADNO_9 IlOUSENO-31SECTOR-4UITARADHAKA
UNITECH PRJ(SIDENCY UNITECH HOLDINGS LIMITED 2500 psi 40000 psiHUMAYANROAD PWTN034MOHAMMADPUR DHAKA
6-STORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING FOR Mlgt TOFAZZEL HOSSAIN 2500 pi 40000 psiMDTOFAZZEL HOSSAIN PLOT NO-64 BLOCK-C MANSURABAD HOUSING SOCIETYMOHAMMADPUR DHAKA8S10RIED IXI6MARRlED ORSQIJARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARMY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT SHAHEED YOUSUF ROAD DHAKA CANTT DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED lXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE OW amp CE (ARlfY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT POSTOGOLA CANTI DHAKA DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED IXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARII-IY) 3000 pi 40000 piAT ARMY HEAD QUATER ADMIN WING DHAKACANTIDHAKA CANTT4_STORlIW ENGINEERING FACILITIES ~ 3000 pi 60000 piBUILDING JMBAR PROJECT SARAK BHABAN
B~
APPENDIX- B
RAMNADHAKASHAPTAK SHAHNAMA SHAPTAK GRIHAY~ LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORJED APARTMENT BUILDING 819 BLOCK-C LALMATIA DHAKA-1207FORMR M MOSHIURRAHMA-lt ATPLOTNO34 BLOCK - C LALMATIA DHAKA - 1207SHAPT AK MAVIS SHAPT AK GRIllA Ylli LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORIED APARThlENT BUlTJ)ING 819 BLOCK-C lALMATlA DHAKA_1207fOR MR M MOSHllJR RAHMAN AT PLOT NO314HLOCK C LALMArJA DHAKA 1207
B-
APPENDIX-C
list of Buildings Using ExcavatorLabour for Excavation Work
APPEND1X-C
STRITCTlJRE
LABAID CARDIAC CENTREROAD _ 4 DHAllfONDJ DHAKA
LABAID SPECIALIZED 1I0SlIT AIROAD - 4 D1IA~MONDr DHKA
HABIT AT CENTER21 S]ORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEXSHAY AMOU DHAKASAM COMPLEX21 STORIED SHOPPING OfFICE COMPLEXSHAYA)IjOLl DHAKA(LOBE SHOPING CENTERto SIORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEX24 MIRPUR ROAD DHAKAHAPPY HOMES DR RAtA fULLA ARCADE6 STORIED BUIWINGROAD NO 3 DHANMONDI DJIAKAMULTILA GREEN VILLA15 SfORJED BUIWINGGREEN ROAD DHAKA
Such as 18 Storied New Market CityComplexadjacent of Dhaka new market14 storied CRP building project atMirJlur-14 Dhaka
nlvrLOP~R
LAB AlD corSTRUCTlOr
LAB AID CONSTRUCTlO
IIABITAJ REAL ESTATE LTD
GLOBE CENTER LTD
HAPPY HOMES LTD
MULTIPLAN LTD
UNIVERSE CONSTRUCTION LTD(CONTRACTOR)
m
Col
NOWIUSlMEIT
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
EXCA VATlOr- WORKPERFORMIW BY
EQUIPMEN l 1~IiNSIVE
EQlIPME~T INTElSTVE
EQUlPMElT INTElSIVE
EQUIMElT INTENSIVE
FQUlPMENT INTENSIVE
EQUIPMENT INTElS1Vpound I ~~~0 -Ilt~ s-
J~LABOUR INTENSIVE~i -ii amp
jjik ciI ~ ~ f- 1j
LABOURINTENSIV lt~~(I)ill- ~ J lt 4M
LABOUR INTENSIVE (
- 00000001
- 00000002
- 00000003
- 00000004
- 00000005
- 00000006
- 00000007
- 00000008
- 00000009
- 00000010
- 00000011
- 00000012
- 00000013
- 00000014
- 00000015
- 00000016
- 00000017
- 00000018
- 00000019
- 00000020
- 00000021
- 00000022
- 00000023
- 00000024
- 00000025
- 00000026
- 00000027
- 00000028
- 00000029
- 00000030
- 00000031
- 00000032
- 00000033
- 00000034
- 00000035
- 00000036
- 00000037
- 00000038
- 00000039
- 00000040
- 00000041
- 00000042
- 00000043
- 00000044
- 00000045
- 00000046
- 00000047
- 00000048
- 00000049
- 00000050
- 00000051
- 00000052
- 00000053
- 00000054
- 00000055
- 00000056
- 00000057
- 00000058
- 00000059
- 00000060
- 00000061
- 00000062
- 00000063
- 00000064
- 00000065
- 00000066
- 00000067
- 00000068
- 00000069
- 00000070
- 00000071
- 00000072
- 00000073
- 00000074
- 00000075
- 00000076
- 00000077
- 00000078
- 00000079
- 00000080
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- 00000082
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- 00000100
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- 00000102
- 00000103
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- 00000105
- 00000106
- 00000107
- 00000108
- 00000109
- 00000110
- 00000111
- 00000112
- 00000113
- 00000114
- 00000115
- 00000116
- 00000117
- 00000118
- 00000119
- 00000120
- 00000121
- 00000122
- 00000123
- 00000124
-
ABSTRACT
The Indus Valley civilization shows that Indian subcontinent had a leadership in
the advancement in construction Technology and Industry over the world But
unfortunately this part of the sub-continent especially Bangladesh could not
cope with the modern technological advancementConstruction technologies can on the basis of their content of labor and
equipment be classified as equipment intensive labor intensive and labor basedtechnology In recent years technological innovation in design analysis
construction materials construction methods etc have resulted in significant
changes in construction industry Computer aids have improved capabilities for
generating worth designs reducing th time requirement to produce alternative
designs to ensure safety with economy New technologies not only haveenhanced the quality of construction but also have shortened the time for shop
fabrication and field erection Construction methods have advanced throughvarious stages of mechanization and automation including the latest
development of construction robotics That means trend is advanced
technologyIn this study 25 numbers of six to nine storied buildings and 4 numbers of
twenty to thirty storied buildings have been studied It has been observed that
the construction industry in Bangladesh dominated by labor-intensive
technology lower grade material and primitive construction procedure In mostof the cases 29 more cost involvement has been observed These madeconstruction indl1stry of Bangladesh an inefficient one Use of high qualitymaterial easily saves huge monitory loss in this sector This will require active
participation of Engineers in design house and in field Further detail study may
enhance this fact elaboratelyDifferent sizes 10 numbers building of different excavation depth have been
studied Of these considering PWD stpound jard rate of works it has been observed
that for deeper excavation excavator or equipment intensive technology ischeaper than labour intensive excavation For ending conclusion of equipment
intensive excavation require further detailed investigationBangladesh cOl1ld regain leadership in the construction industry over the world
through accepting and participating in the advancement of the modern
technologies The scopes are waiting ahead Entrepreneur especially the
Engineers should come forward to take the challenge to advance Bangladesh in
that directionAuthor
CONTENTS
Declaration
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Graphs
Abbreviation
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1~ Development of Construction Technology
12 Objective of the Project
13 Methodology
CHAPTER 2 TECHNOLOGIESINCONSTRUCTION INOUSTRY
xi
XIII
1
5
6
21 Introduction to Technology in Construction Industry 7
22 Construction technologies on the basis of
labour and equipment
221 Equipment intensive Technology
222 labor Intensive Technology
223 labor Based Technology
8
9
9
23 Software Technology
231 Manpower (Humnware)
232 Information Infowarel
233 Organization (Orgaware)
9
9
10
10
24 Hardware Technology in 11
241 Excavation 12
242 Compaction and Grading 14
243 Drilling and Blasting 17
244 Lifting and Erecting 19
245 Mixing 19
246 Construction Tools and Other Equipment 20
247 Choice of Equipment and Standard Production Rates 21
248 BUildingMaterials 22
249 Construction Automation and Robotics 23
CHAPTER3 CONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYOF BANGLADESH
31 Introduction 24
32 Some Big Constructions in Bangladesh 26
33 Constructions in Bangladesh Using Pre-Fabrication 29
34 Humnware Infoware Orgaware and Hardware in Bangladesh
341 Humnware 31
342 Infoware 32
3430rgaware 33
344 Hardware 34
CHAPTER 4 TECHNOLOGY ON EXCAVATION AND RCC
OF BANGLADESH
41 Technology in Excavation 35
411 Preliminary Stage 37
412 Time Analysis with Seasonal Effects 38
413 Cost Analysis and Result 40
42 Design and Specifications
421 Material for BUilding Construction 45
4211 Material in Bangladesh 46
4212 Reinforcement 47
4213 Concrete 48
4214 Steel 49
4215 ReC Grading 50
4216 Interdependence of Humnware
Infoware and Hardware 51
4217 Analysis and Result 52
4219 Cost Analysis 60
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Discussion
52 Conclusion
53 Scope of Future Works
REFERENCES
63
64
64
65
APPENDIX A 5T AADlPro input and output
APPENDIX B List of buildings for different strength
concrete and reinforcement
APPENDIX C List of buildings using excavatorlabour
for excavation work C-1
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1-1 la) Natural features caves and overhangs
Fig 1-1 (bll Crude shelter
Fig 1-1 c) Beehive hut
Fig 1-1 Id) Cone on cylinder
Fig 1-1 (e) Hipped-on cube
Fig 21 Excavation Equipment
Fig 2-2 Compaction amp Grading Equipment
Fig 2-3 Drilling amp Blasting Equipment
Fig 2-4 Construction Tools amp Other Equipments
Fig 31 National Assembly
Fig 3-2 Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
Fig 3-3 Islamic Development Bhaban
Fig 3-4 Bashundhara City
1
1
2
2
2
13
16
18
21
26
27
28
29
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4-1 5 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 41Table 4-2 10 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 41Table 4-3 15 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 42Table 4-4 20 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 42Table 4-5 ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed bar 47Table 4-6 8S4149 specifications for Twisted bar 47Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Rein and Concrete 50Table 4-8 Column Concrete Strength 44 kSIand Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 52Table 49 Beam Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 52Table 410 Column Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 53Table4-11 Beam Concrete Stren9th 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 53Table 4-12 Column Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 54Table 4-13 Beam Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 54Table 414 Column Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 55Table 4-15 Beam Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 55Table 4-16 Column Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 56Table 4-17 Beam Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 56
59
Table 4-18 Column Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 57
Table 4-19 Beam Concrete Strength 3 6 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 57
Table 4-20 Column Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 58
Table 4-21 Beam Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 58
Table 4-22 Column Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi
Table 4-23 Beam Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 kSI 59
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule 60
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule 60
Table 4-26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement 61
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete ReqUirement 61
Table 4-28 Reinforcement and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka 61
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 4-1 Excavation cost for 5 feet 43Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet 43Graph 4-3 Excavation cost for 15 feet 44Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet 44Graph 4-5 Total Cost of Concrete and Reinforcement 62Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement 62
Xli
ADPASTM
BS
SUET
GATS
GIS
kip
ksi
PCpsi
PVC
PWD
GCRampD
RC
RCC
UKWTO
ABBREVIATIONS
Annual Development Program
American Society for Testing Matenal
Bangladesh Standard
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
General Agreement on Trade amp Services
Geographic Information System
KiloPound
Kilo-pound per Square Inch
Personal Computer
Pound-per Square Inch
Poly Vinyl Chloride
Public Works Department
Quality Control
Research amp Development
Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced Cement Concrete
United Kingdom
World Trade Organization
X1l1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Development of Construction Technology
Building is the earliest form of technology In civil engineering construction
From the most primitive times humans required protection from the wild
animal elements of nature changing seasons and predators in natural
shelters such as caves and rock overhangs
Step by step they learned to improve their caves with inlaid stone floors
walls at the entrances and fireplaces Ultimately they began creating entirely
new habitats in locations that had no natural shelter
Shetters built from natural material~ indicate that they had knowledge of the
stress strain and insulation properties (heat cold and water-proofing) of the
materials used The use of hand-made bricks or stone blocks indicated
knowledge of properties such as compression forces The symmetrical
shapes of the designs indicated the knowledge and application of the
principles of geometry
Most communities had their own distinctive styles lor bUilding their houses
and archaeologists have uncovered many examples through the ages
[Shown in Fig l-1a) to Flg1-1 (e)]
Fig1-110)Naturalfeaturecoos andcerhangsNaturalshell likecaveoravehangswereusedas OleSlInleornobuldngmaterialswereused
Fig1-1(b)CrudehellerTemporary5lruelue5tht neededIItUeWOlt1ltmn5hlpMalerilsfouodnoarbywereusedndoITangedona udelrameworkofbrance
Fig 11 (el llBolllvo nulA ypcal bUlldng yle of Ihe Nguni people (Zuluand Xlloa) Vertical branenes were stabilisedtl1 hOzotal bltacing wiln nO ~istnclibetweon Ine walls nd Lne roof The saplingslrueuro was bound lOgeher by gass fibreropos and tho grass eong ws wn to Ihelerura Ih gras rope
Fig 1_1 (0) Hlpped-ltgtn cubWestern fiuecaled 10 Ihe introduction of Ihe gOwall cons1ructlon The walilayoo Iso ~caeheha or the roof Walls me higher and doorvayslarger
Fig 11 (d) Con on cylinderA typlcol style among Ihe Tswana Solho andVenda peoplo Tila roof IS para and can bcleorly idenllfied The rooF as mode lrcltn grassad the wallslrom dag or tyle 01cement
The bUilding trade is the earliest form of civil engineering construction Up to
13 century building technology in the sub-continent fell under three
category (a) Thatchery and mud houses made of thatched roof of bamboo
straw grass reed etc lb) stone masonry which included hewing laying and
carving of stone and (c) Brick masonry construction consisting of lime-surki
mortar in the city areas Between 13 and 18h century the feudal monarchs
and the land lords constructed monumental bUildings After the Industrial
2
revolution in the 180 century construction of factory buildings labor sheds
ware houses etc became the major construction activities With the
invention of the steam engine in the 18 century development of railways
started Besides the construction of roads ports and harbors inland and
offshore navigation developed simultaneously after the Second World War
reconstruction of the war ravaged infrastructure brought a boom In the civil
engineering construction Civil engineering also has attained modernization
an eventually in the seventies the development of chips and micro chips and
the high capacity single chip microprocessor made possible the development
of the micro computers The computer software technology has also
developed very fast simultaneously The development of the optical fiber
and the satellite technology has made a revolution and the internet has
brought the information technology to a stage which was unimaginable even
a decade ago As result knowledge based industries now dominate over the
previous machinery based industries Traditional construction industry as
gradually becomes obsolete and ineffective worldwide in these high tech
eras This new situation put construction industry a new challenge
In modern times the civil engineers built dams sluices regulators barrages
pump houses and p ower generation and many other structures which were
believed to be impossible to construct Gigantic modern off-shore structures
are now built which go to several hundred meters below sea level In the
field of bridge construction enormous progress have been achieved Bridges
has now become relatively cheap and can be built in extremely short timeThe most ambitious bridge development ever realized is certainly the Akashi-
Kaiko Bridge in Japan with a span of 1990 meter This gigantic endeavor at
the early age where only possible due to very sophisticated and heavy
erection equipment developed The successful construction of channel
tunnel Bull twinkle (492 m worlds tallest offshore platform) Louisianan
offshore oil port supertanker unloading capacity of 100000 barrel an houri
Kansai international airport a port reclaimed from sea bed containing
extremely soft soill testify to development capability of the civil engineeringprofession in modern times it will not be out of place to mention that during
the sixties intensive urbanization in many developed countries saw the
3
spectacular revolutionary concepts such as wall frame Interaction tube-in-
tube bundle tubes diagonally braced frame and compOSite construction
pioneered the high rise growth Developments of intelligent buildings that
can respond to earthquake and fire hazards are in the making
In recent years (Information agel technological innovation in design
materials and construction methods have resulted in significant changes in
construction costs Computer aids have improved capabilities for generation
quality designs as well as reducing the time required to produce alternative
designs New equipments and materials not only have enhanced the quality
of constructIOn but also have shortened the time for shop fabrication and
field erection Construction methods have gone through various stages of
mechanization and automation including the latest development of
construction robotics
The Global Trend
Competition in global market for better amp economic building construction is
increasing day by day Construction organizations are realizing that
responsiveness to market demands and adaptability to changing condition
Competitive prices are the hallmarks of successful enterprise Therefore
every construction organization wants to lower the cost by alternate deSign
interchanging material strength amp type uSing modern construction methods
and proper management So construction world is going for new technology
and saving both time and cost
The Bangladesh Context
Bangladesh has come a long way since its independence But a very few
organizations have adopted new construction technology and ability to build
high strength material with quality After 2004 due to WTD and GATS
Bangladesh market has to be made open to outside countries and most of
the organization will face difficult challenges from the competitors of other
countries To face this challenge effectively construction organizations need
4
to be more responsive to market demands lower the prices by choosing
proper construction technology in all stages of construction as well as
improve quality of material If construction organizations of Bangladesh will
able to qualify with other countries in competition they would have to
opportunity to work abroad
Bangladesh is one of the least developed countries in the world Regrettably
In Bangladesh most of the construction methods and design are oriented by
conventional method Though volume of building construction is large but
modern construction method and equipment facilities in most of the cases
are absent Only a small number of projects have been done or ongoing With
theses modern facilities Remarkable new and high strength material are also
not using in Bangladesh Only in some national bridgeroad construction
project modern equipment and material were used in Bangladesh Due to
absent of new and high strength materials new technologies new
equipments quality as well as effiCiency of building construction are very
poor
12 Objective of the Project
Bangladesh is one of the least developing countries Contemporary
construction technology With high strength materials are not often uSing inbUildingconstruction sector The objective of this study IS to find out what
type of technology and materials are being using for building construction In
addition to find out if better technology is available why these are not
being accepted at present in construction sector of Bangladesh
Specific objectives of this study are
bull To study the exiting technological parameters in present day building
construction in Bangladesh
bull To study the economy of scale and factors as they relate to-
(a) Humnware
(b) Infoware and
(e) Hardware
5
13 Methodology
Methodologies used in this study are followings
I Study of the literature to identify the contemporary
technology in building construction in developing NIC and
developed economies
II Study of the local documents and of field data to find the
status of contemporary technology in the building industry in
Bangladesh
III Study the economy of scale and contemporary technology as
they relate to humnware Infoware and hardware
6
CHAPTER 2
TECHNOLOGIES IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
21 Introduction to Technology in Construction Industry
McGraw Hill Encyclopedia Defines Technology as 11
Technology is closely related to science and engineering Science deals with
humans understanding of real world around them - the interesting
properties of space matter energy and their interactions Engineering is the
application of objective knowledge to the creation of pians designs and
means for achieving desired objectives Technology deals with tools and
techniques for carrying out the plans
Construction Technology
Basic design and construction topics which include both field and office
activates which facilitate problem definition evaluation solution and
communication ie design electives electrical equipment estimating
formwork mechanical quantity surveying rigging scaffolding scheduling
shop drawings site planning surveying takeoff utilitiesfl9
Construction industry undoubtedly is the backbone and propelling force
behind our progress It has the potential to contribute to peoples lives in
many ways This needs high skill dynamic leadership broad vision great
courage latest technology and communication system
Modern science and technology have provided many useful tools like
computers~CPM-PERT-most productive and efficient machines financial
management procedures and many others But all these become redundant
and unproductive when these sophisticated and efficient tools are worked
by green and inexperienced hands who lack the basic ingredients of work
culture dedication and courage and people who are not imaginative and
innovative
7
22 Construction technologies on the basis of labour and equipment
Construction technologies can on the basis of their content of labour and
equipment be classified as
o Equipment Intensive
o Labour based and
o Labour Intensive Technologies
The choice of the technology may affect the overall cost the overall
duration of the construction and the overall quality of the asset Some
works allow only one type of technology while others can be done in
various ways Graphically equipment intensive labour Intensive and labor
based technologies are shown in below
Potential shift in labour contents by using labour-based methods
Llbaur - _
Equipment Intensive
Labour Based
Labour Intensive
IIIlililillllIII-IIIliillllllnmmmllF
221 Equipment Intensive Technology
Equipment intensive technology is defined as the combination of labour and
equipment In which most work is done by labOUHeplacing equipment
supported by a small labour force Although the technology might be
appropriate in circumstances with high wage levels low labour availability
and high skill levels its application is often ineffective at local level where
individual projects are relatiVely small and dispersed over a large
geographical area
8
222 labour Intensive Technology
To avoid a common misconception it is important to distinguish between
labour basedmethods and labour Intensive methods In contrast with labour
based technology labour intensive approaches seek to maximize
employment with a minimum use of mechanized equipment often at the
expense of cost and quality
223 labour BasedTechnology
In selecting the most appropriate technology it is however important that
irrespective of the type of technology resources is used efficiently quality
standards are maintained and time limitations are observed For these
reasons labour based technology has been developed to maXimize
opportunities for the employment of labour (skilled and unskilled) while
supported by light equipment under strict conditions of cost
competitiveness acceptable engineering quality standards and timely
implementation Labour based work methods are competitive only if these
conditions are met and can then provide a lasting alternative to traditional
equipment-intensive construction methods
23 Software Technologies
Normally software means the written instructions executed by some
hardware Ie Programs that are needed to run for execution and manage
the computer and those which are used to solve the problem 111 The
Software technologies have three subdivisions which are
bull Manpower (Humnware)
bull Information (Infoware)
bull Organization (Orgaware)
231 Manpower (Humnwere)
We know manpower (humnware) is the person-embodied component of
technology 111 For construction works require different types of personal but
most of them require technical background Different disciplined engineer
site engineer supervisor foreman rod binders mason skilled labour helper
9
carpenter sanitary technicians electrical technicians and other personal are
the humnware
Productivity in construction IS often broadly defined as output per labor
hour Improvement of labor productivity should be a significant activity in
building construction In construction works vigorously pursue the efficient
utilization of labor So improvement of personnel related to this field is a
vital factor of construction industry
232 Information (Infoware)
Information IInfowarel is usually the document-embodied form of technology
[11 This inciudes the specifications market database for materials theories
charts database drawing codes books journals catalogs and other
documents Requisition and supply management work(s) are also includes in
infoware Infoware constitute a crucial part of construction industry For
construction works every step is related to infoware Proper constructions
need accurate material specification guided by the code(s] Proper
information is the key factor of any construction project
233 Organization (Orgaware)
Within a frame work of the Organization (Orgawarel Manpower
(Humnware) Information (Infoware and Hardware technologies work 111
Organization techniques principles practices and arrangements that govern
the effective use of technology by humnware This includes construction
planning project management QC safety RampD
Organizational systems play the key role in construction industry Both the
success and failure of construction works widely depends on organization
An organization system includes Organization structure organization design
human resource poliCY and practice organization Culture work stress etc
Common organizational structures available in construction industries are-
bull Project organization
bull Matrix organization
bull Line and staff organization
10
24 Hardware Technology
Modern construction especially for large projects has grown in complexity
due to size cost and speed of construction Construction equipment is an
important resource and its planning assumes vital importance With the
rapidly changing technology both in design and construction areas
contractors are now shy of making heavy investment in heavy equipment
New innovation of construction equipment change the older method of
construction method and resultant is quicker and economic construction
Sometimes whole system is enhanced by new innovation Such as two
technological developments namely lilt and modern metal frame removed
the prevailing limitations on the height of the buildings Hardware is object-
embodies form of technology 111 such as Construction
equipmentmachineries all type of materials appliances computer paper
printer
The selection of appropriate construction equipment often affects the
required amount of time and effort and thus the job-site productivity of a
project It is therefore important for site managers and construction planners
to be familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment
Various types and important works are involved for construction Industry
Such as excavation loading compaction and grading drilling and blasting
equipment lift and erecting machineries mixing construction tools and
other equipment Different types of work require different type of hardwareand technology
11
Selection of most suitable and available equipment for a particular project is
a frequent problem for contractor Owner contractor and even the engineers
of our country are going for traditional method and material Sometimes due
to old technique and traditional material huge financial loss is the result
Money spent for equipments need to be considering as an investment
which can be recovered with a profit during the useful life of the equipment
241 Excavation
Types of equipment which are used to excavate earth and related materials
are known as excavator Excavation equipment includes the following
machines
1 Power shovels
2 Backhoes
3 Draglines
4 Clamshells and cranes
5 Trenching machines
6 Wheel-mounted belt loaders
Craneshovel consists 01 three major components
bull A carrier or mounting which provides mobility and stability for the
machine
bull A revolving deck or turntable which contains the power and
control units
bull A front-end attachment which serves the special function in an
operation
12
(g) Hawk_Bulk W~
(e) Cranes
(h) Q)-Qlick Mount
(c) Daglines
0l Hook Lift (k) Conlaine CITi~r (1) RollOffTrmlers Carner
Fig 2-1 Excavation Equipmentl1Gl
13
The type of mounting for all equipments Ihardware) in the above figure is
referred to as crawler mounting which is particularly suitable for crawling
over relatively roughed surfaces at a job site Other types of mounting
include truck mounting and wheel mounting which provide greater mobility
between job sites but require better surfaces for their operation The
revolving deck includes a cab to house the person operating the mounting
andor the revolving deck In the above figure a crane with hook clamshell
[Fig2-1 (f)L drag line [Fig2-1 (c)] bac khoe shovellFig 2-1 laI(b)L pile
driver[Fig2-1 (d)] and other excavation equipment are shown
A tractor consists of a crawler mounting and a non-revolving cab When an
earth-removing blade is attached to the front end of a tractor the assembly
is called a bulldozer When a bucket is attached to its front end the
assembly is known as a loader or bucket loader There are different types of
loads designed to handle most efficiently materials of different weights and
moisture contents
Scrapers are multiple units of tractor-truck and blade-bucket assemblies with
various combinations to facilitate the loading and hauling of earthwork
Major types of scrapers include single engine two-axle or three-axel
scrapers twin-engine all-wheel-drive scrapers elevating scrapers and push-
pull scrapers Each type has different characteristics of rolling resistancemaneuverability stability and speed in operation
242 Compaction and Grading
Compaction grading and soil stabilization are the works of same category
and these are interrelated Many SOilsare subject to differential expansion
and shrinkage when they undergo change in moisture content If pavements
are to be constructed on such soils it IShighly desirable to stabilize them to
prevent or reduce the change volume in order to protect the pavements from
excessive damages
Stabilizations may be applied to a soil In its natural position or as it is placed
in a fill Also stabilization may be applied to the sub-grade sub-base or
base material
14
Some methods of stabilization are
L Blending and miXing heterogeneous soils to produce more
homogenous soils
bullbullbull Incorporating hydrated lime into soils that are high in clay content
bullbullbull Blending asphalt with the soil
t Mixing Portland cement with the soil
t Incorporating various types of slats into the soils
4 Incorporating certain chemicals into the soils
t Compacting the soils thoroughly after they are processed
The function of compaction equipment is to produce higher dense soil
mechanically The basic forces used in compaction are static weight
kneading impact and vibration The degree of compaction that may be
achieved depends on the properties of soil its moisture content the
thickness of the soil layer for compaction and the method of compaction
The function of grading equipment is to bring the earthwork to desired shape
and elevation Many soils are subject to differential expansion and shrinkage
when they undergo changes in moisture content Many soils also move and
rut when subjected to moving wheel loads If pavementsbuildings are to be
constructed on such soils It is usually necessary to stabilize them to reduce
the volume changes and strengthen them to the point where then can carry
the imposed load even when they are saturated
Major types of grading equipment include motor graders and grade trimmers
The former is an all-purpose machine for grading and surface finishing the
latter is used for heavy construction because of its higher operating speed
Many types of compaction equipment are available including the following -
Towed Sheepsfoot [Fig2-2Ia)L Grid Roller [Fig2-2(b)L Self-Propelled [Fig2-
21c)) Segmented Steel Wheel Roller[Fig2-2(dll Self Propelled Tamping Foot
Roller Self Propelled Vibratory Tamping Foot Roller[Fig2-2Iel) etc These
are different operating characteristics
15
(a) Sheepsfoot roller
(b) Grid roller
(d) Two-Axle Tandem Steel-wheeled Roller
(c) Self Propelled Pneumatic-tiredRoller
(e) Self-Propelled Smooth-drumvibratory Roller
Fig 2-2 Compaction amp Grading Equipment
IG
243 Drilling and Blasting
Drilling operation used by the construction and mining industries to drillholes in both rock and earth The task of rock excavation includes looseningloading hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling and blasting
Rock excavation is a risky and hard task ReqUire special equipment andmethods for this operation The degree of difficulty depends on physicalcharacteristics of the rock type which to be excavate Grain sizes planes ofweakness weathering brittleness and hardness of rock strata are the vitalfactors of rock excavation The task of rock excavation includes looseningloadlllg hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling blasting or rippling
Major types of drilling equipment are percusSion drills and rotary-percussiondrills A percussion drill penetrates and cuts rock by impact while it rotateswithout cutting on the upstroke
Common type of percussion drills includes a jackhammer which is hand heldand others which are mounted on a fixed frame or on a wagon or crawl formobility A rotary drill [Flg2-3(bJJ cuts by turning a bit against the rocksurface A rotary precesSion drill combines the two cutting movements toprovide a laster penetration in rock
Blasting is performed to loosen rock in order that it may be excavated orremoved from its existing position Blasting requires the use of explosivesthe most common of which is dynamite Generally electriC blasting caps areconnected in a circuit with insulated wires Power sources may be powerlines or blasting machines designed for firing electriC cap Circuits Alsoavailable are non-electrical blasting systems which combine the precisetiming and flexibility of electric blasting and safety of non-electricaldetonation
Tractor-mounted rippers are capable of penetrating and prying loose mostrock types The blade or ripper IS connected to an adjustable shank whichcontrols the angle at the tip of the blade as it is raised or loweredAutomated ripper control may be Installed to control ripping depth and tipangle
In rock tunneling special tunnel machines equipped with multiple cutterheads and capable of excavating full diameter of the tunnel are nowavailable Their use has increasingly replaced the traditional methods ofdrilling and blasting
17
(a) ER1ronmomtlll Testing
It) Placer Drill
(b) Rotary drill
(dl Mincrnl Exploration Drill
eel Water Well Drilling
Fig 2-3 Drilling amp Blasting Equipmentl1bull1
18
244 Lifting and Erecting Equipment
Liftmg and erecting equipments are used to 11ftloads and to facilitate theerection of steel building frames
Derricks are commonly used to lift equipment of materiais or building
construction A derrick consists of a verticai mast and an inclined boom
sprouting from the foot of the mast Guys hold the mast in position or stiff
legs connected to a base whiie topping lift links the top of the mast and the
top of the inclined boom A hook in the road line hanging from the top of the
inclined boom is used to lift loads Guy derricks may easily be moved from
one floor to the next in a building under construction while stiff leg derricks
may be mounted on tracks for movement within a work area
Horizon boom type tower cranes are most common in high-rise building
construction Inclined boom type tower cranes are also used for erecting
steel structure
245 Mixing
Mixing concrete by hand is expensive In labour and it IS therefore not
surprising that mechanical mixers have been general use for a great many
years
The object of mixing is 10 coat the surface of all aggregate particles with
cement paste and to blend the entire ingredients of concrete into a uniform
mass this uniformity must furthermore not be disturbed by the process of
discharging from the mixer In fact the method of discharging is one of the
bases of classification of concrete mixers Several types exist In the tiltmg
mixer the mixing chamber known as the drum is tilted for discharging In
the non-tilting type the axis of the mixer is always horizontal and discharge
is obtained either by inserting a chute into the drum or by reversing the
direction of rotation of the drum or rarely by splitting of the drum There are
also pan-type mixers rather Similar in operation to an electric cake-mixer
these are called forced action mixers as distinct from the tilting and non-
tilting mixers which reiy on the free fall of concrete in the drum
19
In any mixer It is essential that sufficient interchange of materials between
different parts of the chamber takes place so that uniform concrete is
produced
On a site there is often a tendency to mix concrete as rapidly as possible
and it is therefore important to know what is the minimum mixing time
necessary to produce a concrete uniform in composition and as a result of
satisfactory strength
Concrete mixers are used to mix Portland cement sand gravel and water in
batches
There may be occasions when concrete has to be mixed by hand and
because in this case uniformity is more difficult to achieve particular care
and effort are necessary
A truck mixer refers to a concrete mixer mounted on a truck which is
capable of transporting ready mixed concrete from a central batch plant to
construction sites
246 Construction Tools and Other Equipment
Concrete can be economically pumped at the rates 15 to 200 ydhr for
horizontal distances 300 to 3000 ft and vertical distances 100 to 500 ft
without staging [11
The pumping of concrete of is especially advantageous in placements that
are physically difficult to approach with ready-mix trucks and show best
economy in the range of 20 to 80 ydhr
Air compressors [Fig2-4(al] and pumps [Fig2-4(dl] are widely used as the
power sources for construction tools include drills hammers [Fig2-4(bll
grinders saws wrenches[Fig2-4(clj staple guns sandblasting guns and
concrete vibrators Pumps are used to supply water or to dewater at
construction sites and to provide water jets for some types of construction
Vibrators are used to eliminate entrapped air Of the several types internal
vibrators perhaps the most common one External vibrator is rigidly clamped
to the formwork resting on an elastic support so that both the form and
20
concrete are vibrated Vibrating table can be considered as a case of
formwork clamped to the vibrator instead of the other way round but the
principle of vibrating the concrete and formwork together is unaltered
Besides these surface vibrator used for flat plate electric hammer can be
used as a surface vibrator when fitted with a bit having a large flat area A
vibrating roller is used for consolidating thin slabs
(a)Air Compressor
rg Wrench
(b) Hammer
(d) Concrete Pump
Fig 2-4 ConstructionTools amp Other Equipments[111
247 Choice of Equipment and Standard Production Rates
The selections of the appropriate type equipment or machines tor
construction often affect the required amount of time and effort and thus
the job site productivity of a project Equipment size determination is also a
very important task for construction Oversize equipments are expensive as
well as consume more time to handle It is therefore important for
construction planners to be familiar with the characteristics of the major
21
types of equipment most commonly used in construction Construction
planners also have to know the sources of construction equipment
Contractors and users of construction equipment frequently concerned with
a decision as to whether to purchase or rent (lease) an equipment Under
certain conditions it is financially advantageous to purchase whereas under
other conditions it is more economical and satisfactory to rent it
248 Building Materials
In recent times some of the important technological breakthroughs in
materials are stabilized soil lime-pozzolana mixes sand-lime bricks fly-ash
bricks clay-fly ash bricks gypsum boards wood-wool sheets plastic
products in utility service ready mix concrete non-shrink grout for machine
foundation super-plasticizers Ferro-cement and other materials Different
types of composite construction are also in very advance stage
In the field of concrete technology also some advances are happened such
as light weight concrete radiation shielding concrete polymer concretes
fiber reinforced concretes super plasticized concretes gap graded concrete
tenser-polymer reinforced concrete roller-compacted concrete ultra high
strength concrete improved techniques in pre-stressing prefabricated
construction and other some remarkable matenals
In low cost housing a number of developments have taken place and
following new techniques are being adopted for reduction in cost These arestone block masonry pre-cast brick panel roofing pre-cast RC channel
roofing ferro-cement tank use of secondary species of timber particle
board lor shutter doorswindows fly ash-lime-gypsum bricks for making
walls pre-cast RCC frames for doors and windows Pre-cast RC lintel (thin]
lower ceiling heights PVC pipes for water supply stabilized soil cement
base floors magneSium oxy-chloride flooring fire retardant treatment of
thatch asphaltic roofing etc Brief descriptions of some of those materials
are below-
22
249 Construction Automation and Robotics
Recent advances in robotic technology and the related experience In
manufacturing industries suggests that greater automation maybe extremely
beneficial for constructed facilities In addition construction in hazardous
environments (not approachable) may be greatly expanded by the use of
construction robots
There are several means by which construction automation and robotics
might repay the additional equipment and development costs associated
With high technology investments First robotics offers opportunities for
extending the scope of practical construction activities into hazardous
environments including outer space nuclear reactors or undersea
construction Even standard construction sites represent hazardous
environments as suggested by the large number job industrial accidents
associated with construction Second robotics may permit the practical
introduction and broader use of nonhuman senses and capabilities on
construction sites
KaJimaCompanys reinforcing bar placing robot can carry up to 20 bars and
automatically place these bars in pre-seiected patterns in both floors and
walls The equipment has achieved 40 to 50 savings in labor and 10
savings in time on several Japanese projects 131
A wall climbing robot called RM3 for tasks such as video inspections of shiphulls gamma-ray inspection of structural welds and high-pressure washing
painting shot-blasting and barnacle removal 131
23
CHAPTER 3
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN BANGLADESH
31 Introduction
The contribution of construction industry is quite significant in the national
economy but its existence is absent from the national economy plan
Recently government has made policy considering this sector as an industry
GDP Contribution of construction industry was 606 In 1991-1992 and 619
over the period 1996- 1997 Agriculture sector contributes maximum of
GDP Construction sector contribute about 20 of agriculture sector GDP
which is a remarkable role in Bangladesh economyI1
The construction Industry of Bangladesh comprises of a large number of
predominantly small firms The same can be seen to be true for most other
countries
The actual structure of the industry is not possible to measure as there are
no published papers on the total number of firms There are some 25000
nos of local contracting large medium and small categorized firms
registered with the government agencies with a varying range of financial
capacities [16]
In building construction sectors larger firms are capable to construct
concrete highrise building 30 storied Bangladesh Bank Bhaban 20 storied
Bangladesh Secretariat 20 storied Sena Kalyan Bhaban Building 20 storied
lOB Shaban and many other bUildings are the evidence of the ability to
construction of high rise concrete-building While high rise steel structures
are not yet familiar in Bangladesh but recently a number of high rise steel
structure are under construction In other sector such as bridge roads gas
pipeline electricity supply dam sluice-gate etc are implemented by
international contractors and joint venture companies (foreign and local
firms~ In 1990-91 the construction industry employed 105 and in 1995-
96 183 (statistics 97~ of total labour force In other statistics showed
that the constructing firm employs 20 lacs peoples If each family comprise
24
of four members so total 80 lacs people (615 of total population of the
countryl are dependent on the construction industry for their living The
economical and political significance of the industry ISeven greater than this
figure suggest as it captures the major part of the national investment
About 46 of the total construction labour force are involved in building
50 in construction repair and maintenance of roads and bridge works and
4 are involved in construction repair and maintenance of other activities
16]
Some domestic contractors in the building sectors have access to overseas
market but local contractors are less capable of competing with the foreign
companies due to variety of grounds -
(a) Very Less initiative from the Government to improve the capacity of the
local contractors
bull Easy policy for credit system for construction industry
bull To provide plant machinery hire facilities
bull Skill and manpower development through training
(bl Policy of the rules and conditions of the donor agencies for foreign funds
According to PWD to solve the housing problem 709131 units of houses
are required to construct in every year [15] So it indicates that Bangladesh
has a serious housing problem
12 to 15 millions people now lives in Dhaka city Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is now the city of construction Though yearly requirements in
the city is about 65000 housing but all public and private sector together
produce 25000 housing units in a year Percentage of leaving in slums and
squatter settlement is about 30 percent It would take at least 600 billion
taka which IS five times the entire ADP budget of the country to
accommodate house for the above-mentioned population Very little areas
are found in cities which are not occupied by building Every place in the city
is already filled up or construction of building process is ongoing But the
utility service and other facilities for community are not well thought-out
But according to government rules facilities shall be accommodate first
25
before any type of building construction Unfortunately community facilities
including simple parking facilities are still absent for the many new
constructing building in Dhaka city
32 Some large Constructions in Bangladesh
It is very difficult to identify which one is large construction of a country
because of project diversity In Bangladesh there are numerous
constructions many of them are significant in various aspects Although
functions and aesthetic are different of them they accomplish different type
of requirements Following are the some prominent constructions which
indicate Bangladesh building construction industry is fully capable to
construct any type of Building
Equipments used for construction of national assembly building were tower
crane larger size mixture machines and other eqUipment Tower crane amp
other equipments replaced by huge no of labors As per definition of labour
based technology construction of this building falls under this category
National Assembly
Fig 3-1 National Assemblyl101
labour Based Technology
Architect Louis I Kahn
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1962 to 1974
Building type government center
Construction System concrete marble
26
Equipments used for construction of Bangladesh bank bhaban were hoist
mixture machine and other light equipment only For excavation of 1
basement engaged huge no of labors As per definition this type of
construction falls under labour Intensive technology
bull Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
Fig 3-2 Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
labour Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
NoofFioors-31
Building type government
Construction System concrete
27
Equipments used for construction of Islamic Development Bank Shaban were
tower crane concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments
Tower crane ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments
replaced by most of the labors As per definition of equipment intensive
technology this type of construction falls under this category
bull Islamic Development Bank
7
Fig 3-3 Islamic Development Bank
Bhaban
Equipment Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
No of Floors - 20
Construction System concrete
28
Equipments used for construction of Bashundhara city were tower crane
concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments Tower crane
ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments replaced by most of
the labors As per definition 01 equipment intensive technology this type of
construction falls under this category
bull Bashundhara City
Fig 3-4 Bashundhara City
Equipment Intensive Technology
Architect VISTARA
location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1999 to 2003
Building type shopping mall
Construction System concrete marble
33 Constructions in Bangladesh Using Pre Fabrication
Prefabricate construction not yet accepted widely in Bangladesh Scenario of
developed country in this respect is totally different Even In Malaysia
Thailand Indonesia India and many other developing countries scenery is
closed to developed countries Prefabricate construction require customize
construction or a huge no of similar type productions Precast units which
normally used in Bangladesh are -
bull Tiles and mosaic
bull Low cost toilet rings and others precast accessories
bull Prestressed precast electric pole
bull Precast column for boundary wall
29
the study on availability
of indigenous materials in
bull Precast slab for surface drain
bull Precast slab for foot path
bull Precast railing and ornamental column
bull Precast lintel
bull Precast pipe for water supply and others
bull Railway sleeper
bull Road divider
In the context of Bangladesh RampD activities are yet to be worthy InBangladesh uHouse and Building Research Institute was established in the
year 1977 with the following objectives -
1 To take technical and scientific studies and research on
various problems of constructions and building materials and
to evolve housing and building technology appropriate to the
requirement and suitable for socia-economic condition of the
country
2 To specifically emphasis on
development and utilization
construction
3 To promote better uses of building materials particularly
commonly used materials improvements methods of learning
and designing of construction works and maintenance
4 To train research personnels and technicians for the purpose
out its research activities
House and Building Research Institute time to time tried to introduce someprecast module Such as -
bull Ferro cement tank
bull Precast Ferro cement channel for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete hollow slab for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete micro pile
30
bull Precast Ferro-cement folded plate for roof
bull Precast Ferro-cement L panel for inclined roofing
bull RCCdoor and window frames
Between all type of innovation only Ferro cement tank (400 gallon consisting
of cement mortar on wire mesh) is widely used mainly in Dhaka city As
bigger size is not possible with Ferro-cement Its use is limited
Above all precast construction scenario is very poor in Bangladesh This
indicates construction technology not yet advance in Bangladesh in this high
tech era
34 Humnware Infoware and Hardware in Bangladesh
341 Humnware
For construction technology humanware includes labour technicians
engineer and other persons In some way they are related to construction
industry In Bangladesh expense for humanware is cheaper with respect to
other countries because of low wages lin Bangladesh Taka 125 per hour
and for ordinary labour in UK pound6) So utilization of man power through IT is
a great opportunity for construction sector of Bangladesh But unfortunately
we are far way from proper utilization of this huge no manpower
Development of Human resources is in very preliminary stage By generating
employment and working environment general employment conditions need
to be improved Wage systems must be developed and made transparent so
as to give proper remuneration according to qualification and technical skill
It is extremely necessary for the skilled workers to pass their skills on and to
train personnel able to respond to future technological changes Professional
training centers and methods must be developed and be efficiently exercised
upon
In Bangladesh most of the cases we make out unskilled humnware which is
unexpected in this high tech era Also in most of the cases they are
uneducated Due to unskilled and uneducated labour construction qualities
31
are not normally as per requirement Also due to unskilled labor excessive
time is requiring in most of the cases
In Bangladesh labours are mainly trained-up by on-job training In many case
they are habituated from paternal side by born Though some training
institutes exist around Dhaka city but they are certificate-based institute
These institutes deal only overseas job findings peoples
342 Infoware
Infoware IS usually the document-embodied form This includes the
software design specification materials specifications theories charts
database drawing design and others activities Use of software in
Bangladesh for the purpose of analysis and design are in satisfactory leveL
Although most of the organizations are now analyze and design by some
standard software but a big amount of engineers are not stili away from this
technology Following software and tools are now using in Bangladesh
which indicates not behind from top level
Programming Language- Visual Basic Auto LISP aBasic CC Turbo C
Computer Aided Engineering STAAD-III STAADPro Math CAD ADOSS PCACOL SOL Series
Spread Sheet Analysis- Microsoft Excel Lotus MathCAD
Computer Aided Design
- AutoCAD
Database- DBase FoxPro Microsoft Access Oracle
GIS Software- Arcinfo Arcade Maplnfo Arc view Idrisi
32
Graphics software- CorelDraw Harvard Graphics
Computer Aided Project Management- MS Project
Word Processing
-MicrosoftWordWordPcrreCI
Operating Systems
- MS Windows Dos Novel
3430rgaware
Orgaware lOrganization) represents the structural framework of a
technological system and it includes for example the organizations for the
RampD the production the marketing the corporate planning etc It is needed
to produce certain goods and services Within the framework of theorgaware the other technology components work [1]
Most of the organization in Bangladesh is now using computer and software
for different type of works Some organizations are using for analysis and
design some for planning purpose some as a management tools and some
one for data processing and accounting In someway organizations ofBangladesh are taking this technological advantage
In Bangladesh some organizations are doing a number of remarkable works
excellently They are creating photo realistic rendered architectural
perspective models of 3D exterior and Interior elevation and layout
rendering services 3D animation They are also creating architectural fly-by
and walk-through simulations for interactive presentation or TV quality
advertisement GIS works are also done by these organizations
Some of organizations are also working with foreign organizations Mainly
different type of data entry is their main works which are mainly data
conversion rom one format to another Such as conversion from portabledocument format (pdf) to Word processing format (docl hand sketch
J3
bull
conversion to digital drawing (dwg etc) format some modification of
drawing ete The difficulties of our organizations are for any types of
business they require an overseas office This is a very big problem for
entrepreneurs of data exchanging business
344 Hardware
In Bangladesh hardware use of construction industry is not in a suitable
level Moreover specifically modern construction equipment J technology are
not utilizing in Bangladesh most of the cases Only in a few sector such as
deeper excavation in highway construction a few no of building works are
done by modern equipments but in other sectors modern equipment are
ignoring by Bangladeshi construction industry Computer based hardware
widely using in Bangladesh as computer and some computer related
hardware are reasonably priced for middle class people
For construction projects require modern management which is based on
personal computer (PC) In Bangladesh computer based project management
is not yet popular in construction industry Only some foreign aided
government project has some activities on this but also up-to proposal level
only Truly computer based project management in construction sector not
yet Implemented in Bangladesh This is limited to some Gantt chart and
critical path draw works But hardware based computer management easily
save both money and time Probable cause for which not yet go for
computer based project management listing below -
Labours and technicians are illiterate
bull
bull
bull
bull
Labours and technicians are unskilled
Top management of an organization are not wanted to go for
new particularly computer based technology
From Government side there are no plan to facilitate these sector
even in Government project
Our engineers backgrounds are also not upto that extent and
also they are not interested to go for such type of management
34
CHAPTER 4
TECHNOLOGY ON EXCAVATION amp RCC OF BANGLADESH
Nowadays building construction mainly equipment intensive works allover
the world that is depend on modern technology Similarly construction
industry of Bangladesh going away step by step depends on technology
Technological application sophistication quality etc are different in country
to country but at every steps of construction industry including construction
industry of Bangladesh totally depends on construction technology For
excavation loading compaction grading drilling lifting erecting mixing
and other purposes require some construction hardwareequipment and there
technological approach is different Not only for equipment but in every
steps of construction process depends on technological involvement In this
chapter mainly discussed the effect on excavation due to equipment
intensive and labour intensive works Also for building construction the
effect of alternate combination of material use
41 Technology in Excavation
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground This foundation is mandatory for
every structure ThiS is the reason of start of excavation technology which
is an earliest form of civil engineering construction This technology is used
for excavate earth of foundationbasement Excavated soilrock usually
dumps in other places which is known as loading Many construction
industry of Bangladesh Excavator and Loader are mainly using for
excavation works But use of excavator is mostly Dhaka based In other
places of the country except Dhaka city excavation works are done by
manually which is very unlikable in this high tech era Even in Dhaka city
many excavation works had been done by manually Such as 18 storied
New Market City Complex building with two basements (adjacent of Dhaka
new market) 14 storied CRP building project with two basements at Mirpur-
35
14 Dhaka A few but in some projects huge volume of soil was excavated
manually Excavation operations 01 these many projects are done by
manually because 01 availability and low-priced labor In this chapter try to
focus why this technology (excavator not used in most of the cases
In many project of Bangladesh excavation operation are done by manually
because 01-
Soil Characteristics - Comparatively solt layer 01 earth exists all
around Bangladesh
raquo labour (Humnwarel - labour costs are cheap and available
Non-availability of equipment (Hardware) - Modern equipment
cost is very high for which it is not pOSSiblelor contractor to
buy excavator and other heavy equipments lor a singie project
gt- No and size of the Job - As no 01 projects limited and also
areas of a single projects are not big Use of Excavator and
loader are not economically viable
Rental organization - Renta I organization not yet developed
widely and systematically Above all limited rental organization
and their higher charges of hardware
Topography Most of the lands in Bangladesh are plain So
labors can work comfortably
lacks of technicians - lack of skilled technicians are one of the
reasons to avoid new technology
Time - Peoples of Bangladesh are not anxious about time
Utilization of time is very important lack 01 this awareness is
one 01 the reasons of avoiding tendency of new technology for
excavation
)- Space constrains - Particularly in Dhaka city buildings are not
build in well planned way but very haphazard So in many case
movement 01 excavator is very difficult and in some cases it is
impossible to work due to space constrain
36
bull Weather and Temperature - Luckily most of the seasons are
suitable for labour works Nature is very fever for manual
labour except very little lime through out the year So not
need to take extra precaution lor climate
gt Dumping area - Some time huge amount of dumping is not
possible For that reason avoiding tendency to new technology
of excavation
bull Transportation equipments - Some times transportation of
dumping is not viable and In that type of case manual labour is
preferable
411 Preliminary Stage
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground and which transmits the load to the
underlying sailor rock As the foundation normally placed below the ground
excavation is must and should be done first for any type of construction
work
More or less for every construction works need excavation some times
these are shallow and some times it is deep Due to basement construction
of high-rise buildings need massive excavation This may need up to three
four months If excavation works are done by manually a huge no of labors
will engage their and require more time
Considering employment it is solVing a substantial social problem like our
developing country by means of giving a large no of employment
opportunity Therefore out side the urban area manual excavation may be
permissible due to solving unemployment problem This might be plaYing a
significant role like our developing country to solve the problem Social
problem from society But owners always try to solve the problem from the
economic view which will figure out later on this chapter
But the scenario in urban areas like Dhaka city is different Dhaka has
already become a mega city with more than ten million inhabitants and its
population is projected to reach 16 million by 2015 which would make it
the worlds seventh most populous city This rapid growth is visible all
37
around the city by constructing new buildings But the citys infrastructure is
not keeping space with the influx of population Transport environment of
Dhaka city may be a clear example with increasing traffic congestion and
delays The ability of Dhakas transport system to sustain economic growth
and reasonable quality of life has been declining steadily
In such a poor situation if we dont use machinery equipment everyday
congestion situation of Dhaka city will escalate due to longer timerequirement of excavation
Already it is an established fact that construction works of Dhaka city is one
of main reasons of traffic congestion To overcome this awlul situation
particularly in the city areas we must have to adopt modern technology in
excavation purpose This will help to reduce construction time money
traffic congestion and other redundant situations
412 Time and Seasonal Effects on Construction
Time
In Bangladesh construction management going on very preliminary stage and
still they dont think time is a vital factor for any project But everyone is
aware the fact money has a time value Thousand Taka today is worth
more the Thousand tomorrow This lact is vividly reinforced when themonthly charge bills are examined This added charge amounts to rent on
the money that is owed and is termed interest
Besides these we know fixed costs are directly related to time variable andother costs are also similar effect ie if time span of a project is longer then
fixed cost will be more and similarly true for all other costs So time span ISa vital factor for any construction project
Again for any project there is a breakeven point which also dependents on
time If construction period is more than the estimated time timerequirement to reach break even will be more
BeSides these there is a possibility to come other competitors due to delay
of construction and sometimes it may become an unprofitable project forever in this competitive market
38
If we Consider revenue side what we see - Suppose a 10 storied office
building spaces are 12000 sq-ft and rent is 501 = Taka per sq-ft ie per day
revenue is 20 Lac Particularly this type of project per day revenue loss will
be a big amount if the construction not timely finish This is unexpected for
any organizationlsJcontractorls)
Season
In many cases for foundation purpose deep excavation is required
Sometimes need shore pile to protect adjacent soil Shore pile is essential
when permanent structure exist adjacent project site As shore pile is a
temporary work in many cases it designs less cautiously Result is that
shore pile failures are a common type of failure in Dhaka city at every year
It is occurred mainly in rainy season due to rainfall If the contractors are
finished their foundation works before rainy season most of the time they
can avoid these repetitive shore pile failure situations
On the other hand in many cases owner of adjacent structure goes to the
court when contractor goes for deeper excavation for their safety and
compensation if shore pile failure occurs Also for shore pile failure delays
the project ie more time consume for project and more money expenses
due to delay or to pay compensation Sometimes it becomes a crucial factor
for the project and as a result of big economical loss for that project Such
type of big economical loss easily can avoid by proper time scheduling ie
should be complete before expected rainy season in case of deeperfoundation works
39
413 Cost Analysis and Result
Assumption made for cost and analysis are follows-
1 For Manual 1000 eft of excavation work (PWDStandard Rates)
al For initial lead of 100_ON and lift of 5_ON
i) Ordinary labour cost Tk 088 per cIt
b) For each additional lift of one loot beyond 5-0 and upto 10_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 004 per cit
c) For each additional lilt of one foot beyond 10-0 and upto 15-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 006 per cit
d) For each additional lift of one foot beyond 15_ON and upto 20_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 008 per eft
e) Extra each additional lead of 100-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 014 per eft
2 For Excavator
f) Initial rent Tk 9000000 for upto 10 days
il Extra charge Tkl0OOO00 per day
iii Excavation capacity 10000 eft per day
3 Enough labour Force
gl Enough labour force can be engaged so that there will not be any
significant difference in excavation between these two methods
40
Tablbullbull4-1 5 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area (ff) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 500 440 90000200 1000 880 90000500 2500 2200 900001000 5000 4400 900002000 10000 8500 900005000 25000 22000 9000010000 50000 44000 9000020000 100000 95000 9000040000 200000 218000 180000100000 500000 755000 450000
Tablbullbull 4-2 10 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Areaiiti) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1000 980 90000200 2000 1960 90000500 5000 4900 900001000 10000 9800 900002000 20000 19600 900005000 50000 49000 9000010000 100000 98000 9000020000 200000 210000 18000040000 400000 476000 360000100000 1000000 1610000 900000
41
Table 4-3 15 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR I
Area (ft) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1500 1670 90000200 3000 3340 90000500 7500 8350 900001000 15000 16700 900002000 30000 33400 900005000 75000 83500 9000010000 150000 167000 13500020000 300000 355000 270000
40000 600000 794000 540000100000 1500000 2615000 1350000
Tabla 4-4 20 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area(ft ) Vo(ume(ft ) Manual(CostTk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 2000 2560 90000200 4000 5120 90000500 10000 12800 900001000 20000 25600 900002000 40000 51200 900005000 100000 128000 9000010000 200000 256000 18000020000 400000 540000 36000040000 800000 1192000 720000100000 2000000 3820000 1800000
42
Graph 41 Excavation cost for 5 feet
5 Excavation Cost
~ ~---------------
------ -
I
II
II
- ExcavatorI-Manual
I
50 -----
Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet
10 Excavation Cost
0
I Excavator-Manual
-___ e bullbullbull _
- __ - - --- - - _ - -
-
- - - - - - - - - - -
- - 250 -
oo
lti 300~~ooo~
o 100U
Area (in 100 sft)
43
Graph 43 Excavation cost for 15 feet
15 Excavation Cost
-- ExcavatorI-Manual I
eN
~NN
o
400 -
350 -
300~bull~ 250 - - - 000 ~bullbull- 0~0U 100 - ---- - -
0
Area (in 100 sft)
Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet
20 Excavation Cost
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
- - - -- - - -- - - - - - - --
350 ---------
bullbull 300
~ 250g~ 200 bullbullbullbull0
~ 0U 100 -
0
o g
-
-----------
_______ c C __
___ c c_
~c
-- Excavator-Manual
Area (in 100 sft)
44
From the above anafysis it is observed that in case of 5 feet excavation
breakeven area is 19020 sft for 10 feet excavation 9184 sfr for 15 feet
excavation 6946 sft and for 20 ft 3636 sft Excavator becomes cheaper for
any constructIOn (area) above these breakeven fevels
42 Design and Specifications
421 Material for Building Construction
Wood of course was the only material used by early builders that had more
or less equal tensile and compressive strength Early builders are also
depends on stone brick surki and lime After innovation of reinforced-
concrete and steel previously used material are replaced by concrete and
steel Concrete with reinforcement radically change in the field of building
construction technology After that steel play the vital role and contribute to
build high rise building worldwide though Bangladesh is far from that type
high rise building But recently numbers of steel bUilding are in the process
of construction and we are expecting remarkable progress will be shown
within couple of years Nowadays wood has been relegated largely to
accessory use during construction to use in temporary and secondary
structures and to use for secondary member of permanent construction
Though both concrete and steel are the two most commonly used structural
material worldwide in Bangladesh mainly concrete are common item of
building construction Recently some industrial buildings are constructed by
structural steel Builders in Bangladesh are now reali2ing that steel is also a
competitive and effective material for building construction But they are
going forward very slowly for steel structure
Selection of structural materials must be selected on availability of materials
Also depends on corresponding skill labour relative costs wage scale and
the suitability of the materials for particular structure
In Bangladesh currently carrying out research into rice straw and husks
which are a by-product of major crop of Bangladesh but have already
encountered problems with the strength of the rice straw while fit best rice
45
husks can be regarded as filler and may not contribute significantly to the
tensile strength of earth-mix bricks
Idea of including waste material from the countrys vast jute industry to use
as a binder in the bricks and not merely as rubbish to be burnt
And finally that the integrity of earth-built buildings may be considerably
strengthened and improved by applying simple low-cost principles to the
Internal strengthening structures - mostly tied bamboo frameworks
4211 Material in Bangladesh
Any material which has got application in engineering construction is termed
as engineering material Stones bricks concrete bricks lime cement surki
sand concrete iron steel ferrous alloys non-ferrous metais and alloys
timber timber products aluminums bamboos soils bituminous materials
glass plastics paints varnishes rubber tiles granite marble etc are
commonly used in Bangladesh
Among them major construction materials are now producing in Bangladesh
though maximum raw materials are imported outside from Bangladesh
Though cement raw materials like gypsum and clinker are importing from
outside of country the total cement producing capacity now is more than
countrys per year requirement and quality of cement is standard as per
specification But reinforcement quality is not yet reached to standard level
It is very serious problem for construction industry of Bangladesh
46
4212 Reinforcement
Steel is known as black copper in early ages Iron and steel developed over
2000 years ago It was Henry Bessemer who was especially interested in
good quality steel making for big canons He was the first to produce low
carbon wrought iron In Bangladesh steel also used as reinforcement in many
years before It is difficult to say when and where first time used steel
reinforcement
Concrete reinforcement bar are usually of two types
bull Deformed bar and
bull Twisted bar
Below are the specifications for two types of reinforcement bar-
Table 4-5Steel GradeGrade 40Grade 60
ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed barYield Stre9th (psi Ultimate Stren ths (psi)40000 (minimum) 70000 (minimum)60000 (minimum) 90000 (minimum)
Table 4-6Steel GradeGrade 250Grade 400Grade 460
654149 specifications for Twisted barYield Stren th (psi) Ultimate Strengths (psi)40000 (minimum) 4400060000 (minimum) 6600067000 (minimum) 73700
Grade 40 and Grade 60 both type of reinforcement are frequently used InBangladesh for building construction In Bangladesh normally steel areprocessed by the follOWingmethod
(i) Induction furnace melting and(ii) Arc furnace melting
The yearly requirement of steel in Bangladesh is 10 million ton But the
quality steel production rate is only 02 million tonyear That is remaining
08 million ton reinforcement are non-standard 1171 By which our different
construction works are building This is an awful situation of construction
sector in Bangladeshand requires immediate exemption from this situation
47
4213 Concrete
Allover the world concrete with reinforcement are the most commonly used
materials for building construction In Bangladesh it is the main structural
material using as building construction materials Concrete IS a stone like
material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement
sand and gravel or other aggregate and water to harden in forms of the
shape and dimensions of the desired structure
Bangladesh is now a big cement producing country in respect to their
required capacity Statistics says yearly requirement of cement allover the
Bangladesh is 65 million tons where as production capacity of the entire
cement mill is 120 million tons That means 55 million tons surplus cement
now existing in Bangladesh One of the main reasons of this surplus is that
world top most cement producing companies are now producing cement in
Bangladesh from their factory
The properties that make concrete a universal building material are so
pronounced that it has been used In more primitive kinds and ways than at
present for thousands of years probably beginning in Egyptian antiquity
The facility with which while plastic it can be deposited and made to fill
forms or aids of almost any practical shape is one of these factors Its high
fire and weather resistance are eVident advantages Most of the constituent
materials with the possible exception of cement are usually available at low
cost locally or at small distances from the construction site
In Bangladesh normally concrete strength (cylinder strength fc) varies from
2500 psi to 5000 psi for building construction But in many case it falls to
2000 PSI On the other hand upto 8000 psi concrete was used for
construction of Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge project Also there are many
projects already finished and ongoing where usedusing more than 5000 psi
strength concrete
48
4214 Steel
In 1885 an American engineer names William LeBaron Jenny became the
creator of the modern skyscraper when he realized that an office building
could be constructed using totally different materials He chose structural
steel and incorporated it into a revolutionary system that was to make
possible the soaring office towers that now symbolize the modernmetropolis
Steel is manufactured under controlled conditions its properties are
determined in a laboratory and described in a manufacturers certificate
Thus the designer need only specify the steel as complying with a relevant
standard and the site engineers supervision is limited to the workmanship
of the connections between the Individual steel members So responsible of
contractor is more to provide proper material
Also following are some reasons normally associated with competitiveadvantages of steel over concrete
bull Construction speed particularly during periods of high interest rates
Steel frames go up more rapidly thus reducing construction financing
costs and allowing the building to generate revenue sooner
bull Availability of steel in a variety of grades and shapes that IS suitable
for economical faming of both short and long spans
bull Steel offers economical design approach for retrofit and rehab
projects Steel can be easily modified expanded or converted to suit
future needs of owners and tenants For this reason steel frame isoften referred to as a changeable frame
bull In difficult foundation conditions steel construction may result in
reduced foundation costs because of its light weight Steel frame is
normally 25 to 35 percent lighter than a concrete frame and can
permit the use of less expensive foundation systems
In Bangladesh steel building are not constructing notably Mainly some
factory buildings are constructed with steel as a structural material In
Bangladesh peoples are not serious about time which is main advantage of
steel structure like our COuntry We have to import all the steel materials It
49
also has to PV higher tax Our engineers are not interested to go for new
technology like steel structure 0 technicians oed labors pof Vtrained P fo steel construction Ultimately except time factor steel
structure is OPt very suitable for building construction of Bangladesh Very
recently a few numbers of high-rise buildings are now under construction or
under designing stages which indicates new technology are coming
4215 RCC Grading
Strength of concrete is commonly considered its most important property
although in many practical cases other characteristic such as durability and
impermeability may in fact be more important Nevertheless strength usually
gives an overall picture of the quality of concrete because strength is
directly related to the structure of the hardened cement paste
The strength of concrete of given mix proportions is very seriously affected
by the degree of its compaction It ISvital therefore that conSistence of the
mix be such that the concrete can be transported placed and finished
sufficiently easily and without segregation Following combinations of
reinforcement and concrete are considered for thiS study-
Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Reinforcement and Concrete
Concrete Type Steel Strength (in ksi) Concrete Strength lin ksi)
I Type - 1 60 44
Type - 2 60 36
Type - 3 60 29
Type - 4 60 25
Type - 5 40 44
Type - 6 40 36
Type - 7 40 29
Type - 8 40 25
50
4217 Interdependence of Humnware Infoware and Hardware
For analysis and design purpose humnware infoware and hardware work as
an integrated system During design and analysis period due to different
grade and type material selection software hardware and humnware play
the vital role for alternate attempt Computer utilization in different stages
have improved capabilities for generating quality designs as well as redUCing
the time required to produce alternative designs Without help of these
technological combined services It IS almost impossible to get better and
optimistic design Thats why with the help of Humnware Infoware and
Hardware most economic type analysis and design may achieved within
short time which is almost impossible without these technological help
Manual analysis and design are most of the time assumption based a time
consuming matter and whose ultimate result is economical loss considered
to both time and material requirement
51
4218 Analysis and Result
For analysis purpose here considered a six storied building The analysis has
been performed by STAADIPro software 3-D model of assumed building amp
output of STAADProare given in Appendix-A
Following are the material requirement for different combination
Table 4-8 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 10487 Ib5 2148 Ib6 1375 Ib7 1386 Ib8 3971 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 193651bsTotal Volume of Concrete 28688 cuft
Table 4-9 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 23844 Ibs5 1346 Ib6 5329 Ib7 5487 Ib8 10511 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 46518 IbsTotal Vofume of Concrete 61454 cuft
52
Table 4-10 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6330 Ib5 5653 Ib6 1644 Ib7 2771 Ib8 4722 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 21120lbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3355 cUft
Table 4-11 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 22348 Ibs5 4039 Ib6 8655 Ib7 4001 Ib8 5049 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 44092 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 7279 cU1t
53
Table 4-12 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 787191bs5 29898 Ibs6 37505 Ibs7 57257 Ibs8 58754 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
26213 Ibs3528 cUft
Table 4-13 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibs)
4 221821bs5 10011 Ibs6 37652 Ibs7 6918 Ibs8 34297 Ibs
Totel weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
54
432191bs9367 cuft
Table 4-14 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 9556 Ibs5 2453 Ibs6 3810 Ibs7 6378 Ibs8 6761 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
28958 Ibs4190 cuft
Table 4-15 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibsl
4 25557 Ibs5 3126 Ibs6 4340 Ibs7 10008 Ibs8 703 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
55
43733 Ibs10076 cuft
Table 4-16 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 8680 Ib5 1358 Ib6 1434 Ib7 2588 Ib8 7727 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 21787 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3499 cUft
Table 4-17 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 17629 Ibs5 4878 Ib6 7745 Ib7 7921 Ib8 16895 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 47938Total Volume of Concrete 8546 cuft
56
Table 4-18 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 7770 Ibs5 1432 Ibs6 3795 Ibs7 4686 Ibs8 9068 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
==
26752 Ibs3479 cuft
Table 4-19 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17705 Ibs5 1591 Ibs6 13078 Ibs7 1152 Ibs8 16675 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
57
= 50201 Ibs9644 cuft
Table 420 Material Requirement for Column1ConcreteStrength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in IbsJ
4 84764 Ibs5 30846 Ibs6 22264 Ibs7 34232 Ibs8 10168 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
27379 lbs4709 cUft
Table 4-21 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17693 Ibs5 2347 Ibs6 19086 Ibs7 1367 Ibs8 13352 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
58
53845 Ibs10111 cuft
Table 4-22 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6602 Ib5 2506 Ib6 7068 Ib7 5216 Ib8 8370 Ib
Totar weight of reinforcement - 29762 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 5055 cuft
Table 4-23 Material Requirement for BeamlConcrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 18686 Ibs5 13536 Ibs6 15858 Ib7 1085 Ib8 5565 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement - 54730 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 11269 cUft JI
59
4219 Cost Analysis
Generally the cost for a construction prOject includes the expenses related to
the following activities
bull Land acquirement
bull Planning and feasibility
bull Design
bull Construction including materials equipment and lobour
bull Insurance and taxes during construction
bull Office overhead
bull Office furniture and equipment
bull Inspection testing and others
In this study considered only material cost of different grade of combination
which is mentioned in the article 4215
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Concrete Strength Concrete Cost2500 pO 155 Tkdt2900 psi 164 Tkdt3600 pO 187 Tkch4400 P 209 Tkch
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Reinforcement Strength Reinforcement Cost40000 psi 226406 TklOn
60000 psi 23625 Tkton
60
Table 4~26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequiremerType - 1 294 Ton 9014 citType - 2 291 Ton 10633 eftType - 3 310 Ton 12895 cftType - 4 325 Ton 14266 eftType - 5 311 Ton 12044 eftType - 6 344 Ton 13123 eftType - 7 363 Ton 14821 eftType - 8 377 Ton 16324 eft
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequirementType - 1 441 Ton 9916 eftType - 2 437 Ton 11697 eftType - 3 465 Ton 14185 eftType - 4 487 Ton 15693 eftType - 5 467 Ton 13249 eftType - 6 515 Ton 14435 eftType - 7 544 Ton 16304 eftType - 8 566 Ton 17957 eft
Table 4-28 Reinforcemelt and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka
Type of Concrete Renforcement Cost Concrete Cost Total CostType - 1 1042 Coo 1884 Coo 2926 CooT~2 1032 Coo 1988 Coo 3020 CooTy e - 3 1099 Coo 2115 Coo 3214 CooType - 4 1150 Coo 2211 Coo 3361 CooType - 5 1057 Coo 2517 Coo 3574 CooType6 1167 Coo 2454 Coo 3621 CooType - 7 1231 Coo 2431 Coo 3662 CooType - 8 1281 Co 2530 Coo 3811 Co
61
Graph 4-5 Total Cost 01 Concrete and Reinforcement
Total Cost
bull
0045_0000bull~bull 35000bullbull ~OO
0 ~oou
~~oo~000
WOO
bull bull
bull bull
I TotalCosti-Concrete COSJ-+-- Reinf Cost -- -- -
Type of Concrelltgt Grado
Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement
Costn Percentage
_Totalcosl
-- Concrce Co__ Renf Coso
1_23
- -
- - - - -
---------_-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
140 -
_35 --------------- bull
bull 130bullbull 120bullj U bull 105~
00095
Type of Concrete Crade
Above analysis clearly shows that Type-1 concrete is cheaper than anyother combination of reinforced concrete Up-to 29 savings is possible ifhigher grade Reinforcement and Concrete used for building construction
62
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Discussion
In developed countries civil engineering organizations spend good amount of
money in RampD At national level the universities and other institutions
should be encouraged to undertake strategic research which aims to Improve
understanding and applications of scientific and technical know how which
in turn will provide a basis in the long run proper application of new
techniques and technologies Following are some areas very essential for
construction Industry of Bangladesh
The development and dissemination of new construction equipment and
better safety must be encouraged
Pre-fabrication and use of package materials will enhance the efficiency of
work execution by standardizing specifications and reduce the site work
volumes
The development and dissemination of all weather construction technology
will make it possible to carryon with work even under bad weather
The means of transferring information between designers and constructors
need to be improved The effective use of construction equipment
prefabricated materials and products needs to be considered
The roles and responsibilities of engineers need to be reviewed With regard
to improvements in work efficiency personnel training and strengthening the
management foundation of engineers
6]
52 Conclusion
Excavation
Manual excavation and excavation USing excavator S to 20 ft depth) with
different land areas were studied in Dhaka city Considering labour cost and
excavator rental charge breakeven point for Sft excavation and 20ft excavation
are 19020sft and 3616sft respectively Using PDW97 standard rate of works
it IS observed that for deeper excavation excavator is cheaper than labor-
intensivemanual excavation Labor-intensivemanual excavation works may be
acceptable outside urban areas due to unemployment of labor But excavator is
economic solution in urban areas like Dhaka city
In Bangladesh excavation and loading is a labour-based works but in developed
countries its hardware-based works Further detail study based on socio-
economic environment etc may be required to introduce hardware-based
excavation work replacing manual labor in our country
Material
8 combinations of steel and concrete were studied for a six storied bUilding
Considering material cost Type- ICombination of high strength concrete 44-
ksi with high strength steel 60-ksi) is the most economic Type8 la
combination of low grade concrete 2S-ksi and low grade steel 40-ksi) is the
most uneconomic as it material costs 29 more than the cost due to the Type-
1 Unfortunately Type-8 combination is most widely used in private construction
even by the real estate developer One problem with Type- is that high
strength concrete 144 ksi concrete with 60 ksi steel) demands admixture which
also demand skilled humnware If it is not possible type 2 (36 ksi concrete
with 60 ksi steel) can be easily used without loosing Significant economy lonly
3 more cost than Type-l) Mainly Engineers may play the significant role to
convince ownersentrepreneur to accept this technological advantage and avoid
uneconomical traditional approach
53 Scope for Future Works
Similar studies may be carried out for other components of technology Inamely
different types of hardware technology humnware infoware etc)
64
REFERENCES[1] MAnwarul Azim Technology Mal1agement and Development of Nation
July 1999
[2) SP Arors SP Bindra A Text Book of Building Construction
131 Chris Hendrickson Tung su Project Msnagement for Construction
141 Robert L Peukrifoy William B Ledbetter Construction Planning Equipment
snd Methods McGraw-HIli Book Company International Edition 1985
[51 Robert L Mitchell Engineering EconomlcsJohn Wiley amp Sons 1980
[6J Thomas C Ksvanagh Frank Muller James J OBrien Construction
Management
[7J Donald Barrie Boyd C Paulson Jr ProfeSSlonslConstruction Management
[8J Frank Harris Modern Construction and Ground Engineering Equipment and
Method
9J V K Riana Concrete bridge practice analysis design and economics
110] wwwskycraperscomWebsite
[11] wwwtransltmixconcretecom Web site
[12] wwwlrcocomWebslte
[13] wwwantigoconstructio~0JT Web site
[14] wwwleggattequipmentcomWebsite
[15J Public Works Department Recent technical issues and association of public
works department October 19 2000
i16J AaM Ekram Ullah Construction industry of Bangladesh Journal of civil
engineerirlgIEB 2 December 2000
[17J Prospect of quality re-enforcement bar production in Bangladesh - Elite Iron
and Steel Industries Ltd 2003
[18J Analysis of rates of PWD (Bangladeshi Schedule
- July 199719h Edition)
65
APPENDIX-A
3-D Model STAADIPro Input and Output (Partiall
APPENDIXA
30 Model STAADfPro Input and Output (Partiall
x
3-D ST AADIPro Model of Six Storied Building
o
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STAAD SPACE PAGE 10
n m eo 81 m~227 94 95 551 96 n 99 0
55j 00 101 555 106 107 m 108 m 112 55
no m 114 115 240 00 0 102 no 104 CO 228 56~
00 m 118 m n 119 568 m 122 m 123 m m 124 m m m 130 m DO 131 00 135 m no bull36 on no 137 57
m m 125 m no 127 0 m 229 m en 140 m 0 141 53J
0 00 145 146 147 m m 152 m 153 58
m 158 on m 159 00 00 160 00 242 00 148 59~
100 00 m 230 m 13 m 00 164 m 0 105 00 168 010l m 170 no 175 oo no 17 no 177 eo 181 60
102 oom 183 00 243 no no 171 on 172 173 m en 231 613
103 00 en 200 m m 206 m en 194 on en 196 m 232 m104 m 36 703 42 30 m 37 n 43 31 105 _m H no n 46 m 32 no n 208 m 39 n 40 100 n 33 m 217 no 41 m 52 no 59 m 00 65 107 m 60 m 66 no 54 no 61 m n 67 en 00 69 108 m 209 m 62 m 63 m 00 63 m 56 no 218
109_ m 75 m 82 m 38 m n 76 83 H 89 H110 _ H n 84 90 92 m 00 78 He H 210 85 111_ m oo 91 m 79 m 2lt9 87 m 98 m 112 m III BO H 99 B 106 112 100 CO
113 CO 113 115 m n 101 CO 21l 108 114 114 no 102 en co 220 en 110 m 116 121 115 no m 134 m en 122 777 en 129 m m 135 m He 123 116 m DO 136 no He 138 m m 124 H 124 212 131 m117 no en 137 m m 125 H no 221 no m 133 on m 144 79lt
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139 on m 0lt m on m m m m PRIS m co 140 _m m m m on m m m m PRIS m co14l m m m on m w m no 142 no ro no ro m m 0 m m PRIS w co 143 _ w e CO 0 10144 _ OO w no m CD no m en m m no no145 m e m no no H 342 PRIS W co co
lt bull 0
STAADSPACE -- PAGENO
148 271 272 276 277 328 329 341 PRIS YD 20 ZD 15119 78 14 15 6~ 64 70 71 86 87 94 95 110 111 151 152 167 bull68 208 2092lt150 266 281 282 322 ~23 332 3~7 PRIS YD 23151 885 TO 892 902 TO ~08 PRIS Yil 10 ZD 2352 1268 92 149 206 153 320 336 85~ TO 866 PRIS YO 12 ZD 10153 916 65 72 88 96 112 153 J6~ 210 226 267 28~ ~2~ 333 338 PRIS YD 15J54 11 67 90 114 171 228 285 335 843 TO 850 PRIS YD 40 ZD 10155 612 730 731 734 TO 736 748 749 75~ TO 754 766 767 770 TO 772 802 80156 806 TO 808 834 PRIS YO25 ZD 15157 577 5ao 618 PRIS Yl2G ZD 10158 501 TO 503 510 TO 12 517 TO 519 526 TO 528 5J3 TO 535 542 TO 544 54159 558 TO 560 565 TO 567 574 TO 576 581 TO 58~ 590 TO 592 597 TO 599 6C160 615701 TO 703 710 711 714 715 7J~ TO 721 728 729 732 733 737 TO 73161 750751 755 TO 757 764 765 768 76~ 773 TO 775 782 783 786 787 791 TC162 801 804 805 809 TO 8JJ 810 819 822 823 831 832 PRIS YD 30 ZD n163 593 790 PRIS YO ~O ZO 151M 596 PRIS YD 35 ZD 15165 504 TO S09 S20 TO 525 536 TO S41 S52 TO 557 568 TO 573 534 TO S39 61166 704 TO 709 722 TO 727 740 TO 745 758 TO 763 776 TO 731 794 TO 799 8167 318 PRIS YD 3D ZD 15163 600 TO 605 812 TO 817 PRIS YD 33 ZD 15169 CONSTANTS170 E CONCRETEMEMll1 TO 16 ~8 )022 57 TO 72 74 TO 73 80 TO 90 92 TO 9E171 98T0102104T0114149T01S3155T0159161T0171206T021021In 218 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3173 340 TO ~42 50J TO 518 70- TO 882 885 TO 892 B95 TO 908174 POISSON CONCRETEV-EME1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 30 TO 90 917 98 TO 102 10~ TO 11~ 149 TO 13 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 2JO 2J176 21B TO 228 263 )0267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO ~30 3177 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 613 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 908173 DENSITYCONCRETEMEHB1 TO 16 13 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 8D TO 90 9179 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 21130 213 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 27 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3181 340 TO 342 50J TO 618 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 90818l ALPHACONCRETEMEMB1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 103 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 19 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212184 l18 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 33185 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 618 701 TO 832 8BS TO 392 895 TO 9031B6 UNIT FEET KIP187 SUPPORTS1B8 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 207 216 fiXED18~ 234 FIXED190 236 FIXED191 DEFINE WINDLOAD192 TYPE 1193 INT 0 0045 0053 006 HEIG 10 30 60 90194 EXP 1 JOINT 24 TO 184 192 TO 196 199 TO 202 205 206 208 TO 215 217 11~5 n7 TON3196 EXCLUDEJOINT 46 69 92 U5 J38 161 J84197 LOADJ SELFWEIGHT1~8 SELFWEIGHTY -119~ LOAD2 DEADLOAD200 FLOORLOAD201 bull GROUNDFLOORIS A PARKI~GFLOOR
5 0
STAAD SPACE - - PAGE NO
o
59B 6973 ZRANGE 4854-2
FLOAD -05 XRANGE075KSF + 025 KSFFLOAD -01
YRANGE10 10 FLOAD -0089bull 1ST FLOOR TO 5TH FLOOR JS OFFICE FLOOR + ROOF SELFWEIGHT = O068KSF FLOO- FJNJSH = 002 KSF FALSE CEILI~G NO OTHER LOADAS FLOOR DEAD LOADYRAN3E 20 70 FLOAD -0104bull ROOF(EXTRA) AS GARDEN30 SOIL IN ~ART OF THE ROO~ SOIL ~ 03 NO OTHER LOADAS fLOOR DEAD LOADYRANGE70 70 FLOAD -03 XRANGE20 598 ZRAIIGE 2133 70ATER TANKYRANGESO SObull ROOF SLABYRANGll 80 80MEMBERLOAD701 702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 791 792 809 810 UNI GY -043LOAD 3 EXTERJOR WALLMEMBERLOADbullbullbull GROUNDFLOOR TO 5TIl FLOOR 5 WALLASSUMEDAT TilE EXTERIOR OF THE501 TO 503 510 TO 519 526 TO 535 542 TO 551 558 TO 567 574 TO 583 5599 602 605 60a 609 612 701 TO 703 TLO TO 721 72B TO 739 746 TO 757764ro775782T0793800T0808815T0826B35TOB41B51TOB578f875 TO 881 B95 TO 901 UNI GY 05LOAD 4 LIVE LOADFLOOR LOADGROUND FLOOR AS GARRAGEyenRANGE 10 10 FLOAD -005bullbull OFFICE SPACE AN ~VERAGE OF 65L8SFTYRANGE20 60 FLOAD -0 065bullbull FOR PARTITION WALL(ACCIDENTALLOAD)YRANGE20 60 FLOAD -004bull ~ ROOF OCCU~ATAIONALLIVE LOADOF ]0 LBSFTyenRANGE 70 70 FLOAD -003bullbullbull ROOF LIVE LOADOP 20 L3SFTyenRANGE 80 80 FLOAD -002MEMBERLOAD701702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 781 792 809 810 UNI GY -02LOAD 5 WIND IN XWIND LOADX 1 TYPE 1LOAD 6 WIND IN -XWIND LOADX -1 TYPE 1LOAD 7 wrND IN Zwnm LOADZ 1 TYPE 1LOAD B WIND IN ZwrND LOAD Z 1 TYPE 1LOAD COMB21 UNFACTOREDLOAD FOR GEO-TECH DESING1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10LOAD COMB22 FACTROREDLOAD1142143 14 4 17LOADCOMB23 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_X)1105 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275LOAD COMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-XI1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1 275 6 1215LOAD COMB25 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_Z)11051 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275
20420520620720B209210211 212213 214 21521621721B219220 221222223224-22522622722B21~130 131131233 234135 136 13 7 238239
241142243244-245246
249250251252 253 254255256257
P1 or
STAAD SPACE
260 LOAD COMB27 O 9DL+1 WI X261 1092 09 3 O~ 5 13262 LOAD COMB28 O~Du+~3WL -x263 1092 09 3 09 6 13261 LOAD COMB29 0 9DL+1 3WL Z265 109 2 09 3 09 7 13266 LOAD COMB30 09DL+lJWL -Z6 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13268 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELKMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 419 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH g 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS ~rRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISRSPACS = 141411308 1m EXMEM _ 11323 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 1O 23H roceMing Global Stiffness M-riX 10 23H Processing Triansular actorizatiof1 10 23H Calculating Joint Displacements 1O 24H Calculating Member Forces 10 24
269 LOAD LIST 21 22270 H71 START CONCRETE DESIGU272 CODE ACI273 UNIT INCRES KIP274 TRACK 2 ALL275 MINMAIN J ALL276 MAXMAIN8 ALL277 CLB 15 ALL278 CLS 1 5 ALL279 CLT ~5 ALL280 FC 25 ALL281 FYMAN 40 ALL28lt DESIGN BEAM501 TO 08 7D~ TO 84lt 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Pog of
A-
__ PAGE 0SIMD SPACE------------------- -------------------
_ bullbull lt CONCRETE TAKE OF bullbullbullFOR BE~MS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ~BOVEI
TOTAL VOLUCTE OF CONCR~TE ~ 11268 _94 CD FT
BAR SIZSNUMBER
mIGHT(in lbs)
1868563135362115B57951084 _9755~520
bullbullbull TOTAL= 5472996
285 FINISIl
bullbullbullbullbullbull 7 END OF STAAD-III ~7
DATE= JON 2~200J
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION M PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINBERS co bullbull West Coast - (714) 97~-2500 FClX- 714 I 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbull _ bullbullbullbullbullbullbull __ bullbull bullbullbull gt bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
Pbullbullbullbullbull of
A-9
-------------STAAD SPACE
260 1 09 2 093 09 8 13261 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- ~AGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTrcs
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMllER bullbullELEMENTS(SUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WrDTH ~ 196 nTOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ a TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISIt SPACE _ 141411570 MIl ExMEM_ 11611 MB
++ Processing Elemenc Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global stiffness Matrlx++ Processing Triangular ~actorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
163542163542163542163543163543
262 LOAD LIST 21 22263 HH264 START CONCRETE DESIGN265 CODE Atl266 UNJT INCHES KIP267 TRACK 2 ALL268 MINMAIN 4 ALL269 ~~MAIN a ALL270 CLB 15 ALU271 CLS 1 5 ALL272 eLT 1 5 ALL273 Fe 28 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO n 74 TO 78 6D TO 90 92 TO S276 104 TO 114 )48 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 2]277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 3]0 332 TO 338 34278 _ 843 TO 650 B59 TO 866 885 TO sn 902 TO 908
g of
A-10
w
gt w
~bull
H Z 00 H gt 0 H Z H g H
0 0 bull Z H n H bull Z 0 bull H
~bull 0 0 bull bull bull bull WHO om bull bull OH Z bullbull on 0 bull bull H N 0 H bull 0 0 Z bull 0 H 0 0 bull
~ bullbull 0 H 0 H bull 0 0 00
~ bull gt Z bullbull 0 0 bull 0 ro bull
bull bull H bull bull H
bull 0 bull H bull 0 ~
bull H H H 0 bull bull H
bull bull 000 bull n 0 ~
n n
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C_ 0 bull 0 0 N DO 0 0 n 00-If-n~ bull 0 W oW ow H 0 H
bull COgt bull 0 0 WW 0 H 0 0 no 0 tor o H
bull ow W 0 0 H O H 00
2 bull 0 H 0 0 w Lbull m-lGlCl 0 0 bull H bull N 00bull Z gt-J
~
mgtow 0
gt I bull 0 H bull 000lt H 0
bull ltraquooOl H bull 0H bull 0 Z H W H H
bull 0 bull 0 H 0 o H
bull H H H H bull H H 0 0 0 0 00 bull 0bull 0 0 H bull 0 0 bull 0 bull bull I bullbull __ ro- bull w n bullbullbull H 0 0 0 0 bull H bullbull 00 bull bull e 0 bull H bull bull
~bull w 0 bull bull bullbull bull 0 bull bull bullbull 0 bull bull bull bullbull bull bull bull bull W bull 0 bull bull W bullbull 0 bull bull 0 bull bull bull bull bull bull bull lbull
bullbull
0 0 0 0bull
W bullw bull
STAADSPACE - - PAGE NO
260 LOADCOMB28 0 ~DL+13IL_-X261 J O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 6 13262 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+1 3L ~263 1 O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 7 13264 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13L -l265 1092 09 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTSg 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX_ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISI SPACE = Hl4 11309 MS EXMEM= 11~~~ Me
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocesslng Global Stlffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
10H46101646101646101647101647
267 LOADLIST 21 22268 bullbullbullbull26~ START CONCRETEDESIGN27D CODE ACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP272 TRACK2 ALL273 MINMAIN3 ALL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL275 CLB 15 ALL276 CLS 15 ALL277 CLT 15 ALL273 FC 29 ALL279 FYMAIN40 ALL280 DESIGN BEAM 50~ TO G18 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
A-12
STAAD SPACE __ IAGENO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE = 1011146 CUFT
BAR SIZENUllBER
bull
H TOT1L~
283 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
176933223469319085 Sl136~151335171
5384462
bullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull
H DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 1018 4 H
bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING rn VERSION 0 PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast 00- (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714 ) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast 00- (9~8) 6B8-3626 Fax- (97B) 685-7230 bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A13ry ot
STAAD SPACE
260 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL -Z261 1092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STJlTISTICS
NOMllER OF JOINTSMIDIIlER+ELEMENISSUPPORTS K 2281 4791 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH K 1961 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF BTIFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 14141 9966 MIl EXMEM ~ 9995 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
162B56162656162657162857162857
263 LOADLIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETEDESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KIP268 TRACK2 ALL269 MINMAIN4 ALL270 MAXMAIN8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALL273 CLI 15 ALL274 FC 25 ALL275 FYMAIN40 ALL276 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 lB TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 7B 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 S277 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21278 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34279 B43 TO B50 859 TO 866 885 TO B92 902 TO 90B
bullbull r
A-14
gt ~ rl bull bullbull bull 0
z 1 ~~ ~-x ~~ bullbullbullbull~ ~ ~ 00
bull gt ~ ~~
bull bull bullbull ltfl~ ~~Nm bull bull bull bullbull 0 ~ bull bull ~o bullgt bull f-lt bull --~ ~ bull ~ bull lt bull
bull 0gt bull 0 bullbull U ~M---~- bull _Z bullbull 0 0_0 N bull rl HU~~ ~Z ifgt H (1 H 10HO H_gt ~0 H bull O o ~ E-lt bull 00 -4 0 bull gt-lt bulllt bull ltVl b ofltgt l-ltZ M bull H
e 0 bull gt lt- Ii 0 Z b 0 b 0gt 0 N H bullbO b ~~ 00 __ 0 bull
U Orl rlOlt Q bull ~ H 00- Z N bull ltCUM ~U U U ~ ON bullbull bull bullbull bull ZZ Z ~ N ~ bull lt0-- 0-lt0 - IN bullbull u U bullbull lil bull bullbull lt1 u -lt ~Ilaquo0 0 ~ b oH bull c O-I-wO ~bull e 0 m CO ~0 b ~0 O bullbullbull 0 00_ - 0 N flt bullbullbull 0 UUo ~bull gt H bull bullbull bull 0bull bullbull CO bullbull bull COUO ltJ ltgtgt _0 Q
0 ltl bull -0 H ] b Z bullH bullbullbullbullbullbull ~
~ ~ ~b ~C m lt
STAAD SPACE
26Q 1 092 09 3 09 8 13261 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day lpn 200 0505 PIlt
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSsUPPORTS ~ 2281 47~ 25ORIGINALIINAL BWP-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM n 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX n 2~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISItSPACE ~ 1414 112~8 MB EXMEM bullbull11305 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 48 H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix ~8 H Processing Triangular Factorization 48 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1048 H Calculating Membr Fore 1046 262 LOADLIST 21 22263 bullbullbullbull264 START CONCRETEDESrGN265 CODE ACr266 UNIT INCHES KIP267 TRACK2 ALL268 MINMArN4 ALL269 MAXMAIN8 ALL270 CLB 15 ALL271 CLS lS ALL272 CLT lS ALL273 FC 44 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 60 TO ~O 92 IO 96 276 104 IO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 no TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34278 843 TO 8S0 859 TO 866 SS5 TO 892 ~02 TO ~06
A_16
STAAD SACE
TUeday At 200lt 05 Q PM
__ ~AGSNO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullFOR EEAMS AND CO~UMNS DES1GNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VO~UME OF CONCRETE ~ 349873 CUFT
BAR SlZENUMBER
bullbull TOTA~~
28~ FINISH
WEWHT
lin lbs)
868018135806143447158775772658
2178704
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
DATE= rUN~9~003
bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull QUESTlONS REGARDING THIS VERSlON OF ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - 7~4) 974-~500 Fax- 1714) 9H-2543 bullbull East Coast - (976) 686-3626 Fax- 1978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A17
9Oglt of
STAAD SPACE
260 11052 105 3 105 4 1~75 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13L X262 1092 0 9 3 09 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 6 13265 LOADCOMB29 a9DL+13WL_Z266 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092 09 3 09 8 13269 PERFORM ANALYSIS
Tuesday AprLl 200lt 050 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STAJISJICS
NUMBER OF JO~NTSMEMBER+ELEHENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25OR~G~NALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 196 31TOlALPRIMARY LOAD CASES 8 JOJALDEGREES OP FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OP STIPFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PR~C KORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 14UI 10052 KB ElCKEK 10074 KB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
115749115749115749115750115750
270 LOAD LIST 21 2227l 272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 3 ALL277 MAXMAIN a ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL2ao CLl 15 ALL281 FC 44 ALL~82 FYMAIN 40 ALL283 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 6lS 701 10 84~ 851 10 858 867 TO 88~ 895 TO 901
0 or
A-1B
STAAD SPACE __ PAGE NO
bullbull bullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COGUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAG VOGUME OF CONCRETE = 854555 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
TOTAG~
186 FINISH
WEIGHT(~n Ibs)
176288448775077448379214
1689494
4793815
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 115910
bull QUESTlONS REGARDING H1SVERSlON oe PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS 0 c bullbull west Coaet - (7141 974-2500 =- (714) 921-2543 bullbull EilstCOil~t - 97B) 688-3626 FilX-(978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull
A-19
STAAD SPACE
260 LOIDCOMB30 O9DL+l3Wl -z261 1 092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORM ANALYSIS
TUesday Iltpnl 0o 00 0503 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATrSTICS
NUMBER OP JOrNTSMBMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 2SORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STlFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIlgt DlSK SPACE ~ 14l4 11297 MD IXMEM 11322 MB
++ rocessing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocessing Global stiffne~~ Matrix_++ ProceBBing Triangular Factori~ation++ Calculating Joint Di~placements++ Calculating Member Forces
92823~2823~28239282492824
263 LOAD LIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETE DESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KI268 TRACK 2 ALL269 MINMAIN 4 ALL270 MAXMAIN 8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALlgt273 CLT 15 ALlgt274 Fe 36 ALL275 FYMAIN 40 ILL276 DESIGN COLUMN 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~o 92 TO 96 277 104 TO 114 14~ TO 153 155 TO l5~ 161 TO 171 206 TO 2J0 2J2 TO 216 21276 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 3427~ 843 TO 80 89 TO 866 865 TO 892 902 TO 908
go of
TUesday Apnl 0 00 05 OJ PH
STAAD SPACE
~~~~~CONC~ETE TAKE OFF ~~~~~~~(FOR BEAMSAlD COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CO~C~ETE = 347891 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBE~
u TOTAL~
282 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
7770_05143175379537468648~067 99
2675164
~~~END OF STAAD-III ~bullbullbullbull~
~~ DATE~ JUN 292003
bullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbull~bullbullbull~~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS ~EGARDING TIllS VE~SION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESE~RCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(714) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~1~76) 688-3626 Fax- 197B) 685-7230 bull~~bullbull~bullbull~~~~bullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbull~~
A-21
Pog of
STAADSPACE
260 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 7 1275261 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-Z)262 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 8 1275263 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13WL X264 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13265 LOADCOMB28 O9DL+13WL -X266 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 1 3267 LOADCOMB29 O9DL+13WL Z268 1 09 2 09 3 09 7 13269 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+13WL -Z270 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13271 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day Apnl 200lt 0501
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS~ 228 479 25ORI~INALFINAL B~_WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAlgtPRIMARYLOADCASES 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FRlEDOM~ 1218SI~E OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 141411268 MIl EXMEM~ 11325 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorizat~on++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Fo~ces
9513495134951349513595135
272 LOADLIST 21 22273 u274 START CONCRETEDESIGN275 CODEACI276 UNIT INCHES KIP277 TRACK2 ALL278 MINMAIN3 ALL27~ MAXMAIN8 ALL280 CLB 1_5 ALL281 CLS 15 ALL282 CLT 15 ALL283 FC 36 ALL284 FYMAIN40 ALL285 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO B42 B51 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
0 - Df Slt
A-22
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 964374 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
faTAL
268 FINISH
WEJCHT(in Ibs)
177047115913713077931152341667496
5020131
bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-IJI bullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 29200J TIME~ ~5252
bullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENCJNEER8 bullbull West Coast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull
A-23
Pobullbullbullbullbull ot
STAADSPAC
260 LOADCOMB29 09DL+l3WL Z261 1092093 09 7 13262 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z263109209309813264 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
lROBLEM S TAT 1ST I C S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPlORTS 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH_ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES _ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM_ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSRZQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 141411353 Mll lXMEM~ 11380 Mll
H Processing Element Stiffness MatrlX 1519 H Precessing Global Stiffness Matrix 1519 H precessing Triangular Factorization 1519 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1519 H Calculating Member Forces 1520 0
265 LOADLIST 21 22266 bullbull u
267 STARI CONCRETEDESIGN268 CODEACI269 UNIT INCHES KIP270 TRACK2 ALL271 MINMAIN4 ALL272 MAXMAIN8 ALL273 CLB 15 ALL274 CLS 15 ALL275 CLT 15 AGL276 FC 44 ALI277 FYMAIN60 ALL278 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 279 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21280 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34281 843 TO 850 859 TO 566 885 TO 8n 902 TO 90S
A-24
STAAD SPACE
~bullbull~bullbullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbull(POR BEAJgtlSAND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
__ PAGE NO
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE w 286875 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbullbull TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in 1bs)
10486852147631374701385_57397060
1936535
bullbullbullbullbull~~~END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~~
~DATEw JUN 25200
bullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbull~~~bullbullbull~bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF ~ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West coast - (714) ~74 -2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbullbull~bullbull~~
0lt
STAADSPACE
261 LOADCOMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_XI262 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 6 1275263 LOADCOMB25 075(14DL+l7LL+l7WL_ZI264 1105 2 105 3 1054 1275 7 1275265 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI266 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 B 1275267 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X26B 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13269 LOADCOMB28 09DL+l3WL -X270 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 13271 LOADCOMB29 09DL+13WL_Z272 1 09 2 09 3 O~ 7 13273 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL_-Z274 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 1)275 PERFORMANALYSI8
- - PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALPINAL BAND-WIDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM _ 121BSIZE OF STIFF~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISISPACE ~ 141411362 MS E~ 11354 MB
++ processing Element 8tiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~m~nts++ Calculating Member Forces
154753154753154753154753154754
276 LOADLIST 21 22277 bullbull u
278 START CONCRETEDESIGN279 CODEACI280 UNIT INCHES KIP281 TRACK2 ALL282 MJNMAIN4 ALL283 MAXMAIN8 ALL284 CLB 15 ALL285 CLS 15 ALL286 CLT 15 ALL287 FC 44 ALL288 FYMAIN60 ALL289 DESJGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
A26
STAAD SPACE
~odnosdy April 07 200 12 bullbull PIlt
__ PAGE NO 4E
bullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE ~ 614543 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
h TOTAL=
292 FINISH
WEIGHTlin Ib)
23844211346225329075487201051119
46517 _88
~~bullbull~~END OF STAAD-III ~~bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JVlI 252003 TIME~ 154929 h
~~~~~~~~bullbull~~~bullbullbullbull~bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VSRSION OF PROGRAMbull RESEARCH ENGINSERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7H) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - 978 ) 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 685-7230 bull~~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbullbullbull
A-27
Pg 5
STAADSPACE
260 1092 093 09 7 13261 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z262 1092 09 3 09 8 13263 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM S TAT I S TIC S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WID~ ~ 196 31TOT-LPRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 8471 MIl ExMEM~ 8600 MB
H Ptocessing ElemEnt StiffnEss Mattix 12 132H ProcEssing Global Stiffness Matrix 12 132H Processing Trlangular Factorization 12 132H Calculating Joint Displacements 12 1]3H Calculating MEmber Forces 12 133
264 LOADLIST 21 22265 bullbull u
266 START CONCRETEDESIGN267 CODEACI268 UNIT INCHES ~lP269 TRAC~ 2 ALL270 MINMAIN4 ALL271 MAXMAIN8 ALL272 CLB 15 ALL273 CLS 15 ALL274 CLT 15 ALL275 FC 36 ALL276 FYMAIN60 ALL277 DESIGN COLUMN1 rO 16 IS TO 22 57 TO 72 74 rO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 278 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21279 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34280 843 TO 850 85~ TO 866 8B5 TO 892 902 TO 908
go
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
uUH CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ 335474 CUFT
BAR SIZENUJolBER
TOTAr~
263 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbsl
6330H565332164366277114472160
2112007
END OF STAAD-Ilr bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TrME= 12 3 5 bull
bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull eo QUESTrONS REGARDrNG THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~19781 686-3626 Fax- (9751 655-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
A-29
0 oE
STAAD SPACE
260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOAD COMB28 O9DL+JWL -x262 1092 09 3 09 6 J326 LOAD COMB29 O9DL+JWL Z264 1092 09 3 O~ 7 13265 LOAD COMB30 O_~DL+J3WL_-Z266 1 O_~ l O~ 3 09 B 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
~dn5dy AI 07 200lt 12 PM
- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIOTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES S TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121SSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = ~~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSRliQRDAVAILOISISPACE ~ 1414 8511~ EXMEM _ 8579 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
114125114125114126114126U4l27
268 LOAD LIST 21 2~269 270 START CONCRETE DESIGNl7J CODEACI22 UNIT INCHES KIP273 TRACK 2 ALL274 MINMAIN 4 ALL275 MAXMAIN 8 ALL276 CLB 15 ALL277 CLS 15 ALL278 CLT 15 ALL~79 FC 36 ALL280 FYMAIN 60 ALL28J DESIGN BEAM50J TO 6J8 70J TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
g of
A-3D
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE bull 727873 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbull
TOTAL
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
lt234770403~248654~34000 ~6504918
4409100
bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JON 262003
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSWN OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7141 974-2500 Fax- 714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (9781 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 6SS-n30 bull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull
A-31
p of bullbull
STAADSPACE
2521142143144 l7253 LOADCOMB23 075(J4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Xl254 l L05 2 L05 3 LOS 4 1275 5 1275255 LOADCOMB24 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_XI256 l L05 2 105 3 105 4 1275 6 1275257 LOADCOMB25 075(l4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Z)258 l 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275259 LOADCOMB26 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI260 l l05 2 105 3 l05 4 1275 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL_X262 l O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 1092 09 3 09 6 l3265 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+13WL Z266 1092 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL -Z268 1092 09 3 09 8 l3269 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM STATrSTrcs
NUMBEROF JOrNTSMEMBER+~~EMENTSsUPPORTS~ 2251 4791 25ORrGI~FrNAL BAND_WIDTH~ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES 5 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM 1218SlZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAlL DUK SPACE 141411569 MB EI(IIgM 11607 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ processing Globsl Stiffness Matrix++ proce~sing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member ForCes
l65923J65923J65~23l65~24165924
270 LOADLIST lt1 22271 uu272 START CONCRETEDESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK2 ALL276 MINMAIN4 ALL277 MAXMAIN8 ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT l5 ALL281 Fe 29 ALL282 FYMAIN60 ALL283 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO l6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~O n TO 96 ~284 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21285 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 2B5 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 33B 34
Fa ot
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
(FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ ~52761 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
gtbullbullbull TOTAL=
289 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbBI
7871 93298984~750 545725 66587542
bullbullbullbull DATE= JON 192003 TIME= 17 027 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull m QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Ccast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) ~21-2543 bullbull East Ccast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-33
iT oE
STAADSPACE
252 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275253 LOADCOMB24 075 (14DL+l7LL+l7WL_-XI25~ 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 175 6 1275255 LOADCOMB2S 0 7S (1 4DL+l 7LL+l 7WLZ)256 11052 105 3 105 ~ 1275 7 1175257 LOADCOMB26075(1 4DL+17LL+l 7WL -ZI258 11052 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275259 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOADCOMB25 0~DL+13WL -X262 109 2 O~ 3 09 6 13263 LOADCOMB29 0~DL+l3WL Z264 1092 09 3 09 7 13265 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL~Z266 1092 09 3 09 8 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINAL~lNAL BAND_WlDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LO~ ~ES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121BSIZE OF STIr~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 11622 MB ExMEM _ 11630 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Triangular Factorization 16 45H Calculating Joint Displacements 16 46H Calculating Member Forces 16 46
26B LOADLIST 21 TO 2226~bullbull u
270 STARTCONCRETEDESIGN271 CODE ACI272 UNIT INCHES KlP273 TRACK 2274 MINMAIN4 ALL27 MAXMAIN8 ALL276 CLB 1277 CLS 1527B CLT 15279 FC 29280 FYMAIN 602B1 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 61B 70l TO 842 85l TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Po 0
A-e4
STAAD SPACE -- PAGIgt NO
bullbull CONCRETE TA~E OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull(FOR BIgtAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ 936663 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullH TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
2218196100107537652369180134297
4321892
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull DATE_ JUN 92003 TIME~ 16 6 5 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
eoWestEast
OUESTIONS REGARDING TEIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at
Coa~t Ph- (7H) n4-2500 Fax- (7H) 92-2543Co~tPh- (978) 68B-3626 Fax- (~7B) 685-7230
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-35
go bullbullbull or ltOS
STAADS1ACE
252 LOAD COMB24 075114Dlt+17ltlt+17Wlt_-XI253 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 l27S 6 1275254 LOAD COMB25 075114Dlt+l7LL+l7WL_Z)255 11052 LOS 3 105 4 1275 7127S256 WAD COMB26 075114Dlt+17LL+17WL_ZI257 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275258 LOAD COMB27 09DL+J3WL X259 1092 09 3 09 5 13260 WAD COMB26 O9DL+13Wlt_-X261 1092 09 3 O~ 6 13262 WAD COMB29 O9DL+l3WL Z263 J 09 2 09 3 09 7 13264 LOAD COMB30 09Dlt+l3WL -Z265 109 l OS 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
-~ PAGE NO
PROBLEM S TAT S TIC S
NUMBEROF JONTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS_ 228 479 25ORIGNALFNAL BAND-WlDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SlZE OF STPFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAL DISK SPACE ~ 1414 10570 ME EXMEM 10597 ME
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~ments++ Calculating Member Forces
123548123548123548123549123549
267 LOID LIST 2l 22268 u++
269 START CONCRETEDESIGN270 CODEACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP271 TRACK 2 ALL273 MINMAIN 4 AL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL27S CB 15 ALL276 CS 15 AL277 CT 15 ALL278 FC 25 AL279 FYMAIN 60 ALL280 DESIGN COLUMNJ TO J6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 gt28J 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 lSS TO 159 J6J TO 17) 206 TO 210 212 TO 2J6 2]281 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34283 843 TO 850 859 TO 866 885 TO 891 902 TO 908
bullbull or bullbull
STNill SPACE -- PAGE NO
~~~~CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 418998 CUFT
BAR S1ltENUMBER
WEIGHTlin lbsl
9534245293381031637769676075
U TOTAL= 28~5a 03
286 FINISH
~~~~~~END OF STAAD-I11 ~~~~
bullbullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TIME= 123711 bullbullbullbull
bullbull
bullbull
921-2543685-7230
QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc atPh- 1714) n4-2500 Fax- 17141lh- (978) 688-3626 Fax- 19781
WeBt CoaBtEast CoaBt
bullbullbullbull
gO of
A-37
bull
STAAD SPACE
260 110521053 105 4 1275 8 1275261 LOAD COMB 27 O9DL+l3WL_X262 1092093 09 5 13263 LOAD COMB 28 O9DL+l3WL_-X264 1092093 09 6 13265 LOAD COMB 29 O9DL+l3WL_Z266 1092093 09 7 13267 LOAD COMB 30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092093 09 6 13269 PERFORM MlALtSrS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM S T ITIS TIC S
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 195 31TOTAro PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 rOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOW _ InSSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PRBe WORDSREQRDAVJILDISIl SPACE 141411309)IB EXMEM_ 11319 MB
++ Proce~singElement Stiffness Matrix++ PrDcessing Global Stiffness Matrix++ p~ocessing Triangular Factori2ation++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Force~
1033 91033 91033 9103310103310
270 LOAD LIST 21 22271 u272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE hCI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 4 ALL277 MAXMAIN BALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT 15 ALL281 Fe 25 hLL282 FYMAIN 60 ALL2B3 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 8~5 TO 901
FOg or
A-38
STAAD SPACE
w bullbull day PriJ 07 200lt 12
-- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull~ bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ H07625 CUFT
TOTAL~
286 FINISH
WEIGIJT(in Ibs)
2555707312566433964100076370299
4373300
bullbull bullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 292003
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull QUESTIONS REGARDING rum VERSION PROGRAM bullbull RESRARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast gt0- (7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 92) -2543 bullbull East Coast gt0- (9781 688-36)6 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull of
APPENDIX-B
List of Buildings for Different Strength Concrete and Reinforcement
APPENDIX-B
STRUCTURE DEVELOPER CONCRETE STEELSTREGTII STRENGTH
6(SIX) STORIED RESIDEIHIAL BUILDING ABC REAL ESTATES LTD 3aao pi 60000 piAT PLOT NO 239 KHILlGI ROAD BLOCK_B ABC HOUSE (6TH FLOOR) 8 KAMALATATURKMOHAMMADPUR HOUSING ESTATL AVENUE DHAKA1205MOHAYIMADP]JR DHAKA
9(NINE) STORIED RESIDENTIAl BUILDING MONICO LIMITED 3000 pi 611000piAT PLOT 0 507 MOUZA KAFRUI~ WEST HOUSE 10 7l1 ROAD NO 71A DHANMONDlAGARGAO DHAKA RIA DHAKA-12096(MX) STOlUlm RESIDFNTIAL BUILDING MR MOHAI1MAD HABlBUR RltHMAN 2500 psi 40000 piAI BAJTUL AMAN COOPERATJVE HOUSINGSOCIETY LIMITED PLOT NO-578cS 10_124KHA TIAN 0-346(SIX) STORIED CHAMP A SUPER MARKET MIS NISHA CONSTRUCTION 2500 pi 40000 piAT RAUARANDI DAZAR 13ALIAKANDlRAJBARl5(FlVE) STORIED ADMIN BUiLDIIG OF MIS NISHA CO]STRUCTlON 2500 pi 40000 piMANSUR ALI COLLEGEAT NARUA BALIAKANDI RAJBARI7 STORIED MLlNAT PLAZA MD MINNAT HOSSAIN 25110pi 40000 psiA SHOPPING CUM RESIDENTIAL DUILDINGA1 ABDULLAHPURKERANIGONJ DHAKA
WELKINS CANOPUS WELKINS PROPIRTY MANAGFMENT LTD 2500 pi 40000 pi9 STORIED APARTME1lt DUILDllG 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIBAGliAT LALKlIAI BAZAR CHlTTAGONG CIlITTAGOGWELKINS CALYX WELKINS PROPERTY MANAGEMENT LTD 2500 psi 40000 psi9 STORIED APARTMENT I3UIWING 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIDAGIIATNASlRABAD CHITTAGONG CIllTJAGONGGRAMEEN LEPTIS MAGNA GRAMEEN BANGLA HOUSING LTD 3000 psi 60000 piAT NIKETON GULSHAN SO-lARTORI TOWER (7TH FLOOR)9 STORIED APARTMENT BUILDING 12 SOlAR GAON ROAD DHAKA 1000
B~
APPENDIX - B
6 STORIED OFFICE BUILDING RUNNER AU rOMOBlLES LTD 2500Igti 40000 psiAT KUTURIA SAVAR DHAKA 74B GREEr ROAD DIJAKA
5-STORIED RESIDFNTIAL BlJILDING FOR MRROHIUL KARIM 2500 pi 40000 psiMRROBIUL KARIM AT PWT NO-lBROAD NO_7 SECTOR _7UTARA MODEL TOVNDHAKASNIGHDA ORCHID UNITIiCH HOLDIIGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD NO5 HOUSE NO - 7 BLOCK - IBANANI DHAKAJAUIIYA IJIITECH HOIDlNGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD 10 _9 HOUSE NO - 35 SECTOR- 4UTTARA DHAKA
ROUDRACHYA UNlTECIl HOJDIgtIGSLIMITED 2500 pl 40000 plROADNO_9 IlOUSENO-31SECTOR-4UITARADHAKA
UNITECH PRJ(SIDENCY UNITECH HOLDINGS LIMITED 2500 psi 40000 psiHUMAYANROAD PWTN034MOHAMMADPUR DHAKA
6-STORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING FOR Mlgt TOFAZZEL HOSSAIN 2500 pi 40000 psiMDTOFAZZEL HOSSAIN PLOT NO-64 BLOCK-C MANSURABAD HOUSING SOCIETYMOHAMMADPUR DHAKA8S10RIED IXI6MARRlED ORSQIJARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARMY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT SHAHEED YOUSUF ROAD DHAKA CANTT DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED lXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE OW amp CE (ARlfY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT POSTOGOLA CANTI DHAKA DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED IXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARII-IY) 3000 pi 40000 piAT ARMY HEAD QUATER ADMIN WING DHAKACANTIDHAKA CANTT4_STORlIW ENGINEERING FACILITIES ~ 3000 pi 60000 piBUILDING JMBAR PROJECT SARAK BHABAN
B~
APPENDIX- B
RAMNADHAKASHAPTAK SHAHNAMA SHAPTAK GRIHAY~ LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORJED APARTMENT BUILDING 819 BLOCK-C LALMATIA DHAKA-1207FORMR M MOSHIURRAHMA-lt ATPLOTNO34 BLOCK - C LALMATIA DHAKA - 1207SHAPT AK MAVIS SHAPT AK GRIllA Ylli LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORIED APARThlENT BUlTJ)ING 819 BLOCK-C lALMATlA DHAKA_1207fOR MR M MOSHllJR RAHMAN AT PLOT NO314HLOCK C LALMArJA DHAKA 1207
B-
APPENDIX-C
list of Buildings Using ExcavatorLabour for Excavation Work
APPEND1X-C
STRITCTlJRE
LABAID CARDIAC CENTREROAD _ 4 DHAllfONDJ DHAKA
LABAID SPECIALIZED 1I0SlIT AIROAD - 4 D1IA~MONDr DHKA
HABIT AT CENTER21 S]ORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEXSHAY AMOU DHAKASAM COMPLEX21 STORIED SHOPPING OfFICE COMPLEXSHAYA)IjOLl DHAKA(LOBE SHOPING CENTERto SIORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEX24 MIRPUR ROAD DHAKAHAPPY HOMES DR RAtA fULLA ARCADE6 STORIED BUIWINGROAD NO 3 DHANMONDI DJIAKAMULTILA GREEN VILLA15 SfORJED BUIWINGGREEN ROAD DHAKA
Such as 18 Storied New Market CityComplexadjacent of Dhaka new market14 storied CRP building project atMirJlur-14 Dhaka
nlvrLOP~R
LAB AlD corSTRUCTlOr
LAB AID CONSTRUCTlO
IIABITAJ REAL ESTATE LTD
GLOBE CENTER LTD
HAPPY HOMES LTD
MULTIPLAN LTD
UNIVERSE CONSTRUCTION LTD(CONTRACTOR)
m
Col
NOWIUSlMEIT
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
EXCA VATlOr- WORKPERFORMIW BY
EQUIPMEN l 1~IiNSIVE
EQlIPME~T INTElSTVE
EQUlPMElT INTElSIVE
EQUIMElT INTENSIVE
FQUlPMENT INTENSIVE
EQUIPMENT INTElS1Vpound I ~~~0 -Ilt~ s-
J~LABOUR INTENSIVE~i -ii amp
jjik ciI ~ ~ f- 1j
LABOURINTENSIV lt~~(I)ill- ~ J lt 4M
LABOUR INTENSIVE (
- 00000001
- 00000002
- 00000003
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-
CONTENTS
Declaration
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Graphs
Abbreviation
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1~ Development of Construction Technology
12 Objective of the Project
13 Methodology
CHAPTER 2 TECHNOLOGIESINCONSTRUCTION INOUSTRY
xi
XIII
1
5
6
21 Introduction to Technology in Construction Industry 7
22 Construction technologies on the basis of
labour and equipment
221 Equipment intensive Technology
222 labor Intensive Technology
223 labor Based Technology
8
9
9
23 Software Technology
231 Manpower (Humnware)
232 Information Infowarel
233 Organization (Orgaware)
9
9
10
10
24 Hardware Technology in 11
241 Excavation 12
242 Compaction and Grading 14
243 Drilling and Blasting 17
244 Lifting and Erecting 19
245 Mixing 19
246 Construction Tools and Other Equipment 20
247 Choice of Equipment and Standard Production Rates 21
248 BUildingMaterials 22
249 Construction Automation and Robotics 23
CHAPTER3 CONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYOF BANGLADESH
31 Introduction 24
32 Some Big Constructions in Bangladesh 26
33 Constructions in Bangladesh Using Pre-Fabrication 29
34 Humnware Infoware Orgaware and Hardware in Bangladesh
341 Humnware 31
342 Infoware 32
3430rgaware 33
344 Hardware 34
CHAPTER 4 TECHNOLOGY ON EXCAVATION AND RCC
OF BANGLADESH
41 Technology in Excavation 35
411 Preliminary Stage 37
412 Time Analysis with Seasonal Effects 38
413 Cost Analysis and Result 40
42 Design and Specifications
421 Material for BUilding Construction 45
4211 Material in Bangladesh 46
4212 Reinforcement 47
4213 Concrete 48
4214 Steel 49
4215 ReC Grading 50
4216 Interdependence of Humnware
Infoware and Hardware 51
4217 Analysis and Result 52
4219 Cost Analysis 60
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Discussion
52 Conclusion
53 Scope of Future Works
REFERENCES
63
64
64
65
APPENDIX A 5T AADlPro input and output
APPENDIX B List of buildings for different strength
concrete and reinforcement
APPENDIX C List of buildings using excavatorlabour
for excavation work C-1
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1-1 la) Natural features caves and overhangs
Fig 1-1 (bll Crude shelter
Fig 1-1 c) Beehive hut
Fig 1-1 Id) Cone on cylinder
Fig 1-1 (e) Hipped-on cube
Fig 21 Excavation Equipment
Fig 2-2 Compaction amp Grading Equipment
Fig 2-3 Drilling amp Blasting Equipment
Fig 2-4 Construction Tools amp Other Equipments
Fig 31 National Assembly
Fig 3-2 Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
Fig 3-3 Islamic Development Bhaban
Fig 3-4 Bashundhara City
1
1
2
2
2
13
16
18
21
26
27
28
29
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4-1 5 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 41Table 4-2 10 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 41Table 4-3 15 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 42Table 4-4 20 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 42Table 4-5 ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed bar 47Table 4-6 8S4149 specifications for Twisted bar 47Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Rein and Concrete 50Table 4-8 Column Concrete Strength 44 kSIand Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 52Table 49 Beam Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 52Table 410 Column Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 53Table4-11 Beam Concrete Stren9th 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 53Table 4-12 Column Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 54Table 4-13 Beam Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 54Table 414 Column Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 55Table 4-15 Beam Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 55Table 4-16 Column Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 56Table 4-17 Beam Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 56
59
Table 4-18 Column Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 57
Table 4-19 Beam Concrete Strength 3 6 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 57
Table 4-20 Column Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 58
Table 4-21 Beam Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 58
Table 4-22 Column Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi
Table 4-23 Beam Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 kSI 59
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule 60
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule 60
Table 4-26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement 61
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete ReqUirement 61
Table 4-28 Reinforcement and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka 61
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 4-1 Excavation cost for 5 feet 43Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet 43Graph 4-3 Excavation cost for 15 feet 44Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet 44Graph 4-5 Total Cost of Concrete and Reinforcement 62Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement 62
Xli
ADPASTM
BS
SUET
GATS
GIS
kip
ksi
PCpsi
PVC
PWD
GCRampD
RC
RCC
UKWTO
ABBREVIATIONS
Annual Development Program
American Society for Testing Matenal
Bangladesh Standard
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
General Agreement on Trade amp Services
Geographic Information System
KiloPound
Kilo-pound per Square Inch
Personal Computer
Pound-per Square Inch
Poly Vinyl Chloride
Public Works Department
Quality Control
Research amp Development
Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced Cement Concrete
United Kingdom
World Trade Organization
X1l1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Development of Construction Technology
Building is the earliest form of technology In civil engineering construction
From the most primitive times humans required protection from the wild
animal elements of nature changing seasons and predators in natural
shelters such as caves and rock overhangs
Step by step they learned to improve their caves with inlaid stone floors
walls at the entrances and fireplaces Ultimately they began creating entirely
new habitats in locations that had no natural shelter
Shetters built from natural material~ indicate that they had knowledge of the
stress strain and insulation properties (heat cold and water-proofing) of the
materials used The use of hand-made bricks or stone blocks indicated
knowledge of properties such as compression forces The symmetrical
shapes of the designs indicated the knowledge and application of the
principles of geometry
Most communities had their own distinctive styles lor bUilding their houses
and archaeologists have uncovered many examples through the ages
[Shown in Fig l-1a) to Flg1-1 (e)]
Fig1-110)Naturalfeaturecoos andcerhangsNaturalshell likecaveoravehangswereusedas OleSlInleornobuldngmaterialswereused
Fig1-1(b)CrudehellerTemporary5lruelue5tht neededIItUeWOlt1ltmn5hlpMalerilsfouodnoarbywereusedndoITangedona udelrameworkofbrance
Fig 11 (el llBolllvo nulA ypcal bUlldng yle of Ihe Nguni people (Zuluand Xlloa) Vertical branenes were stabilisedtl1 hOzotal bltacing wiln nO ~istnclibetweon Ine walls nd Lne roof The saplingslrueuro was bound lOgeher by gass fibreropos and tho grass eong ws wn to Ihelerura Ih gras rope
Fig 1_1 (0) Hlpped-ltgtn cubWestern fiuecaled 10 Ihe introduction of Ihe gOwall cons1ructlon The walilayoo Iso ~caeheha or the roof Walls me higher and doorvayslarger
Fig 11 (d) Con on cylinderA typlcol style among Ihe Tswana Solho andVenda peoplo Tila roof IS para and can bcleorly idenllfied The rooF as mode lrcltn grassad the wallslrom dag or tyle 01cement
The bUilding trade is the earliest form of civil engineering construction Up to
13 century building technology in the sub-continent fell under three
category (a) Thatchery and mud houses made of thatched roof of bamboo
straw grass reed etc lb) stone masonry which included hewing laying and
carving of stone and (c) Brick masonry construction consisting of lime-surki
mortar in the city areas Between 13 and 18h century the feudal monarchs
and the land lords constructed monumental bUildings After the Industrial
2
revolution in the 180 century construction of factory buildings labor sheds
ware houses etc became the major construction activities With the
invention of the steam engine in the 18 century development of railways
started Besides the construction of roads ports and harbors inland and
offshore navigation developed simultaneously after the Second World War
reconstruction of the war ravaged infrastructure brought a boom In the civil
engineering construction Civil engineering also has attained modernization
an eventually in the seventies the development of chips and micro chips and
the high capacity single chip microprocessor made possible the development
of the micro computers The computer software technology has also
developed very fast simultaneously The development of the optical fiber
and the satellite technology has made a revolution and the internet has
brought the information technology to a stage which was unimaginable even
a decade ago As result knowledge based industries now dominate over the
previous machinery based industries Traditional construction industry as
gradually becomes obsolete and ineffective worldwide in these high tech
eras This new situation put construction industry a new challenge
In modern times the civil engineers built dams sluices regulators barrages
pump houses and p ower generation and many other structures which were
believed to be impossible to construct Gigantic modern off-shore structures
are now built which go to several hundred meters below sea level In the
field of bridge construction enormous progress have been achieved Bridges
has now become relatively cheap and can be built in extremely short timeThe most ambitious bridge development ever realized is certainly the Akashi-
Kaiko Bridge in Japan with a span of 1990 meter This gigantic endeavor at
the early age where only possible due to very sophisticated and heavy
erection equipment developed The successful construction of channel
tunnel Bull twinkle (492 m worlds tallest offshore platform) Louisianan
offshore oil port supertanker unloading capacity of 100000 barrel an houri
Kansai international airport a port reclaimed from sea bed containing
extremely soft soill testify to development capability of the civil engineeringprofession in modern times it will not be out of place to mention that during
the sixties intensive urbanization in many developed countries saw the
3
spectacular revolutionary concepts such as wall frame Interaction tube-in-
tube bundle tubes diagonally braced frame and compOSite construction
pioneered the high rise growth Developments of intelligent buildings that
can respond to earthquake and fire hazards are in the making
In recent years (Information agel technological innovation in design
materials and construction methods have resulted in significant changes in
construction costs Computer aids have improved capabilities for generation
quality designs as well as reducing the time required to produce alternative
designs New equipments and materials not only have enhanced the quality
of constructIOn but also have shortened the time for shop fabrication and
field erection Construction methods have gone through various stages of
mechanization and automation including the latest development of
construction robotics
The Global Trend
Competition in global market for better amp economic building construction is
increasing day by day Construction organizations are realizing that
responsiveness to market demands and adaptability to changing condition
Competitive prices are the hallmarks of successful enterprise Therefore
every construction organization wants to lower the cost by alternate deSign
interchanging material strength amp type uSing modern construction methods
and proper management So construction world is going for new technology
and saving both time and cost
The Bangladesh Context
Bangladesh has come a long way since its independence But a very few
organizations have adopted new construction technology and ability to build
high strength material with quality After 2004 due to WTD and GATS
Bangladesh market has to be made open to outside countries and most of
the organization will face difficult challenges from the competitors of other
countries To face this challenge effectively construction organizations need
4
to be more responsive to market demands lower the prices by choosing
proper construction technology in all stages of construction as well as
improve quality of material If construction organizations of Bangladesh will
able to qualify with other countries in competition they would have to
opportunity to work abroad
Bangladesh is one of the least developed countries in the world Regrettably
In Bangladesh most of the construction methods and design are oriented by
conventional method Though volume of building construction is large but
modern construction method and equipment facilities in most of the cases
are absent Only a small number of projects have been done or ongoing With
theses modern facilities Remarkable new and high strength material are also
not using in Bangladesh Only in some national bridgeroad construction
project modern equipment and material were used in Bangladesh Due to
absent of new and high strength materials new technologies new
equipments quality as well as effiCiency of building construction are very
poor
12 Objective of the Project
Bangladesh is one of the least developing countries Contemporary
construction technology With high strength materials are not often uSing inbUildingconstruction sector The objective of this study IS to find out what
type of technology and materials are being using for building construction In
addition to find out if better technology is available why these are not
being accepted at present in construction sector of Bangladesh
Specific objectives of this study are
bull To study the exiting technological parameters in present day building
construction in Bangladesh
bull To study the economy of scale and factors as they relate to-
(a) Humnware
(b) Infoware and
(e) Hardware
5
13 Methodology
Methodologies used in this study are followings
I Study of the literature to identify the contemporary
technology in building construction in developing NIC and
developed economies
II Study of the local documents and of field data to find the
status of contemporary technology in the building industry in
Bangladesh
III Study the economy of scale and contemporary technology as
they relate to humnware Infoware and hardware
6
CHAPTER 2
TECHNOLOGIES IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
21 Introduction to Technology in Construction Industry
McGraw Hill Encyclopedia Defines Technology as 11
Technology is closely related to science and engineering Science deals with
humans understanding of real world around them - the interesting
properties of space matter energy and their interactions Engineering is the
application of objective knowledge to the creation of pians designs and
means for achieving desired objectives Technology deals with tools and
techniques for carrying out the plans
Construction Technology
Basic design and construction topics which include both field and office
activates which facilitate problem definition evaluation solution and
communication ie design electives electrical equipment estimating
formwork mechanical quantity surveying rigging scaffolding scheduling
shop drawings site planning surveying takeoff utilitiesfl9
Construction industry undoubtedly is the backbone and propelling force
behind our progress It has the potential to contribute to peoples lives in
many ways This needs high skill dynamic leadership broad vision great
courage latest technology and communication system
Modern science and technology have provided many useful tools like
computers~CPM-PERT-most productive and efficient machines financial
management procedures and many others But all these become redundant
and unproductive when these sophisticated and efficient tools are worked
by green and inexperienced hands who lack the basic ingredients of work
culture dedication and courage and people who are not imaginative and
innovative
7
22 Construction technologies on the basis of labour and equipment
Construction technologies can on the basis of their content of labour and
equipment be classified as
o Equipment Intensive
o Labour based and
o Labour Intensive Technologies
The choice of the technology may affect the overall cost the overall
duration of the construction and the overall quality of the asset Some
works allow only one type of technology while others can be done in
various ways Graphically equipment intensive labour Intensive and labor
based technologies are shown in below
Potential shift in labour contents by using labour-based methods
Llbaur - _
Equipment Intensive
Labour Based
Labour Intensive
IIIlililillllIII-IIIliillllllnmmmllF
221 Equipment Intensive Technology
Equipment intensive technology is defined as the combination of labour and
equipment In which most work is done by labOUHeplacing equipment
supported by a small labour force Although the technology might be
appropriate in circumstances with high wage levels low labour availability
and high skill levels its application is often ineffective at local level where
individual projects are relatiVely small and dispersed over a large
geographical area
8
222 labour Intensive Technology
To avoid a common misconception it is important to distinguish between
labour basedmethods and labour Intensive methods In contrast with labour
based technology labour intensive approaches seek to maximize
employment with a minimum use of mechanized equipment often at the
expense of cost and quality
223 labour BasedTechnology
In selecting the most appropriate technology it is however important that
irrespective of the type of technology resources is used efficiently quality
standards are maintained and time limitations are observed For these
reasons labour based technology has been developed to maXimize
opportunities for the employment of labour (skilled and unskilled) while
supported by light equipment under strict conditions of cost
competitiveness acceptable engineering quality standards and timely
implementation Labour based work methods are competitive only if these
conditions are met and can then provide a lasting alternative to traditional
equipment-intensive construction methods
23 Software Technologies
Normally software means the written instructions executed by some
hardware Ie Programs that are needed to run for execution and manage
the computer and those which are used to solve the problem 111 The
Software technologies have three subdivisions which are
bull Manpower (Humnware)
bull Information (Infoware)
bull Organization (Orgaware)
231 Manpower (Humnwere)
We know manpower (humnware) is the person-embodied component of
technology 111 For construction works require different types of personal but
most of them require technical background Different disciplined engineer
site engineer supervisor foreman rod binders mason skilled labour helper
9
carpenter sanitary technicians electrical technicians and other personal are
the humnware
Productivity in construction IS often broadly defined as output per labor
hour Improvement of labor productivity should be a significant activity in
building construction In construction works vigorously pursue the efficient
utilization of labor So improvement of personnel related to this field is a
vital factor of construction industry
232 Information (Infoware)
Information IInfowarel is usually the document-embodied form of technology
[11 This inciudes the specifications market database for materials theories
charts database drawing codes books journals catalogs and other
documents Requisition and supply management work(s) are also includes in
infoware Infoware constitute a crucial part of construction industry For
construction works every step is related to infoware Proper constructions
need accurate material specification guided by the code(s] Proper
information is the key factor of any construction project
233 Organization (Orgaware)
Within a frame work of the Organization (Orgawarel Manpower
(Humnware) Information (Infoware and Hardware technologies work 111
Organization techniques principles practices and arrangements that govern
the effective use of technology by humnware This includes construction
planning project management QC safety RampD
Organizational systems play the key role in construction industry Both the
success and failure of construction works widely depends on organization
An organization system includes Organization structure organization design
human resource poliCY and practice organization Culture work stress etc
Common organizational structures available in construction industries are-
bull Project organization
bull Matrix organization
bull Line and staff organization
10
24 Hardware Technology
Modern construction especially for large projects has grown in complexity
due to size cost and speed of construction Construction equipment is an
important resource and its planning assumes vital importance With the
rapidly changing technology both in design and construction areas
contractors are now shy of making heavy investment in heavy equipment
New innovation of construction equipment change the older method of
construction method and resultant is quicker and economic construction
Sometimes whole system is enhanced by new innovation Such as two
technological developments namely lilt and modern metal frame removed
the prevailing limitations on the height of the buildings Hardware is object-
embodies form of technology 111 such as Construction
equipmentmachineries all type of materials appliances computer paper
printer
The selection of appropriate construction equipment often affects the
required amount of time and effort and thus the job-site productivity of a
project It is therefore important for site managers and construction planners
to be familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment
Various types and important works are involved for construction Industry
Such as excavation loading compaction and grading drilling and blasting
equipment lift and erecting machineries mixing construction tools and
other equipment Different types of work require different type of hardwareand technology
11
Selection of most suitable and available equipment for a particular project is
a frequent problem for contractor Owner contractor and even the engineers
of our country are going for traditional method and material Sometimes due
to old technique and traditional material huge financial loss is the result
Money spent for equipments need to be considering as an investment
which can be recovered with a profit during the useful life of the equipment
241 Excavation
Types of equipment which are used to excavate earth and related materials
are known as excavator Excavation equipment includes the following
machines
1 Power shovels
2 Backhoes
3 Draglines
4 Clamshells and cranes
5 Trenching machines
6 Wheel-mounted belt loaders
Craneshovel consists 01 three major components
bull A carrier or mounting which provides mobility and stability for the
machine
bull A revolving deck or turntable which contains the power and
control units
bull A front-end attachment which serves the special function in an
operation
12
(g) Hawk_Bulk W~
(e) Cranes
(h) Q)-Qlick Mount
(c) Daglines
0l Hook Lift (k) Conlaine CITi~r (1) RollOffTrmlers Carner
Fig 2-1 Excavation Equipmentl1Gl
13
The type of mounting for all equipments Ihardware) in the above figure is
referred to as crawler mounting which is particularly suitable for crawling
over relatively roughed surfaces at a job site Other types of mounting
include truck mounting and wheel mounting which provide greater mobility
between job sites but require better surfaces for their operation The
revolving deck includes a cab to house the person operating the mounting
andor the revolving deck In the above figure a crane with hook clamshell
[Fig2-1 (f)L drag line [Fig2-1 (c)] bac khoe shovellFig 2-1 laI(b)L pile
driver[Fig2-1 (d)] and other excavation equipment are shown
A tractor consists of a crawler mounting and a non-revolving cab When an
earth-removing blade is attached to the front end of a tractor the assembly
is called a bulldozer When a bucket is attached to its front end the
assembly is known as a loader or bucket loader There are different types of
loads designed to handle most efficiently materials of different weights and
moisture contents
Scrapers are multiple units of tractor-truck and blade-bucket assemblies with
various combinations to facilitate the loading and hauling of earthwork
Major types of scrapers include single engine two-axle or three-axel
scrapers twin-engine all-wheel-drive scrapers elevating scrapers and push-
pull scrapers Each type has different characteristics of rolling resistancemaneuverability stability and speed in operation
242 Compaction and Grading
Compaction grading and soil stabilization are the works of same category
and these are interrelated Many SOilsare subject to differential expansion
and shrinkage when they undergo change in moisture content If pavements
are to be constructed on such soils it IShighly desirable to stabilize them to
prevent or reduce the change volume in order to protect the pavements from
excessive damages
Stabilizations may be applied to a soil In its natural position or as it is placed
in a fill Also stabilization may be applied to the sub-grade sub-base or
base material
14
Some methods of stabilization are
L Blending and miXing heterogeneous soils to produce more
homogenous soils
bullbullbull Incorporating hydrated lime into soils that are high in clay content
bullbullbull Blending asphalt with the soil
t Mixing Portland cement with the soil
t Incorporating various types of slats into the soils
4 Incorporating certain chemicals into the soils
t Compacting the soils thoroughly after they are processed
The function of compaction equipment is to produce higher dense soil
mechanically The basic forces used in compaction are static weight
kneading impact and vibration The degree of compaction that may be
achieved depends on the properties of soil its moisture content the
thickness of the soil layer for compaction and the method of compaction
The function of grading equipment is to bring the earthwork to desired shape
and elevation Many soils are subject to differential expansion and shrinkage
when they undergo changes in moisture content Many soils also move and
rut when subjected to moving wheel loads If pavementsbuildings are to be
constructed on such soils It is usually necessary to stabilize them to reduce
the volume changes and strengthen them to the point where then can carry
the imposed load even when they are saturated
Major types of grading equipment include motor graders and grade trimmers
The former is an all-purpose machine for grading and surface finishing the
latter is used for heavy construction because of its higher operating speed
Many types of compaction equipment are available including the following -
Towed Sheepsfoot [Fig2-2Ia)L Grid Roller [Fig2-2(b)L Self-Propelled [Fig2-
21c)) Segmented Steel Wheel Roller[Fig2-2(dll Self Propelled Tamping Foot
Roller Self Propelled Vibratory Tamping Foot Roller[Fig2-2Iel) etc These
are different operating characteristics
15
(a) Sheepsfoot roller
(b) Grid roller
(d) Two-Axle Tandem Steel-wheeled Roller
(c) Self Propelled Pneumatic-tiredRoller
(e) Self-Propelled Smooth-drumvibratory Roller
Fig 2-2 Compaction amp Grading Equipment
IG
243 Drilling and Blasting
Drilling operation used by the construction and mining industries to drillholes in both rock and earth The task of rock excavation includes looseningloading hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling and blasting
Rock excavation is a risky and hard task ReqUire special equipment andmethods for this operation The degree of difficulty depends on physicalcharacteristics of the rock type which to be excavate Grain sizes planes ofweakness weathering brittleness and hardness of rock strata are the vitalfactors of rock excavation The task of rock excavation includes looseningloadlllg hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling blasting or rippling
Major types of drilling equipment are percusSion drills and rotary-percussiondrills A percussion drill penetrates and cuts rock by impact while it rotateswithout cutting on the upstroke
Common type of percussion drills includes a jackhammer which is hand heldand others which are mounted on a fixed frame or on a wagon or crawl formobility A rotary drill [Flg2-3(bJJ cuts by turning a bit against the rocksurface A rotary precesSion drill combines the two cutting movements toprovide a laster penetration in rock
Blasting is performed to loosen rock in order that it may be excavated orremoved from its existing position Blasting requires the use of explosivesthe most common of which is dynamite Generally electriC blasting caps areconnected in a circuit with insulated wires Power sources may be powerlines or blasting machines designed for firing electriC cap Circuits Alsoavailable are non-electrical blasting systems which combine the precisetiming and flexibility of electric blasting and safety of non-electricaldetonation
Tractor-mounted rippers are capable of penetrating and prying loose mostrock types The blade or ripper IS connected to an adjustable shank whichcontrols the angle at the tip of the blade as it is raised or loweredAutomated ripper control may be Installed to control ripping depth and tipangle
In rock tunneling special tunnel machines equipped with multiple cutterheads and capable of excavating full diameter of the tunnel are nowavailable Their use has increasingly replaced the traditional methods ofdrilling and blasting
17
(a) ER1ronmomtlll Testing
It) Placer Drill
(b) Rotary drill
(dl Mincrnl Exploration Drill
eel Water Well Drilling
Fig 2-3 Drilling amp Blasting Equipmentl1bull1
18
244 Lifting and Erecting Equipment
Liftmg and erecting equipments are used to 11ftloads and to facilitate theerection of steel building frames
Derricks are commonly used to lift equipment of materiais or building
construction A derrick consists of a verticai mast and an inclined boom
sprouting from the foot of the mast Guys hold the mast in position or stiff
legs connected to a base whiie topping lift links the top of the mast and the
top of the inclined boom A hook in the road line hanging from the top of the
inclined boom is used to lift loads Guy derricks may easily be moved from
one floor to the next in a building under construction while stiff leg derricks
may be mounted on tracks for movement within a work area
Horizon boom type tower cranes are most common in high-rise building
construction Inclined boom type tower cranes are also used for erecting
steel structure
245 Mixing
Mixing concrete by hand is expensive In labour and it IS therefore not
surprising that mechanical mixers have been general use for a great many
years
The object of mixing is 10 coat the surface of all aggregate particles with
cement paste and to blend the entire ingredients of concrete into a uniform
mass this uniformity must furthermore not be disturbed by the process of
discharging from the mixer In fact the method of discharging is one of the
bases of classification of concrete mixers Several types exist In the tiltmg
mixer the mixing chamber known as the drum is tilted for discharging In
the non-tilting type the axis of the mixer is always horizontal and discharge
is obtained either by inserting a chute into the drum or by reversing the
direction of rotation of the drum or rarely by splitting of the drum There are
also pan-type mixers rather Similar in operation to an electric cake-mixer
these are called forced action mixers as distinct from the tilting and non-
tilting mixers which reiy on the free fall of concrete in the drum
19
In any mixer It is essential that sufficient interchange of materials between
different parts of the chamber takes place so that uniform concrete is
produced
On a site there is often a tendency to mix concrete as rapidly as possible
and it is therefore important to know what is the minimum mixing time
necessary to produce a concrete uniform in composition and as a result of
satisfactory strength
Concrete mixers are used to mix Portland cement sand gravel and water in
batches
There may be occasions when concrete has to be mixed by hand and
because in this case uniformity is more difficult to achieve particular care
and effort are necessary
A truck mixer refers to a concrete mixer mounted on a truck which is
capable of transporting ready mixed concrete from a central batch plant to
construction sites
246 Construction Tools and Other Equipment
Concrete can be economically pumped at the rates 15 to 200 ydhr for
horizontal distances 300 to 3000 ft and vertical distances 100 to 500 ft
without staging [11
The pumping of concrete of is especially advantageous in placements that
are physically difficult to approach with ready-mix trucks and show best
economy in the range of 20 to 80 ydhr
Air compressors [Fig2-4(al] and pumps [Fig2-4(dl] are widely used as the
power sources for construction tools include drills hammers [Fig2-4(bll
grinders saws wrenches[Fig2-4(clj staple guns sandblasting guns and
concrete vibrators Pumps are used to supply water or to dewater at
construction sites and to provide water jets for some types of construction
Vibrators are used to eliminate entrapped air Of the several types internal
vibrators perhaps the most common one External vibrator is rigidly clamped
to the formwork resting on an elastic support so that both the form and
20
concrete are vibrated Vibrating table can be considered as a case of
formwork clamped to the vibrator instead of the other way round but the
principle of vibrating the concrete and formwork together is unaltered
Besides these surface vibrator used for flat plate electric hammer can be
used as a surface vibrator when fitted with a bit having a large flat area A
vibrating roller is used for consolidating thin slabs
(a)Air Compressor
rg Wrench
(b) Hammer
(d) Concrete Pump
Fig 2-4 ConstructionTools amp Other Equipments[111
247 Choice of Equipment and Standard Production Rates
The selections of the appropriate type equipment or machines tor
construction often affect the required amount of time and effort and thus
the job site productivity of a project Equipment size determination is also a
very important task for construction Oversize equipments are expensive as
well as consume more time to handle It is therefore important for
construction planners to be familiar with the characteristics of the major
21
types of equipment most commonly used in construction Construction
planners also have to know the sources of construction equipment
Contractors and users of construction equipment frequently concerned with
a decision as to whether to purchase or rent (lease) an equipment Under
certain conditions it is financially advantageous to purchase whereas under
other conditions it is more economical and satisfactory to rent it
248 Building Materials
In recent times some of the important technological breakthroughs in
materials are stabilized soil lime-pozzolana mixes sand-lime bricks fly-ash
bricks clay-fly ash bricks gypsum boards wood-wool sheets plastic
products in utility service ready mix concrete non-shrink grout for machine
foundation super-plasticizers Ferro-cement and other materials Different
types of composite construction are also in very advance stage
In the field of concrete technology also some advances are happened such
as light weight concrete radiation shielding concrete polymer concretes
fiber reinforced concretes super plasticized concretes gap graded concrete
tenser-polymer reinforced concrete roller-compacted concrete ultra high
strength concrete improved techniques in pre-stressing prefabricated
construction and other some remarkable matenals
In low cost housing a number of developments have taken place and
following new techniques are being adopted for reduction in cost These arestone block masonry pre-cast brick panel roofing pre-cast RC channel
roofing ferro-cement tank use of secondary species of timber particle
board lor shutter doorswindows fly ash-lime-gypsum bricks for making
walls pre-cast RCC frames for doors and windows Pre-cast RC lintel (thin]
lower ceiling heights PVC pipes for water supply stabilized soil cement
base floors magneSium oxy-chloride flooring fire retardant treatment of
thatch asphaltic roofing etc Brief descriptions of some of those materials
are below-
22
249 Construction Automation and Robotics
Recent advances in robotic technology and the related experience In
manufacturing industries suggests that greater automation maybe extremely
beneficial for constructed facilities In addition construction in hazardous
environments (not approachable) may be greatly expanded by the use of
construction robots
There are several means by which construction automation and robotics
might repay the additional equipment and development costs associated
With high technology investments First robotics offers opportunities for
extending the scope of practical construction activities into hazardous
environments including outer space nuclear reactors or undersea
construction Even standard construction sites represent hazardous
environments as suggested by the large number job industrial accidents
associated with construction Second robotics may permit the practical
introduction and broader use of nonhuman senses and capabilities on
construction sites
KaJimaCompanys reinforcing bar placing robot can carry up to 20 bars and
automatically place these bars in pre-seiected patterns in both floors and
walls The equipment has achieved 40 to 50 savings in labor and 10
savings in time on several Japanese projects 131
A wall climbing robot called RM3 for tasks such as video inspections of shiphulls gamma-ray inspection of structural welds and high-pressure washing
painting shot-blasting and barnacle removal 131
23
CHAPTER 3
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN BANGLADESH
31 Introduction
The contribution of construction industry is quite significant in the national
economy but its existence is absent from the national economy plan
Recently government has made policy considering this sector as an industry
GDP Contribution of construction industry was 606 In 1991-1992 and 619
over the period 1996- 1997 Agriculture sector contributes maximum of
GDP Construction sector contribute about 20 of agriculture sector GDP
which is a remarkable role in Bangladesh economyI1
The construction Industry of Bangladesh comprises of a large number of
predominantly small firms The same can be seen to be true for most other
countries
The actual structure of the industry is not possible to measure as there are
no published papers on the total number of firms There are some 25000
nos of local contracting large medium and small categorized firms
registered with the government agencies with a varying range of financial
capacities [16]
In building construction sectors larger firms are capable to construct
concrete highrise building 30 storied Bangladesh Bank Bhaban 20 storied
Bangladesh Secretariat 20 storied Sena Kalyan Bhaban Building 20 storied
lOB Shaban and many other bUildings are the evidence of the ability to
construction of high rise concrete-building While high rise steel structures
are not yet familiar in Bangladesh but recently a number of high rise steel
structure are under construction In other sector such as bridge roads gas
pipeline electricity supply dam sluice-gate etc are implemented by
international contractors and joint venture companies (foreign and local
firms~ In 1990-91 the construction industry employed 105 and in 1995-
96 183 (statistics 97~ of total labour force In other statistics showed
that the constructing firm employs 20 lacs peoples If each family comprise
24
of four members so total 80 lacs people (615 of total population of the
countryl are dependent on the construction industry for their living The
economical and political significance of the industry ISeven greater than this
figure suggest as it captures the major part of the national investment
About 46 of the total construction labour force are involved in building
50 in construction repair and maintenance of roads and bridge works and
4 are involved in construction repair and maintenance of other activities
16]
Some domestic contractors in the building sectors have access to overseas
market but local contractors are less capable of competing with the foreign
companies due to variety of grounds -
(a) Very Less initiative from the Government to improve the capacity of the
local contractors
bull Easy policy for credit system for construction industry
bull To provide plant machinery hire facilities
bull Skill and manpower development through training
(bl Policy of the rules and conditions of the donor agencies for foreign funds
According to PWD to solve the housing problem 709131 units of houses
are required to construct in every year [15] So it indicates that Bangladesh
has a serious housing problem
12 to 15 millions people now lives in Dhaka city Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is now the city of construction Though yearly requirements in
the city is about 65000 housing but all public and private sector together
produce 25000 housing units in a year Percentage of leaving in slums and
squatter settlement is about 30 percent It would take at least 600 billion
taka which IS five times the entire ADP budget of the country to
accommodate house for the above-mentioned population Very little areas
are found in cities which are not occupied by building Every place in the city
is already filled up or construction of building process is ongoing But the
utility service and other facilities for community are not well thought-out
But according to government rules facilities shall be accommodate first
25
before any type of building construction Unfortunately community facilities
including simple parking facilities are still absent for the many new
constructing building in Dhaka city
32 Some large Constructions in Bangladesh
It is very difficult to identify which one is large construction of a country
because of project diversity In Bangladesh there are numerous
constructions many of them are significant in various aspects Although
functions and aesthetic are different of them they accomplish different type
of requirements Following are the some prominent constructions which
indicate Bangladesh building construction industry is fully capable to
construct any type of Building
Equipments used for construction of national assembly building were tower
crane larger size mixture machines and other eqUipment Tower crane amp
other equipments replaced by huge no of labors As per definition of labour
based technology construction of this building falls under this category
National Assembly
Fig 3-1 National Assemblyl101
labour Based Technology
Architect Louis I Kahn
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1962 to 1974
Building type government center
Construction System concrete marble
26
Equipments used for construction of Bangladesh bank bhaban were hoist
mixture machine and other light equipment only For excavation of 1
basement engaged huge no of labors As per definition this type of
construction falls under labour Intensive technology
bull Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
Fig 3-2 Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
labour Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
NoofFioors-31
Building type government
Construction System concrete
27
Equipments used for construction of Islamic Development Bank Shaban were
tower crane concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments
Tower crane ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments
replaced by most of the labors As per definition of equipment intensive
technology this type of construction falls under this category
bull Islamic Development Bank
7
Fig 3-3 Islamic Development Bank
Bhaban
Equipment Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
No of Floors - 20
Construction System concrete
28
Equipments used for construction of Bashundhara city were tower crane
concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments Tower crane
ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments replaced by most of
the labors As per definition 01 equipment intensive technology this type of
construction falls under this category
bull Bashundhara City
Fig 3-4 Bashundhara City
Equipment Intensive Technology
Architect VISTARA
location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1999 to 2003
Building type shopping mall
Construction System concrete marble
33 Constructions in Bangladesh Using Pre Fabrication
Prefabricate construction not yet accepted widely in Bangladesh Scenario of
developed country in this respect is totally different Even In Malaysia
Thailand Indonesia India and many other developing countries scenery is
closed to developed countries Prefabricate construction require customize
construction or a huge no of similar type productions Precast units which
normally used in Bangladesh are -
bull Tiles and mosaic
bull Low cost toilet rings and others precast accessories
bull Prestressed precast electric pole
bull Precast column for boundary wall
29
the study on availability
of indigenous materials in
bull Precast slab for surface drain
bull Precast slab for foot path
bull Precast railing and ornamental column
bull Precast lintel
bull Precast pipe for water supply and others
bull Railway sleeper
bull Road divider
In the context of Bangladesh RampD activities are yet to be worthy InBangladesh uHouse and Building Research Institute was established in the
year 1977 with the following objectives -
1 To take technical and scientific studies and research on
various problems of constructions and building materials and
to evolve housing and building technology appropriate to the
requirement and suitable for socia-economic condition of the
country
2 To specifically emphasis on
development and utilization
construction
3 To promote better uses of building materials particularly
commonly used materials improvements methods of learning
and designing of construction works and maintenance
4 To train research personnels and technicians for the purpose
out its research activities
House and Building Research Institute time to time tried to introduce someprecast module Such as -
bull Ferro cement tank
bull Precast Ferro cement channel for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete hollow slab for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete micro pile
30
bull Precast Ferro-cement folded plate for roof
bull Precast Ferro-cement L panel for inclined roofing
bull RCCdoor and window frames
Between all type of innovation only Ferro cement tank (400 gallon consisting
of cement mortar on wire mesh) is widely used mainly in Dhaka city As
bigger size is not possible with Ferro-cement Its use is limited
Above all precast construction scenario is very poor in Bangladesh This
indicates construction technology not yet advance in Bangladesh in this high
tech era
34 Humnware Infoware and Hardware in Bangladesh
341 Humnware
For construction technology humanware includes labour technicians
engineer and other persons In some way they are related to construction
industry In Bangladesh expense for humanware is cheaper with respect to
other countries because of low wages lin Bangladesh Taka 125 per hour
and for ordinary labour in UK pound6) So utilization of man power through IT is
a great opportunity for construction sector of Bangladesh But unfortunately
we are far way from proper utilization of this huge no manpower
Development of Human resources is in very preliminary stage By generating
employment and working environment general employment conditions need
to be improved Wage systems must be developed and made transparent so
as to give proper remuneration according to qualification and technical skill
It is extremely necessary for the skilled workers to pass their skills on and to
train personnel able to respond to future technological changes Professional
training centers and methods must be developed and be efficiently exercised
upon
In Bangladesh most of the cases we make out unskilled humnware which is
unexpected in this high tech era Also in most of the cases they are
uneducated Due to unskilled and uneducated labour construction qualities
31
are not normally as per requirement Also due to unskilled labor excessive
time is requiring in most of the cases
In Bangladesh labours are mainly trained-up by on-job training In many case
they are habituated from paternal side by born Though some training
institutes exist around Dhaka city but they are certificate-based institute
These institutes deal only overseas job findings peoples
342 Infoware
Infoware IS usually the document-embodied form This includes the
software design specification materials specifications theories charts
database drawing design and others activities Use of software in
Bangladesh for the purpose of analysis and design are in satisfactory leveL
Although most of the organizations are now analyze and design by some
standard software but a big amount of engineers are not stili away from this
technology Following software and tools are now using in Bangladesh
which indicates not behind from top level
Programming Language- Visual Basic Auto LISP aBasic CC Turbo C
Computer Aided Engineering STAAD-III STAADPro Math CAD ADOSS PCACOL SOL Series
Spread Sheet Analysis- Microsoft Excel Lotus MathCAD
Computer Aided Design
- AutoCAD
Database- DBase FoxPro Microsoft Access Oracle
GIS Software- Arcinfo Arcade Maplnfo Arc view Idrisi
32
Graphics software- CorelDraw Harvard Graphics
Computer Aided Project Management- MS Project
Word Processing
-MicrosoftWordWordPcrreCI
Operating Systems
- MS Windows Dos Novel
3430rgaware
Orgaware lOrganization) represents the structural framework of a
technological system and it includes for example the organizations for the
RampD the production the marketing the corporate planning etc It is needed
to produce certain goods and services Within the framework of theorgaware the other technology components work [1]
Most of the organization in Bangladesh is now using computer and software
for different type of works Some organizations are using for analysis and
design some for planning purpose some as a management tools and some
one for data processing and accounting In someway organizations ofBangladesh are taking this technological advantage
In Bangladesh some organizations are doing a number of remarkable works
excellently They are creating photo realistic rendered architectural
perspective models of 3D exterior and Interior elevation and layout
rendering services 3D animation They are also creating architectural fly-by
and walk-through simulations for interactive presentation or TV quality
advertisement GIS works are also done by these organizations
Some of organizations are also working with foreign organizations Mainly
different type of data entry is their main works which are mainly data
conversion rom one format to another Such as conversion from portabledocument format (pdf) to Word processing format (docl hand sketch
J3
bull
conversion to digital drawing (dwg etc) format some modification of
drawing ete The difficulties of our organizations are for any types of
business they require an overseas office This is a very big problem for
entrepreneurs of data exchanging business
344 Hardware
In Bangladesh hardware use of construction industry is not in a suitable
level Moreover specifically modern construction equipment J technology are
not utilizing in Bangladesh most of the cases Only in a few sector such as
deeper excavation in highway construction a few no of building works are
done by modern equipments but in other sectors modern equipment are
ignoring by Bangladeshi construction industry Computer based hardware
widely using in Bangladesh as computer and some computer related
hardware are reasonably priced for middle class people
For construction projects require modern management which is based on
personal computer (PC) In Bangladesh computer based project management
is not yet popular in construction industry Only some foreign aided
government project has some activities on this but also up-to proposal level
only Truly computer based project management in construction sector not
yet Implemented in Bangladesh This is limited to some Gantt chart and
critical path draw works But hardware based computer management easily
save both money and time Probable cause for which not yet go for
computer based project management listing below -
Labours and technicians are illiterate
bull
bull
bull
bull
Labours and technicians are unskilled
Top management of an organization are not wanted to go for
new particularly computer based technology
From Government side there are no plan to facilitate these sector
even in Government project
Our engineers backgrounds are also not upto that extent and
also they are not interested to go for such type of management
34
CHAPTER 4
TECHNOLOGY ON EXCAVATION amp RCC OF BANGLADESH
Nowadays building construction mainly equipment intensive works allover
the world that is depend on modern technology Similarly construction
industry of Bangladesh going away step by step depends on technology
Technological application sophistication quality etc are different in country
to country but at every steps of construction industry including construction
industry of Bangladesh totally depends on construction technology For
excavation loading compaction grading drilling lifting erecting mixing
and other purposes require some construction hardwareequipment and there
technological approach is different Not only for equipment but in every
steps of construction process depends on technological involvement In this
chapter mainly discussed the effect on excavation due to equipment
intensive and labour intensive works Also for building construction the
effect of alternate combination of material use
41 Technology in Excavation
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground This foundation is mandatory for
every structure ThiS is the reason of start of excavation technology which
is an earliest form of civil engineering construction This technology is used
for excavate earth of foundationbasement Excavated soilrock usually
dumps in other places which is known as loading Many construction
industry of Bangladesh Excavator and Loader are mainly using for
excavation works But use of excavator is mostly Dhaka based In other
places of the country except Dhaka city excavation works are done by
manually which is very unlikable in this high tech era Even in Dhaka city
many excavation works had been done by manually Such as 18 storied
New Market City Complex building with two basements (adjacent of Dhaka
new market) 14 storied CRP building project with two basements at Mirpur-
35
14 Dhaka A few but in some projects huge volume of soil was excavated
manually Excavation operations 01 these many projects are done by
manually because 01 availability and low-priced labor In this chapter try to
focus why this technology (excavator not used in most of the cases
In many project of Bangladesh excavation operation are done by manually
because 01-
Soil Characteristics - Comparatively solt layer 01 earth exists all
around Bangladesh
raquo labour (Humnwarel - labour costs are cheap and available
Non-availability of equipment (Hardware) - Modern equipment
cost is very high for which it is not pOSSiblelor contractor to
buy excavator and other heavy equipments lor a singie project
gt- No and size of the Job - As no 01 projects limited and also
areas of a single projects are not big Use of Excavator and
loader are not economically viable
Rental organization - Renta I organization not yet developed
widely and systematically Above all limited rental organization
and their higher charges of hardware
Topography Most of the lands in Bangladesh are plain So
labors can work comfortably
lacks of technicians - lack of skilled technicians are one of the
reasons to avoid new technology
Time - Peoples of Bangladesh are not anxious about time
Utilization of time is very important lack 01 this awareness is
one 01 the reasons of avoiding tendency of new technology for
excavation
)- Space constrains - Particularly in Dhaka city buildings are not
build in well planned way but very haphazard So in many case
movement 01 excavator is very difficult and in some cases it is
impossible to work due to space constrain
36
bull Weather and Temperature - Luckily most of the seasons are
suitable for labour works Nature is very fever for manual
labour except very little lime through out the year So not
need to take extra precaution lor climate
gt Dumping area - Some time huge amount of dumping is not
possible For that reason avoiding tendency to new technology
of excavation
bull Transportation equipments - Some times transportation of
dumping is not viable and In that type of case manual labour is
preferable
411 Preliminary Stage
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground and which transmits the load to the
underlying sailor rock As the foundation normally placed below the ground
excavation is must and should be done first for any type of construction
work
More or less for every construction works need excavation some times
these are shallow and some times it is deep Due to basement construction
of high-rise buildings need massive excavation This may need up to three
four months If excavation works are done by manually a huge no of labors
will engage their and require more time
Considering employment it is solVing a substantial social problem like our
developing country by means of giving a large no of employment
opportunity Therefore out side the urban area manual excavation may be
permissible due to solving unemployment problem This might be plaYing a
significant role like our developing country to solve the problem Social
problem from society But owners always try to solve the problem from the
economic view which will figure out later on this chapter
But the scenario in urban areas like Dhaka city is different Dhaka has
already become a mega city with more than ten million inhabitants and its
population is projected to reach 16 million by 2015 which would make it
the worlds seventh most populous city This rapid growth is visible all
37
around the city by constructing new buildings But the citys infrastructure is
not keeping space with the influx of population Transport environment of
Dhaka city may be a clear example with increasing traffic congestion and
delays The ability of Dhakas transport system to sustain economic growth
and reasonable quality of life has been declining steadily
In such a poor situation if we dont use machinery equipment everyday
congestion situation of Dhaka city will escalate due to longer timerequirement of excavation
Already it is an established fact that construction works of Dhaka city is one
of main reasons of traffic congestion To overcome this awlul situation
particularly in the city areas we must have to adopt modern technology in
excavation purpose This will help to reduce construction time money
traffic congestion and other redundant situations
412 Time and Seasonal Effects on Construction
Time
In Bangladesh construction management going on very preliminary stage and
still they dont think time is a vital factor for any project But everyone is
aware the fact money has a time value Thousand Taka today is worth
more the Thousand tomorrow This lact is vividly reinforced when themonthly charge bills are examined This added charge amounts to rent on
the money that is owed and is termed interest
Besides these we know fixed costs are directly related to time variable andother costs are also similar effect ie if time span of a project is longer then
fixed cost will be more and similarly true for all other costs So time span ISa vital factor for any construction project
Again for any project there is a breakeven point which also dependents on
time If construction period is more than the estimated time timerequirement to reach break even will be more
BeSides these there is a possibility to come other competitors due to delay
of construction and sometimes it may become an unprofitable project forever in this competitive market
38
If we Consider revenue side what we see - Suppose a 10 storied office
building spaces are 12000 sq-ft and rent is 501 = Taka per sq-ft ie per day
revenue is 20 Lac Particularly this type of project per day revenue loss will
be a big amount if the construction not timely finish This is unexpected for
any organizationlsJcontractorls)
Season
In many cases for foundation purpose deep excavation is required
Sometimes need shore pile to protect adjacent soil Shore pile is essential
when permanent structure exist adjacent project site As shore pile is a
temporary work in many cases it designs less cautiously Result is that
shore pile failures are a common type of failure in Dhaka city at every year
It is occurred mainly in rainy season due to rainfall If the contractors are
finished their foundation works before rainy season most of the time they
can avoid these repetitive shore pile failure situations
On the other hand in many cases owner of adjacent structure goes to the
court when contractor goes for deeper excavation for their safety and
compensation if shore pile failure occurs Also for shore pile failure delays
the project ie more time consume for project and more money expenses
due to delay or to pay compensation Sometimes it becomes a crucial factor
for the project and as a result of big economical loss for that project Such
type of big economical loss easily can avoid by proper time scheduling ie
should be complete before expected rainy season in case of deeperfoundation works
39
413 Cost Analysis and Result
Assumption made for cost and analysis are follows-
1 For Manual 1000 eft of excavation work (PWDStandard Rates)
al For initial lead of 100_ON and lift of 5_ON
i) Ordinary labour cost Tk 088 per cIt
b) For each additional lift of one loot beyond 5-0 and upto 10_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 004 per cit
c) For each additional lilt of one foot beyond 10-0 and upto 15-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 006 per cit
d) For each additional lift of one foot beyond 15_ON and upto 20_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 008 per eft
e) Extra each additional lead of 100-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 014 per eft
2 For Excavator
f) Initial rent Tk 9000000 for upto 10 days
il Extra charge Tkl0OOO00 per day
iii Excavation capacity 10000 eft per day
3 Enough labour Force
gl Enough labour force can be engaged so that there will not be any
significant difference in excavation between these two methods
40
Tablbullbull4-1 5 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area (ff) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 500 440 90000200 1000 880 90000500 2500 2200 900001000 5000 4400 900002000 10000 8500 900005000 25000 22000 9000010000 50000 44000 9000020000 100000 95000 9000040000 200000 218000 180000100000 500000 755000 450000
Tablbullbull 4-2 10 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Areaiiti) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1000 980 90000200 2000 1960 90000500 5000 4900 900001000 10000 9800 900002000 20000 19600 900005000 50000 49000 9000010000 100000 98000 9000020000 200000 210000 18000040000 400000 476000 360000100000 1000000 1610000 900000
41
Table 4-3 15 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR I
Area (ft) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1500 1670 90000200 3000 3340 90000500 7500 8350 900001000 15000 16700 900002000 30000 33400 900005000 75000 83500 9000010000 150000 167000 13500020000 300000 355000 270000
40000 600000 794000 540000100000 1500000 2615000 1350000
Tabla 4-4 20 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area(ft ) Vo(ume(ft ) Manual(CostTk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 2000 2560 90000200 4000 5120 90000500 10000 12800 900001000 20000 25600 900002000 40000 51200 900005000 100000 128000 9000010000 200000 256000 18000020000 400000 540000 36000040000 800000 1192000 720000100000 2000000 3820000 1800000
42
Graph 41 Excavation cost for 5 feet
5 Excavation Cost
~ ~---------------
------ -
I
II
II
- ExcavatorI-Manual
I
50 -----
Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet
10 Excavation Cost
0
I Excavator-Manual
-___ e bullbullbull _
- __ - - --- - - _ - -
-
- - - - - - - - - - -
- - 250 -
oo
lti 300~~ooo~
o 100U
Area (in 100 sft)
43
Graph 43 Excavation cost for 15 feet
15 Excavation Cost
-- ExcavatorI-Manual I
eN
~NN
o
400 -
350 -
300~bull~ 250 - - - 000 ~bullbull- 0~0U 100 - ---- - -
0
Area (in 100 sft)
Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet
20 Excavation Cost
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
- - - -- - - -- - - - - - - --
350 ---------
bullbull 300
~ 250g~ 200 bullbullbullbull0
~ 0U 100 -
0
o g
-
-----------
_______ c C __
___ c c_
~c
-- Excavator-Manual
Area (in 100 sft)
44
From the above anafysis it is observed that in case of 5 feet excavation
breakeven area is 19020 sft for 10 feet excavation 9184 sfr for 15 feet
excavation 6946 sft and for 20 ft 3636 sft Excavator becomes cheaper for
any constructIOn (area) above these breakeven fevels
42 Design and Specifications
421 Material for Building Construction
Wood of course was the only material used by early builders that had more
or less equal tensile and compressive strength Early builders are also
depends on stone brick surki and lime After innovation of reinforced-
concrete and steel previously used material are replaced by concrete and
steel Concrete with reinforcement radically change in the field of building
construction technology After that steel play the vital role and contribute to
build high rise building worldwide though Bangladesh is far from that type
high rise building But recently numbers of steel bUilding are in the process
of construction and we are expecting remarkable progress will be shown
within couple of years Nowadays wood has been relegated largely to
accessory use during construction to use in temporary and secondary
structures and to use for secondary member of permanent construction
Though both concrete and steel are the two most commonly used structural
material worldwide in Bangladesh mainly concrete are common item of
building construction Recently some industrial buildings are constructed by
structural steel Builders in Bangladesh are now reali2ing that steel is also a
competitive and effective material for building construction But they are
going forward very slowly for steel structure
Selection of structural materials must be selected on availability of materials
Also depends on corresponding skill labour relative costs wage scale and
the suitability of the materials for particular structure
In Bangladesh currently carrying out research into rice straw and husks
which are a by-product of major crop of Bangladesh but have already
encountered problems with the strength of the rice straw while fit best rice
45
husks can be regarded as filler and may not contribute significantly to the
tensile strength of earth-mix bricks
Idea of including waste material from the countrys vast jute industry to use
as a binder in the bricks and not merely as rubbish to be burnt
And finally that the integrity of earth-built buildings may be considerably
strengthened and improved by applying simple low-cost principles to the
Internal strengthening structures - mostly tied bamboo frameworks
4211 Material in Bangladesh
Any material which has got application in engineering construction is termed
as engineering material Stones bricks concrete bricks lime cement surki
sand concrete iron steel ferrous alloys non-ferrous metais and alloys
timber timber products aluminums bamboos soils bituminous materials
glass plastics paints varnishes rubber tiles granite marble etc are
commonly used in Bangladesh
Among them major construction materials are now producing in Bangladesh
though maximum raw materials are imported outside from Bangladesh
Though cement raw materials like gypsum and clinker are importing from
outside of country the total cement producing capacity now is more than
countrys per year requirement and quality of cement is standard as per
specification But reinforcement quality is not yet reached to standard level
It is very serious problem for construction industry of Bangladesh
46
4212 Reinforcement
Steel is known as black copper in early ages Iron and steel developed over
2000 years ago It was Henry Bessemer who was especially interested in
good quality steel making for big canons He was the first to produce low
carbon wrought iron In Bangladesh steel also used as reinforcement in many
years before It is difficult to say when and where first time used steel
reinforcement
Concrete reinforcement bar are usually of two types
bull Deformed bar and
bull Twisted bar
Below are the specifications for two types of reinforcement bar-
Table 4-5Steel GradeGrade 40Grade 60
ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed barYield Stre9th (psi Ultimate Stren ths (psi)40000 (minimum) 70000 (minimum)60000 (minimum) 90000 (minimum)
Table 4-6Steel GradeGrade 250Grade 400Grade 460
654149 specifications for Twisted barYield Stren th (psi) Ultimate Strengths (psi)40000 (minimum) 4400060000 (minimum) 6600067000 (minimum) 73700
Grade 40 and Grade 60 both type of reinforcement are frequently used InBangladesh for building construction In Bangladesh normally steel areprocessed by the follOWingmethod
(i) Induction furnace melting and(ii) Arc furnace melting
The yearly requirement of steel in Bangladesh is 10 million ton But the
quality steel production rate is only 02 million tonyear That is remaining
08 million ton reinforcement are non-standard 1171 By which our different
construction works are building This is an awful situation of construction
sector in Bangladeshand requires immediate exemption from this situation
47
4213 Concrete
Allover the world concrete with reinforcement are the most commonly used
materials for building construction In Bangladesh it is the main structural
material using as building construction materials Concrete IS a stone like
material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement
sand and gravel or other aggregate and water to harden in forms of the
shape and dimensions of the desired structure
Bangladesh is now a big cement producing country in respect to their
required capacity Statistics says yearly requirement of cement allover the
Bangladesh is 65 million tons where as production capacity of the entire
cement mill is 120 million tons That means 55 million tons surplus cement
now existing in Bangladesh One of the main reasons of this surplus is that
world top most cement producing companies are now producing cement in
Bangladesh from their factory
The properties that make concrete a universal building material are so
pronounced that it has been used In more primitive kinds and ways than at
present for thousands of years probably beginning in Egyptian antiquity
The facility with which while plastic it can be deposited and made to fill
forms or aids of almost any practical shape is one of these factors Its high
fire and weather resistance are eVident advantages Most of the constituent
materials with the possible exception of cement are usually available at low
cost locally or at small distances from the construction site
In Bangladesh normally concrete strength (cylinder strength fc) varies from
2500 psi to 5000 psi for building construction But in many case it falls to
2000 PSI On the other hand upto 8000 psi concrete was used for
construction of Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge project Also there are many
projects already finished and ongoing where usedusing more than 5000 psi
strength concrete
48
4214 Steel
In 1885 an American engineer names William LeBaron Jenny became the
creator of the modern skyscraper when he realized that an office building
could be constructed using totally different materials He chose structural
steel and incorporated it into a revolutionary system that was to make
possible the soaring office towers that now symbolize the modernmetropolis
Steel is manufactured under controlled conditions its properties are
determined in a laboratory and described in a manufacturers certificate
Thus the designer need only specify the steel as complying with a relevant
standard and the site engineers supervision is limited to the workmanship
of the connections between the Individual steel members So responsible of
contractor is more to provide proper material
Also following are some reasons normally associated with competitiveadvantages of steel over concrete
bull Construction speed particularly during periods of high interest rates
Steel frames go up more rapidly thus reducing construction financing
costs and allowing the building to generate revenue sooner
bull Availability of steel in a variety of grades and shapes that IS suitable
for economical faming of both short and long spans
bull Steel offers economical design approach for retrofit and rehab
projects Steel can be easily modified expanded or converted to suit
future needs of owners and tenants For this reason steel frame isoften referred to as a changeable frame
bull In difficult foundation conditions steel construction may result in
reduced foundation costs because of its light weight Steel frame is
normally 25 to 35 percent lighter than a concrete frame and can
permit the use of less expensive foundation systems
In Bangladesh steel building are not constructing notably Mainly some
factory buildings are constructed with steel as a structural material In
Bangladesh peoples are not serious about time which is main advantage of
steel structure like our COuntry We have to import all the steel materials It
49
also has to PV higher tax Our engineers are not interested to go for new
technology like steel structure 0 technicians oed labors pof Vtrained P fo steel construction Ultimately except time factor steel
structure is OPt very suitable for building construction of Bangladesh Very
recently a few numbers of high-rise buildings are now under construction or
under designing stages which indicates new technology are coming
4215 RCC Grading
Strength of concrete is commonly considered its most important property
although in many practical cases other characteristic such as durability and
impermeability may in fact be more important Nevertheless strength usually
gives an overall picture of the quality of concrete because strength is
directly related to the structure of the hardened cement paste
The strength of concrete of given mix proportions is very seriously affected
by the degree of its compaction It ISvital therefore that conSistence of the
mix be such that the concrete can be transported placed and finished
sufficiently easily and without segregation Following combinations of
reinforcement and concrete are considered for thiS study-
Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Reinforcement and Concrete
Concrete Type Steel Strength (in ksi) Concrete Strength lin ksi)
I Type - 1 60 44
Type - 2 60 36
Type - 3 60 29
Type - 4 60 25
Type - 5 40 44
Type - 6 40 36
Type - 7 40 29
Type - 8 40 25
50
4217 Interdependence of Humnware Infoware and Hardware
For analysis and design purpose humnware infoware and hardware work as
an integrated system During design and analysis period due to different
grade and type material selection software hardware and humnware play
the vital role for alternate attempt Computer utilization in different stages
have improved capabilities for generating quality designs as well as redUCing
the time required to produce alternative designs Without help of these
technological combined services It IS almost impossible to get better and
optimistic design Thats why with the help of Humnware Infoware and
Hardware most economic type analysis and design may achieved within
short time which is almost impossible without these technological help
Manual analysis and design are most of the time assumption based a time
consuming matter and whose ultimate result is economical loss considered
to both time and material requirement
51
4218 Analysis and Result
For analysis purpose here considered a six storied building The analysis has
been performed by STAADIPro software 3-D model of assumed building amp
output of STAADProare given in Appendix-A
Following are the material requirement for different combination
Table 4-8 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 10487 Ib5 2148 Ib6 1375 Ib7 1386 Ib8 3971 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 193651bsTotal Volume of Concrete 28688 cuft
Table 4-9 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 23844 Ibs5 1346 Ib6 5329 Ib7 5487 Ib8 10511 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 46518 IbsTotal Vofume of Concrete 61454 cuft
52
Table 4-10 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6330 Ib5 5653 Ib6 1644 Ib7 2771 Ib8 4722 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 21120lbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3355 cUft
Table 4-11 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 22348 Ibs5 4039 Ib6 8655 Ib7 4001 Ib8 5049 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 44092 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 7279 cU1t
53
Table 4-12 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 787191bs5 29898 Ibs6 37505 Ibs7 57257 Ibs8 58754 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
26213 Ibs3528 cUft
Table 4-13 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibs)
4 221821bs5 10011 Ibs6 37652 Ibs7 6918 Ibs8 34297 Ibs
Totel weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
54
432191bs9367 cuft
Table 4-14 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 9556 Ibs5 2453 Ibs6 3810 Ibs7 6378 Ibs8 6761 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
28958 Ibs4190 cuft
Table 4-15 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibsl
4 25557 Ibs5 3126 Ibs6 4340 Ibs7 10008 Ibs8 703 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
55
43733 Ibs10076 cuft
Table 4-16 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 8680 Ib5 1358 Ib6 1434 Ib7 2588 Ib8 7727 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 21787 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3499 cUft
Table 4-17 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 17629 Ibs5 4878 Ib6 7745 Ib7 7921 Ib8 16895 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 47938Total Volume of Concrete 8546 cuft
56
Table 4-18 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 7770 Ibs5 1432 Ibs6 3795 Ibs7 4686 Ibs8 9068 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
==
26752 Ibs3479 cuft
Table 4-19 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17705 Ibs5 1591 Ibs6 13078 Ibs7 1152 Ibs8 16675 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
57
= 50201 Ibs9644 cuft
Table 420 Material Requirement for Column1ConcreteStrength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in IbsJ
4 84764 Ibs5 30846 Ibs6 22264 Ibs7 34232 Ibs8 10168 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
27379 lbs4709 cUft
Table 4-21 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17693 Ibs5 2347 Ibs6 19086 Ibs7 1367 Ibs8 13352 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
58
53845 Ibs10111 cuft
Table 4-22 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6602 Ib5 2506 Ib6 7068 Ib7 5216 Ib8 8370 Ib
Totar weight of reinforcement - 29762 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 5055 cuft
Table 4-23 Material Requirement for BeamlConcrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 18686 Ibs5 13536 Ibs6 15858 Ib7 1085 Ib8 5565 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement - 54730 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 11269 cUft JI
59
4219 Cost Analysis
Generally the cost for a construction prOject includes the expenses related to
the following activities
bull Land acquirement
bull Planning and feasibility
bull Design
bull Construction including materials equipment and lobour
bull Insurance and taxes during construction
bull Office overhead
bull Office furniture and equipment
bull Inspection testing and others
In this study considered only material cost of different grade of combination
which is mentioned in the article 4215
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Concrete Strength Concrete Cost2500 pO 155 Tkdt2900 psi 164 Tkdt3600 pO 187 Tkch4400 P 209 Tkch
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Reinforcement Strength Reinforcement Cost40000 psi 226406 TklOn
60000 psi 23625 Tkton
60
Table 4~26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequiremerType - 1 294 Ton 9014 citType - 2 291 Ton 10633 eftType - 3 310 Ton 12895 cftType - 4 325 Ton 14266 eftType - 5 311 Ton 12044 eftType - 6 344 Ton 13123 eftType - 7 363 Ton 14821 eftType - 8 377 Ton 16324 eft
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequirementType - 1 441 Ton 9916 eftType - 2 437 Ton 11697 eftType - 3 465 Ton 14185 eftType - 4 487 Ton 15693 eftType - 5 467 Ton 13249 eftType - 6 515 Ton 14435 eftType - 7 544 Ton 16304 eftType - 8 566 Ton 17957 eft
Table 4-28 Reinforcemelt and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka
Type of Concrete Renforcement Cost Concrete Cost Total CostType - 1 1042 Coo 1884 Coo 2926 CooT~2 1032 Coo 1988 Coo 3020 CooTy e - 3 1099 Coo 2115 Coo 3214 CooType - 4 1150 Coo 2211 Coo 3361 CooType - 5 1057 Coo 2517 Coo 3574 CooType6 1167 Coo 2454 Coo 3621 CooType - 7 1231 Coo 2431 Coo 3662 CooType - 8 1281 Co 2530 Coo 3811 Co
61
Graph 4-5 Total Cost 01 Concrete and Reinforcement
Total Cost
bull
0045_0000bull~bull 35000bullbull ~OO
0 ~oou
~~oo~000
WOO
bull bull
bull bull
I TotalCosti-Concrete COSJ-+-- Reinf Cost -- -- -
Type of Concrelltgt Grado
Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement
Costn Percentage
_Totalcosl
-- Concrce Co__ Renf Coso
1_23
- -
- - - - -
---------_-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
140 -
_35 --------------- bull
bull 130bullbull 120bullj U bull 105~
00095
Type of Concrete Crade
Above analysis clearly shows that Type-1 concrete is cheaper than anyother combination of reinforced concrete Up-to 29 savings is possible ifhigher grade Reinforcement and Concrete used for building construction
62
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Discussion
In developed countries civil engineering organizations spend good amount of
money in RampD At national level the universities and other institutions
should be encouraged to undertake strategic research which aims to Improve
understanding and applications of scientific and technical know how which
in turn will provide a basis in the long run proper application of new
techniques and technologies Following are some areas very essential for
construction Industry of Bangladesh
The development and dissemination of new construction equipment and
better safety must be encouraged
Pre-fabrication and use of package materials will enhance the efficiency of
work execution by standardizing specifications and reduce the site work
volumes
The development and dissemination of all weather construction technology
will make it possible to carryon with work even under bad weather
The means of transferring information between designers and constructors
need to be improved The effective use of construction equipment
prefabricated materials and products needs to be considered
The roles and responsibilities of engineers need to be reviewed With regard
to improvements in work efficiency personnel training and strengthening the
management foundation of engineers
6]
52 Conclusion
Excavation
Manual excavation and excavation USing excavator S to 20 ft depth) with
different land areas were studied in Dhaka city Considering labour cost and
excavator rental charge breakeven point for Sft excavation and 20ft excavation
are 19020sft and 3616sft respectively Using PDW97 standard rate of works
it IS observed that for deeper excavation excavator is cheaper than labor-
intensivemanual excavation Labor-intensivemanual excavation works may be
acceptable outside urban areas due to unemployment of labor But excavator is
economic solution in urban areas like Dhaka city
In Bangladesh excavation and loading is a labour-based works but in developed
countries its hardware-based works Further detail study based on socio-
economic environment etc may be required to introduce hardware-based
excavation work replacing manual labor in our country
Material
8 combinations of steel and concrete were studied for a six storied bUilding
Considering material cost Type- ICombination of high strength concrete 44-
ksi with high strength steel 60-ksi) is the most economic Type8 la
combination of low grade concrete 2S-ksi and low grade steel 40-ksi) is the
most uneconomic as it material costs 29 more than the cost due to the Type-
1 Unfortunately Type-8 combination is most widely used in private construction
even by the real estate developer One problem with Type- is that high
strength concrete 144 ksi concrete with 60 ksi steel) demands admixture which
also demand skilled humnware If it is not possible type 2 (36 ksi concrete
with 60 ksi steel) can be easily used without loosing Significant economy lonly
3 more cost than Type-l) Mainly Engineers may play the significant role to
convince ownersentrepreneur to accept this technological advantage and avoid
uneconomical traditional approach
53 Scope for Future Works
Similar studies may be carried out for other components of technology Inamely
different types of hardware technology humnware infoware etc)
64
REFERENCES[1] MAnwarul Azim Technology Mal1agement and Development of Nation
July 1999
[2) SP Arors SP Bindra A Text Book of Building Construction
131 Chris Hendrickson Tung su Project Msnagement for Construction
141 Robert L Peukrifoy William B Ledbetter Construction Planning Equipment
snd Methods McGraw-HIli Book Company International Edition 1985
[51 Robert L Mitchell Engineering EconomlcsJohn Wiley amp Sons 1980
[6J Thomas C Ksvanagh Frank Muller James J OBrien Construction
Management
[7J Donald Barrie Boyd C Paulson Jr ProfeSSlonslConstruction Management
[8J Frank Harris Modern Construction and Ground Engineering Equipment and
Method
9J V K Riana Concrete bridge practice analysis design and economics
110] wwwskycraperscomWebsite
[11] wwwtransltmixconcretecom Web site
[12] wwwlrcocomWebslte
[13] wwwantigoconstructio~0JT Web site
[14] wwwleggattequipmentcomWebsite
[15J Public Works Department Recent technical issues and association of public
works department October 19 2000
i16J AaM Ekram Ullah Construction industry of Bangladesh Journal of civil
engineerirlgIEB 2 December 2000
[17J Prospect of quality re-enforcement bar production in Bangladesh - Elite Iron
and Steel Industries Ltd 2003
[18J Analysis of rates of PWD (Bangladeshi Schedule
- July 199719h Edition)
65
APPENDIX-A
3-D Model STAADIPro Input and Output (Partiall
APPENDIXA
30 Model STAADfPro Input and Output (Partiall
x
3-D ST AADIPro Model of Six Storied Building
o
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STAAD SPACE PAGE 10
n m eo 81 m~227 94 95 551 96 n 99 0
55j 00 101 555 106 107 m 108 m 112 55
no m 114 115 240 00 0 102 no 104 CO 228 56~
00 m 118 m n 119 568 m 122 m 123 m m 124 m m m 130 m DO 131 00 135 m no bull36 on no 137 57
m m 125 m no 127 0 m 229 m en 140 m 0 141 53J
0 00 145 146 147 m m 152 m 153 58
m 158 on m 159 00 00 160 00 242 00 148 59~
100 00 m 230 m 13 m 00 164 m 0 105 00 168 010l m 170 no 175 oo no 17 no 177 eo 181 60
102 oom 183 00 243 no no 171 on 172 173 m en 231 613
103 00 en 200 m m 206 m en 194 on en 196 m 232 m104 m 36 703 42 30 m 37 n 43 31 105 _m H no n 46 m 32 no n 208 m 39 n 40 100 n 33 m 217 no 41 m 52 no 59 m 00 65 107 m 60 m 66 no 54 no 61 m n 67 en 00 69 108 m 209 m 62 m 63 m 00 63 m 56 no 218
109_ m 75 m 82 m 38 m n 76 83 H 89 H110 _ H n 84 90 92 m 00 78 He H 210 85 111_ m oo 91 m 79 m 2lt9 87 m 98 m 112 m III BO H 99 B 106 112 100 CO
113 CO 113 115 m n 101 CO 21l 108 114 114 no 102 en co 220 en 110 m 116 121 115 no m 134 m en 122 777 en 129 m m 135 m He 123 116 m DO 136 no He 138 m m 124 H 124 212 131 m117 no en 137 m m 125 H no 221 no m 133 on m 144 79lt
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139 on m 0lt m on m m m m PRIS m co 140 _m m m m on m m m m PRIS m co14l m m m on m w m no 142 no ro no ro m m 0 m m PRIS w co 143 _ w e CO 0 10144 _ OO w no m CD no m en m m no no145 m e m no no H 342 PRIS W co co
lt bull 0
STAADSPACE -- PAGENO
148 271 272 276 277 328 329 341 PRIS YD 20 ZD 15119 78 14 15 6~ 64 70 71 86 87 94 95 110 111 151 152 167 bull68 208 2092lt150 266 281 282 322 ~23 332 3~7 PRIS YD 23151 885 TO 892 902 TO ~08 PRIS Yil 10 ZD 2352 1268 92 149 206 153 320 336 85~ TO 866 PRIS YO 12 ZD 10153 916 65 72 88 96 112 153 J6~ 210 226 267 28~ ~2~ 333 338 PRIS YD 15J54 11 67 90 114 171 228 285 335 843 TO 850 PRIS YD 40 ZD 10155 612 730 731 734 TO 736 748 749 75~ TO 754 766 767 770 TO 772 802 80156 806 TO 808 834 PRIS YO25 ZD 15157 577 5ao 618 PRIS Yl2G ZD 10158 501 TO 503 510 TO 12 517 TO 519 526 TO 528 5J3 TO 535 542 TO 544 54159 558 TO 560 565 TO 567 574 TO 576 581 TO 58~ 590 TO 592 597 TO 599 6C160 615701 TO 703 710 711 714 715 7J~ TO 721 728 729 732 733 737 TO 73161 750751 755 TO 757 764 765 768 76~ 773 TO 775 782 783 786 787 791 TC162 801 804 805 809 TO 8JJ 810 819 822 823 831 832 PRIS YD 30 ZD n163 593 790 PRIS YO ~O ZO 151M 596 PRIS YD 35 ZD 15165 504 TO S09 S20 TO 525 536 TO S41 S52 TO 557 568 TO 573 534 TO S39 61166 704 TO 709 722 TO 727 740 TO 745 758 TO 763 776 TO 731 794 TO 799 8167 318 PRIS YD 3D ZD 15163 600 TO 605 812 TO 817 PRIS YD 33 ZD 15169 CONSTANTS170 E CONCRETEMEMll1 TO 16 ~8 )022 57 TO 72 74 TO 73 80 TO 90 92 TO 9E171 98T0102104T0114149T01S3155T0159161T0171206T021021In 218 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3173 340 TO ~42 50J TO 518 70- TO 882 885 TO 892 B95 TO 908174 POISSON CONCRETEV-EME1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 30 TO 90 917 98 TO 102 10~ TO 11~ 149 TO 13 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 2JO 2J176 21B TO 228 263 )0267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO ~30 3177 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 613 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 908173 DENSITYCONCRETEMEHB1 TO 16 13 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 8D TO 90 9179 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 21130 213 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 27 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3181 340 TO 342 50J TO 618 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 90818l ALPHACONCRETEMEMB1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 103 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 19 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212184 l18 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 33185 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 618 701 TO 832 8BS TO 392 895 TO 9031B6 UNIT FEET KIP187 SUPPORTS1B8 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 207 216 fiXED18~ 234 FIXED190 236 FIXED191 DEFINE WINDLOAD192 TYPE 1193 INT 0 0045 0053 006 HEIG 10 30 60 90194 EXP 1 JOINT 24 TO 184 192 TO 196 199 TO 202 205 206 208 TO 215 217 11~5 n7 TON3196 EXCLUDEJOINT 46 69 92 U5 J38 161 J84197 LOADJ SELFWEIGHT1~8 SELFWEIGHTY -119~ LOAD2 DEADLOAD200 FLOORLOAD201 bull GROUNDFLOORIS A PARKI~GFLOOR
5 0
STAAD SPACE - - PAGE NO
o
59B 6973 ZRANGE 4854-2
FLOAD -05 XRANGE075KSF + 025 KSFFLOAD -01
YRANGE10 10 FLOAD -0089bull 1ST FLOOR TO 5TH FLOOR JS OFFICE FLOOR + ROOF SELFWEIGHT = O068KSF FLOO- FJNJSH = 002 KSF FALSE CEILI~G NO OTHER LOADAS FLOOR DEAD LOADYRAN3E 20 70 FLOAD -0104bull ROOF(EXTRA) AS GARDEN30 SOIL IN ~ART OF THE ROO~ SOIL ~ 03 NO OTHER LOADAS fLOOR DEAD LOADYRANGE70 70 FLOAD -03 XRANGE20 598 ZRAIIGE 2133 70ATER TANKYRANGESO SObull ROOF SLABYRANGll 80 80MEMBERLOAD701 702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 791 792 809 810 UNI GY -043LOAD 3 EXTERJOR WALLMEMBERLOADbullbullbull GROUNDFLOOR TO 5TIl FLOOR 5 WALLASSUMEDAT TilE EXTERIOR OF THE501 TO 503 510 TO 519 526 TO 535 542 TO 551 558 TO 567 574 TO 583 5599 602 605 60a 609 612 701 TO 703 TLO TO 721 72B TO 739 746 TO 757764ro775782T0793800T0808815T0826B35TOB41B51TOB578f875 TO 881 B95 TO 901 UNI GY 05LOAD 4 LIVE LOADFLOOR LOADGROUND FLOOR AS GARRAGEyenRANGE 10 10 FLOAD -005bullbull OFFICE SPACE AN ~VERAGE OF 65L8SFTYRANGE20 60 FLOAD -0 065bullbull FOR PARTITION WALL(ACCIDENTALLOAD)YRANGE20 60 FLOAD -004bull ~ ROOF OCCU~ATAIONALLIVE LOADOF ]0 LBSFTyenRANGE 70 70 FLOAD -003bullbullbull ROOF LIVE LOADOP 20 L3SFTyenRANGE 80 80 FLOAD -002MEMBERLOAD701702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 781 792 809 810 UNI GY -02LOAD 5 WIND IN XWIND LOADX 1 TYPE 1LOAD 6 WIND IN -XWIND LOADX -1 TYPE 1LOAD 7 wrND IN Zwnm LOADZ 1 TYPE 1LOAD B WIND IN ZwrND LOAD Z 1 TYPE 1LOAD COMB21 UNFACTOREDLOAD FOR GEO-TECH DESING1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10LOAD COMB22 FACTROREDLOAD1142143 14 4 17LOADCOMB23 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_X)1105 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275LOAD COMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-XI1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1 275 6 1215LOAD COMB25 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_Z)11051 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275
20420520620720B209210211 212213 214 21521621721B219220 221222223224-22522622722B21~130 131131233 234135 136 13 7 238239
241142243244-245246
249250251252 253 254255256257
P1 or
STAAD SPACE
260 LOAD COMB27 O 9DL+1 WI X261 1092 09 3 O~ 5 13262 LOAD COMB28 O~Du+~3WL -x263 1092 09 3 09 6 13261 LOAD COMB29 0 9DL+1 3WL Z265 109 2 09 3 09 7 13266 LOAD COMB30 09DL+lJWL -Z6 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13268 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELKMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 419 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH g 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS ~rRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISRSPACS = 141411308 1m EXMEM _ 11323 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 1O 23H roceMing Global Stiffness M-riX 10 23H Processing Triansular actorizatiof1 10 23H Calculating Joint Displacements 1O 24H Calculating Member Forces 10 24
269 LOAD LIST 21 22270 H71 START CONCRETE DESIGU272 CODE ACI273 UNIT INCRES KIP274 TRACK 2 ALL275 MINMAIN J ALL276 MAXMAIN8 ALL277 CLB 15 ALL278 CLS 1 5 ALL279 CLT ~5 ALL280 FC 25 ALL281 FYMAN 40 ALL28lt DESIGN BEAM501 TO 08 7D~ TO 84lt 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Pog of
A-
__ PAGE 0SIMD SPACE------------------- -------------------
_ bullbull lt CONCRETE TAKE OF bullbullbullFOR BE~MS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ~BOVEI
TOTAL VOLUCTE OF CONCR~TE ~ 11268 _94 CD FT
BAR SIZSNUMBER
mIGHT(in lbs)
1868563135362115B57951084 _9755~520
bullbullbull TOTAL= 5472996
285 FINISIl
bullbullbullbullbullbull 7 END OF STAAD-III ~7
DATE= JON 2~200J
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION M PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINBERS co bullbull West Coast - (714) 97~-2500 FClX- 714 I 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbull _ bullbullbullbullbullbullbull __ bullbull bullbullbull gt bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
Pbullbullbullbullbull of
A-9
-------------STAAD SPACE
260 1 09 2 093 09 8 13261 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- ~AGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTrcs
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMllER bullbullELEMENTS(SUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WrDTH ~ 196 nTOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ a TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISIt SPACE _ 141411570 MIl ExMEM_ 11611 MB
++ Processing Elemenc Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global stiffness Matrlx++ Processing Triangular ~actorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
163542163542163542163543163543
262 LOAD LIST 21 22263 HH264 START CONCRETE DESIGN265 CODE Atl266 UNJT INCHES KIP267 TRACK 2 ALL268 MINMAIN 4 ALL269 ~~MAIN a ALL270 CLB 15 ALU271 CLS 1 5 ALL272 eLT 1 5 ALL273 Fe 28 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO n 74 TO 78 6D TO 90 92 TO S276 104 TO 114 )48 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 2]277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 3]0 332 TO 338 34278 _ 843 TO 650 B59 TO 866 885 TO sn 902 TO 908
g of
A-10
w
gt w
~bull
H Z 00 H gt 0 H Z H g H
0 0 bull Z H n H bull Z 0 bull H
~bull 0 0 bull bull bull bull WHO om bull bull OH Z bullbull on 0 bull bull H N 0 H bull 0 0 Z bull 0 H 0 0 bull
~ bullbull 0 H 0 H bull 0 0 00
~ bull gt Z bullbull 0 0 bull 0 ro bull
bull bull H bull bull H
bull 0 bull H bull 0 ~
bull H H H 0 bull bull H
bull bull 000 bull n 0 ~
n n
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C_ 0 bull 0 0 N DO 0 0 n 00-If-n~ bull 0 W oW ow H 0 H
bull COgt bull 0 0 WW 0 H 0 0 no 0 tor o H
bull ow W 0 0 H O H 00
2 bull 0 H 0 0 w Lbull m-lGlCl 0 0 bull H bull N 00bull Z gt-J
~
mgtow 0
gt I bull 0 H bull 000lt H 0
bull ltraquooOl H bull 0H bull 0 Z H W H H
bull 0 bull 0 H 0 o H
bull H H H H bull H H 0 0 0 0 00 bull 0bull 0 0 H bull 0 0 bull 0 bull bull I bullbull __ ro- bull w n bullbullbull H 0 0 0 0 bull H bullbull 00 bull bull e 0 bull H bull bull
~bull w 0 bull bull bullbull bull 0 bull bull bullbull 0 bull bull bull bullbull bull bull bull bull W bull 0 bull bull W bullbull 0 bull bull 0 bull bull bull bull bull bull bull lbull
bullbull
0 0 0 0bull
W bullw bull
STAADSPACE - - PAGE NO
260 LOADCOMB28 0 ~DL+13IL_-X261 J O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 6 13262 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+1 3L ~263 1 O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 7 13264 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13L -l265 1092 09 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTSg 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX_ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISI SPACE = Hl4 11309 MS EXMEM= 11~~~ Me
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocesslng Global Stlffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
10H46101646101646101647101647
267 LOADLIST 21 22268 bullbullbullbull26~ START CONCRETEDESIGN27D CODE ACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP272 TRACK2 ALL273 MINMAIN3 ALL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL275 CLB 15 ALL276 CLS 15 ALL277 CLT 15 ALL273 FC 29 ALL279 FYMAIN40 ALL280 DESIGN BEAM 50~ TO G18 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
A-12
STAAD SPACE __ IAGENO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE = 1011146 CUFT
BAR SIZENUllBER
bull
H TOT1L~
283 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
176933223469319085 Sl136~151335171
5384462
bullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull
H DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 1018 4 H
bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING rn VERSION 0 PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast 00- (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714 ) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast 00- (9~8) 6B8-3626 Fax- (97B) 685-7230 bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A13ry ot
STAAD SPACE
260 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL -Z261 1092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STJlTISTICS
NOMllER OF JOINTSMIDIIlER+ELEMENISSUPPORTS K 2281 4791 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH K 1961 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF BTIFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 14141 9966 MIl EXMEM ~ 9995 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
162B56162656162657162857162857
263 LOADLIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETEDESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KIP268 TRACK2 ALL269 MINMAIN4 ALL270 MAXMAIN8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALL273 CLI 15 ALL274 FC 25 ALL275 FYMAIN40 ALL276 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 lB TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 7B 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 S277 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21278 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34279 B43 TO B50 859 TO 866 885 TO B92 902 TO 90B
bullbull r
A-14
gt ~ rl bull bullbull bull 0
z 1 ~~ ~-x ~~ bullbullbullbull~ ~ ~ 00
bull gt ~ ~~
bull bull bullbull ltfl~ ~~Nm bull bull bull bullbull 0 ~ bull bull ~o bullgt bull f-lt bull --~ ~ bull ~ bull lt bull
bull 0gt bull 0 bullbull U ~M---~- bull _Z bullbull 0 0_0 N bull rl HU~~ ~Z ifgt H (1 H 10HO H_gt ~0 H bull O o ~ E-lt bull 00 -4 0 bull gt-lt bulllt bull ltVl b ofltgt l-ltZ M bull H
e 0 bull gt lt- Ii 0 Z b 0 b 0gt 0 N H bullbO b ~~ 00 __ 0 bull
U Orl rlOlt Q bull ~ H 00- Z N bull ltCUM ~U U U ~ ON bullbull bull bullbull bull ZZ Z ~ N ~ bull lt0-- 0-lt0 - IN bullbull u U bullbull lil bull bullbull lt1 u -lt ~Ilaquo0 0 ~ b oH bull c O-I-wO ~bull e 0 m CO ~0 b ~0 O bullbullbull 0 00_ - 0 N flt bullbullbull 0 UUo ~bull gt H bull bullbull bull 0bull bullbull CO bullbull bull COUO ltJ ltgtgt _0 Q
0 ltl bull -0 H ] b Z bullH bullbullbullbullbullbull ~
~ ~ ~b ~C m lt
STAAD SPACE
26Q 1 092 09 3 09 8 13261 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day lpn 200 0505 PIlt
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSsUPPORTS ~ 2281 47~ 25ORIGINALIINAL BWP-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM n 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX n 2~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISItSPACE ~ 1414 112~8 MB EXMEM bullbull11305 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 48 H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix ~8 H Processing Triangular Factorization 48 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1048 H Calculating Membr Fore 1046 262 LOADLIST 21 22263 bullbullbullbull264 START CONCRETEDESrGN265 CODE ACr266 UNIT INCHES KIP267 TRACK2 ALL268 MINMArN4 ALL269 MAXMAIN8 ALL270 CLB 15 ALL271 CLS lS ALL272 CLT lS ALL273 FC 44 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 60 TO ~O 92 IO 96 276 104 IO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 no TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34278 843 TO 8S0 859 TO 866 SS5 TO 892 ~02 TO ~06
A_16
STAAD SACE
TUeday At 200lt 05 Q PM
__ ~AGSNO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullFOR EEAMS AND CO~UMNS DES1GNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VO~UME OF CONCRETE ~ 349873 CUFT
BAR SlZENUMBER
bullbull TOTA~~
28~ FINISH
WEWHT
lin lbs)
868018135806143447158775772658
2178704
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
DATE= rUN~9~003
bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull QUESTlONS REGARDING THIS VERSlON OF ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - 7~4) 974-~500 Fax- 1714) 9H-2543 bullbull East Coast - (976) 686-3626 Fax- 1978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A17
9Oglt of
STAAD SPACE
260 11052 105 3 105 4 1~75 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13L X262 1092 0 9 3 09 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 6 13265 LOADCOMB29 a9DL+13WL_Z266 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092 09 3 09 8 13269 PERFORM ANALYSIS
Tuesday AprLl 200lt 050 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STAJISJICS
NUMBER OF JO~NTSMEMBER+ELEHENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25OR~G~NALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 196 31TOlALPRIMARY LOAD CASES 8 JOJALDEGREES OP FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OP STIPFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PR~C KORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 14UI 10052 KB ElCKEK 10074 KB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
115749115749115749115750115750
270 LOAD LIST 21 2227l 272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 3 ALL277 MAXMAIN a ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL2ao CLl 15 ALL281 FC 44 ALL~82 FYMAIN 40 ALL283 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 6lS 701 10 84~ 851 10 858 867 TO 88~ 895 TO 901
0 or
A-1B
STAAD SPACE __ PAGE NO
bullbull bullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COGUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAG VOGUME OF CONCRETE = 854555 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
TOTAG~
186 FINISH
WEIGHT(~n Ibs)
176288448775077448379214
1689494
4793815
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 115910
bull QUESTlONS REGARDING H1SVERSlON oe PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS 0 c bullbull west Coaet - (7141 974-2500 =- (714) 921-2543 bullbull EilstCOil~t - 97B) 688-3626 FilX-(978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull
A-19
STAAD SPACE
260 LOIDCOMB30 O9DL+l3Wl -z261 1 092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORM ANALYSIS
TUesday Iltpnl 0o 00 0503 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATrSTICS
NUMBER OP JOrNTSMBMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 2SORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STlFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIlgt DlSK SPACE ~ 14l4 11297 MD IXMEM 11322 MB
++ rocessing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocessing Global stiffne~~ Matrix_++ ProceBBing Triangular Factori~ation++ Calculating Joint Di~placements++ Calculating Member Forces
92823~2823~28239282492824
263 LOAD LIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETE DESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KI268 TRACK 2 ALL269 MINMAIN 4 ALL270 MAXMAIN 8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALlgt273 CLT 15 ALlgt274 Fe 36 ALL275 FYMAIN 40 ILL276 DESIGN COLUMN 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~o 92 TO 96 277 104 TO 114 14~ TO 153 155 TO l5~ 161 TO 171 206 TO 2J0 2J2 TO 216 21276 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 3427~ 843 TO 80 89 TO 866 865 TO 892 902 TO 908
go of
TUesday Apnl 0 00 05 OJ PH
STAAD SPACE
~~~~~CONC~ETE TAKE OFF ~~~~~~~(FOR BEAMSAlD COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CO~C~ETE = 347891 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBE~
u TOTAL~
282 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
7770_05143175379537468648~067 99
2675164
~~~END OF STAAD-III ~bullbullbullbull~
~~ DATE~ JUN 292003
bullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbull~bullbullbull~~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS ~EGARDING TIllS VE~SION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESE~RCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(714) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~1~76) 688-3626 Fax- 197B) 685-7230 bull~~bullbull~bullbull~~~~bullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbull~~
A-21
Pog of
STAADSPACE
260 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 7 1275261 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-Z)262 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 8 1275263 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13WL X264 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13265 LOADCOMB28 O9DL+13WL -X266 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 1 3267 LOADCOMB29 O9DL+13WL Z268 1 09 2 09 3 09 7 13269 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+13WL -Z270 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13271 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day Apnl 200lt 0501
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS~ 228 479 25ORI~INALFINAL B~_WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAlgtPRIMARYLOADCASES 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FRlEDOM~ 1218SI~E OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 141411268 MIl EXMEM~ 11325 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorizat~on++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Fo~ces
9513495134951349513595135
272 LOADLIST 21 22273 u274 START CONCRETEDESIGN275 CODEACI276 UNIT INCHES KIP277 TRACK2 ALL278 MINMAIN3 ALL27~ MAXMAIN8 ALL280 CLB 1_5 ALL281 CLS 15 ALL282 CLT 15 ALL283 FC 36 ALL284 FYMAIN40 ALL285 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO B42 B51 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
0 - Df Slt
A-22
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 964374 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
faTAL
268 FINISH
WEJCHT(in Ibs)
177047115913713077931152341667496
5020131
bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-IJI bullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 29200J TIME~ ~5252
bullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENCJNEER8 bullbull West Coast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull
A-23
Pobullbullbullbullbull ot
STAADSPAC
260 LOADCOMB29 09DL+l3WL Z261 1092093 09 7 13262 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z263109209309813264 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
lROBLEM S TAT 1ST I C S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPlORTS 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH_ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES _ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM_ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSRZQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 141411353 Mll lXMEM~ 11380 Mll
H Processing Element Stiffness MatrlX 1519 H Precessing Global Stiffness Matrix 1519 H precessing Triangular Factorization 1519 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1519 H Calculating Member Forces 1520 0
265 LOADLIST 21 22266 bullbull u
267 STARI CONCRETEDESIGN268 CODEACI269 UNIT INCHES KIP270 TRACK2 ALL271 MINMAIN4 ALL272 MAXMAIN8 ALL273 CLB 15 ALL274 CLS 15 ALL275 CLT 15 AGL276 FC 44 ALI277 FYMAIN60 ALL278 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 279 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21280 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34281 843 TO 850 859 TO 566 885 TO 8n 902 TO 90S
A-24
STAAD SPACE
~bullbull~bullbullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbull(POR BEAJgtlSAND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
__ PAGE NO
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE w 286875 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbullbull TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in 1bs)
10486852147631374701385_57397060
1936535
bullbullbullbullbull~~~END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~~
~DATEw JUN 25200
bullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbull~~~bullbullbull~bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF ~ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West coast - (714) ~74 -2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbullbull~bullbull~~
0lt
STAADSPACE
261 LOADCOMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_XI262 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 6 1275263 LOADCOMB25 075(14DL+l7LL+l7WL_ZI264 1105 2 105 3 1054 1275 7 1275265 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI266 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 B 1275267 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X26B 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13269 LOADCOMB28 09DL+l3WL -X270 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 13271 LOADCOMB29 09DL+13WL_Z272 1 09 2 09 3 O~ 7 13273 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL_-Z274 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 1)275 PERFORMANALYSI8
- - PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALPINAL BAND-WIDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM _ 121BSIZE OF STIFF~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISISPACE ~ 141411362 MS E~ 11354 MB
++ processing Element 8tiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~m~nts++ Calculating Member Forces
154753154753154753154753154754
276 LOADLIST 21 22277 bullbull u
278 START CONCRETEDESIGN279 CODEACI280 UNIT INCHES KIP281 TRACK2 ALL282 MJNMAIN4 ALL283 MAXMAIN8 ALL284 CLB 15 ALL285 CLS 15 ALL286 CLT 15 ALL287 FC 44 ALL288 FYMAIN60 ALL289 DESJGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
A26
STAAD SPACE
~odnosdy April 07 200 12 bullbull PIlt
__ PAGE NO 4E
bullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE ~ 614543 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
h TOTAL=
292 FINISH
WEIGHTlin Ib)
23844211346225329075487201051119
46517 _88
~~bullbull~~END OF STAAD-III ~~bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JVlI 252003 TIME~ 154929 h
~~~~~~~~bullbull~~~bullbullbullbull~bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VSRSION OF PROGRAMbull RESEARCH ENGINSERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7H) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - 978 ) 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 685-7230 bull~~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbullbullbull
A-27
Pg 5
STAADSPACE
260 1092 093 09 7 13261 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z262 1092 09 3 09 8 13263 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM S TAT I S TIC S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WID~ ~ 196 31TOT-LPRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 8471 MIl ExMEM~ 8600 MB
H Ptocessing ElemEnt StiffnEss Mattix 12 132H ProcEssing Global Stiffness Matrix 12 132H Processing Trlangular Factorization 12 132H Calculating Joint Displacements 12 1]3H Calculating MEmber Forces 12 133
264 LOADLIST 21 22265 bullbull u
266 START CONCRETEDESIGN267 CODEACI268 UNIT INCHES ~lP269 TRAC~ 2 ALL270 MINMAIN4 ALL271 MAXMAIN8 ALL272 CLB 15 ALL273 CLS 15 ALL274 CLT 15 ALL275 FC 36 ALL276 FYMAIN60 ALL277 DESIGN COLUMN1 rO 16 IS TO 22 57 TO 72 74 rO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 278 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21279 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34280 843 TO 850 85~ TO 866 8B5 TO 892 902 TO 908
go
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
uUH CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ 335474 CUFT
BAR SIZENUJolBER
TOTAr~
263 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbsl
6330H565332164366277114472160
2112007
END OF STAAD-Ilr bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TrME= 12 3 5 bull
bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull eo QUESTrONS REGARDrNG THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~19781 686-3626 Fax- (9751 655-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
A-29
0 oE
STAAD SPACE
260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOAD COMB28 O9DL+JWL -x262 1092 09 3 09 6 J326 LOAD COMB29 O9DL+JWL Z264 1092 09 3 O~ 7 13265 LOAD COMB30 O_~DL+J3WL_-Z266 1 O_~ l O~ 3 09 B 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
~dn5dy AI 07 200lt 12 PM
- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIOTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES S TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121SSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = ~~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSRliQRDAVAILOISISPACE ~ 1414 8511~ EXMEM _ 8579 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
114125114125114126114126U4l27
268 LOAD LIST 21 2~269 270 START CONCRETE DESIGNl7J CODEACI22 UNIT INCHES KIP273 TRACK 2 ALL274 MINMAIN 4 ALL275 MAXMAIN 8 ALL276 CLB 15 ALL277 CLS 15 ALL278 CLT 15 ALL~79 FC 36 ALL280 FYMAIN 60 ALL28J DESIGN BEAM50J TO 6J8 70J TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
g of
A-3D
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE bull 727873 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbull
TOTAL
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
lt234770403~248654~34000 ~6504918
4409100
bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JON 262003
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSWN OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7141 974-2500 Fax- 714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (9781 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 6SS-n30 bull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull
A-31
p of bullbull
STAADSPACE
2521142143144 l7253 LOADCOMB23 075(J4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Xl254 l L05 2 L05 3 LOS 4 1275 5 1275255 LOADCOMB24 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_XI256 l L05 2 105 3 105 4 1275 6 1275257 LOADCOMB25 075(l4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Z)258 l 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275259 LOADCOMB26 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI260 l l05 2 105 3 l05 4 1275 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL_X262 l O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 1092 09 3 09 6 l3265 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+13WL Z266 1092 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL -Z268 1092 09 3 09 8 l3269 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM STATrSTrcs
NUMBEROF JOrNTSMEMBER+~~EMENTSsUPPORTS~ 2251 4791 25ORrGI~FrNAL BAND_WIDTH~ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES 5 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM 1218SlZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAlL DUK SPACE 141411569 MB EI(IIgM 11607 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ processing Globsl Stiffness Matrix++ proce~sing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member ForCes
l65923J65923J65~23l65~24165924
270 LOADLIST lt1 22271 uu272 START CONCRETEDESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK2 ALL276 MINMAIN4 ALL277 MAXMAIN8 ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT l5 ALL281 Fe 29 ALL282 FYMAIN60 ALL283 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO l6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~O n TO 96 ~284 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21285 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 2B5 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 33B 34
Fa ot
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
(FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ ~52761 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
gtbullbullbull TOTAL=
289 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbBI
7871 93298984~750 545725 66587542
bullbullbullbull DATE= JON 192003 TIME= 17 027 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull m QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Ccast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) ~21-2543 bullbull East Ccast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-33
iT oE
STAADSPACE
252 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275253 LOADCOMB24 075 (14DL+l7LL+l7WL_-XI25~ 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 175 6 1275255 LOADCOMB2S 0 7S (1 4DL+l 7LL+l 7WLZ)256 11052 105 3 105 ~ 1275 7 1175257 LOADCOMB26075(1 4DL+17LL+l 7WL -ZI258 11052 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275259 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOADCOMB25 0~DL+13WL -X262 109 2 O~ 3 09 6 13263 LOADCOMB29 0~DL+l3WL Z264 1092 09 3 09 7 13265 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL~Z266 1092 09 3 09 8 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINAL~lNAL BAND_WlDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LO~ ~ES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121BSIZE OF STIr~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 11622 MB ExMEM _ 11630 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Triangular Factorization 16 45H Calculating Joint Displacements 16 46H Calculating Member Forces 16 46
26B LOADLIST 21 TO 2226~bullbull u
270 STARTCONCRETEDESIGN271 CODE ACI272 UNIT INCHES KlP273 TRACK 2274 MINMAIN4 ALL27 MAXMAIN8 ALL276 CLB 1277 CLS 1527B CLT 15279 FC 29280 FYMAIN 602B1 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 61B 70l TO 842 85l TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Po 0
A-e4
STAAD SPACE -- PAGIgt NO
bullbull CONCRETE TA~E OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull(FOR BIgtAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ 936663 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullH TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
2218196100107537652369180134297
4321892
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull DATE_ JUN 92003 TIME~ 16 6 5 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
eoWestEast
OUESTIONS REGARDING TEIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at
Coa~t Ph- (7H) n4-2500 Fax- (7H) 92-2543Co~tPh- (978) 68B-3626 Fax- (~7B) 685-7230
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-35
go bullbullbull or ltOS
STAADS1ACE
252 LOAD COMB24 075114Dlt+17ltlt+17Wlt_-XI253 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 l27S 6 1275254 LOAD COMB25 075114Dlt+l7LL+l7WL_Z)255 11052 LOS 3 105 4 1275 7127S256 WAD COMB26 075114Dlt+17LL+17WL_ZI257 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275258 LOAD COMB27 09DL+J3WL X259 1092 09 3 09 5 13260 WAD COMB26 O9DL+13Wlt_-X261 1092 09 3 O~ 6 13262 WAD COMB29 O9DL+l3WL Z263 J 09 2 09 3 09 7 13264 LOAD COMB30 09Dlt+l3WL -Z265 109 l OS 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
-~ PAGE NO
PROBLEM S TAT S TIC S
NUMBEROF JONTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS_ 228 479 25ORIGNALFNAL BAND-WlDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SlZE OF STPFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAL DISK SPACE ~ 1414 10570 ME EXMEM 10597 ME
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~ments++ Calculating Member Forces
123548123548123548123549123549
267 LOID LIST 2l 22268 u++
269 START CONCRETEDESIGN270 CODEACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP271 TRACK 2 ALL273 MINMAIN 4 AL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL27S CB 15 ALL276 CS 15 AL277 CT 15 ALL278 FC 25 AL279 FYMAIN 60 ALL280 DESIGN COLUMNJ TO J6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 gt28J 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 lSS TO 159 J6J TO 17) 206 TO 210 212 TO 2J6 2]281 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34283 843 TO 850 859 TO 866 885 TO 891 902 TO 908
bullbull or bullbull
STNill SPACE -- PAGE NO
~~~~CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 418998 CUFT
BAR S1ltENUMBER
WEIGHTlin lbsl
9534245293381031637769676075
U TOTAL= 28~5a 03
286 FINISH
~~~~~~END OF STAAD-I11 ~~~~
bullbullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TIME= 123711 bullbullbullbull
bullbull
bullbull
921-2543685-7230
QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc atPh- 1714) n4-2500 Fax- 17141lh- (978) 688-3626 Fax- 19781
WeBt CoaBtEast CoaBt
bullbullbullbull
gO of
A-37
bull
STAAD SPACE
260 110521053 105 4 1275 8 1275261 LOAD COMB 27 O9DL+l3WL_X262 1092093 09 5 13263 LOAD COMB 28 O9DL+l3WL_-X264 1092093 09 6 13265 LOAD COMB 29 O9DL+l3WL_Z266 1092093 09 7 13267 LOAD COMB 30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092093 09 6 13269 PERFORM MlALtSrS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM S T ITIS TIC S
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 195 31TOTAro PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 rOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOW _ InSSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PRBe WORDSREQRDAVJILDISIl SPACE 141411309)IB EXMEM_ 11319 MB
++ Proce~singElement Stiffness Matrix++ PrDcessing Global Stiffness Matrix++ p~ocessing Triangular Factori2ation++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Force~
1033 91033 91033 9103310103310
270 LOAD LIST 21 22271 u272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE hCI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 4 ALL277 MAXMAIN BALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT 15 ALL281 Fe 25 hLL282 FYMAIN 60 ALL2B3 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 8~5 TO 901
FOg or
A-38
STAAD SPACE
w bullbull day PriJ 07 200lt 12
-- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull~ bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ H07625 CUFT
TOTAL~
286 FINISH
WEIGIJT(in Ibs)
2555707312566433964100076370299
4373300
bullbull bullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 292003
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull QUESTIONS REGARDING rum VERSION PROGRAM bullbull RESRARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast gt0- (7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 92) -2543 bullbull East Coast gt0- (9781 688-36)6 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull of
APPENDIX-B
List of Buildings for Different Strength Concrete and Reinforcement
APPENDIX-B
STRUCTURE DEVELOPER CONCRETE STEELSTREGTII STRENGTH
6(SIX) STORIED RESIDEIHIAL BUILDING ABC REAL ESTATES LTD 3aao pi 60000 piAT PLOT NO 239 KHILlGI ROAD BLOCK_B ABC HOUSE (6TH FLOOR) 8 KAMALATATURKMOHAMMADPUR HOUSING ESTATL AVENUE DHAKA1205MOHAYIMADP]JR DHAKA
9(NINE) STORIED RESIDENTIAl BUILDING MONICO LIMITED 3000 pi 611000piAT PLOT 0 507 MOUZA KAFRUI~ WEST HOUSE 10 7l1 ROAD NO 71A DHANMONDlAGARGAO DHAKA RIA DHAKA-12096(MX) STOlUlm RESIDFNTIAL BUILDING MR MOHAI1MAD HABlBUR RltHMAN 2500 psi 40000 piAI BAJTUL AMAN COOPERATJVE HOUSINGSOCIETY LIMITED PLOT NO-578cS 10_124KHA TIAN 0-346(SIX) STORIED CHAMP A SUPER MARKET MIS NISHA CONSTRUCTION 2500 pi 40000 piAT RAUARANDI DAZAR 13ALIAKANDlRAJBARl5(FlVE) STORIED ADMIN BUiLDIIG OF MIS NISHA CO]STRUCTlON 2500 pi 40000 piMANSUR ALI COLLEGEAT NARUA BALIAKANDI RAJBARI7 STORIED MLlNAT PLAZA MD MINNAT HOSSAIN 25110pi 40000 psiA SHOPPING CUM RESIDENTIAL DUILDINGA1 ABDULLAHPURKERANIGONJ DHAKA
WELKINS CANOPUS WELKINS PROPIRTY MANAGFMENT LTD 2500 pi 40000 pi9 STORIED APARTME1lt DUILDllG 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIBAGliAT LALKlIAI BAZAR CHlTTAGONG CIlITTAGOGWELKINS CALYX WELKINS PROPERTY MANAGEMENT LTD 2500 psi 40000 psi9 STORIED APARTMENT I3UIWING 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIDAGIIATNASlRABAD CHITTAGONG CIllTJAGONGGRAMEEN LEPTIS MAGNA GRAMEEN BANGLA HOUSING LTD 3000 psi 60000 piAT NIKETON GULSHAN SO-lARTORI TOWER (7TH FLOOR)9 STORIED APARTMENT BUILDING 12 SOlAR GAON ROAD DHAKA 1000
B~
APPENDIX - B
6 STORIED OFFICE BUILDING RUNNER AU rOMOBlLES LTD 2500Igti 40000 psiAT KUTURIA SAVAR DHAKA 74B GREEr ROAD DIJAKA
5-STORIED RESIDFNTIAL BlJILDING FOR MRROHIUL KARIM 2500 pi 40000 psiMRROBIUL KARIM AT PWT NO-lBROAD NO_7 SECTOR _7UTARA MODEL TOVNDHAKASNIGHDA ORCHID UNITIiCH HOLDIIGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD NO5 HOUSE NO - 7 BLOCK - IBANANI DHAKAJAUIIYA IJIITECH HOIDlNGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD 10 _9 HOUSE NO - 35 SECTOR- 4UTTARA DHAKA
ROUDRACHYA UNlTECIl HOJDIgtIGSLIMITED 2500 pl 40000 plROADNO_9 IlOUSENO-31SECTOR-4UITARADHAKA
UNITECH PRJ(SIDENCY UNITECH HOLDINGS LIMITED 2500 psi 40000 psiHUMAYANROAD PWTN034MOHAMMADPUR DHAKA
6-STORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING FOR Mlgt TOFAZZEL HOSSAIN 2500 pi 40000 psiMDTOFAZZEL HOSSAIN PLOT NO-64 BLOCK-C MANSURABAD HOUSING SOCIETYMOHAMMADPUR DHAKA8S10RIED IXI6MARRlED ORSQIJARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARMY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT SHAHEED YOUSUF ROAD DHAKA CANTT DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED lXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE OW amp CE (ARlfY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT POSTOGOLA CANTI DHAKA DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED IXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARII-IY) 3000 pi 40000 piAT ARMY HEAD QUATER ADMIN WING DHAKACANTIDHAKA CANTT4_STORlIW ENGINEERING FACILITIES ~ 3000 pi 60000 piBUILDING JMBAR PROJECT SARAK BHABAN
B~
APPENDIX- B
RAMNADHAKASHAPTAK SHAHNAMA SHAPTAK GRIHAY~ LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORJED APARTMENT BUILDING 819 BLOCK-C LALMATIA DHAKA-1207FORMR M MOSHIURRAHMA-lt ATPLOTNO34 BLOCK - C LALMATIA DHAKA - 1207SHAPT AK MAVIS SHAPT AK GRIllA Ylli LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORIED APARThlENT BUlTJ)ING 819 BLOCK-C lALMATlA DHAKA_1207fOR MR M MOSHllJR RAHMAN AT PLOT NO314HLOCK C LALMArJA DHAKA 1207
B-
APPENDIX-C
list of Buildings Using ExcavatorLabour for Excavation Work
APPEND1X-C
STRITCTlJRE
LABAID CARDIAC CENTREROAD _ 4 DHAllfONDJ DHAKA
LABAID SPECIALIZED 1I0SlIT AIROAD - 4 D1IA~MONDr DHKA
HABIT AT CENTER21 S]ORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEXSHAY AMOU DHAKASAM COMPLEX21 STORIED SHOPPING OfFICE COMPLEXSHAYA)IjOLl DHAKA(LOBE SHOPING CENTERto SIORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEX24 MIRPUR ROAD DHAKAHAPPY HOMES DR RAtA fULLA ARCADE6 STORIED BUIWINGROAD NO 3 DHANMONDI DJIAKAMULTILA GREEN VILLA15 SfORJED BUIWINGGREEN ROAD DHAKA
Such as 18 Storied New Market CityComplexadjacent of Dhaka new market14 storied CRP building project atMirJlur-14 Dhaka
nlvrLOP~R
LAB AlD corSTRUCTlOr
LAB AID CONSTRUCTlO
IIABITAJ REAL ESTATE LTD
GLOBE CENTER LTD
HAPPY HOMES LTD
MULTIPLAN LTD
UNIVERSE CONSTRUCTION LTD(CONTRACTOR)
m
Col
NOWIUSlMEIT
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
EXCA VATlOr- WORKPERFORMIW BY
EQUIPMEN l 1~IiNSIVE
EQlIPME~T INTElSTVE
EQUlPMElT INTElSIVE
EQUIMElT INTENSIVE
FQUlPMENT INTENSIVE
EQUIPMENT INTElS1Vpound I ~~~0 -Ilt~ s-
J~LABOUR INTENSIVE~i -ii amp
jjik ciI ~ ~ f- 1j
LABOURINTENSIV lt~~(I)ill- ~ J lt 4M
LABOUR INTENSIVE (
- 00000001
- 00000002
- 00000003
- 00000004
- 00000005
- 00000006
- 00000007
- 00000008
- 00000009
- 00000010
- 00000011
- 00000012
- 00000013
- 00000014
- 00000015
- 00000016
- 00000017
- 00000018
- 00000019
- 00000020
- 00000021
- 00000022
- 00000023
- 00000024
- 00000025
- 00000026
- 00000027
- 00000028
- 00000029
- 00000030
- 00000031
- 00000032
- 00000033
- 00000034
- 00000035
- 00000036
- 00000037
- 00000038
- 00000039
- 00000040
- 00000041
- 00000042
- 00000043
- 00000044
- 00000045
- 00000046
- 00000047
- 00000048
- 00000049
- 00000050
- 00000051
- 00000052
- 00000053
- 00000054
- 00000055
- 00000056
- 00000057
- 00000058
- 00000059
- 00000060
- 00000061
- 00000062
- 00000063
- 00000064
- 00000065
- 00000066
- 00000067
- 00000068
- 00000069
- 00000070
- 00000071
- 00000072
- 00000073
- 00000074
- 00000075
- 00000076
- 00000077
- 00000078
- 00000079
- 00000080
- 00000081
- 00000082
- 00000083
- 00000084
- 00000085
- 00000086
- 00000087
- 00000088
- 00000089
- 00000090
- 00000091
- 00000092
- 00000093
- 00000094
- 00000095
- 00000096
- 00000097
- 00000098
- 00000099
- 00000100
- 00000101
- 00000102
- 00000103
- 00000104
- 00000105
- 00000106
- 00000107
- 00000108
- 00000109
- 00000110
- 00000111
- 00000112
- 00000113
- 00000114
- 00000115
- 00000116
- 00000117
- 00000118
- 00000119
- 00000120
- 00000121
- 00000122
- 00000123
- 00000124
-
23 Software Technology
231 Manpower (Humnware)
232 Information Infowarel
233 Organization (Orgaware)
9
9
10
10
24 Hardware Technology in 11
241 Excavation 12
242 Compaction and Grading 14
243 Drilling and Blasting 17
244 Lifting and Erecting 19
245 Mixing 19
246 Construction Tools and Other Equipment 20
247 Choice of Equipment and Standard Production Rates 21
248 BUildingMaterials 22
249 Construction Automation and Robotics 23
CHAPTER3 CONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYOF BANGLADESH
31 Introduction 24
32 Some Big Constructions in Bangladesh 26
33 Constructions in Bangladesh Using Pre-Fabrication 29
34 Humnware Infoware Orgaware and Hardware in Bangladesh
341 Humnware 31
342 Infoware 32
3430rgaware 33
344 Hardware 34
CHAPTER 4 TECHNOLOGY ON EXCAVATION AND RCC
OF BANGLADESH
41 Technology in Excavation 35
411 Preliminary Stage 37
412 Time Analysis with Seasonal Effects 38
413 Cost Analysis and Result 40
42 Design and Specifications
421 Material for BUilding Construction 45
4211 Material in Bangladesh 46
4212 Reinforcement 47
4213 Concrete 48
4214 Steel 49
4215 ReC Grading 50
4216 Interdependence of Humnware
Infoware and Hardware 51
4217 Analysis and Result 52
4219 Cost Analysis 60
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Discussion
52 Conclusion
53 Scope of Future Works
REFERENCES
63
64
64
65
APPENDIX A 5T AADlPro input and output
APPENDIX B List of buildings for different strength
concrete and reinforcement
APPENDIX C List of buildings using excavatorlabour
for excavation work C-1
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1-1 la) Natural features caves and overhangs
Fig 1-1 (bll Crude shelter
Fig 1-1 c) Beehive hut
Fig 1-1 Id) Cone on cylinder
Fig 1-1 (e) Hipped-on cube
Fig 21 Excavation Equipment
Fig 2-2 Compaction amp Grading Equipment
Fig 2-3 Drilling amp Blasting Equipment
Fig 2-4 Construction Tools amp Other Equipments
Fig 31 National Assembly
Fig 3-2 Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
Fig 3-3 Islamic Development Bhaban
Fig 3-4 Bashundhara City
1
1
2
2
2
13
16
18
21
26
27
28
29
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4-1 5 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 41Table 4-2 10 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 41Table 4-3 15 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 42Table 4-4 20 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 42Table 4-5 ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed bar 47Table 4-6 8S4149 specifications for Twisted bar 47Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Rein and Concrete 50Table 4-8 Column Concrete Strength 44 kSIand Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 52Table 49 Beam Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 52Table 410 Column Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 53Table4-11 Beam Concrete Stren9th 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 53Table 4-12 Column Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 54Table 4-13 Beam Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 54Table 414 Column Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 55Table 4-15 Beam Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 55Table 4-16 Column Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 56Table 4-17 Beam Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 56
59
Table 4-18 Column Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 57
Table 4-19 Beam Concrete Strength 3 6 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 57
Table 4-20 Column Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 58
Table 4-21 Beam Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 58
Table 4-22 Column Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi
Table 4-23 Beam Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 kSI 59
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule 60
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule 60
Table 4-26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement 61
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete ReqUirement 61
Table 4-28 Reinforcement and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka 61
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 4-1 Excavation cost for 5 feet 43Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet 43Graph 4-3 Excavation cost for 15 feet 44Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet 44Graph 4-5 Total Cost of Concrete and Reinforcement 62Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement 62
Xli
ADPASTM
BS
SUET
GATS
GIS
kip
ksi
PCpsi
PVC
PWD
GCRampD
RC
RCC
UKWTO
ABBREVIATIONS
Annual Development Program
American Society for Testing Matenal
Bangladesh Standard
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
General Agreement on Trade amp Services
Geographic Information System
KiloPound
Kilo-pound per Square Inch
Personal Computer
Pound-per Square Inch
Poly Vinyl Chloride
Public Works Department
Quality Control
Research amp Development
Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced Cement Concrete
United Kingdom
World Trade Organization
X1l1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Development of Construction Technology
Building is the earliest form of technology In civil engineering construction
From the most primitive times humans required protection from the wild
animal elements of nature changing seasons and predators in natural
shelters such as caves and rock overhangs
Step by step they learned to improve their caves with inlaid stone floors
walls at the entrances and fireplaces Ultimately they began creating entirely
new habitats in locations that had no natural shelter
Shetters built from natural material~ indicate that they had knowledge of the
stress strain and insulation properties (heat cold and water-proofing) of the
materials used The use of hand-made bricks or stone blocks indicated
knowledge of properties such as compression forces The symmetrical
shapes of the designs indicated the knowledge and application of the
principles of geometry
Most communities had their own distinctive styles lor bUilding their houses
and archaeologists have uncovered many examples through the ages
[Shown in Fig l-1a) to Flg1-1 (e)]
Fig1-110)Naturalfeaturecoos andcerhangsNaturalshell likecaveoravehangswereusedas OleSlInleornobuldngmaterialswereused
Fig1-1(b)CrudehellerTemporary5lruelue5tht neededIItUeWOlt1ltmn5hlpMalerilsfouodnoarbywereusedndoITangedona udelrameworkofbrance
Fig 11 (el llBolllvo nulA ypcal bUlldng yle of Ihe Nguni people (Zuluand Xlloa) Vertical branenes were stabilisedtl1 hOzotal bltacing wiln nO ~istnclibetweon Ine walls nd Lne roof The saplingslrueuro was bound lOgeher by gass fibreropos and tho grass eong ws wn to Ihelerura Ih gras rope
Fig 1_1 (0) Hlpped-ltgtn cubWestern fiuecaled 10 Ihe introduction of Ihe gOwall cons1ructlon The walilayoo Iso ~caeheha or the roof Walls me higher and doorvayslarger
Fig 11 (d) Con on cylinderA typlcol style among Ihe Tswana Solho andVenda peoplo Tila roof IS para and can bcleorly idenllfied The rooF as mode lrcltn grassad the wallslrom dag or tyle 01cement
The bUilding trade is the earliest form of civil engineering construction Up to
13 century building technology in the sub-continent fell under three
category (a) Thatchery and mud houses made of thatched roof of bamboo
straw grass reed etc lb) stone masonry which included hewing laying and
carving of stone and (c) Brick masonry construction consisting of lime-surki
mortar in the city areas Between 13 and 18h century the feudal monarchs
and the land lords constructed monumental bUildings After the Industrial
2
revolution in the 180 century construction of factory buildings labor sheds
ware houses etc became the major construction activities With the
invention of the steam engine in the 18 century development of railways
started Besides the construction of roads ports and harbors inland and
offshore navigation developed simultaneously after the Second World War
reconstruction of the war ravaged infrastructure brought a boom In the civil
engineering construction Civil engineering also has attained modernization
an eventually in the seventies the development of chips and micro chips and
the high capacity single chip microprocessor made possible the development
of the micro computers The computer software technology has also
developed very fast simultaneously The development of the optical fiber
and the satellite technology has made a revolution and the internet has
brought the information technology to a stage which was unimaginable even
a decade ago As result knowledge based industries now dominate over the
previous machinery based industries Traditional construction industry as
gradually becomes obsolete and ineffective worldwide in these high tech
eras This new situation put construction industry a new challenge
In modern times the civil engineers built dams sluices regulators barrages
pump houses and p ower generation and many other structures which were
believed to be impossible to construct Gigantic modern off-shore structures
are now built which go to several hundred meters below sea level In the
field of bridge construction enormous progress have been achieved Bridges
has now become relatively cheap and can be built in extremely short timeThe most ambitious bridge development ever realized is certainly the Akashi-
Kaiko Bridge in Japan with a span of 1990 meter This gigantic endeavor at
the early age where only possible due to very sophisticated and heavy
erection equipment developed The successful construction of channel
tunnel Bull twinkle (492 m worlds tallest offshore platform) Louisianan
offshore oil port supertanker unloading capacity of 100000 barrel an houri
Kansai international airport a port reclaimed from sea bed containing
extremely soft soill testify to development capability of the civil engineeringprofession in modern times it will not be out of place to mention that during
the sixties intensive urbanization in many developed countries saw the
3
spectacular revolutionary concepts such as wall frame Interaction tube-in-
tube bundle tubes diagonally braced frame and compOSite construction
pioneered the high rise growth Developments of intelligent buildings that
can respond to earthquake and fire hazards are in the making
In recent years (Information agel technological innovation in design
materials and construction methods have resulted in significant changes in
construction costs Computer aids have improved capabilities for generation
quality designs as well as reducing the time required to produce alternative
designs New equipments and materials not only have enhanced the quality
of constructIOn but also have shortened the time for shop fabrication and
field erection Construction methods have gone through various stages of
mechanization and automation including the latest development of
construction robotics
The Global Trend
Competition in global market for better amp economic building construction is
increasing day by day Construction organizations are realizing that
responsiveness to market demands and adaptability to changing condition
Competitive prices are the hallmarks of successful enterprise Therefore
every construction organization wants to lower the cost by alternate deSign
interchanging material strength amp type uSing modern construction methods
and proper management So construction world is going for new technology
and saving both time and cost
The Bangladesh Context
Bangladesh has come a long way since its independence But a very few
organizations have adopted new construction technology and ability to build
high strength material with quality After 2004 due to WTD and GATS
Bangladesh market has to be made open to outside countries and most of
the organization will face difficult challenges from the competitors of other
countries To face this challenge effectively construction organizations need
4
to be more responsive to market demands lower the prices by choosing
proper construction technology in all stages of construction as well as
improve quality of material If construction organizations of Bangladesh will
able to qualify with other countries in competition they would have to
opportunity to work abroad
Bangladesh is one of the least developed countries in the world Regrettably
In Bangladesh most of the construction methods and design are oriented by
conventional method Though volume of building construction is large but
modern construction method and equipment facilities in most of the cases
are absent Only a small number of projects have been done or ongoing With
theses modern facilities Remarkable new and high strength material are also
not using in Bangladesh Only in some national bridgeroad construction
project modern equipment and material were used in Bangladesh Due to
absent of new and high strength materials new technologies new
equipments quality as well as effiCiency of building construction are very
poor
12 Objective of the Project
Bangladesh is one of the least developing countries Contemporary
construction technology With high strength materials are not often uSing inbUildingconstruction sector The objective of this study IS to find out what
type of technology and materials are being using for building construction In
addition to find out if better technology is available why these are not
being accepted at present in construction sector of Bangladesh
Specific objectives of this study are
bull To study the exiting technological parameters in present day building
construction in Bangladesh
bull To study the economy of scale and factors as they relate to-
(a) Humnware
(b) Infoware and
(e) Hardware
5
13 Methodology
Methodologies used in this study are followings
I Study of the literature to identify the contemporary
technology in building construction in developing NIC and
developed economies
II Study of the local documents and of field data to find the
status of contemporary technology in the building industry in
Bangladesh
III Study the economy of scale and contemporary technology as
they relate to humnware Infoware and hardware
6
CHAPTER 2
TECHNOLOGIES IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
21 Introduction to Technology in Construction Industry
McGraw Hill Encyclopedia Defines Technology as 11
Technology is closely related to science and engineering Science deals with
humans understanding of real world around them - the interesting
properties of space matter energy and their interactions Engineering is the
application of objective knowledge to the creation of pians designs and
means for achieving desired objectives Technology deals with tools and
techniques for carrying out the plans
Construction Technology
Basic design and construction topics which include both field and office
activates which facilitate problem definition evaluation solution and
communication ie design electives electrical equipment estimating
formwork mechanical quantity surveying rigging scaffolding scheduling
shop drawings site planning surveying takeoff utilitiesfl9
Construction industry undoubtedly is the backbone and propelling force
behind our progress It has the potential to contribute to peoples lives in
many ways This needs high skill dynamic leadership broad vision great
courage latest technology and communication system
Modern science and technology have provided many useful tools like
computers~CPM-PERT-most productive and efficient machines financial
management procedures and many others But all these become redundant
and unproductive when these sophisticated and efficient tools are worked
by green and inexperienced hands who lack the basic ingredients of work
culture dedication and courage and people who are not imaginative and
innovative
7
22 Construction technologies on the basis of labour and equipment
Construction technologies can on the basis of their content of labour and
equipment be classified as
o Equipment Intensive
o Labour based and
o Labour Intensive Technologies
The choice of the technology may affect the overall cost the overall
duration of the construction and the overall quality of the asset Some
works allow only one type of technology while others can be done in
various ways Graphically equipment intensive labour Intensive and labor
based technologies are shown in below
Potential shift in labour contents by using labour-based methods
Llbaur - _
Equipment Intensive
Labour Based
Labour Intensive
IIIlililillllIII-IIIliillllllnmmmllF
221 Equipment Intensive Technology
Equipment intensive technology is defined as the combination of labour and
equipment In which most work is done by labOUHeplacing equipment
supported by a small labour force Although the technology might be
appropriate in circumstances with high wage levels low labour availability
and high skill levels its application is often ineffective at local level where
individual projects are relatiVely small and dispersed over a large
geographical area
8
222 labour Intensive Technology
To avoid a common misconception it is important to distinguish between
labour basedmethods and labour Intensive methods In contrast with labour
based technology labour intensive approaches seek to maximize
employment with a minimum use of mechanized equipment often at the
expense of cost and quality
223 labour BasedTechnology
In selecting the most appropriate technology it is however important that
irrespective of the type of technology resources is used efficiently quality
standards are maintained and time limitations are observed For these
reasons labour based technology has been developed to maXimize
opportunities for the employment of labour (skilled and unskilled) while
supported by light equipment under strict conditions of cost
competitiveness acceptable engineering quality standards and timely
implementation Labour based work methods are competitive only if these
conditions are met and can then provide a lasting alternative to traditional
equipment-intensive construction methods
23 Software Technologies
Normally software means the written instructions executed by some
hardware Ie Programs that are needed to run for execution and manage
the computer and those which are used to solve the problem 111 The
Software technologies have three subdivisions which are
bull Manpower (Humnware)
bull Information (Infoware)
bull Organization (Orgaware)
231 Manpower (Humnwere)
We know manpower (humnware) is the person-embodied component of
technology 111 For construction works require different types of personal but
most of them require technical background Different disciplined engineer
site engineer supervisor foreman rod binders mason skilled labour helper
9
carpenter sanitary technicians electrical technicians and other personal are
the humnware
Productivity in construction IS often broadly defined as output per labor
hour Improvement of labor productivity should be a significant activity in
building construction In construction works vigorously pursue the efficient
utilization of labor So improvement of personnel related to this field is a
vital factor of construction industry
232 Information (Infoware)
Information IInfowarel is usually the document-embodied form of technology
[11 This inciudes the specifications market database for materials theories
charts database drawing codes books journals catalogs and other
documents Requisition and supply management work(s) are also includes in
infoware Infoware constitute a crucial part of construction industry For
construction works every step is related to infoware Proper constructions
need accurate material specification guided by the code(s] Proper
information is the key factor of any construction project
233 Organization (Orgaware)
Within a frame work of the Organization (Orgawarel Manpower
(Humnware) Information (Infoware and Hardware technologies work 111
Organization techniques principles practices and arrangements that govern
the effective use of technology by humnware This includes construction
planning project management QC safety RampD
Organizational systems play the key role in construction industry Both the
success and failure of construction works widely depends on organization
An organization system includes Organization structure organization design
human resource poliCY and practice organization Culture work stress etc
Common organizational structures available in construction industries are-
bull Project organization
bull Matrix organization
bull Line and staff organization
10
24 Hardware Technology
Modern construction especially for large projects has grown in complexity
due to size cost and speed of construction Construction equipment is an
important resource and its planning assumes vital importance With the
rapidly changing technology both in design and construction areas
contractors are now shy of making heavy investment in heavy equipment
New innovation of construction equipment change the older method of
construction method and resultant is quicker and economic construction
Sometimes whole system is enhanced by new innovation Such as two
technological developments namely lilt and modern metal frame removed
the prevailing limitations on the height of the buildings Hardware is object-
embodies form of technology 111 such as Construction
equipmentmachineries all type of materials appliances computer paper
printer
The selection of appropriate construction equipment often affects the
required amount of time and effort and thus the job-site productivity of a
project It is therefore important for site managers and construction planners
to be familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment
Various types and important works are involved for construction Industry
Such as excavation loading compaction and grading drilling and blasting
equipment lift and erecting machineries mixing construction tools and
other equipment Different types of work require different type of hardwareand technology
11
Selection of most suitable and available equipment for a particular project is
a frequent problem for contractor Owner contractor and even the engineers
of our country are going for traditional method and material Sometimes due
to old technique and traditional material huge financial loss is the result
Money spent for equipments need to be considering as an investment
which can be recovered with a profit during the useful life of the equipment
241 Excavation
Types of equipment which are used to excavate earth and related materials
are known as excavator Excavation equipment includes the following
machines
1 Power shovels
2 Backhoes
3 Draglines
4 Clamshells and cranes
5 Trenching machines
6 Wheel-mounted belt loaders
Craneshovel consists 01 three major components
bull A carrier or mounting which provides mobility and stability for the
machine
bull A revolving deck or turntable which contains the power and
control units
bull A front-end attachment which serves the special function in an
operation
12
(g) Hawk_Bulk W~
(e) Cranes
(h) Q)-Qlick Mount
(c) Daglines
0l Hook Lift (k) Conlaine CITi~r (1) RollOffTrmlers Carner
Fig 2-1 Excavation Equipmentl1Gl
13
The type of mounting for all equipments Ihardware) in the above figure is
referred to as crawler mounting which is particularly suitable for crawling
over relatively roughed surfaces at a job site Other types of mounting
include truck mounting and wheel mounting which provide greater mobility
between job sites but require better surfaces for their operation The
revolving deck includes a cab to house the person operating the mounting
andor the revolving deck In the above figure a crane with hook clamshell
[Fig2-1 (f)L drag line [Fig2-1 (c)] bac khoe shovellFig 2-1 laI(b)L pile
driver[Fig2-1 (d)] and other excavation equipment are shown
A tractor consists of a crawler mounting and a non-revolving cab When an
earth-removing blade is attached to the front end of a tractor the assembly
is called a bulldozer When a bucket is attached to its front end the
assembly is known as a loader or bucket loader There are different types of
loads designed to handle most efficiently materials of different weights and
moisture contents
Scrapers are multiple units of tractor-truck and blade-bucket assemblies with
various combinations to facilitate the loading and hauling of earthwork
Major types of scrapers include single engine two-axle or three-axel
scrapers twin-engine all-wheel-drive scrapers elevating scrapers and push-
pull scrapers Each type has different characteristics of rolling resistancemaneuverability stability and speed in operation
242 Compaction and Grading
Compaction grading and soil stabilization are the works of same category
and these are interrelated Many SOilsare subject to differential expansion
and shrinkage when they undergo change in moisture content If pavements
are to be constructed on such soils it IShighly desirable to stabilize them to
prevent or reduce the change volume in order to protect the pavements from
excessive damages
Stabilizations may be applied to a soil In its natural position or as it is placed
in a fill Also stabilization may be applied to the sub-grade sub-base or
base material
14
Some methods of stabilization are
L Blending and miXing heterogeneous soils to produce more
homogenous soils
bullbullbull Incorporating hydrated lime into soils that are high in clay content
bullbullbull Blending asphalt with the soil
t Mixing Portland cement with the soil
t Incorporating various types of slats into the soils
4 Incorporating certain chemicals into the soils
t Compacting the soils thoroughly after they are processed
The function of compaction equipment is to produce higher dense soil
mechanically The basic forces used in compaction are static weight
kneading impact and vibration The degree of compaction that may be
achieved depends on the properties of soil its moisture content the
thickness of the soil layer for compaction and the method of compaction
The function of grading equipment is to bring the earthwork to desired shape
and elevation Many soils are subject to differential expansion and shrinkage
when they undergo changes in moisture content Many soils also move and
rut when subjected to moving wheel loads If pavementsbuildings are to be
constructed on such soils It is usually necessary to stabilize them to reduce
the volume changes and strengthen them to the point where then can carry
the imposed load even when they are saturated
Major types of grading equipment include motor graders and grade trimmers
The former is an all-purpose machine for grading and surface finishing the
latter is used for heavy construction because of its higher operating speed
Many types of compaction equipment are available including the following -
Towed Sheepsfoot [Fig2-2Ia)L Grid Roller [Fig2-2(b)L Self-Propelled [Fig2-
21c)) Segmented Steel Wheel Roller[Fig2-2(dll Self Propelled Tamping Foot
Roller Self Propelled Vibratory Tamping Foot Roller[Fig2-2Iel) etc These
are different operating characteristics
15
(a) Sheepsfoot roller
(b) Grid roller
(d) Two-Axle Tandem Steel-wheeled Roller
(c) Self Propelled Pneumatic-tiredRoller
(e) Self-Propelled Smooth-drumvibratory Roller
Fig 2-2 Compaction amp Grading Equipment
IG
243 Drilling and Blasting
Drilling operation used by the construction and mining industries to drillholes in both rock and earth The task of rock excavation includes looseningloading hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling and blasting
Rock excavation is a risky and hard task ReqUire special equipment andmethods for this operation The degree of difficulty depends on physicalcharacteristics of the rock type which to be excavate Grain sizes planes ofweakness weathering brittleness and hardness of rock strata are the vitalfactors of rock excavation The task of rock excavation includes looseningloadlllg hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling blasting or rippling
Major types of drilling equipment are percusSion drills and rotary-percussiondrills A percussion drill penetrates and cuts rock by impact while it rotateswithout cutting on the upstroke
Common type of percussion drills includes a jackhammer which is hand heldand others which are mounted on a fixed frame or on a wagon or crawl formobility A rotary drill [Flg2-3(bJJ cuts by turning a bit against the rocksurface A rotary precesSion drill combines the two cutting movements toprovide a laster penetration in rock
Blasting is performed to loosen rock in order that it may be excavated orremoved from its existing position Blasting requires the use of explosivesthe most common of which is dynamite Generally electriC blasting caps areconnected in a circuit with insulated wires Power sources may be powerlines or blasting machines designed for firing electriC cap Circuits Alsoavailable are non-electrical blasting systems which combine the precisetiming and flexibility of electric blasting and safety of non-electricaldetonation
Tractor-mounted rippers are capable of penetrating and prying loose mostrock types The blade or ripper IS connected to an adjustable shank whichcontrols the angle at the tip of the blade as it is raised or loweredAutomated ripper control may be Installed to control ripping depth and tipangle
In rock tunneling special tunnel machines equipped with multiple cutterheads and capable of excavating full diameter of the tunnel are nowavailable Their use has increasingly replaced the traditional methods ofdrilling and blasting
17
(a) ER1ronmomtlll Testing
It) Placer Drill
(b) Rotary drill
(dl Mincrnl Exploration Drill
eel Water Well Drilling
Fig 2-3 Drilling amp Blasting Equipmentl1bull1
18
244 Lifting and Erecting Equipment
Liftmg and erecting equipments are used to 11ftloads and to facilitate theerection of steel building frames
Derricks are commonly used to lift equipment of materiais or building
construction A derrick consists of a verticai mast and an inclined boom
sprouting from the foot of the mast Guys hold the mast in position or stiff
legs connected to a base whiie topping lift links the top of the mast and the
top of the inclined boom A hook in the road line hanging from the top of the
inclined boom is used to lift loads Guy derricks may easily be moved from
one floor to the next in a building under construction while stiff leg derricks
may be mounted on tracks for movement within a work area
Horizon boom type tower cranes are most common in high-rise building
construction Inclined boom type tower cranes are also used for erecting
steel structure
245 Mixing
Mixing concrete by hand is expensive In labour and it IS therefore not
surprising that mechanical mixers have been general use for a great many
years
The object of mixing is 10 coat the surface of all aggregate particles with
cement paste and to blend the entire ingredients of concrete into a uniform
mass this uniformity must furthermore not be disturbed by the process of
discharging from the mixer In fact the method of discharging is one of the
bases of classification of concrete mixers Several types exist In the tiltmg
mixer the mixing chamber known as the drum is tilted for discharging In
the non-tilting type the axis of the mixer is always horizontal and discharge
is obtained either by inserting a chute into the drum or by reversing the
direction of rotation of the drum or rarely by splitting of the drum There are
also pan-type mixers rather Similar in operation to an electric cake-mixer
these are called forced action mixers as distinct from the tilting and non-
tilting mixers which reiy on the free fall of concrete in the drum
19
In any mixer It is essential that sufficient interchange of materials between
different parts of the chamber takes place so that uniform concrete is
produced
On a site there is often a tendency to mix concrete as rapidly as possible
and it is therefore important to know what is the minimum mixing time
necessary to produce a concrete uniform in composition and as a result of
satisfactory strength
Concrete mixers are used to mix Portland cement sand gravel and water in
batches
There may be occasions when concrete has to be mixed by hand and
because in this case uniformity is more difficult to achieve particular care
and effort are necessary
A truck mixer refers to a concrete mixer mounted on a truck which is
capable of transporting ready mixed concrete from a central batch plant to
construction sites
246 Construction Tools and Other Equipment
Concrete can be economically pumped at the rates 15 to 200 ydhr for
horizontal distances 300 to 3000 ft and vertical distances 100 to 500 ft
without staging [11
The pumping of concrete of is especially advantageous in placements that
are physically difficult to approach with ready-mix trucks and show best
economy in the range of 20 to 80 ydhr
Air compressors [Fig2-4(al] and pumps [Fig2-4(dl] are widely used as the
power sources for construction tools include drills hammers [Fig2-4(bll
grinders saws wrenches[Fig2-4(clj staple guns sandblasting guns and
concrete vibrators Pumps are used to supply water or to dewater at
construction sites and to provide water jets for some types of construction
Vibrators are used to eliminate entrapped air Of the several types internal
vibrators perhaps the most common one External vibrator is rigidly clamped
to the formwork resting on an elastic support so that both the form and
20
concrete are vibrated Vibrating table can be considered as a case of
formwork clamped to the vibrator instead of the other way round but the
principle of vibrating the concrete and formwork together is unaltered
Besides these surface vibrator used for flat plate electric hammer can be
used as a surface vibrator when fitted with a bit having a large flat area A
vibrating roller is used for consolidating thin slabs
(a)Air Compressor
rg Wrench
(b) Hammer
(d) Concrete Pump
Fig 2-4 ConstructionTools amp Other Equipments[111
247 Choice of Equipment and Standard Production Rates
The selections of the appropriate type equipment or machines tor
construction often affect the required amount of time and effort and thus
the job site productivity of a project Equipment size determination is also a
very important task for construction Oversize equipments are expensive as
well as consume more time to handle It is therefore important for
construction planners to be familiar with the characteristics of the major
21
types of equipment most commonly used in construction Construction
planners also have to know the sources of construction equipment
Contractors and users of construction equipment frequently concerned with
a decision as to whether to purchase or rent (lease) an equipment Under
certain conditions it is financially advantageous to purchase whereas under
other conditions it is more economical and satisfactory to rent it
248 Building Materials
In recent times some of the important technological breakthroughs in
materials are stabilized soil lime-pozzolana mixes sand-lime bricks fly-ash
bricks clay-fly ash bricks gypsum boards wood-wool sheets plastic
products in utility service ready mix concrete non-shrink grout for machine
foundation super-plasticizers Ferro-cement and other materials Different
types of composite construction are also in very advance stage
In the field of concrete technology also some advances are happened such
as light weight concrete radiation shielding concrete polymer concretes
fiber reinforced concretes super plasticized concretes gap graded concrete
tenser-polymer reinforced concrete roller-compacted concrete ultra high
strength concrete improved techniques in pre-stressing prefabricated
construction and other some remarkable matenals
In low cost housing a number of developments have taken place and
following new techniques are being adopted for reduction in cost These arestone block masonry pre-cast brick panel roofing pre-cast RC channel
roofing ferro-cement tank use of secondary species of timber particle
board lor shutter doorswindows fly ash-lime-gypsum bricks for making
walls pre-cast RCC frames for doors and windows Pre-cast RC lintel (thin]
lower ceiling heights PVC pipes for water supply stabilized soil cement
base floors magneSium oxy-chloride flooring fire retardant treatment of
thatch asphaltic roofing etc Brief descriptions of some of those materials
are below-
22
249 Construction Automation and Robotics
Recent advances in robotic technology and the related experience In
manufacturing industries suggests that greater automation maybe extremely
beneficial for constructed facilities In addition construction in hazardous
environments (not approachable) may be greatly expanded by the use of
construction robots
There are several means by which construction automation and robotics
might repay the additional equipment and development costs associated
With high technology investments First robotics offers opportunities for
extending the scope of practical construction activities into hazardous
environments including outer space nuclear reactors or undersea
construction Even standard construction sites represent hazardous
environments as suggested by the large number job industrial accidents
associated with construction Second robotics may permit the practical
introduction and broader use of nonhuman senses and capabilities on
construction sites
KaJimaCompanys reinforcing bar placing robot can carry up to 20 bars and
automatically place these bars in pre-seiected patterns in both floors and
walls The equipment has achieved 40 to 50 savings in labor and 10
savings in time on several Japanese projects 131
A wall climbing robot called RM3 for tasks such as video inspections of shiphulls gamma-ray inspection of structural welds and high-pressure washing
painting shot-blasting and barnacle removal 131
23
CHAPTER 3
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN BANGLADESH
31 Introduction
The contribution of construction industry is quite significant in the national
economy but its existence is absent from the national economy plan
Recently government has made policy considering this sector as an industry
GDP Contribution of construction industry was 606 In 1991-1992 and 619
over the period 1996- 1997 Agriculture sector contributes maximum of
GDP Construction sector contribute about 20 of agriculture sector GDP
which is a remarkable role in Bangladesh economyI1
The construction Industry of Bangladesh comprises of a large number of
predominantly small firms The same can be seen to be true for most other
countries
The actual structure of the industry is not possible to measure as there are
no published papers on the total number of firms There are some 25000
nos of local contracting large medium and small categorized firms
registered with the government agencies with a varying range of financial
capacities [16]
In building construction sectors larger firms are capable to construct
concrete highrise building 30 storied Bangladesh Bank Bhaban 20 storied
Bangladesh Secretariat 20 storied Sena Kalyan Bhaban Building 20 storied
lOB Shaban and many other bUildings are the evidence of the ability to
construction of high rise concrete-building While high rise steel structures
are not yet familiar in Bangladesh but recently a number of high rise steel
structure are under construction In other sector such as bridge roads gas
pipeline electricity supply dam sluice-gate etc are implemented by
international contractors and joint venture companies (foreign and local
firms~ In 1990-91 the construction industry employed 105 and in 1995-
96 183 (statistics 97~ of total labour force In other statistics showed
that the constructing firm employs 20 lacs peoples If each family comprise
24
of four members so total 80 lacs people (615 of total population of the
countryl are dependent on the construction industry for their living The
economical and political significance of the industry ISeven greater than this
figure suggest as it captures the major part of the national investment
About 46 of the total construction labour force are involved in building
50 in construction repair and maintenance of roads and bridge works and
4 are involved in construction repair and maintenance of other activities
16]
Some domestic contractors in the building sectors have access to overseas
market but local contractors are less capable of competing with the foreign
companies due to variety of grounds -
(a) Very Less initiative from the Government to improve the capacity of the
local contractors
bull Easy policy for credit system for construction industry
bull To provide plant machinery hire facilities
bull Skill and manpower development through training
(bl Policy of the rules and conditions of the donor agencies for foreign funds
According to PWD to solve the housing problem 709131 units of houses
are required to construct in every year [15] So it indicates that Bangladesh
has a serious housing problem
12 to 15 millions people now lives in Dhaka city Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is now the city of construction Though yearly requirements in
the city is about 65000 housing but all public and private sector together
produce 25000 housing units in a year Percentage of leaving in slums and
squatter settlement is about 30 percent It would take at least 600 billion
taka which IS five times the entire ADP budget of the country to
accommodate house for the above-mentioned population Very little areas
are found in cities which are not occupied by building Every place in the city
is already filled up or construction of building process is ongoing But the
utility service and other facilities for community are not well thought-out
But according to government rules facilities shall be accommodate first
25
before any type of building construction Unfortunately community facilities
including simple parking facilities are still absent for the many new
constructing building in Dhaka city
32 Some large Constructions in Bangladesh
It is very difficult to identify which one is large construction of a country
because of project diversity In Bangladesh there are numerous
constructions many of them are significant in various aspects Although
functions and aesthetic are different of them they accomplish different type
of requirements Following are the some prominent constructions which
indicate Bangladesh building construction industry is fully capable to
construct any type of Building
Equipments used for construction of national assembly building were tower
crane larger size mixture machines and other eqUipment Tower crane amp
other equipments replaced by huge no of labors As per definition of labour
based technology construction of this building falls under this category
National Assembly
Fig 3-1 National Assemblyl101
labour Based Technology
Architect Louis I Kahn
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1962 to 1974
Building type government center
Construction System concrete marble
26
Equipments used for construction of Bangladesh bank bhaban were hoist
mixture machine and other light equipment only For excavation of 1
basement engaged huge no of labors As per definition this type of
construction falls under labour Intensive technology
bull Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
Fig 3-2 Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
labour Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
NoofFioors-31
Building type government
Construction System concrete
27
Equipments used for construction of Islamic Development Bank Shaban were
tower crane concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments
Tower crane ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments
replaced by most of the labors As per definition of equipment intensive
technology this type of construction falls under this category
bull Islamic Development Bank
7
Fig 3-3 Islamic Development Bank
Bhaban
Equipment Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
No of Floors - 20
Construction System concrete
28
Equipments used for construction of Bashundhara city were tower crane
concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments Tower crane
ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments replaced by most of
the labors As per definition 01 equipment intensive technology this type of
construction falls under this category
bull Bashundhara City
Fig 3-4 Bashundhara City
Equipment Intensive Technology
Architect VISTARA
location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1999 to 2003
Building type shopping mall
Construction System concrete marble
33 Constructions in Bangladesh Using Pre Fabrication
Prefabricate construction not yet accepted widely in Bangladesh Scenario of
developed country in this respect is totally different Even In Malaysia
Thailand Indonesia India and many other developing countries scenery is
closed to developed countries Prefabricate construction require customize
construction or a huge no of similar type productions Precast units which
normally used in Bangladesh are -
bull Tiles and mosaic
bull Low cost toilet rings and others precast accessories
bull Prestressed precast electric pole
bull Precast column for boundary wall
29
the study on availability
of indigenous materials in
bull Precast slab for surface drain
bull Precast slab for foot path
bull Precast railing and ornamental column
bull Precast lintel
bull Precast pipe for water supply and others
bull Railway sleeper
bull Road divider
In the context of Bangladesh RampD activities are yet to be worthy InBangladesh uHouse and Building Research Institute was established in the
year 1977 with the following objectives -
1 To take technical and scientific studies and research on
various problems of constructions and building materials and
to evolve housing and building technology appropriate to the
requirement and suitable for socia-economic condition of the
country
2 To specifically emphasis on
development and utilization
construction
3 To promote better uses of building materials particularly
commonly used materials improvements methods of learning
and designing of construction works and maintenance
4 To train research personnels and technicians for the purpose
out its research activities
House and Building Research Institute time to time tried to introduce someprecast module Such as -
bull Ferro cement tank
bull Precast Ferro cement channel for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete hollow slab for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete micro pile
30
bull Precast Ferro-cement folded plate for roof
bull Precast Ferro-cement L panel for inclined roofing
bull RCCdoor and window frames
Between all type of innovation only Ferro cement tank (400 gallon consisting
of cement mortar on wire mesh) is widely used mainly in Dhaka city As
bigger size is not possible with Ferro-cement Its use is limited
Above all precast construction scenario is very poor in Bangladesh This
indicates construction technology not yet advance in Bangladesh in this high
tech era
34 Humnware Infoware and Hardware in Bangladesh
341 Humnware
For construction technology humanware includes labour technicians
engineer and other persons In some way they are related to construction
industry In Bangladesh expense for humanware is cheaper with respect to
other countries because of low wages lin Bangladesh Taka 125 per hour
and for ordinary labour in UK pound6) So utilization of man power through IT is
a great opportunity for construction sector of Bangladesh But unfortunately
we are far way from proper utilization of this huge no manpower
Development of Human resources is in very preliminary stage By generating
employment and working environment general employment conditions need
to be improved Wage systems must be developed and made transparent so
as to give proper remuneration according to qualification and technical skill
It is extremely necessary for the skilled workers to pass their skills on and to
train personnel able to respond to future technological changes Professional
training centers and methods must be developed and be efficiently exercised
upon
In Bangladesh most of the cases we make out unskilled humnware which is
unexpected in this high tech era Also in most of the cases they are
uneducated Due to unskilled and uneducated labour construction qualities
31
are not normally as per requirement Also due to unskilled labor excessive
time is requiring in most of the cases
In Bangladesh labours are mainly trained-up by on-job training In many case
they are habituated from paternal side by born Though some training
institutes exist around Dhaka city but they are certificate-based institute
These institutes deal only overseas job findings peoples
342 Infoware
Infoware IS usually the document-embodied form This includes the
software design specification materials specifications theories charts
database drawing design and others activities Use of software in
Bangladesh for the purpose of analysis and design are in satisfactory leveL
Although most of the organizations are now analyze and design by some
standard software but a big amount of engineers are not stili away from this
technology Following software and tools are now using in Bangladesh
which indicates not behind from top level
Programming Language- Visual Basic Auto LISP aBasic CC Turbo C
Computer Aided Engineering STAAD-III STAADPro Math CAD ADOSS PCACOL SOL Series
Spread Sheet Analysis- Microsoft Excel Lotus MathCAD
Computer Aided Design
- AutoCAD
Database- DBase FoxPro Microsoft Access Oracle
GIS Software- Arcinfo Arcade Maplnfo Arc view Idrisi
32
Graphics software- CorelDraw Harvard Graphics
Computer Aided Project Management- MS Project
Word Processing
-MicrosoftWordWordPcrreCI
Operating Systems
- MS Windows Dos Novel
3430rgaware
Orgaware lOrganization) represents the structural framework of a
technological system and it includes for example the organizations for the
RampD the production the marketing the corporate planning etc It is needed
to produce certain goods and services Within the framework of theorgaware the other technology components work [1]
Most of the organization in Bangladesh is now using computer and software
for different type of works Some organizations are using for analysis and
design some for planning purpose some as a management tools and some
one for data processing and accounting In someway organizations ofBangladesh are taking this technological advantage
In Bangladesh some organizations are doing a number of remarkable works
excellently They are creating photo realistic rendered architectural
perspective models of 3D exterior and Interior elevation and layout
rendering services 3D animation They are also creating architectural fly-by
and walk-through simulations for interactive presentation or TV quality
advertisement GIS works are also done by these organizations
Some of organizations are also working with foreign organizations Mainly
different type of data entry is their main works which are mainly data
conversion rom one format to another Such as conversion from portabledocument format (pdf) to Word processing format (docl hand sketch
J3
bull
conversion to digital drawing (dwg etc) format some modification of
drawing ete The difficulties of our organizations are for any types of
business they require an overseas office This is a very big problem for
entrepreneurs of data exchanging business
344 Hardware
In Bangladesh hardware use of construction industry is not in a suitable
level Moreover specifically modern construction equipment J technology are
not utilizing in Bangladesh most of the cases Only in a few sector such as
deeper excavation in highway construction a few no of building works are
done by modern equipments but in other sectors modern equipment are
ignoring by Bangladeshi construction industry Computer based hardware
widely using in Bangladesh as computer and some computer related
hardware are reasonably priced for middle class people
For construction projects require modern management which is based on
personal computer (PC) In Bangladesh computer based project management
is not yet popular in construction industry Only some foreign aided
government project has some activities on this but also up-to proposal level
only Truly computer based project management in construction sector not
yet Implemented in Bangladesh This is limited to some Gantt chart and
critical path draw works But hardware based computer management easily
save both money and time Probable cause for which not yet go for
computer based project management listing below -
Labours and technicians are illiterate
bull
bull
bull
bull
Labours and technicians are unskilled
Top management of an organization are not wanted to go for
new particularly computer based technology
From Government side there are no plan to facilitate these sector
even in Government project
Our engineers backgrounds are also not upto that extent and
also they are not interested to go for such type of management
34
CHAPTER 4
TECHNOLOGY ON EXCAVATION amp RCC OF BANGLADESH
Nowadays building construction mainly equipment intensive works allover
the world that is depend on modern technology Similarly construction
industry of Bangladesh going away step by step depends on technology
Technological application sophistication quality etc are different in country
to country but at every steps of construction industry including construction
industry of Bangladesh totally depends on construction technology For
excavation loading compaction grading drilling lifting erecting mixing
and other purposes require some construction hardwareequipment and there
technological approach is different Not only for equipment but in every
steps of construction process depends on technological involvement In this
chapter mainly discussed the effect on excavation due to equipment
intensive and labour intensive works Also for building construction the
effect of alternate combination of material use
41 Technology in Excavation
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground This foundation is mandatory for
every structure ThiS is the reason of start of excavation technology which
is an earliest form of civil engineering construction This technology is used
for excavate earth of foundationbasement Excavated soilrock usually
dumps in other places which is known as loading Many construction
industry of Bangladesh Excavator and Loader are mainly using for
excavation works But use of excavator is mostly Dhaka based In other
places of the country except Dhaka city excavation works are done by
manually which is very unlikable in this high tech era Even in Dhaka city
many excavation works had been done by manually Such as 18 storied
New Market City Complex building with two basements (adjacent of Dhaka
new market) 14 storied CRP building project with two basements at Mirpur-
35
14 Dhaka A few but in some projects huge volume of soil was excavated
manually Excavation operations 01 these many projects are done by
manually because 01 availability and low-priced labor In this chapter try to
focus why this technology (excavator not used in most of the cases
In many project of Bangladesh excavation operation are done by manually
because 01-
Soil Characteristics - Comparatively solt layer 01 earth exists all
around Bangladesh
raquo labour (Humnwarel - labour costs are cheap and available
Non-availability of equipment (Hardware) - Modern equipment
cost is very high for which it is not pOSSiblelor contractor to
buy excavator and other heavy equipments lor a singie project
gt- No and size of the Job - As no 01 projects limited and also
areas of a single projects are not big Use of Excavator and
loader are not economically viable
Rental organization - Renta I organization not yet developed
widely and systematically Above all limited rental organization
and their higher charges of hardware
Topography Most of the lands in Bangladesh are plain So
labors can work comfortably
lacks of technicians - lack of skilled technicians are one of the
reasons to avoid new technology
Time - Peoples of Bangladesh are not anxious about time
Utilization of time is very important lack 01 this awareness is
one 01 the reasons of avoiding tendency of new technology for
excavation
)- Space constrains - Particularly in Dhaka city buildings are not
build in well planned way but very haphazard So in many case
movement 01 excavator is very difficult and in some cases it is
impossible to work due to space constrain
36
bull Weather and Temperature - Luckily most of the seasons are
suitable for labour works Nature is very fever for manual
labour except very little lime through out the year So not
need to take extra precaution lor climate
gt Dumping area - Some time huge amount of dumping is not
possible For that reason avoiding tendency to new technology
of excavation
bull Transportation equipments - Some times transportation of
dumping is not viable and In that type of case manual labour is
preferable
411 Preliminary Stage
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground and which transmits the load to the
underlying sailor rock As the foundation normally placed below the ground
excavation is must and should be done first for any type of construction
work
More or less for every construction works need excavation some times
these are shallow and some times it is deep Due to basement construction
of high-rise buildings need massive excavation This may need up to three
four months If excavation works are done by manually a huge no of labors
will engage their and require more time
Considering employment it is solVing a substantial social problem like our
developing country by means of giving a large no of employment
opportunity Therefore out side the urban area manual excavation may be
permissible due to solving unemployment problem This might be plaYing a
significant role like our developing country to solve the problem Social
problem from society But owners always try to solve the problem from the
economic view which will figure out later on this chapter
But the scenario in urban areas like Dhaka city is different Dhaka has
already become a mega city with more than ten million inhabitants and its
population is projected to reach 16 million by 2015 which would make it
the worlds seventh most populous city This rapid growth is visible all
37
around the city by constructing new buildings But the citys infrastructure is
not keeping space with the influx of population Transport environment of
Dhaka city may be a clear example with increasing traffic congestion and
delays The ability of Dhakas transport system to sustain economic growth
and reasonable quality of life has been declining steadily
In such a poor situation if we dont use machinery equipment everyday
congestion situation of Dhaka city will escalate due to longer timerequirement of excavation
Already it is an established fact that construction works of Dhaka city is one
of main reasons of traffic congestion To overcome this awlul situation
particularly in the city areas we must have to adopt modern technology in
excavation purpose This will help to reduce construction time money
traffic congestion and other redundant situations
412 Time and Seasonal Effects on Construction
Time
In Bangladesh construction management going on very preliminary stage and
still they dont think time is a vital factor for any project But everyone is
aware the fact money has a time value Thousand Taka today is worth
more the Thousand tomorrow This lact is vividly reinforced when themonthly charge bills are examined This added charge amounts to rent on
the money that is owed and is termed interest
Besides these we know fixed costs are directly related to time variable andother costs are also similar effect ie if time span of a project is longer then
fixed cost will be more and similarly true for all other costs So time span ISa vital factor for any construction project
Again for any project there is a breakeven point which also dependents on
time If construction period is more than the estimated time timerequirement to reach break even will be more
BeSides these there is a possibility to come other competitors due to delay
of construction and sometimes it may become an unprofitable project forever in this competitive market
38
If we Consider revenue side what we see - Suppose a 10 storied office
building spaces are 12000 sq-ft and rent is 501 = Taka per sq-ft ie per day
revenue is 20 Lac Particularly this type of project per day revenue loss will
be a big amount if the construction not timely finish This is unexpected for
any organizationlsJcontractorls)
Season
In many cases for foundation purpose deep excavation is required
Sometimes need shore pile to protect adjacent soil Shore pile is essential
when permanent structure exist adjacent project site As shore pile is a
temporary work in many cases it designs less cautiously Result is that
shore pile failures are a common type of failure in Dhaka city at every year
It is occurred mainly in rainy season due to rainfall If the contractors are
finished their foundation works before rainy season most of the time they
can avoid these repetitive shore pile failure situations
On the other hand in many cases owner of adjacent structure goes to the
court when contractor goes for deeper excavation for their safety and
compensation if shore pile failure occurs Also for shore pile failure delays
the project ie more time consume for project and more money expenses
due to delay or to pay compensation Sometimes it becomes a crucial factor
for the project and as a result of big economical loss for that project Such
type of big economical loss easily can avoid by proper time scheduling ie
should be complete before expected rainy season in case of deeperfoundation works
39
413 Cost Analysis and Result
Assumption made for cost and analysis are follows-
1 For Manual 1000 eft of excavation work (PWDStandard Rates)
al For initial lead of 100_ON and lift of 5_ON
i) Ordinary labour cost Tk 088 per cIt
b) For each additional lift of one loot beyond 5-0 and upto 10_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 004 per cit
c) For each additional lilt of one foot beyond 10-0 and upto 15-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 006 per cit
d) For each additional lift of one foot beyond 15_ON and upto 20_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 008 per eft
e) Extra each additional lead of 100-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 014 per eft
2 For Excavator
f) Initial rent Tk 9000000 for upto 10 days
il Extra charge Tkl0OOO00 per day
iii Excavation capacity 10000 eft per day
3 Enough labour Force
gl Enough labour force can be engaged so that there will not be any
significant difference in excavation between these two methods
40
Tablbullbull4-1 5 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area (ff) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 500 440 90000200 1000 880 90000500 2500 2200 900001000 5000 4400 900002000 10000 8500 900005000 25000 22000 9000010000 50000 44000 9000020000 100000 95000 9000040000 200000 218000 180000100000 500000 755000 450000
Tablbullbull 4-2 10 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Areaiiti) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1000 980 90000200 2000 1960 90000500 5000 4900 900001000 10000 9800 900002000 20000 19600 900005000 50000 49000 9000010000 100000 98000 9000020000 200000 210000 18000040000 400000 476000 360000100000 1000000 1610000 900000
41
Table 4-3 15 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR I
Area (ft) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1500 1670 90000200 3000 3340 90000500 7500 8350 900001000 15000 16700 900002000 30000 33400 900005000 75000 83500 9000010000 150000 167000 13500020000 300000 355000 270000
40000 600000 794000 540000100000 1500000 2615000 1350000
Tabla 4-4 20 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area(ft ) Vo(ume(ft ) Manual(CostTk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 2000 2560 90000200 4000 5120 90000500 10000 12800 900001000 20000 25600 900002000 40000 51200 900005000 100000 128000 9000010000 200000 256000 18000020000 400000 540000 36000040000 800000 1192000 720000100000 2000000 3820000 1800000
42
Graph 41 Excavation cost for 5 feet
5 Excavation Cost
~ ~---------------
------ -
I
II
II
- ExcavatorI-Manual
I
50 -----
Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet
10 Excavation Cost
0
I Excavator-Manual
-___ e bullbullbull _
- __ - - --- - - _ - -
-
- - - - - - - - - - -
- - 250 -
oo
lti 300~~ooo~
o 100U
Area (in 100 sft)
43
Graph 43 Excavation cost for 15 feet
15 Excavation Cost
-- ExcavatorI-Manual I
eN
~NN
o
400 -
350 -
300~bull~ 250 - - - 000 ~bullbull- 0~0U 100 - ---- - -
0
Area (in 100 sft)
Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet
20 Excavation Cost
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
- - - -- - - -- - - - - - - --
350 ---------
bullbull 300
~ 250g~ 200 bullbullbullbull0
~ 0U 100 -
0
o g
-
-----------
_______ c C __
___ c c_
~c
-- Excavator-Manual
Area (in 100 sft)
44
From the above anafysis it is observed that in case of 5 feet excavation
breakeven area is 19020 sft for 10 feet excavation 9184 sfr for 15 feet
excavation 6946 sft and for 20 ft 3636 sft Excavator becomes cheaper for
any constructIOn (area) above these breakeven fevels
42 Design and Specifications
421 Material for Building Construction
Wood of course was the only material used by early builders that had more
or less equal tensile and compressive strength Early builders are also
depends on stone brick surki and lime After innovation of reinforced-
concrete and steel previously used material are replaced by concrete and
steel Concrete with reinforcement radically change in the field of building
construction technology After that steel play the vital role and contribute to
build high rise building worldwide though Bangladesh is far from that type
high rise building But recently numbers of steel bUilding are in the process
of construction and we are expecting remarkable progress will be shown
within couple of years Nowadays wood has been relegated largely to
accessory use during construction to use in temporary and secondary
structures and to use for secondary member of permanent construction
Though both concrete and steel are the two most commonly used structural
material worldwide in Bangladesh mainly concrete are common item of
building construction Recently some industrial buildings are constructed by
structural steel Builders in Bangladesh are now reali2ing that steel is also a
competitive and effective material for building construction But they are
going forward very slowly for steel structure
Selection of structural materials must be selected on availability of materials
Also depends on corresponding skill labour relative costs wage scale and
the suitability of the materials for particular structure
In Bangladesh currently carrying out research into rice straw and husks
which are a by-product of major crop of Bangladesh but have already
encountered problems with the strength of the rice straw while fit best rice
45
husks can be regarded as filler and may not contribute significantly to the
tensile strength of earth-mix bricks
Idea of including waste material from the countrys vast jute industry to use
as a binder in the bricks and not merely as rubbish to be burnt
And finally that the integrity of earth-built buildings may be considerably
strengthened and improved by applying simple low-cost principles to the
Internal strengthening structures - mostly tied bamboo frameworks
4211 Material in Bangladesh
Any material which has got application in engineering construction is termed
as engineering material Stones bricks concrete bricks lime cement surki
sand concrete iron steel ferrous alloys non-ferrous metais and alloys
timber timber products aluminums bamboos soils bituminous materials
glass plastics paints varnishes rubber tiles granite marble etc are
commonly used in Bangladesh
Among them major construction materials are now producing in Bangladesh
though maximum raw materials are imported outside from Bangladesh
Though cement raw materials like gypsum and clinker are importing from
outside of country the total cement producing capacity now is more than
countrys per year requirement and quality of cement is standard as per
specification But reinforcement quality is not yet reached to standard level
It is very serious problem for construction industry of Bangladesh
46
4212 Reinforcement
Steel is known as black copper in early ages Iron and steel developed over
2000 years ago It was Henry Bessemer who was especially interested in
good quality steel making for big canons He was the first to produce low
carbon wrought iron In Bangladesh steel also used as reinforcement in many
years before It is difficult to say when and where first time used steel
reinforcement
Concrete reinforcement bar are usually of two types
bull Deformed bar and
bull Twisted bar
Below are the specifications for two types of reinforcement bar-
Table 4-5Steel GradeGrade 40Grade 60
ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed barYield Stre9th (psi Ultimate Stren ths (psi)40000 (minimum) 70000 (minimum)60000 (minimum) 90000 (minimum)
Table 4-6Steel GradeGrade 250Grade 400Grade 460
654149 specifications for Twisted barYield Stren th (psi) Ultimate Strengths (psi)40000 (minimum) 4400060000 (minimum) 6600067000 (minimum) 73700
Grade 40 and Grade 60 both type of reinforcement are frequently used InBangladesh for building construction In Bangladesh normally steel areprocessed by the follOWingmethod
(i) Induction furnace melting and(ii) Arc furnace melting
The yearly requirement of steel in Bangladesh is 10 million ton But the
quality steel production rate is only 02 million tonyear That is remaining
08 million ton reinforcement are non-standard 1171 By which our different
construction works are building This is an awful situation of construction
sector in Bangladeshand requires immediate exemption from this situation
47
4213 Concrete
Allover the world concrete with reinforcement are the most commonly used
materials for building construction In Bangladesh it is the main structural
material using as building construction materials Concrete IS a stone like
material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement
sand and gravel or other aggregate and water to harden in forms of the
shape and dimensions of the desired structure
Bangladesh is now a big cement producing country in respect to their
required capacity Statistics says yearly requirement of cement allover the
Bangladesh is 65 million tons where as production capacity of the entire
cement mill is 120 million tons That means 55 million tons surplus cement
now existing in Bangladesh One of the main reasons of this surplus is that
world top most cement producing companies are now producing cement in
Bangladesh from their factory
The properties that make concrete a universal building material are so
pronounced that it has been used In more primitive kinds and ways than at
present for thousands of years probably beginning in Egyptian antiquity
The facility with which while plastic it can be deposited and made to fill
forms or aids of almost any practical shape is one of these factors Its high
fire and weather resistance are eVident advantages Most of the constituent
materials with the possible exception of cement are usually available at low
cost locally or at small distances from the construction site
In Bangladesh normally concrete strength (cylinder strength fc) varies from
2500 psi to 5000 psi for building construction But in many case it falls to
2000 PSI On the other hand upto 8000 psi concrete was used for
construction of Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge project Also there are many
projects already finished and ongoing where usedusing more than 5000 psi
strength concrete
48
4214 Steel
In 1885 an American engineer names William LeBaron Jenny became the
creator of the modern skyscraper when he realized that an office building
could be constructed using totally different materials He chose structural
steel and incorporated it into a revolutionary system that was to make
possible the soaring office towers that now symbolize the modernmetropolis
Steel is manufactured under controlled conditions its properties are
determined in a laboratory and described in a manufacturers certificate
Thus the designer need only specify the steel as complying with a relevant
standard and the site engineers supervision is limited to the workmanship
of the connections between the Individual steel members So responsible of
contractor is more to provide proper material
Also following are some reasons normally associated with competitiveadvantages of steel over concrete
bull Construction speed particularly during periods of high interest rates
Steel frames go up more rapidly thus reducing construction financing
costs and allowing the building to generate revenue sooner
bull Availability of steel in a variety of grades and shapes that IS suitable
for economical faming of both short and long spans
bull Steel offers economical design approach for retrofit and rehab
projects Steel can be easily modified expanded or converted to suit
future needs of owners and tenants For this reason steel frame isoften referred to as a changeable frame
bull In difficult foundation conditions steel construction may result in
reduced foundation costs because of its light weight Steel frame is
normally 25 to 35 percent lighter than a concrete frame and can
permit the use of less expensive foundation systems
In Bangladesh steel building are not constructing notably Mainly some
factory buildings are constructed with steel as a structural material In
Bangladesh peoples are not serious about time which is main advantage of
steel structure like our COuntry We have to import all the steel materials It
49
also has to PV higher tax Our engineers are not interested to go for new
technology like steel structure 0 technicians oed labors pof Vtrained P fo steel construction Ultimately except time factor steel
structure is OPt very suitable for building construction of Bangladesh Very
recently a few numbers of high-rise buildings are now under construction or
under designing stages which indicates new technology are coming
4215 RCC Grading
Strength of concrete is commonly considered its most important property
although in many practical cases other characteristic such as durability and
impermeability may in fact be more important Nevertheless strength usually
gives an overall picture of the quality of concrete because strength is
directly related to the structure of the hardened cement paste
The strength of concrete of given mix proportions is very seriously affected
by the degree of its compaction It ISvital therefore that conSistence of the
mix be such that the concrete can be transported placed and finished
sufficiently easily and without segregation Following combinations of
reinforcement and concrete are considered for thiS study-
Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Reinforcement and Concrete
Concrete Type Steel Strength (in ksi) Concrete Strength lin ksi)
I Type - 1 60 44
Type - 2 60 36
Type - 3 60 29
Type - 4 60 25
Type - 5 40 44
Type - 6 40 36
Type - 7 40 29
Type - 8 40 25
50
4217 Interdependence of Humnware Infoware and Hardware
For analysis and design purpose humnware infoware and hardware work as
an integrated system During design and analysis period due to different
grade and type material selection software hardware and humnware play
the vital role for alternate attempt Computer utilization in different stages
have improved capabilities for generating quality designs as well as redUCing
the time required to produce alternative designs Without help of these
technological combined services It IS almost impossible to get better and
optimistic design Thats why with the help of Humnware Infoware and
Hardware most economic type analysis and design may achieved within
short time which is almost impossible without these technological help
Manual analysis and design are most of the time assumption based a time
consuming matter and whose ultimate result is economical loss considered
to both time and material requirement
51
4218 Analysis and Result
For analysis purpose here considered a six storied building The analysis has
been performed by STAADIPro software 3-D model of assumed building amp
output of STAADProare given in Appendix-A
Following are the material requirement for different combination
Table 4-8 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 10487 Ib5 2148 Ib6 1375 Ib7 1386 Ib8 3971 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 193651bsTotal Volume of Concrete 28688 cuft
Table 4-9 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 23844 Ibs5 1346 Ib6 5329 Ib7 5487 Ib8 10511 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 46518 IbsTotal Vofume of Concrete 61454 cuft
52
Table 4-10 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6330 Ib5 5653 Ib6 1644 Ib7 2771 Ib8 4722 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 21120lbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3355 cUft
Table 4-11 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 22348 Ibs5 4039 Ib6 8655 Ib7 4001 Ib8 5049 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 44092 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 7279 cU1t
53
Table 4-12 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 787191bs5 29898 Ibs6 37505 Ibs7 57257 Ibs8 58754 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
26213 Ibs3528 cUft
Table 4-13 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibs)
4 221821bs5 10011 Ibs6 37652 Ibs7 6918 Ibs8 34297 Ibs
Totel weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
54
432191bs9367 cuft
Table 4-14 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 9556 Ibs5 2453 Ibs6 3810 Ibs7 6378 Ibs8 6761 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
28958 Ibs4190 cuft
Table 4-15 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibsl
4 25557 Ibs5 3126 Ibs6 4340 Ibs7 10008 Ibs8 703 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
55
43733 Ibs10076 cuft
Table 4-16 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 8680 Ib5 1358 Ib6 1434 Ib7 2588 Ib8 7727 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 21787 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3499 cUft
Table 4-17 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 17629 Ibs5 4878 Ib6 7745 Ib7 7921 Ib8 16895 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 47938Total Volume of Concrete 8546 cuft
56
Table 4-18 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 7770 Ibs5 1432 Ibs6 3795 Ibs7 4686 Ibs8 9068 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
==
26752 Ibs3479 cuft
Table 4-19 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17705 Ibs5 1591 Ibs6 13078 Ibs7 1152 Ibs8 16675 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
57
= 50201 Ibs9644 cuft
Table 420 Material Requirement for Column1ConcreteStrength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in IbsJ
4 84764 Ibs5 30846 Ibs6 22264 Ibs7 34232 Ibs8 10168 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
27379 lbs4709 cUft
Table 4-21 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17693 Ibs5 2347 Ibs6 19086 Ibs7 1367 Ibs8 13352 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
58
53845 Ibs10111 cuft
Table 4-22 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6602 Ib5 2506 Ib6 7068 Ib7 5216 Ib8 8370 Ib
Totar weight of reinforcement - 29762 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 5055 cuft
Table 4-23 Material Requirement for BeamlConcrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 18686 Ibs5 13536 Ibs6 15858 Ib7 1085 Ib8 5565 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement - 54730 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 11269 cUft JI
59
4219 Cost Analysis
Generally the cost for a construction prOject includes the expenses related to
the following activities
bull Land acquirement
bull Planning and feasibility
bull Design
bull Construction including materials equipment and lobour
bull Insurance and taxes during construction
bull Office overhead
bull Office furniture and equipment
bull Inspection testing and others
In this study considered only material cost of different grade of combination
which is mentioned in the article 4215
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Concrete Strength Concrete Cost2500 pO 155 Tkdt2900 psi 164 Tkdt3600 pO 187 Tkch4400 P 209 Tkch
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Reinforcement Strength Reinforcement Cost40000 psi 226406 TklOn
60000 psi 23625 Tkton
60
Table 4~26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequiremerType - 1 294 Ton 9014 citType - 2 291 Ton 10633 eftType - 3 310 Ton 12895 cftType - 4 325 Ton 14266 eftType - 5 311 Ton 12044 eftType - 6 344 Ton 13123 eftType - 7 363 Ton 14821 eftType - 8 377 Ton 16324 eft
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequirementType - 1 441 Ton 9916 eftType - 2 437 Ton 11697 eftType - 3 465 Ton 14185 eftType - 4 487 Ton 15693 eftType - 5 467 Ton 13249 eftType - 6 515 Ton 14435 eftType - 7 544 Ton 16304 eftType - 8 566 Ton 17957 eft
Table 4-28 Reinforcemelt and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka
Type of Concrete Renforcement Cost Concrete Cost Total CostType - 1 1042 Coo 1884 Coo 2926 CooT~2 1032 Coo 1988 Coo 3020 CooTy e - 3 1099 Coo 2115 Coo 3214 CooType - 4 1150 Coo 2211 Coo 3361 CooType - 5 1057 Coo 2517 Coo 3574 CooType6 1167 Coo 2454 Coo 3621 CooType - 7 1231 Coo 2431 Coo 3662 CooType - 8 1281 Co 2530 Coo 3811 Co
61
Graph 4-5 Total Cost 01 Concrete and Reinforcement
Total Cost
bull
0045_0000bull~bull 35000bullbull ~OO
0 ~oou
~~oo~000
WOO
bull bull
bull bull
I TotalCosti-Concrete COSJ-+-- Reinf Cost -- -- -
Type of Concrelltgt Grado
Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement
Costn Percentage
_Totalcosl
-- Concrce Co__ Renf Coso
1_23
- -
- - - - -
---------_-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
140 -
_35 --------------- bull
bull 130bullbull 120bullj U bull 105~
00095
Type of Concrete Crade
Above analysis clearly shows that Type-1 concrete is cheaper than anyother combination of reinforced concrete Up-to 29 savings is possible ifhigher grade Reinforcement and Concrete used for building construction
62
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Discussion
In developed countries civil engineering organizations spend good amount of
money in RampD At national level the universities and other institutions
should be encouraged to undertake strategic research which aims to Improve
understanding and applications of scientific and technical know how which
in turn will provide a basis in the long run proper application of new
techniques and technologies Following are some areas very essential for
construction Industry of Bangladesh
The development and dissemination of new construction equipment and
better safety must be encouraged
Pre-fabrication and use of package materials will enhance the efficiency of
work execution by standardizing specifications and reduce the site work
volumes
The development and dissemination of all weather construction technology
will make it possible to carryon with work even under bad weather
The means of transferring information between designers and constructors
need to be improved The effective use of construction equipment
prefabricated materials and products needs to be considered
The roles and responsibilities of engineers need to be reviewed With regard
to improvements in work efficiency personnel training and strengthening the
management foundation of engineers
6]
52 Conclusion
Excavation
Manual excavation and excavation USing excavator S to 20 ft depth) with
different land areas were studied in Dhaka city Considering labour cost and
excavator rental charge breakeven point for Sft excavation and 20ft excavation
are 19020sft and 3616sft respectively Using PDW97 standard rate of works
it IS observed that for deeper excavation excavator is cheaper than labor-
intensivemanual excavation Labor-intensivemanual excavation works may be
acceptable outside urban areas due to unemployment of labor But excavator is
economic solution in urban areas like Dhaka city
In Bangladesh excavation and loading is a labour-based works but in developed
countries its hardware-based works Further detail study based on socio-
economic environment etc may be required to introduce hardware-based
excavation work replacing manual labor in our country
Material
8 combinations of steel and concrete were studied for a six storied bUilding
Considering material cost Type- ICombination of high strength concrete 44-
ksi with high strength steel 60-ksi) is the most economic Type8 la
combination of low grade concrete 2S-ksi and low grade steel 40-ksi) is the
most uneconomic as it material costs 29 more than the cost due to the Type-
1 Unfortunately Type-8 combination is most widely used in private construction
even by the real estate developer One problem with Type- is that high
strength concrete 144 ksi concrete with 60 ksi steel) demands admixture which
also demand skilled humnware If it is not possible type 2 (36 ksi concrete
with 60 ksi steel) can be easily used without loosing Significant economy lonly
3 more cost than Type-l) Mainly Engineers may play the significant role to
convince ownersentrepreneur to accept this technological advantage and avoid
uneconomical traditional approach
53 Scope for Future Works
Similar studies may be carried out for other components of technology Inamely
different types of hardware technology humnware infoware etc)
64
REFERENCES[1] MAnwarul Azim Technology Mal1agement and Development of Nation
July 1999
[2) SP Arors SP Bindra A Text Book of Building Construction
131 Chris Hendrickson Tung su Project Msnagement for Construction
141 Robert L Peukrifoy William B Ledbetter Construction Planning Equipment
snd Methods McGraw-HIli Book Company International Edition 1985
[51 Robert L Mitchell Engineering EconomlcsJohn Wiley amp Sons 1980
[6J Thomas C Ksvanagh Frank Muller James J OBrien Construction
Management
[7J Donald Barrie Boyd C Paulson Jr ProfeSSlonslConstruction Management
[8J Frank Harris Modern Construction and Ground Engineering Equipment and
Method
9J V K Riana Concrete bridge practice analysis design and economics
110] wwwskycraperscomWebsite
[11] wwwtransltmixconcretecom Web site
[12] wwwlrcocomWebslte
[13] wwwantigoconstructio~0JT Web site
[14] wwwleggattequipmentcomWebsite
[15J Public Works Department Recent technical issues and association of public
works department October 19 2000
i16J AaM Ekram Ullah Construction industry of Bangladesh Journal of civil
engineerirlgIEB 2 December 2000
[17J Prospect of quality re-enforcement bar production in Bangladesh - Elite Iron
and Steel Industries Ltd 2003
[18J Analysis of rates of PWD (Bangladeshi Schedule
- July 199719h Edition)
65
APPENDIX-A
3-D Model STAADIPro Input and Output (Partiall
APPENDIXA
30 Model STAADfPro Input and Output (Partiall
x
3-D ST AADIPro Model of Six Storied Building
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STAAD SPACE PAGE 10
n m eo 81 m~227 94 95 551 96 n 99 0
55j 00 101 555 106 107 m 108 m 112 55
no m 114 115 240 00 0 102 no 104 CO 228 56~
00 m 118 m n 119 568 m 122 m 123 m m 124 m m m 130 m DO 131 00 135 m no bull36 on no 137 57
m m 125 m no 127 0 m 229 m en 140 m 0 141 53J
0 00 145 146 147 m m 152 m 153 58
m 158 on m 159 00 00 160 00 242 00 148 59~
100 00 m 230 m 13 m 00 164 m 0 105 00 168 010l m 170 no 175 oo no 17 no 177 eo 181 60
102 oom 183 00 243 no no 171 on 172 173 m en 231 613
103 00 en 200 m m 206 m en 194 on en 196 m 232 m104 m 36 703 42 30 m 37 n 43 31 105 _m H no n 46 m 32 no n 208 m 39 n 40 100 n 33 m 217 no 41 m 52 no 59 m 00 65 107 m 60 m 66 no 54 no 61 m n 67 en 00 69 108 m 209 m 62 m 63 m 00 63 m 56 no 218
109_ m 75 m 82 m 38 m n 76 83 H 89 H110 _ H n 84 90 92 m 00 78 He H 210 85 111_ m oo 91 m 79 m 2lt9 87 m 98 m 112 m III BO H 99 B 106 112 100 CO
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139 on m 0lt m on m m m m PRIS m co 140 _m m m m on m m m m PRIS m co14l m m m on m w m no 142 no ro no ro m m 0 m m PRIS w co 143 _ w e CO 0 10144 _ OO w no m CD no m en m m no no145 m e m no no H 342 PRIS W co co
lt bull 0
STAADSPACE -- PAGENO
148 271 272 276 277 328 329 341 PRIS YD 20 ZD 15119 78 14 15 6~ 64 70 71 86 87 94 95 110 111 151 152 167 bull68 208 2092lt150 266 281 282 322 ~23 332 3~7 PRIS YD 23151 885 TO 892 902 TO ~08 PRIS Yil 10 ZD 2352 1268 92 149 206 153 320 336 85~ TO 866 PRIS YO 12 ZD 10153 916 65 72 88 96 112 153 J6~ 210 226 267 28~ ~2~ 333 338 PRIS YD 15J54 11 67 90 114 171 228 285 335 843 TO 850 PRIS YD 40 ZD 10155 612 730 731 734 TO 736 748 749 75~ TO 754 766 767 770 TO 772 802 80156 806 TO 808 834 PRIS YO25 ZD 15157 577 5ao 618 PRIS Yl2G ZD 10158 501 TO 503 510 TO 12 517 TO 519 526 TO 528 5J3 TO 535 542 TO 544 54159 558 TO 560 565 TO 567 574 TO 576 581 TO 58~ 590 TO 592 597 TO 599 6C160 615701 TO 703 710 711 714 715 7J~ TO 721 728 729 732 733 737 TO 73161 750751 755 TO 757 764 765 768 76~ 773 TO 775 782 783 786 787 791 TC162 801 804 805 809 TO 8JJ 810 819 822 823 831 832 PRIS YD 30 ZD n163 593 790 PRIS YO ~O ZO 151M 596 PRIS YD 35 ZD 15165 504 TO S09 S20 TO 525 536 TO S41 S52 TO 557 568 TO 573 534 TO S39 61166 704 TO 709 722 TO 727 740 TO 745 758 TO 763 776 TO 731 794 TO 799 8167 318 PRIS YD 3D ZD 15163 600 TO 605 812 TO 817 PRIS YD 33 ZD 15169 CONSTANTS170 E CONCRETEMEMll1 TO 16 ~8 )022 57 TO 72 74 TO 73 80 TO 90 92 TO 9E171 98T0102104T0114149T01S3155T0159161T0171206T021021In 218 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3173 340 TO ~42 50J TO 518 70- TO 882 885 TO 892 B95 TO 908174 POISSON CONCRETEV-EME1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 30 TO 90 917 98 TO 102 10~ TO 11~ 149 TO 13 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 2JO 2J176 21B TO 228 263 )0267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO ~30 3177 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 613 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 908173 DENSITYCONCRETEMEHB1 TO 16 13 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 8D TO 90 9179 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 21130 213 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 27 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3181 340 TO 342 50J TO 618 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 90818l ALPHACONCRETEMEMB1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 103 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 19 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212184 l18 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 33185 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 618 701 TO 832 8BS TO 392 895 TO 9031B6 UNIT FEET KIP187 SUPPORTS1B8 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 207 216 fiXED18~ 234 FIXED190 236 FIXED191 DEFINE WINDLOAD192 TYPE 1193 INT 0 0045 0053 006 HEIG 10 30 60 90194 EXP 1 JOINT 24 TO 184 192 TO 196 199 TO 202 205 206 208 TO 215 217 11~5 n7 TON3196 EXCLUDEJOINT 46 69 92 U5 J38 161 J84197 LOADJ SELFWEIGHT1~8 SELFWEIGHTY -119~ LOAD2 DEADLOAD200 FLOORLOAD201 bull GROUNDFLOORIS A PARKI~GFLOOR
5 0
STAAD SPACE - - PAGE NO
o
59B 6973 ZRANGE 4854-2
FLOAD -05 XRANGE075KSF + 025 KSFFLOAD -01
YRANGE10 10 FLOAD -0089bull 1ST FLOOR TO 5TH FLOOR JS OFFICE FLOOR + ROOF SELFWEIGHT = O068KSF FLOO- FJNJSH = 002 KSF FALSE CEILI~G NO OTHER LOADAS FLOOR DEAD LOADYRAN3E 20 70 FLOAD -0104bull ROOF(EXTRA) AS GARDEN30 SOIL IN ~ART OF THE ROO~ SOIL ~ 03 NO OTHER LOADAS fLOOR DEAD LOADYRANGE70 70 FLOAD -03 XRANGE20 598 ZRAIIGE 2133 70ATER TANKYRANGESO SObull ROOF SLABYRANGll 80 80MEMBERLOAD701 702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 791 792 809 810 UNI GY -043LOAD 3 EXTERJOR WALLMEMBERLOADbullbullbull GROUNDFLOOR TO 5TIl FLOOR 5 WALLASSUMEDAT TilE EXTERIOR OF THE501 TO 503 510 TO 519 526 TO 535 542 TO 551 558 TO 567 574 TO 583 5599 602 605 60a 609 612 701 TO 703 TLO TO 721 72B TO 739 746 TO 757764ro775782T0793800T0808815T0826B35TOB41B51TOB578f875 TO 881 B95 TO 901 UNI GY 05LOAD 4 LIVE LOADFLOOR LOADGROUND FLOOR AS GARRAGEyenRANGE 10 10 FLOAD -005bullbull OFFICE SPACE AN ~VERAGE OF 65L8SFTYRANGE20 60 FLOAD -0 065bullbull FOR PARTITION WALL(ACCIDENTALLOAD)YRANGE20 60 FLOAD -004bull ~ ROOF OCCU~ATAIONALLIVE LOADOF ]0 LBSFTyenRANGE 70 70 FLOAD -003bullbullbull ROOF LIVE LOADOP 20 L3SFTyenRANGE 80 80 FLOAD -002MEMBERLOAD701702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 781 792 809 810 UNI GY -02LOAD 5 WIND IN XWIND LOADX 1 TYPE 1LOAD 6 WIND IN -XWIND LOADX -1 TYPE 1LOAD 7 wrND IN Zwnm LOADZ 1 TYPE 1LOAD B WIND IN ZwrND LOAD Z 1 TYPE 1LOAD COMB21 UNFACTOREDLOAD FOR GEO-TECH DESING1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10LOAD COMB22 FACTROREDLOAD1142143 14 4 17LOADCOMB23 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_X)1105 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275LOAD COMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-XI1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1 275 6 1215LOAD COMB25 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_Z)11051 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275
20420520620720B209210211 212213 214 21521621721B219220 221222223224-22522622722B21~130 131131233 234135 136 13 7 238239
241142243244-245246
249250251252 253 254255256257
P1 or
STAAD SPACE
260 LOAD COMB27 O 9DL+1 WI X261 1092 09 3 O~ 5 13262 LOAD COMB28 O~Du+~3WL -x263 1092 09 3 09 6 13261 LOAD COMB29 0 9DL+1 3WL Z265 109 2 09 3 09 7 13266 LOAD COMB30 09DL+lJWL -Z6 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13268 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELKMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 419 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH g 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS ~rRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISRSPACS = 141411308 1m EXMEM _ 11323 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 1O 23H roceMing Global Stiffness M-riX 10 23H Processing Triansular actorizatiof1 10 23H Calculating Joint Displacements 1O 24H Calculating Member Forces 10 24
269 LOAD LIST 21 22270 H71 START CONCRETE DESIGU272 CODE ACI273 UNIT INCRES KIP274 TRACK 2 ALL275 MINMAIN J ALL276 MAXMAIN8 ALL277 CLB 15 ALL278 CLS 1 5 ALL279 CLT ~5 ALL280 FC 25 ALL281 FYMAN 40 ALL28lt DESIGN BEAM501 TO 08 7D~ TO 84lt 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Pog of
A-
__ PAGE 0SIMD SPACE------------------- -------------------
_ bullbull lt CONCRETE TAKE OF bullbullbullFOR BE~MS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ~BOVEI
TOTAL VOLUCTE OF CONCR~TE ~ 11268 _94 CD FT
BAR SIZSNUMBER
mIGHT(in lbs)
1868563135362115B57951084 _9755~520
bullbullbull TOTAL= 5472996
285 FINISIl
bullbullbullbullbullbull 7 END OF STAAD-III ~7
DATE= JON 2~200J
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION M PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINBERS co bullbull West Coast - (714) 97~-2500 FClX- 714 I 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbull _ bullbullbullbullbullbullbull __ bullbull bullbullbull gt bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
Pbullbullbullbullbull of
A-9
-------------STAAD SPACE
260 1 09 2 093 09 8 13261 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- ~AGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTrcs
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMllER bullbullELEMENTS(SUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WrDTH ~ 196 nTOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ a TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISIt SPACE _ 141411570 MIl ExMEM_ 11611 MB
++ Processing Elemenc Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global stiffness Matrlx++ Processing Triangular ~actorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
163542163542163542163543163543
262 LOAD LIST 21 22263 HH264 START CONCRETE DESIGN265 CODE Atl266 UNJT INCHES KIP267 TRACK 2 ALL268 MINMAIN 4 ALL269 ~~MAIN a ALL270 CLB 15 ALU271 CLS 1 5 ALL272 eLT 1 5 ALL273 Fe 28 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO n 74 TO 78 6D TO 90 92 TO S276 104 TO 114 )48 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 2]277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 3]0 332 TO 338 34278 _ 843 TO 650 B59 TO 866 885 TO sn 902 TO 908
g of
A-10
w
gt w
~bull
H Z 00 H gt 0 H Z H g H
0 0 bull Z H n H bull Z 0 bull H
~bull 0 0 bull bull bull bull WHO om bull bull OH Z bullbull on 0 bull bull H N 0 H bull 0 0 Z bull 0 H 0 0 bull
~ bullbull 0 H 0 H bull 0 0 00
~ bull gt Z bullbull 0 0 bull 0 ro bull
bull bull H bull bull H
bull 0 bull H bull 0 ~
bull H H H 0 bull bull H
bull bull 000 bull n 0 ~
n n
I 0 H W 0 0bull - - ~ OJ bull W DO 00
C_ 0 bull 0 0 N DO 0 0 n 00-If-n~ bull 0 W oW ow H 0 H
bull COgt bull 0 0 WW 0 H 0 0 no 0 tor o H
bull ow W 0 0 H O H 00
2 bull 0 H 0 0 w Lbull m-lGlCl 0 0 bull H bull N 00bull Z gt-J
~
mgtow 0
gt I bull 0 H bull 000lt H 0
bull ltraquooOl H bull 0H bull 0 Z H W H H
bull 0 bull 0 H 0 o H
bull H H H H bull H H 0 0 0 0 00 bull 0bull 0 0 H bull 0 0 bull 0 bull bull I bullbull __ ro- bull w n bullbullbull H 0 0 0 0 bull H bullbull 00 bull bull e 0 bull H bull bull
~bull w 0 bull bull bullbull bull 0 bull bull bullbull 0 bull bull bull bullbull bull bull bull bull W bull 0 bull bull W bullbull 0 bull bull 0 bull bull bull bull bull bull bull lbull
bullbull
0 0 0 0bull
W bullw bull
STAADSPACE - - PAGE NO
260 LOADCOMB28 0 ~DL+13IL_-X261 J O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 6 13262 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+1 3L ~263 1 O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 7 13264 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13L -l265 1092 09 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTSg 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX_ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISI SPACE = Hl4 11309 MS EXMEM= 11~~~ Me
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocesslng Global Stlffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
10H46101646101646101647101647
267 LOADLIST 21 22268 bullbullbullbull26~ START CONCRETEDESIGN27D CODE ACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP272 TRACK2 ALL273 MINMAIN3 ALL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL275 CLB 15 ALL276 CLS 15 ALL277 CLT 15 ALL273 FC 29 ALL279 FYMAIN40 ALL280 DESIGN BEAM 50~ TO G18 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
A-12
STAAD SPACE __ IAGENO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE = 1011146 CUFT
BAR SIZENUllBER
bull
H TOT1L~
283 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
176933223469319085 Sl136~151335171
5384462
bullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull
H DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 1018 4 H
bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING rn VERSION 0 PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast 00- (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714 ) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast 00- (9~8) 6B8-3626 Fax- (97B) 685-7230 bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A13ry ot
STAAD SPACE
260 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL -Z261 1092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STJlTISTICS
NOMllER OF JOINTSMIDIIlER+ELEMENISSUPPORTS K 2281 4791 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH K 1961 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF BTIFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 14141 9966 MIl EXMEM ~ 9995 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
162B56162656162657162857162857
263 LOADLIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETEDESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KIP268 TRACK2 ALL269 MINMAIN4 ALL270 MAXMAIN8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALL273 CLI 15 ALL274 FC 25 ALL275 FYMAIN40 ALL276 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 lB TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 7B 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 S277 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21278 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34279 B43 TO B50 859 TO 866 885 TO B92 902 TO 90B
bullbull r
A-14
gt ~ rl bull bullbull bull 0
z 1 ~~ ~-x ~~ bullbullbullbull~ ~ ~ 00
bull gt ~ ~~
bull bull bullbull ltfl~ ~~Nm bull bull bull bullbull 0 ~ bull bull ~o bullgt bull f-lt bull --~ ~ bull ~ bull lt bull
bull 0gt bull 0 bullbull U ~M---~- bull _Z bullbull 0 0_0 N bull rl HU~~ ~Z ifgt H (1 H 10HO H_gt ~0 H bull O o ~ E-lt bull 00 -4 0 bull gt-lt bulllt bull ltVl b ofltgt l-ltZ M bull H
e 0 bull gt lt- Ii 0 Z b 0 b 0gt 0 N H bullbO b ~~ 00 __ 0 bull
U Orl rlOlt Q bull ~ H 00- Z N bull ltCUM ~U U U ~ ON bullbull bull bullbull bull ZZ Z ~ N ~ bull lt0-- 0-lt0 - IN bullbull u U bullbull lil bull bullbull lt1 u -lt ~Ilaquo0 0 ~ b oH bull c O-I-wO ~bull e 0 m CO ~0 b ~0 O bullbullbull 0 00_ - 0 N flt bullbullbull 0 UUo ~bull gt H bull bullbull bull 0bull bullbull CO bullbull bull COUO ltJ ltgtgt _0 Q
0 ltl bull -0 H ] b Z bullH bullbullbullbullbullbull ~
~ ~ ~b ~C m lt
STAAD SPACE
26Q 1 092 09 3 09 8 13261 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day lpn 200 0505 PIlt
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSsUPPORTS ~ 2281 47~ 25ORIGINALIINAL BWP-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM n 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX n 2~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISItSPACE ~ 1414 112~8 MB EXMEM bullbull11305 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 48 H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix ~8 H Processing Triangular Factorization 48 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1048 H Calculating Membr Fore 1046 262 LOADLIST 21 22263 bullbullbullbull264 START CONCRETEDESrGN265 CODE ACr266 UNIT INCHES KIP267 TRACK2 ALL268 MINMArN4 ALL269 MAXMAIN8 ALL270 CLB 15 ALL271 CLS lS ALL272 CLT lS ALL273 FC 44 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 60 TO ~O 92 IO 96 276 104 IO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 no TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34278 843 TO 8S0 859 TO 866 SS5 TO 892 ~02 TO ~06
A_16
STAAD SACE
TUeday At 200lt 05 Q PM
__ ~AGSNO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullFOR EEAMS AND CO~UMNS DES1GNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VO~UME OF CONCRETE ~ 349873 CUFT
BAR SlZENUMBER
bullbull TOTA~~
28~ FINISH
WEWHT
lin lbs)
868018135806143447158775772658
2178704
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
DATE= rUN~9~003
bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull QUESTlONS REGARDING THIS VERSlON OF ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - 7~4) 974-~500 Fax- 1714) 9H-2543 bullbull East Coast - (976) 686-3626 Fax- 1978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A17
9Oglt of
STAAD SPACE
260 11052 105 3 105 4 1~75 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13L X262 1092 0 9 3 09 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 6 13265 LOADCOMB29 a9DL+13WL_Z266 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092 09 3 09 8 13269 PERFORM ANALYSIS
Tuesday AprLl 200lt 050 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STAJISJICS
NUMBER OF JO~NTSMEMBER+ELEHENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25OR~G~NALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 196 31TOlALPRIMARY LOAD CASES 8 JOJALDEGREES OP FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OP STIPFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PR~C KORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 14UI 10052 KB ElCKEK 10074 KB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
115749115749115749115750115750
270 LOAD LIST 21 2227l 272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 3 ALL277 MAXMAIN a ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL2ao CLl 15 ALL281 FC 44 ALL~82 FYMAIN 40 ALL283 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 6lS 701 10 84~ 851 10 858 867 TO 88~ 895 TO 901
0 or
A-1B
STAAD SPACE __ PAGE NO
bullbull bullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COGUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAG VOGUME OF CONCRETE = 854555 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
TOTAG~
186 FINISH
WEIGHT(~n Ibs)
176288448775077448379214
1689494
4793815
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 115910
bull QUESTlONS REGARDING H1SVERSlON oe PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS 0 c bullbull west Coaet - (7141 974-2500 =- (714) 921-2543 bullbull EilstCOil~t - 97B) 688-3626 FilX-(978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull
A-19
STAAD SPACE
260 LOIDCOMB30 O9DL+l3Wl -z261 1 092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORM ANALYSIS
TUesday Iltpnl 0o 00 0503 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATrSTICS
NUMBER OP JOrNTSMBMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 2SORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STlFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIlgt DlSK SPACE ~ 14l4 11297 MD IXMEM 11322 MB
++ rocessing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocessing Global stiffne~~ Matrix_++ ProceBBing Triangular Factori~ation++ Calculating Joint Di~placements++ Calculating Member Forces
92823~2823~28239282492824
263 LOAD LIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETE DESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KI268 TRACK 2 ALL269 MINMAIN 4 ALL270 MAXMAIN 8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALlgt273 CLT 15 ALlgt274 Fe 36 ALL275 FYMAIN 40 ILL276 DESIGN COLUMN 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~o 92 TO 96 277 104 TO 114 14~ TO 153 155 TO l5~ 161 TO 171 206 TO 2J0 2J2 TO 216 21276 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 3427~ 843 TO 80 89 TO 866 865 TO 892 902 TO 908
go of
TUesday Apnl 0 00 05 OJ PH
STAAD SPACE
~~~~~CONC~ETE TAKE OFF ~~~~~~~(FOR BEAMSAlD COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CO~C~ETE = 347891 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBE~
u TOTAL~
282 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
7770_05143175379537468648~067 99
2675164
~~~END OF STAAD-III ~bullbullbullbull~
~~ DATE~ JUN 292003
bullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbull~bullbullbull~~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS ~EGARDING TIllS VE~SION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESE~RCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(714) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~1~76) 688-3626 Fax- 197B) 685-7230 bull~~bullbull~bullbull~~~~bullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbull~~
A-21
Pog of
STAADSPACE
260 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 7 1275261 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-Z)262 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 8 1275263 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13WL X264 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13265 LOADCOMB28 O9DL+13WL -X266 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 1 3267 LOADCOMB29 O9DL+13WL Z268 1 09 2 09 3 09 7 13269 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+13WL -Z270 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13271 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day Apnl 200lt 0501
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS~ 228 479 25ORI~INALFINAL B~_WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAlgtPRIMARYLOADCASES 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FRlEDOM~ 1218SI~E OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 141411268 MIl EXMEM~ 11325 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorizat~on++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Fo~ces
9513495134951349513595135
272 LOADLIST 21 22273 u274 START CONCRETEDESIGN275 CODEACI276 UNIT INCHES KIP277 TRACK2 ALL278 MINMAIN3 ALL27~ MAXMAIN8 ALL280 CLB 1_5 ALL281 CLS 15 ALL282 CLT 15 ALL283 FC 36 ALL284 FYMAIN40 ALL285 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO B42 B51 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
0 - Df Slt
A-22
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 964374 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
faTAL
268 FINISH
WEJCHT(in Ibs)
177047115913713077931152341667496
5020131
bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-IJI bullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 29200J TIME~ ~5252
bullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENCJNEER8 bullbull West Coast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull
A-23
Pobullbullbullbullbull ot
STAADSPAC
260 LOADCOMB29 09DL+l3WL Z261 1092093 09 7 13262 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z263109209309813264 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
lROBLEM S TAT 1ST I C S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPlORTS 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH_ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES _ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM_ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSRZQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 141411353 Mll lXMEM~ 11380 Mll
H Processing Element Stiffness MatrlX 1519 H Precessing Global Stiffness Matrix 1519 H precessing Triangular Factorization 1519 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1519 H Calculating Member Forces 1520 0
265 LOADLIST 21 22266 bullbull u
267 STARI CONCRETEDESIGN268 CODEACI269 UNIT INCHES KIP270 TRACK2 ALL271 MINMAIN4 ALL272 MAXMAIN8 ALL273 CLB 15 ALL274 CLS 15 ALL275 CLT 15 AGL276 FC 44 ALI277 FYMAIN60 ALL278 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 279 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21280 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34281 843 TO 850 859 TO 566 885 TO 8n 902 TO 90S
A-24
STAAD SPACE
~bullbull~bullbullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbull(POR BEAJgtlSAND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
__ PAGE NO
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE w 286875 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbullbull TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in 1bs)
10486852147631374701385_57397060
1936535
bullbullbullbullbull~~~END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~~
~DATEw JUN 25200
bullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbull~~~bullbullbull~bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF ~ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West coast - (714) ~74 -2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbullbull~bullbull~~
0lt
STAADSPACE
261 LOADCOMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_XI262 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 6 1275263 LOADCOMB25 075(14DL+l7LL+l7WL_ZI264 1105 2 105 3 1054 1275 7 1275265 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI266 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 B 1275267 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X26B 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13269 LOADCOMB28 09DL+l3WL -X270 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 13271 LOADCOMB29 09DL+13WL_Z272 1 09 2 09 3 O~ 7 13273 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL_-Z274 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 1)275 PERFORMANALYSI8
- - PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALPINAL BAND-WIDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM _ 121BSIZE OF STIFF~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISISPACE ~ 141411362 MS E~ 11354 MB
++ processing Element 8tiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~m~nts++ Calculating Member Forces
154753154753154753154753154754
276 LOADLIST 21 22277 bullbull u
278 START CONCRETEDESIGN279 CODEACI280 UNIT INCHES KIP281 TRACK2 ALL282 MJNMAIN4 ALL283 MAXMAIN8 ALL284 CLB 15 ALL285 CLS 15 ALL286 CLT 15 ALL287 FC 44 ALL288 FYMAIN60 ALL289 DESJGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
A26
STAAD SPACE
~odnosdy April 07 200 12 bullbull PIlt
__ PAGE NO 4E
bullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE ~ 614543 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
h TOTAL=
292 FINISH
WEIGHTlin Ib)
23844211346225329075487201051119
46517 _88
~~bullbull~~END OF STAAD-III ~~bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JVlI 252003 TIME~ 154929 h
~~~~~~~~bullbull~~~bullbullbullbull~bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VSRSION OF PROGRAMbull RESEARCH ENGINSERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7H) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - 978 ) 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 685-7230 bull~~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbullbullbull
A-27
Pg 5
STAADSPACE
260 1092 093 09 7 13261 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z262 1092 09 3 09 8 13263 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM S TAT I S TIC S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WID~ ~ 196 31TOT-LPRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 8471 MIl ExMEM~ 8600 MB
H Ptocessing ElemEnt StiffnEss Mattix 12 132H ProcEssing Global Stiffness Matrix 12 132H Processing Trlangular Factorization 12 132H Calculating Joint Displacements 12 1]3H Calculating MEmber Forces 12 133
264 LOADLIST 21 22265 bullbull u
266 START CONCRETEDESIGN267 CODEACI268 UNIT INCHES ~lP269 TRAC~ 2 ALL270 MINMAIN4 ALL271 MAXMAIN8 ALL272 CLB 15 ALL273 CLS 15 ALL274 CLT 15 ALL275 FC 36 ALL276 FYMAIN60 ALL277 DESIGN COLUMN1 rO 16 IS TO 22 57 TO 72 74 rO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 278 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21279 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34280 843 TO 850 85~ TO 866 8B5 TO 892 902 TO 908
go
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
uUH CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ 335474 CUFT
BAR SIZENUJolBER
TOTAr~
263 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbsl
6330H565332164366277114472160
2112007
END OF STAAD-Ilr bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TrME= 12 3 5 bull
bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull eo QUESTrONS REGARDrNG THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~19781 686-3626 Fax- (9751 655-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
A-29
0 oE
STAAD SPACE
260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOAD COMB28 O9DL+JWL -x262 1092 09 3 09 6 J326 LOAD COMB29 O9DL+JWL Z264 1092 09 3 O~ 7 13265 LOAD COMB30 O_~DL+J3WL_-Z266 1 O_~ l O~ 3 09 B 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
~dn5dy AI 07 200lt 12 PM
- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIOTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES S TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121SSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = ~~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSRliQRDAVAILOISISPACE ~ 1414 8511~ EXMEM _ 8579 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
114125114125114126114126U4l27
268 LOAD LIST 21 2~269 270 START CONCRETE DESIGNl7J CODEACI22 UNIT INCHES KIP273 TRACK 2 ALL274 MINMAIN 4 ALL275 MAXMAIN 8 ALL276 CLB 15 ALL277 CLS 15 ALL278 CLT 15 ALL~79 FC 36 ALL280 FYMAIN 60 ALL28J DESIGN BEAM50J TO 6J8 70J TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
g of
A-3D
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE bull 727873 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbull
TOTAL
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
lt234770403~248654~34000 ~6504918
4409100
bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JON 262003
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSWN OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7141 974-2500 Fax- 714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (9781 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 6SS-n30 bull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull
A-31
p of bullbull
STAADSPACE
2521142143144 l7253 LOADCOMB23 075(J4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Xl254 l L05 2 L05 3 LOS 4 1275 5 1275255 LOADCOMB24 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_XI256 l L05 2 105 3 105 4 1275 6 1275257 LOADCOMB25 075(l4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Z)258 l 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275259 LOADCOMB26 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI260 l l05 2 105 3 l05 4 1275 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL_X262 l O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 1092 09 3 09 6 l3265 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+13WL Z266 1092 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL -Z268 1092 09 3 09 8 l3269 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM STATrSTrcs
NUMBEROF JOrNTSMEMBER+~~EMENTSsUPPORTS~ 2251 4791 25ORrGI~FrNAL BAND_WIDTH~ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES 5 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM 1218SlZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAlL DUK SPACE 141411569 MB EI(IIgM 11607 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ processing Globsl Stiffness Matrix++ proce~sing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member ForCes
l65923J65923J65~23l65~24165924
270 LOADLIST lt1 22271 uu272 START CONCRETEDESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK2 ALL276 MINMAIN4 ALL277 MAXMAIN8 ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT l5 ALL281 Fe 29 ALL282 FYMAIN60 ALL283 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO l6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~O n TO 96 ~284 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21285 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 2B5 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 33B 34
Fa ot
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
(FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ ~52761 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
gtbullbullbull TOTAL=
289 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbBI
7871 93298984~750 545725 66587542
bullbullbullbull DATE= JON 192003 TIME= 17 027 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull m QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Ccast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) ~21-2543 bullbull East Ccast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-33
iT oE
STAADSPACE
252 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275253 LOADCOMB24 075 (14DL+l7LL+l7WL_-XI25~ 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 175 6 1275255 LOADCOMB2S 0 7S (1 4DL+l 7LL+l 7WLZ)256 11052 105 3 105 ~ 1275 7 1175257 LOADCOMB26075(1 4DL+17LL+l 7WL -ZI258 11052 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275259 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOADCOMB25 0~DL+13WL -X262 109 2 O~ 3 09 6 13263 LOADCOMB29 0~DL+l3WL Z264 1092 09 3 09 7 13265 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL~Z266 1092 09 3 09 8 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINAL~lNAL BAND_WlDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LO~ ~ES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121BSIZE OF STIr~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 11622 MB ExMEM _ 11630 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Triangular Factorization 16 45H Calculating Joint Displacements 16 46H Calculating Member Forces 16 46
26B LOADLIST 21 TO 2226~bullbull u
270 STARTCONCRETEDESIGN271 CODE ACI272 UNIT INCHES KlP273 TRACK 2274 MINMAIN4 ALL27 MAXMAIN8 ALL276 CLB 1277 CLS 1527B CLT 15279 FC 29280 FYMAIN 602B1 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 61B 70l TO 842 85l TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Po 0
A-e4
STAAD SPACE -- PAGIgt NO
bullbull CONCRETE TA~E OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull(FOR BIgtAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ 936663 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullH TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
2218196100107537652369180134297
4321892
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull DATE_ JUN 92003 TIME~ 16 6 5 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
eoWestEast
OUESTIONS REGARDING TEIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at
Coa~t Ph- (7H) n4-2500 Fax- (7H) 92-2543Co~tPh- (978) 68B-3626 Fax- (~7B) 685-7230
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-35
go bullbullbull or ltOS
STAADS1ACE
252 LOAD COMB24 075114Dlt+17ltlt+17Wlt_-XI253 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 l27S 6 1275254 LOAD COMB25 075114Dlt+l7LL+l7WL_Z)255 11052 LOS 3 105 4 1275 7127S256 WAD COMB26 075114Dlt+17LL+17WL_ZI257 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275258 LOAD COMB27 09DL+J3WL X259 1092 09 3 09 5 13260 WAD COMB26 O9DL+13Wlt_-X261 1092 09 3 O~ 6 13262 WAD COMB29 O9DL+l3WL Z263 J 09 2 09 3 09 7 13264 LOAD COMB30 09Dlt+l3WL -Z265 109 l OS 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
-~ PAGE NO
PROBLEM S TAT S TIC S
NUMBEROF JONTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS_ 228 479 25ORIGNALFNAL BAND-WlDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SlZE OF STPFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAL DISK SPACE ~ 1414 10570 ME EXMEM 10597 ME
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~ments++ Calculating Member Forces
123548123548123548123549123549
267 LOID LIST 2l 22268 u++
269 START CONCRETEDESIGN270 CODEACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP271 TRACK 2 ALL273 MINMAIN 4 AL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL27S CB 15 ALL276 CS 15 AL277 CT 15 ALL278 FC 25 AL279 FYMAIN 60 ALL280 DESIGN COLUMNJ TO J6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 gt28J 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 lSS TO 159 J6J TO 17) 206 TO 210 212 TO 2J6 2]281 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34283 843 TO 850 859 TO 866 885 TO 891 902 TO 908
bullbull or bullbull
STNill SPACE -- PAGE NO
~~~~CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 418998 CUFT
BAR S1ltENUMBER
WEIGHTlin lbsl
9534245293381031637769676075
U TOTAL= 28~5a 03
286 FINISH
~~~~~~END OF STAAD-I11 ~~~~
bullbullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TIME= 123711 bullbullbullbull
bullbull
bullbull
921-2543685-7230
QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc atPh- 1714) n4-2500 Fax- 17141lh- (978) 688-3626 Fax- 19781
WeBt CoaBtEast CoaBt
bullbullbullbull
gO of
A-37
bull
STAAD SPACE
260 110521053 105 4 1275 8 1275261 LOAD COMB 27 O9DL+l3WL_X262 1092093 09 5 13263 LOAD COMB 28 O9DL+l3WL_-X264 1092093 09 6 13265 LOAD COMB 29 O9DL+l3WL_Z266 1092093 09 7 13267 LOAD COMB 30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092093 09 6 13269 PERFORM MlALtSrS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM S T ITIS TIC S
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 195 31TOTAro PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 rOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOW _ InSSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PRBe WORDSREQRDAVJILDISIl SPACE 141411309)IB EXMEM_ 11319 MB
++ Proce~singElement Stiffness Matrix++ PrDcessing Global Stiffness Matrix++ p~ocessing Triangular Factori2ation++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Force~
1033 91033 91033 9103310103310
270 LOAD LIST 21 22271 u272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE hCI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 4 ALL277 MAXMAIN BALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT 15 ALL281 Fe 25 hLL282 FYMAIN 60 ALL2B3 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 8~5 TO 901
FOg or
A-38
STAAD SPACE
w bullbull day PriJ 07 200lt 12
-- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull~ bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ H07625 CUFT
TOTAL~
286 FINISH
WEIGIJT(in Ibs)
2555707312566433964100076370299
4373300
bullbull bullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 292003
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull QUESTIONS REGARDING rum VERSION PROGRAM bullbull RESRARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast gt0- (7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 92) -2543 bullbull East Coast gt0- (9781 688-36)6 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull of
APPENDIX-B
List of Buildings for Different Strength Concrete and Reinforcement
APPENDIX-B
STRUCTURE DEVELOPER CONCRETE STEELSTREGTII STRENGTH
6(SIX) STORIED RESIDEIHIAL BUILDING ABC REAL ESTATES LTD 3aao pi 60000 piAT PLOT NO 239 KHILlGI ROAD BLOCK_B ABC HOUSE (6TH FLOOR) 8 KAMALATATURKMOHAMMADPUR HOUSING ESTATL AVENUE DHAKA1205MOHAYIMADP]JR DHAKA
9(NINE) STORIED RESIDENTIAl BUILDING MONICO LIMITED 3000 pi 611000piAT PLOT 0 507 MOUZA KAFRUI~ WEST HOUSE 10 7l1 ROAD NO 71A DHANMONDlAGARGAO DHAKA RIA DHAKA-12096(MX) STOlUlm RESIDFNTIAL BUILDING MR MOHAI1MAD HABlBUR RltHMAN 2500 psi 40000 piAI BAJTUL AMAN COOPERATJVE HOUSINGSOCIETY LIMITED PLOT NO-578cS 10_124KHA TIAN 0-346(SIX) STORIED CHAMP A SUPER MARKET MIS NISHA CONSTRUCTION 2500 pi 40000 piAT RAUARANDI DAZAR 13ALIAKANDlRAJBARl5(FlVE) STORIED ADMIN BUiLDIIG OF MIS NISHA CO]STRUCTlON 2500 pi 40000 piMANSUR ALI COLLEGEAT NARUA BALIAKANDI RAJBARI7 STORIED MLlNAT PLAZA MD MINNAT HOSSAIN 25110pi 40000 psiA SHOPPING CUM RESIDENTIAL DUILDINGA1 ABDULLAHPURKERANIGONJ DHAKA
WELKINS CANOPUS WELKINS PROPIRTY MANAGFMENT LTD 2500 pi 40000 pi9 STORIED APARTME1lt DUILDllG 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIBAGliAT LALKlIAI BAZAR CHlTTAGONG CIlITTAGOGWELKINS CALYX WELKINS PROPERTY MANAGEMENT LTD 2500 psi 40000 psi9 STORIED APARTMENT I3UIWING 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIDAGIIATNASlRABAD CHITTAGONG CIllTJAGONGGRAMEEN LEPTIS MAGNA GRAMEEN BANGLA HOUSING LTD 3000 psi 60000 piAT NIKETON GULSHAN SO-lARTORI TOWER (7TH FLOOR)9 STORIED APARTMENT BUILDING 12 SOlAR GAON ROAD DHAKA 1000
B~
APPENDIX - B
6 STORIED OFFICE BUILDING RUNNER AU rOMOBlLES LTD 2500Igti 40000 psiAT KUTURIA SAVAR DHAKA 74B GREEr ROAD DIJAKA
5-STORIED RESIDFNTIAL BlJILDING FOR MRROHIUL KARIM 2500 pi 40000 psiMRROBIUL KARIM AT PWT NO-lBROAD NO_7 SECTOR _7UTARA MODEL TOVNDHAKASNIGHDA ORCHID UNITIiCH HOLDIIGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD NO5 HOUSE NO - 7 BLOCK - IBANANI DHAKAJAUIIYA IJIITECH HOIDlNGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD 10 _9 HOUSE NO - 35 SECTOR- 4UTTARA DHAKA
ROUDRACHYA UNlTECIl HOJDIgtIGSLIMITED 2500 pl 40000 plROADNO_9 IlOUSENO-31SECTOR-4UITARADHAKA
UNITECH PRJ(SIDENCY UNITECH HOLDINGS LIMITED 2500 psi 40000 psiHUMAYANROAD PWTN034MOHAMMADPUR DHAKA
6-STORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING FOR Mlgt TOFAZZEL HOSSAIN 2500 pi 40000 psiMDTOFAZZEL HOSSAIN PLOT NO-64 BLOCK-C MANSURABAD HOUSING SOCIETYMOHAMMADPUR DHAKA8S10RIED IXI6MARRlED ORSQIJARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARMY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT SHAHEED YOUSUF ROAD DHAKA CANTT DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED lXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE OW amp CE (ARlfY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT POSTOGOLA CANTI DHAKA DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED IXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARII-IY) 3000 pi 40000 piAT ARMY HEAD QUATER ADMIN WING DHAKACANTIDHAKA CANTT4_STORlIW ENGINEERING FACILITIES ~ 3000 pi 60000 piBUILDING JMBAR PROJECT SARAK BHABAN
B~
APPENDIX- B
RAMNADHAKASHAPTAK SHAHNAMA SHAPTAK GRIHAY~ LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORJED APARTMENT BUILDING 819 BLOCK-C LALMATIA DHAKA-1207FORMR M MOSHIURRAHMA-lt ATPLOTNO34 BLOCK - C LALMATIA DHAKA - 1207SHAPT AK MAVIS SHAPT AK GRIllA Ylli LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORIED APARThlENT BUlTJ)ING 819 BLOCK-C lALMATlA DHAKA_1207fOR MR M MOSHllJR RAHMAN AT PLOT NO314HLOCK C LALMArJA DHAKA 1207
B-
APPENDIX-C
list of Buildings Using ExcavatorLabour for Excavation Work
APPEND1X-C
STRITCTlJRE
LABAID CARDIAC CENTREROAD _ 4 DHAllfONDJ DHAKA
LABAID SPECIALIZED 1I0SlIT AIROAD - 4 D1IA~MONDr DHKA
HABIT AT CENTER21 S]ORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEXSHAY AMOU DHAKASAM COMPLEX21 STORIED SHOPPING OfFICE COMPLEXSHAYA)IjOLl DHAKA(LOBE SHOPING CENTERto SIORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEX24 MIRPUR ROAD DHAKAHAPPY HOMES DR RAtA fULLA ARCADE6 STORIED BUIWINGROAD NO 3 DHANMONDI DJIAKAMULTILA GREEN VILLA15 SfORJED BUIWINGGREEN ROAD DHAKA
Such as 18 Storied New Market CityComplexadjacent of Dhaka new market14 storied CRP building project atMirJlur-14 Dhaka
nlvrLOP~R
LAB AlD corSTRUCTlOr
LAB AID CONSTRUCTlO
IIABITAJ REAL ESTATE LTD
GLOBE CENTER LTD
HAPPY HOMES LTD
MULTIPLAN LTD
UNIVERSE CONSTRUCTION LTD(CONTRACTOR)
m
Col
NOWIUSlMEIT
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
EXCA VATlOr- WORKPERFORMIW BY
EQUIPMEN l 1~IiNSIVE
EQlIPME~T INTElSTVE
EQUlPMElT INTElSIVE
EQUIMElT INTENSIVE
FQUlPMENT INTENSIVE
EQUIPMENT INTElS1Vpound I ~~~0 -Ilt~ s-
J~LABOUR INTENSIVE~i -ii amp
jjik ciI ~ ~ f- 1j
LABOURINTENSIV lt~~(I)ill- ~ J lt 4M
LABOUR INTENSIVE (
- 00000001
- 00000002
- 00000003
- 00000004
- 00000005
- 00000006
- 00000007
- 00000008
- 00000009
- 00000010
- 00000011
- 00000012
- 00000013
- 00000014
- 00000015
- 00000016
- 00000017
- 00000018
- 00000019
- 00000020
- 00000021
- 00000022
- 00000023
- 00000024
- 00000025
- 00000026
- 00000027
- 00000028
- 00000029
- 00000030
- 00000031
- 00000032
- 00000033
- 00000034
- 00000035
- 00000036
- 00000037
- 00000038
- 00000039
- 00000040
- 00000041
- 00000042
- 00000043
- 00000044
- 00000045
- 00000046
- 00000047
- 00000048
- 00000049
- 00000050
- 00000051
- 00000052
- 00000053
- 00000054
- 00000055
- 00000056
- 00000057
- 00000058
- 00000059
- 00000060
- 00000061
- 00000062
- 00000063
- 00000064
- 00000065
- 00000066
- 00000067
- 00000068
- 00000069
- 00000070
- 00000071
- 00000072
- 00000073
- 00000074
- 00000075
- 00000076
- 00000077
- 00000078
- 00000079
- 00000080
- 00000081
- 00000082
- 00000083
- 00000084
- 00000085
- 00000086
- 00000087
- 00000088
- 00000089
- 00000090
- 00000091
- 00000092
- 00000093
- 00000094
- 00000095
- 00000096
- 00000097
- 00000098
- 00000099
- 00000100
- 00000101
- 00000102
- 00000103
- 00000104
- 00000105
- 00000106
- 00000107
- 00000108
- 00000109
- 00000110
- 00000111
- 00000112
- 00000113
- 00000114
- 00000115
- 00000116
- 00000117
- 00000118
- 00000119
- 00000120
- 00000121
- 00000122
- 00000123
- 00000124
-
CHAPTER 4 TECHNOLOGY ON EXCAVATION AND RCC
OF BANGLADESH
41 Technology in Excavation 35
411 Preliminary Stage 37
412 Time Analysis with Seasonal Effects 38
413 Cost Analysis and Result 40
42 Design and Specifications
421 Material for BUilding Construction 45
4211 Material in Bangladesh 46
4212 Reinforcement 47
4213 Concrete 48
4214 Steel 49
4215 ReC Grading 50
4216 Interdependence of Humnware
Infoware and Hardware 51
4217 Analysis and Result 52
4219 Cost Analysis 60
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Discussion
52 Conclusion
53 Scope of Future Works
REFERENCES
63
64
64
65
APPENDIX A 5T AADlPro input and output
APPENDIX B List of buildings for different strength
concrete and reinforcement
APPENDIX C List of buildings using excavatorlabour
for excavation work C-1
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1-1 la) Natural features caves and overhangs
Fig 1-1 (bll Crude shelter
Fig 1-1 c) Beehive hut
Fig 1-1 Id) Cone on cylinder
Fig 1-1 (e) Hipped-on cube
Fig 21 Excavation Equipment
Fig 2-2 Compaction amp Grading Equipment
Fig 2-3 Drilling amp Blasting Equipment
Fig 2-4 Construction Tools amp Other Equipments
Fig 31 National Assembly
Fig 3-2 Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
Fig 3-3 Islamic Development Bhaban
Fig 3-4 Bashundhara City
1
1
2
2
2
13
16
18
21
26
27
28
29
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4-1 5 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 41Table 4-2 10 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 41Table 4-3 15 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 42Table 4-4 20 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 42Table 4-5 ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed bar 47Table 4-6 8S4149 specifications for Twisted bar 47Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Rein and Concrete 50Table 4-8 Column Concrete Strength 44 kSIand Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 52Table 49 Beam Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 52Table 410 Column Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 53Table4-11 Beam Concrete Stren9th 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 53Table 4-12 Column Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 54Table 4-13 Beam Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 54Table 414 Column Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 55Table 4-15 Beam Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 55Table 4-16 Column Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 56Table 4-17 Beam Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 56
59
Table 4-18 Column Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 57
Table 4-19 Beam Concrete Strength 3 6 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 57
Table 4-20 Column Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 58
Table 4-21 Beam Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 58
Table 4-22 Column Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi
Table 4-23 Beam Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 kSI 59
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule 60
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule 60
Table 4-26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement 61
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete ReqUirement 61
Table 4-28 Reinforcement and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka 61
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 4-1 Excavation cost for 5 feet 43Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet 43Graph 4-3 Excavation cost for 15 feet 44Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet 44Graph 4-5 Total Cost of Concrete and Reinforcement 62Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement 62
Xli
ADPASTM
BS
SUET
GATS
GIS
kip
ksi
PCpsi
PVC
PWD
GCRampD
RC
RCC
UKWTO
ABBREVIATIONS
Annual Development Program
American Society for Testing Matenal
Bangladesh Standard
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
General Agreement on Trade amp Services
Geographic Information System
KiloPound
Kilo-pound per Square Inch
Personal Computer
Pound-per Square Inch
Poly Vinyl Chloride
Public Works Department
Quality Control
Research amp Development
Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced Cement Concrete
United Kingdom
World Trade Organization
X1l1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Development of Construction Technology
Building is the earliest form of technology In civil engineering construction
From the most primitive times humans required protection from the wild
animal elements of nature changing seasons and predators in natural
shelters such as caves and rock overhangs
Step by step they learned to improve their caves with inlaid stone floors
walls at the entrances and fireplaces Ultimately they began creating entirely
new habitats in locations that had no natural shelter
Shetters built from natural material~ indicate that they had knowledge of the
stress strain and insulation properties (heat cold and water-proofing) of the
materials used The use of hand-made bricks or stone blocks indicated
knowledge of properties such as compression forces The symmetrical
shapes of the designs indicated the knowledge and application of the
principles of geometry
Most communities had their own distinctive styles lor bUilding their houses
and archaeologists have uncovered many examples through the ages
[Shown in Fig l-1a) to Flg1-1 (e)]
Fig1-110)Naturalfeaturecoos andcerhangsNaturalshell likecaveoravehangswereusedas OleSlInleornobuldngmaterialswereused
Fig1-1(b)CrudehellerTemporary5lruelue5tht neededIItUeWOlt1ltmn5hlpMalerilsfouodnoarbywereusedndoITangedona udelrameworkofbrance
Fig 11 (el llBolllvo nulA ypcal bUlldng yle of Ihe Nguni people (Zuluand Xlloa) Vertical branenes were stabilisedtl1 hOzotal bltacing wiln nO ~istnclibetweon Ine walls nd Lne roof The saplingslrueuro was bound lOgeher by gass fibreropos and tho grass eong ws wn to Ihelerura Ih gras rope
Fig 1_1 (0) Hlpped-ltgtn cubWestern fiuecaled 10 Ihe introduction of Ihe gOwall cons1ructlon The walilayoo Iso ~caeheha or the roof Walls me higher and doorvayslarger
Fig 11 (d) Con on cylinderA typlcol style among Ihe Tswana Solho andVenda peoplo Tila roof IS para and can bcleorly idenllfied The rooF as mode lrcltn grassad the wallslrom dag or tyle 01cement
The bUilding trade is the earliest form of civil engineering construction Up to
13 century building technology in the sub-continent fell under three
category (a) Thatchery and mud houses made of thatched roof of bamboo
straw grass reed etc lb) stone masonry which included hewing laying and
carving of stone and (c) Brick masonry construction consisting of lime-surki
mortar in the city areas Between 13 and 18h century the feudal monarchs
and the land lords constructed monumental bUildings After the Industrial
2
revolution in the 180 century construction of factory buildings labor sheds
ware houses etc became the major construction activities With the
invention of the steam engine in the 18 century development of railways
started Besides the construction of roads ports and harbors inland and
offshore navigation developed simultaneously after the Second World War
reconstruction of the war ravaged infrastructure brought a boom In the civil
engineering construction Civil engineering also has attained modernization
an eventually in the seventies the development of chips and micro chips and
the high capacity single chip microprocessor made possible the development
of the micro computers The computer software technology has also
developed very fast simultaneously The development of the optical fiber
and the satellite technology has made a revolution and the internet has
brought the information technology to a stage which was unimaginable even
a decade ago As result knowledge based industries now dominate over the
previous machinery based industries Traditional construction industry as
gradually becomes obsolete and ineffective worldwide in these high tech
eras This new situation put construction industry a new challenge
In modern times the civil engineers built dams sluices regulators barrages
pump houses and p ower generation and many other structures which were
believed to be impossible to construct Gigantic modern off-shore structures
are now built which go to several hundred meters below sea level In the
field of bridge construction enormous progress have been achieved Bridges
has now become relatively cheap and can be built in extremely short timeThe most ambitious bridge development ever realized is certainly the Akashi-
Kaiko Bridge in Japan with a span of 1990 meter This gigantic endeavor at
the early age where only possible due to very sophisticated and heavy
erection equipment developed The successful construction of channel
tunnel Bull twinkle (492 m worlds tallest offshore platform) Louisianan
offshore oil port supertanker unloading capacity of 100000 barrel an houri
Kansai international airport a port reclaimed from sea bed containing
extremely soft soill testify to development capability of the civil engineeringprofession in modern times it will not be out of place to mention that during
the sixties intensive urbanization in many developed countries saw the
3
spectacular revolutionary concepts such as wall frame Interaction tube-in-
tube bundle tubes diagonally braced frame and compOSite construction
pioneered the high rise growth Developments of intelligent buildings that
can respond to earthquake and fire hazards are in the making
In recent years (Information agel technological innovation in design
materials and construction methods have resulted in significant changes in
construction costs Computer aids have improved capabilities for generation
quality designs as well as reducing the time required to produce alternative
designs New equipments and materials not only have enhanced the quality
of constructIOn but also have shortened the time for shop fabrication and
field erection Construction methods have gone through various stages of
mechanization and automation including the latest development of
construction robotics
The Global Trend
Competition in global market for better amp economic building construction is
increasing day by day Construction organizations are realizing that
responsiveness to market demands and adaptability to changing condition
Competitive prices are the hallmarks of successful enterprise Therefore
every construction organization wants to lower the cost by alternate deSign
interchanging material strength amp type uSing modern construction methods
and proper management So construction world is going for new technology
and saving both time and cost
The Bangladesh Context
Bangladesh has come a long way since its independence But a very few
organizations have adopted new construction technology and ability to build
high strength material with quality After 2004 due to WTD and GATS
Bangladesh market has to be made open to outside countries and most of
the organization will face difficult challenges from the competitors of other
countries To face this challenge effectively construction organizations need
4
to be more responsive to market demands lower the prices by choosing
proper construction technology in all stages of construction as well as
improve quality of material If construction organizations of Bangladesh will
able to qualify with other countries in competition they would have to
opportunity to work abroad
Bangladesh is one of the least developed countries in the world Regrettably
In Bangladesh most of the construction methods and design are oriented by
conventional method Though volume of building construction is large but
modern construction method and equipment facilities in most of the cases
are absent Only a small number of projects have been done or ongoing With
theses modern facilities Remarkable new and high strength material are also
not using in Bangladesh Only in some national bridgeroad construction
project modern equipment and material were used in Bangladesh Due to
absent of new and high strength materials new technologies new
equipments quality as well as effiCiency of building construction are very
poor
12 Objective of the Project
Bangladesh is one of the least developing countries Contemporary
construction technology With high strength materials are not often uSing inbUildingconstruction sector The objective of this study IS to find out what
type of technology and materials are being using for building construction In
addition to find out if better technology is available why these are not
being accepted at present in construction sector of Bangladesh
Specific objectives of this study are
bull To study the exiting technological parameters in present day building
construction in Bangladesh
bull To study the economy of scale and factors as they relate to-
(a) Humnware
(b) Infoware and
(e) Hardware
5
13 Methodology
Methodologies used in this study are followings
I Study of the literature to identify the contemporary
technology in building construction in developing NIC and
developed economies
II Study of the local documents and of field data to find the
status of contemporary technology in the building industry in
Bangladesh
III Study the economy of scale and contemporary technology as
they relate to humnware Infoware and hardware
6
CHAPTER 2
TECHNOLOGIES IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
21 Introduction to Technology in Construction Industry
McGraw Hill Encyclopedia Defines Technology as 11
Technology is closely related to science and engineering Science deals with
humans understanding of real world around them - the interesting
properties of space matter energy and their interactions Engineering is the
application of objective knowledge to the creation of pians designs and
means for achieving desired objectives Technology deals with tools and
techniques for carrying out the plans
Construction Technology
Basic design and construction topics which include both field and office
activates which facilitate problem definition evaluation solution and
communication ie design electives electrical equipment estimating
formwork mechanical quantity surveying rigging scaffolding scheduling
shop drawings site planning surveying takeoff utilitiesfl9
Construction industry undoubtedly is the backbone and propelling force
behind our progress It has the potential to contribute to peoples lives in
many ways This needs high skill dynamic leadership broad vision great
courage latest technology and communication system
Modern science and technology have provided many useful tools like
computers~CPM-PERT-most productive and efficient machines financial
management procedures and many others But all these become redundant
and unproductive when these sophisticated and efficient tools are worked
by green and inexperienced hands who lack the basic ingredients of work
culture dedication and courage and people who are not imaginative and
innovative
7
22 Construction technologies on the basis of labour and equipment
Construction technologies can on the basis of their content of labour and
equipment be classified as
o Equipment Intensive
o Labour based and
o Labour Intensive Technologies
The choice of the technology may affect the overall cost the overall
duration of the construction and the overall quality of the asset Some
works allow only one type of technology while others can be done in
various ways Graphically equipment intensive labour Intensive and labor
based technologies are shown in below
Potential shift in labour contents by using labour-based methods
Llbaur - _
Equipment Intensive
Labour Based
Labour Intensive
IIIlililillllIII-IIIliillllllnmmmllF
221 Equipment Intensive Technology
Equipment intensive technology is defined as the combination of labour and
equipment In which most work is done by labOUHeplacing equipment
supported by a small labour force Although the technology might be
appropriate in circumstances with high wage levels low labour availability
and high skill levels its application is often ineffective at local level where
individual projects are relatiVely small and dispersed over a large
geographical area
8
222 labour Intensive Technology
To avoid a common misconception it is important to distinguish between
labour basedmethods and labour Intensive methods In contrast with labour
based technology labour intensive approaches seek to maximize
employment with a minimum use of mechanized equipment often at the
expense of cost and quality
223 labour BasedTechnology
In selecting the most appropriate technology it is however important that
irrespective of the type of technology resources is used efficiently quality
standards are maintained and time limitations are observed For these
reasons labour based technology has been developed to maXimize
opportunities for the employment of labour (skilled and unskilled) while
supported by light equipment under strict conditions of cost
competitiveness acceptable engineering quality standards and timely
implementation Labour based work methods are competitive only if these
conditions are met and can then provide a lasting alternative to traditional
equipment-intensive construction methods
23 Software Technologies
Normally software means the written instructions executed by some
hardware Ie Programs that are needed to run for execution and manage
the computer and those which are used to solve the problem 111 The
Software technologies have three subdivisions which are
bull Manpower (Humnware)
bull Information (Infoware)
bull Organization (Orgaware)
231 Manpower (Humnwere)
We know manpower (humnware) is the person-embodied component of
technology 111 For construction works require different types of personal but
most of them require technical background Different disciplined engineer
site engineer supervisor foreman rod binders mason skilled labour helper
9
carpenter sanitary technicians electrical technicians and other personal are
the humnware
Productivity in construction IS often broadly defined as output per labor
hour Improvement of labor productivity should be a significant activity in
building construction In construction works vigorously pursue the efficient
utilization of labor So improvement of personnel related to this field is a
vital factor of construction industry
232 Information (Infoware)
Information IInfowarel is usually the document-embodied form of technology
[11 This inciudes the specifications market database for materials theories
charts database drawing codes books journals catalogs and other
documents Requisition and supply management work(s) are also includes in
infoware Infoware constitute a crucial part of construction industry For
construction works every step is related to infoware Proper constructions
need accurate material specification guided by the code(s] Proper
information is the key factor of any construction project
233 Organization (Orgaware)
Within a frame work of the Organization (Orgawarel Manpower
(Humnware) Information (Infoware and Hardware technologies work 111
Organization techniques principles practices and arrangements that govern
the effective use of technology by humnware This includes construction
planning project management QC safety RampD
Organizational systems play the key role in construction industry Both the
success and failure of construction works widely depends on organization
An organization system includes Organization structure organization design
human resource poliCY and practice organization Culture work stress etc
Common organizational structures available in construction industries are-
bull Project organization
bull Matrix organization
bull Line and staff organization
10
24 Hardware Technology
Modern construction especially for large projects has grown in complexity
due to size cost and speed of construction Construction equipment is an
important resource and its planning assumes vital importance With the
rapidly changing technology both in design and construction areas
contractors are now shy of making heavy investment in heavy equipment
New innovation of construction equipment change the older method of
construction method and resultant is quicker and economic construction
Sometimes whole system is enhanced by new innovation Such as two
technological developments namely lilt and modern metal frame removed
the prevailing limitations on the height of the buildings Hardware is object-
embodies form of technology 111 such as Construction
equipmentmachineries all type of materials appliances computer paper
printer
The selection of appropriate construction equipment often affects the
required amount of time and effort and thus the job-site productivity of a
project It is therefore important for site managers and construction planners
to be familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment
Various types and important works are involved for construction Industry
Such as excavation loading compaction and grading drilling and blasting
equipment lift and erecting machineries mixing construction tools and
other equipment Different types of work require different type of hardwareand technology
11
Selection of most suitable and available equipment for a particular project is
a frequent problem for contractor Owner contractor and even the engineers
of our country are going for traditional method and material Sometimes due
to old technique and traditional material huge financial loss is the result
Money spent for equipments need to be considering as an investment
which can be recovered with a profit during the useful life of the equipment
241 Excavation
Types of equipment which are used to excavate earth and related materials
are known as excavator Excavation equipment includes the following
machines
1 Power shovels
2 Backhoes
3 Draglines
4 Clamshells and cranes
5 Trenching machines
6 Wheel-mounted belt loaders
Craneshovel consists 01 three major components
bull A carrier or mounting which provides mobility and stability for the
machine
bull A revolving deck or turntable which contains the power and
control units
bull A front-end attachment which serves the special function in an
operation
12
(g) Hawk_Bulk W~
(e) Cranes
(h) Q)-Qlick Mount
(c) Daglines
0l Hook Lift (k) Conlaine CITi~r (1) RollOffTrmlers Carner
Fig 2-1 Excavation Equipmentl1Gl
13
The type of mounting for all equipments Ihardware) in the above figure is
referred to as crawler mounting which is particularly suitable for crawling
over relatively roughed surfaces at a job site Other types of mounting
include truck mounting and wheel mounting which provide greater mobility
between job sites but require better surfaces for their operation The
revolving deck includes a cab to house the person operating the mounting
andor the revolving deck In the above figure a crane with hook clamshell
[Fig2-1 (f)L drag line [Fig2-1 (c)] bac khoe shovellFig 2-1 laI(b)L pile
driver[Fig2-1 (d)] and other excavation equipment are shown
A tractor consists of a crawler mounting and a non-revolving cab When an
earth-removing blade is attached to the front end of a tractor the assembly
is called a bulldozer When a bucket is attached to its front end the
assembly is known as a loader or bucket loader There are different types of
loads designed to handle most efficiently materials of different weights and
moisture contents
Scrapers are multiple units of tractor-truck and blade-bucket assemblies with
various combinations to facilitate the loading and hauling of earthwork
Major types of scrapers include single engine two-axle or three-axel
scrapers twin-engine all-wheel-drive scrapers elevating scrapers and push-
pull scrapers Each type has different characteristics of rolling resistancemaneuverability stability and speed in operation
242 Compaction and Grading
Compaction grading and soil stabilization are the works of same category
and these are interrelated Many SOilsare subject to differential expansion
and shrinkage when they undergo change in moisture content If pavements
are to be constructed on such soils it IShighly desirable to stabilize them to
prevent or reduce the change volume in order to protect the pavements from
excessive damages
Stabilizations may be applied to a soil In its natural position or as it is placed
in a fill Also stabilization may be applied to the sub-grade sub-base or
base material
14
Some methods of stabilization are
L Blending and miXing heterogeneous soils to produce more
homogenous soils
bullbullbull Incorporating hydrated lime into soils that are high in clay content
bullbullbull Blending asphalt with the soil
t Mixing Portland cement with the soil
t Incorporating various types of slats into the soils
4 Incorporating certain chemicals into the soils
t Compacting the soils thoroughly after they are processed
The function of compaction equipment is to produce higher dense soil
mechanically The basic forces used in compaction are static weight
kneading impact and vibration The degree of compaction that may be
achieved depends on the properties of soil its moisture content the
thickness of the soil layer for compaction and the method of compaction
The function of grading equipment is to bring the earthwork to desired shape
and elevation Many soils are subject to differential expansion and shrinkage
when they undergo changes in moisture content Many soils also move and
rut when subjected to moving wheel loads If pavementsbuildings are to be
constructed on such soils It is usually necessary to stabilize them to reduce
the volume changes and strengthen them to the point where then can carry
the imposed load even when they are saturated
Major types of grading equipment include motor graders and grade trimmers
The former is an all-purpose machine for grading and surface finishing the
latter is used for heavy construction because of its higher operating speed
Many types of compaction equipment are available including the following -
Towed Sheepsfoot [Fig2-2Ia)L Grid Roller [Fig2-2(b)L Self-Propelled [Fig2-
21c)) Segmented Steel Wheel Roller[Fig2-2(dll Self Propelled Tamping Foot
Roller Self Propelled Vibratory Tamping Foot Roller[Fig2-2Iel) etc These
are different operating characteristics
15
(a) Sheepsfoot roller
(b) Grid roller
(d) Two-Axle Tandem Steel-wheeled Roller
(c) Self Propelled Pneumatic-tiredRoller
(e) Self-Propelled Smooth-drumvibratory Roller
Fig 2-2 Compaction amp Grading Equipment
IG
243 Drilling and Blasting
Drilling operation used by the construction and mining industries to drillholes in both rock and earth The task of rock excavation includes looseningloading hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling and blasting
Rock excavation is a risky and hard task ReqUire special equipment andmethods for this operation The degree of difficulty depends on physicalcharacteristics of the rock type which to be excavate Grain sizes planes ofweakness weathering brittleness and hardness of rock strata are the vitalfactors of rock excavation The task of rock excavation includes looseningloadlllg hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling blasting or rippling
Major types of drilling equipment are percusSion drills and rotary-percussiondrills A percussion drill penetrates and cuts rock by impact while it rotateswithout cutting on the upstroke
Common type of percussion drills includes a jackhammer which is hand heldand others which are mounted on a fixed frame or on a wagon or crawl formobility A rotary drill [Flg2-3(bJJ cuts by turning a bit against the rocksurface A rotary precesSion drill combines the two cutting movements toprovide a laster penetration in rock
Blasting is performed to loosen rock in order that it may be excavated orremoved from its existing position Blasting requires the use of explosivesthe most common of which is dynamite Generally electriC blasting caps areconnected in a circuit with insulated wires Power sources may be powerlines or blasting machines designed for firing electriC cap Circuits Alsoavailable are non-electrical blasting systems which combine the precisetiming and flexibility of electric blasting and safety of non-electricaldetonation
Tractor-mounted rippers are capable of penetrating and prying loose mostrock types The blade or ripper IS connected to an adjustable shank whichcontrols the angle at the tip of the blade as it is raised or loweredAutomated ripper control may be Installed to control ripping depth and tipangle
In rock tunneling special tunnel machines equipped with multiple cutterheads and capable of excavating full diameter of the tunnel are nowavailable Their use has increasingly replaced the traditional methods ofdrilling and blasting
17
(a) ER1ronmomtlll Testing
It) Placer Drill
(b) Rotary drill
(dl Mincrnl Exploration Drill
eel Water Well Drilling
Fig 2-3 Drilling amp Blasting Equipmentl1bull1
18
244 Lifting and Erecting Equipment
Liftmg and erecting equipments are used to 11ftloads and to facilitate theerection of steel building frames
Derricks are commonly used to lift equipment of materiais or building
construction A derrick consists of a verticai mast and an inclined boom
sprouting from the foot of the mast Guys hold the mast in position or stiff
legs connected to a base whiie topping lift links the top of the mast and the
top of the inclined boom A hook in the road line hanging from the top of the
inclined boom is used to lift loads Guy derricks may easily be moved from
one floor to the next in a building under construction while stiff leg derricks
may be mounted on tracks for movement within a work area
Horizon boom type tower cranes are most common in high-rise building
construction Inclined boom type tower cranes are also used for erecting
steel structure
245 Mixing
Mixing concrete by hand is expensive In labour and it IS therefore not
surprising that mechanical mixers have been general use for a great many
years
The object of mixing is 10 coat the surface of all aggregate particles with
cement paste and to blend the entire ingredients of concrete into a uniform
mass this uniformity must furthermore not be disturbed by the process of
discharging from the mixer In fact the method of discharging is one of the
bases of classification of concrete mixers Several types exist In the tiltmg
mixer the mixing chamber known as the drum is tilted for discharging In
the non-tilting type the axis of the mixer is always horizontal and discharge
is obtained either by inserting a chute into the drum or by reversing the
direction of rotation of the drum or rarely by splitting of the drum There are
also pan-type mixers rather Similar in operation to an electric cake-mixer
these are called forced action mixers as distinct from the tilting and non-
tilting mixers which reiy on the free fall of concrete in the drum
19
In any mixer It is essential that sufficient interchange of materials between
different parts of the chamber takes place so that uniform concrete is
produced
On a site there is often a tendency to mix concrete as rapidly as possible
and it is therefore important to know what is the minimum mixing time
necessary to produce a concrete uniform in composition and as a result of
satisfactory strength
Concrete mixers are used to mix Portland cement sand gravel and water in
batches
There may be occasions when concrete has to be mixed by hand and
because in this case uniformity is more difficult to achieve particular care
and effort are necessary
A truck mixer refers to a concrete mixer mounted on a truck which is
capable of transporting ready mixed concrete from a central batch plant to
construction sites
246 Construction Tools and Other Equipment
Concrete can be economically pumped at the rates 15 to 200 ydhr for
horizontal distances 300 to 3000 ft and vertical distances 100 to 500 ft
without staging [11
The pumping of concrete of is especially advantageous in placements that
are physically difficult to approach with ready-mix trucks and show best
economy in the range of 20 to 80 ydhr
Air compressors [Fig2-4(al] and pumps [Fig2-4(dl] are widely used as the
power sources for construction tools include drills hammers [Fig2-4(bll
grinders saws wrenches[Fig2-4(clj staple guns sandblasting guns and
concrete vibrators Pumps are used to supply water or to dewater at
construction sites and to provide water jets for some types of construction
Vibrators are used to eliminate entrapped air Of the several types internal
vibrators perhaps the most common one External vibrator is rigidly clamped
to the formwork resting on an elastic support so that both the form and
20
concrete are vibrated Vibrating table can be considered as a case of
formwork clamped to the vibrator instead of the other way round but the
principle of vibrating the concrete and formwork together is unaltered
Besides these surface vibrator used for flat plate electric hammer can be
used as a surface vibrator when fitted with a bit having a large flat area A
vibrating roller is used for consolidating thin slabs
(a)Air Compressor
rg Wrench
(b) Hammer
(d) Concrete Pump
Fig 2-4 ConstructionTools amp Other Equipments[111
247 Choice of Equipment and Standard Production Rates
The selections of the appropriate type equipment or machines tor
construction often affect the required amount of time and effort and thus
the job site productivity of a project Equipment size determination is also a
very important task for construction Oversize equipments are expensive as
well as consume more time to handle It is therefore important for
construction planners to be familiar with the characteristics of the major
21
types of equipment most commonly used in construction Construction
planners also have to know the sources of construction equipment
Contractors and users of construction equipment frequently concerned with
a decision as to whether to purchase or rent (lease) an equipment Under
certain conditions it is financially advantageous to purchase whereas under
other conditions it is more economical and satisfactory to rent it
248 Building Materials
In recent times some of the important technological breakthroughs in
materials are stabilized soil lime-pozzolana mixes sand-lime bricks fly-ash
bricks clay-fly ash bricks gypsum boards wood-wool sheets plastic
products in utility service ready mix concrete non-shrink grout for machine
foundation super-plasticizers Ferro-cement and other materials Different
types of composite construction are also in very advance stage
In the field of concrete technology also some advances are happened such
as light weight concrete radiation shielding concrete polymer concretes
fiber reinforced concretes super plasticized concretes gap graded concrete
tenser-polymer reinforced concrete roller-compacted concrete ultra high
strength concrete improved techniques in pre-stressing prefabricated
construction and other some remarkable matenals
In low cost housing a number of developments have taken place and
following new techniques are being adopted for reduction in cost These arestone block masonry pre-cast brick panel roofing pre-cast RC channel
roofing ferro-cement tank use of secondary species of timber particle
board lor shutter doorswindows fly ash-lime-gypsum bricks for making
walls pre-cast RCC frames for doors and windows Pre-cast RC lintel (thin]
lower ceiling heights PVC pipes for water supply stabilized soil cement
base floors magneSium oxy-chloride flooring fire retardant treatment of
thatch asphaltic roofing etc Brief descriptions of some of those materials
are below-
22
249 Construction Automation and Robotics
Recent advances in robotic technology and the related experience In
manufacturing industries suggests that greater automation maybe extremely
beneficial for constructed facilities In addition construction in hazardous
environments (not approachable) may be greatly expanded by the use of
construction robots
There are several means by which construction automation and robotics
might repay the additional equipment and development costs associated
With high technology investments First robotics offers opportunities for
extending the scope of practical construction activities into hazardous
environments including outer space nuclear reactors or undersea
construction Even standard construction sites represent hazardous
environments as suggested by the large number job industrial accidents
associated with construction Second robotics may permit the practical
introduction and broader use of nonhuman senses and capabilities on
construction sites
KaJimaCompanys reinforcing bar placing robot can carry up to 20 bars and
automatically place these bars in pre-seiected patterns in both floors and
walls The equipment has achieved 40 to 50 savings in labor and 10
savings in time on several Japanese projects 131
A wall climbing robot called RM3 for tasks such as video inspections of shiphulls gamma-ray inspection of structural welds and high-pressure washing
painting shot-blasting and barnacle removal 131
23
CHAPTER 3
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN BANGLADESH
31 Introduction
The contribution of construction industry is quite significant in the national
economy but its existence is absent from the national economy plan
Recently government has made policy considering this sector as an industry
GDP Contribution of construction industry was 606 In 1991-1992 and 619
over the period 1996- 1997 Agriculture sector contributes maximum of
GDP Construction sector contribute about 20 of agriculture sector GDP
which is a remarkable role in Bangladesh economyI1
The construction Industry of Bangladesh comprises of a large number of
predominantly small firms The same can be seen to be true for most other
countries
The actual structure of the industry is not possible to measure as there are
no published papers on the total number of firms There are some 25000
nos of local contracting large medium and small categorized firms
registered with the government agencies with a varying range of financial
capacities [16]
In building construction sectors larger firms are capable to construct
concrete highrise building 30 storied Bangladesh Bank Bhaban 20 storied
Bangladesh Secretariat 20 storied Sena Kalyan Bhaban Building 20 storied
lOB Shaban and many other bUildings are the evidence of the ability to
construction of high rise concrete-building While high rise steel structures
are not yet familiar in Bangladesh but recently a number of high rise steel
structure are under construction In other sector such as bridge roads gas
pipeline electricity supply dam sluice-gate etc are implemented by
international contractors and joint venture companies (foreign and local
firms~ In 1990-91 the construction industry employed 105 and in 1995-
96 183 (statistics 97~ of total labour force In other statistics showed
that the constructing firm employs 20 lacs peoples If each family comprise
24
of four members so total 80 lacs people (615 of total population of the
countryl are dependent on the construction industry for their living The
economical and political significance of the industry ISeven greater than this
figure suggest as it captures the major part of the national investment
About 46 of the total construction labour force are involved in building
50 in construction repair and maintenance of roads and bridge works and
4 are involved in construction repair and maintenance of other activities
16]
Some domestic contractors in the building sectors have access to overseas
market but local contractors are less capable of competing with the foreign
companies due to variety of grounds -
(a) Very Less initiative from the Government to improve the capacity of the
local contractors
bull Easy policy for credit system for construction industry
bull To provide plant machinery hire facilities
bull Skill and manpower development through training
(bl Policy of the rules and conditions of the donor agencies for foreign funds
According to PWD to solve the housing problem 709131 units of houses
are required to construct in every year [15] So it indicates that Bangladesh
has a serious housing problem
12 to 15 millions people now lives in Dhaka city Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is now the city of construction Though yearly requirements in
the city is about 65000 housing but all public and private sector together
produce 25000 housing units in a year Percentage of leaving in slums and
squatter settlement is about 30 percent It would take at least 600 billion
taka which IS five times the entire ADP budget of the country to
accommodate house for the above-mentioned population Very little areas
are found in cities which are not occupied by building Every place in the city
is already filled up or construction of building process is ongoing But the
utility service and other facilities for community are not well thought-out
But according to government rules facilities shall be accommodate first
25
before any type of building construction Unfortunately community facilities
including simple parking facilities are still absent for the many new
constructing building in Dhaka city
32 Some large Constructions in Bangladesh
It is very difficult to identify which one is large construction of a country
because of project diversity In Bangladesh there are numerous
constructions many of them are significant in various aspects Although
functions and aesthetic are different of them they accomplish different type
of requirements Following are the some prominent constructions which
indicate Bangladesh building construction industry is fully capable to
construct any type of Building
Equipments used for construction of national assembly building were tower
crane larger size mixture machines and other eqUipment Tower crane amp
other equipments replaced by huge no of labors As per definition of labour
based technology construction of this building falls under this category
National Assembly
Fig 3-1 National Assemblyl101
labour Based Technology
Architect Louis I Kahn
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1962 to 1974
Building type government center
Construction System concrete marble
26
Equipments used for construction of Bangladesh bank bhaban were hoist
mixture machine and other light equipment only For excavation of 1
basement engaged huge no of labors As per definition this type of
construction falls under labour Intensive technology
bull Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
Fig 3-2 Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
labour Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
NoofFioors-31
Building type government
Construction System concrete
27
Equipments used for construction of Islamic Development Bank Shaban were
tower crane concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments
Tower crane ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments
replaced by most of the labors As per definition of equipment intensive
technology this type of construction falls under this category
bull Islamic Development Bank
7
Fig 3-3 Islamic Development Bank
Bhaban
Equipment Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
No of Floors - 20
Construction System concrete
28
Equipments used for construction of Bashundhara city were tower crane
concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments Tower crane
ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments replaced by most of
the labors As per definition 01 equipment intensive technology this type of
construction falls under this category
bull Bashundhara City
Fig 3-4 Bashundhara City
Equipment Intensive Technology
Architect VISTARA
location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1999 to 2003
Building type shopping mall
Construction System concrete marble
33 Constructions in Bangladesh Using Pre Fabrication
Prefabricate construction not yet accepted widely in Bangladesh Scenario of
developed country in this respect is totally different Even In Malaysia
Thailand Indonesia India and many other developing countries scenery is
closed to developed countries Prefabricate construction require customize
construction or a huge no of similar type productions Precast units which
normally used in Bangladesh are -
bull Tiles and mosaic
bull Low cost toilet rings and others precast accessories
bull Prestressed precast electric pole
bull Precast column for boundary wall
29
the study on availability
of indigenous materials in
bull Precast slab for surface drain
bull Precast slab for foot path
bull Precast railing and ornamental column
bull Precast lintel
bull Precast pipe for water supply and others
bull Railway sleeper
bull Road divider
In the context of Bangladesh RampD activities are yet to be worthy InBangladesh uHouse and Building Research Institute was established in the
year 1977 with the following objectives -
1 To take technical and scientific studies and research on
various problems of constructions and building materials and
to evolve housing and building technology appropriate to the
requirement and suitable for socia-economic condition of the
country
2 To specifically emphasis on
development and utilization
construction
3 To promote better uses of building materials particularly
commonly used materials improvements methods of learning
and designing of construction works and maintenance
4 To train research personnels and technicians for the purpose
out its research activities
House and Building Research Institute time to time tried to introduce someprecast module Such as -
bull Ferro cement tank
bull Precast Ferro cement channel for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete hollow slab for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete micro pile
30
bull Precast Ferro-cement folded plate for roof
bull Precast Ferro-cement L panel for inclined roofing
bull RCCdoor and window frames
Between all type of innovation only Ferro cement tank (400 gallon consisting
of cement mortar on wire mesh) is widely used mainly in Dhaka city As
bigger size is not possible with Ferro-cement Its use is limited
Above all precast construction scenario is very poor in Bangladesh This
indicates construction technology not yet advance in Bangladesh in this high
tech era
34 Humnware Infoware and Hardware in Bangladesh
341 Humnware
For construction technology humanware includes labour technicians
engineer and other persons In some way they are related to construction
industry In Bangladesh expense for humanware is cheaper with respect to
other countries because of low wages lin Bangladesh Taka 125 per hour
and for ordinary labour in UK pound6) So utilization of man power through IT is
a great opportunity for construction sector of Bangladesh But unfortunately
we are far way from proper utilization of this huge no manpower
Development of Human resources is in very preliminary stage By generating
employment and working environment general employment conditions need
to be improved Wage systems must be developed and made transparent so
as to give proper remuneration according to qualification and technical skill
It is extremely necessary for the skilled workers to pass their skills on and to
train personnel able to respond to future technological changes Professional
training centers and methods must be developed and be efficiently exercised
upon
In Bangladesh most of the cases we make out unskilled humnware which is
unexpected in this high tech era Also in most of the cases they are
uneducated Due to unskilled and uneducated labour construction qualities
31
are not normally as per requirement Also due to unskilled labor excessive
time is requiring in most of the cases
In Bangladesh labours are mainly trained-up by on-job training In many case
they are habituated from paternal side by born Though some training
institutes exist around Dhaka city but they are certificate-based institute
These institutes deal only overseas job findings peoples
342 Infoware
Infoware IS usually the document-embodied form This includes the
software design specification materials specifications theories charts
database drawing design and others activities Use of software in
Bangladesh for the purpose of analysis and design are in satisfactory leveL
Although most of the organizations are now analyze and design by some
standard software but a big amount of engineers are not stili away from this
technology Following software and tools are now using in Bangladesh
which indicates not behind from top level
Programming Language- Visual Basic Auto LISP aBasic CC Turbo C
Computer Aided Engineering STAAD-III STAADPro Math CAD ADOSS PCACOL SOL Series
Spread Sheet Analysis- Microsoft Excel Lotus MathCAD
Computer Aided Design
- AutoCAD
Database- DBase FoxPro Microsoft Access Oracle
GIS Software- Arcinfo Arcade Maplnfo Arc view Idrisi
32
Graphics software- CorelDraw Harvard Graphics
Computer Aided Project Management- MS Project
Word Processing
-MicrosoftWordWordPcrreCI
Operating Systems
- MS Windows Dos Novel
3430rgaware
Orgaware lOrganization) represents the structural framework of a
technological system and it includes for example the organizations for the
RampD the production the marketing the corporate planning etc It is needed
to produce certain goods and services Within the framework of theorgaware the other technology components work [1]
Most of the organization in Bangladesh is now using computer and software
for different type of works Some organizations are using for analysis and
design some for planning purpose some as a management tools and some
one for data processing and accounting In someway organizations ofBangladesh are taking this technological advantage
In Bangladesh some organizations are doing a number of remarkable works
excellently They are creating photo realistic rendered architectural
perspective models of 3D exterior and Interior elevation and layout
rendering services 3D animation They are also creating architectural fly-by
and walk-through simulations for interactive presentation or TV quality
advertisement GIS works are also done by these organizations
Some of organizations are also working with foreign organizations Mainly
different type of data entry is their main works which are mainly data
conversion rom one format to another Such as conversion from portabledocument format (pdf) to Word processing format (docl hand sketch
J3
bull
conversion to digital drawing (dwg etc) format some modification of
drawing ete The difficulties of our organizations are for any types of
business they require an overseas office This is a very big problem for
entrepreneurs of data exchanging business
344 Hardware
In Bangladesh hardware use of construction industry is not in a suitable
level Moreover specifically modern construction equipment J technology are
not utilizing in Bangladesh most of the cases Only in a few sector such as
deeper excavation in highway construction a few no of building works are
done by modern equipments but in other sectors modern equipment are
ignoring by Bangladeshi construction industry Computer based hardware
widely using in Bangladesh as computer and some computer related
hardware are reasonably priced for middle class people
For construction projects require modern management which is based on
personal computer (PC) In Bangladesh computer based project management
is not yet popular in construction industry Only some foreign aided
government project has some activities on this but also up-to proposal level
only Truly computer based project management in construction sector not
yet Implemented in Bangladesh This is limited to some Gantt chart and
critical path draw works But hardware based computer management easily
save both money and time Probable cause for which not yet go for
computer based project management listing below -
Labours and technicians are illiterate
bull
bull
bull
bull
Labours and technicians are unskilled
Top management of an organization are not wanted to go for
new particularly computer based technology
From Government side there are no plan to facilitate these sector
even in Government project
Our engineers backgrounds are also not upto that extent and
also they are not interested to go for such type of management
34
CHAPTER 4
TECHNOLOGY ON EXCAVATION amp RCC OF BANGLADESH
Nowadays building construction mainly equipment intensive works allover
the world that is depend on modern technology Similarly construction
industry of Bangladesh going away step by step depends on technology
Technological application sophistication quality etc are different in country
to country but at every steps of construction industry including construction
industry of Bangladesh totally depends on construction technology For
excavation loading compaction grading drilling lifting erecting mixing
and other purposes require some construction hardwareequipment and there
technological approach is different Not only for equipment but in every
steps of construction process depends on technological involvement In this
chapter mainly discussed the effect on excavation due to equipment
intensive and labour intensive works Also for building construction the
effect of alternate combination of material use
41 Technology in Excavation
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground This foundation is mandatory for
every structure ThiS is the reason of start of excavation technology which
is an earliest form of civil engineering construction This technology is used
for excavate earth of foundationbasement Excavated soilrock usually
dumps in other places which is known as loading Many construction
industry of Bangladesh Excavator and Loader are mainly using for
excavation works But use of excavator is mostly Dhaka based In other
places of the country except Dhaka city excavation works are done by
manually which is very unlikable in this high tech era Even in Dhaka city
many excavation works had been done by manually Such as 18 storied
New Market City Complex building with two basements (adjacent of Dhaka
new market) 14 storied CRP building project with two basements at Mirpur-
35
14 Dhaka A few but in some projects huge volume of soil was excavated
manually Excavation operations 01 these many projects are done by
manually because 01 availability and low-priced labor In this chapter try to
focus why this technology (excavator not used in most of the cases
In many project of Bangladesh excavation operation are done by manually
because 01-
Soil Characteristics - Comparatively solt layer 01 earth exists all
around Bangladesh
raquo labour (Humnwarel - labour costs are cheap and available
Non-availability of equipment (Hardware) - Modern equipment
cost is very high for which it is not pOSSiblelor contractor to
buy excavator and other heavy equipments lor a singie project
gt- No and size of the Job - As no 01 projects limited and also
areas of a single projects are not big Use of Excavator and
loader are not economically viable
Rental organization - Renta I organization not yet developed
widely and systematically Above all limited rental organization
and their higher charges of hardware
Topography Most of the lands in Bangladesh are plain So
labors can work comfortably
lacks of technicians - lack of skilled technicians are one of the
reasons to avoid new technology
Time - Peoples of Bangladesh are not anxious about time
Utilization of time is very important lack 01 this awareness is
one 01 the reasons of avoiding tendency of new technology for
excavation
)- Space constrains - Particularly in Dhaka city buildings are not
build in well planned way but very haphazard So in many case
movement 01 excavator is very difficult and in some cases it is
impossible to work due to space constrain
36
bull Weather and Temperature - Luckily most of the seasons are
suitable for labour works Nature is very fever for manual
labour except very little lime through out the year So not
need to take extra precaution lor climate
gt Dumping area - Some time huge amount of dumping is not
possible For that reason avoiding tendency to new technology
of excavation
bull Transportation equipments - Some times transportation of
dumping is not viable and In that type of case manual labour is
preferable
411 Preliminary Stage
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground and which transmits the load to the
underlying sailor rock As the foundation normally placed below the ground
excavation is must and should be done first for any type of construction
work
More or less for every construction works need excavation some times
these are shallow and some times it is deep Due to basement construction
of high-rise buildings need massive excavation This may need up to three
four months If excavation works are done by manually a huge no of labors
will engage their and require more time
Considering employment it is solVing a substantial social problem like our
developing country by means of giving a large no of employment
opportunity Therefore out side the urban area manual excavation may be
permissible due to solving unemployment problem This might be plaYing a
significant role like our developing country to solve the problem Social
problem from society But owners always try to solve the problem from the
economic view which will figure out later on this chapter
But the scenario in urban areas like Dhaka city is different Dhaka has
already become a mega city with more than ten million inhabitants and its
population is projected to reach 16 million by 2015 which would make it
the worlds seventh most populous city This rapid growth is visible all
37
around the city by constructing new buildings But the citys infrastructure is
not keeping space with the influx of population Transport environment of
Dhaka city may be a clear example with increasing traffic congestion and
delays The ability of Dhakas transport system to sustain economic growth
and reasonable quality of life has been declining steadily
In such a poor situation if we dont use machinery equipment everyday
congestion situation of Dhaka city will escalate due to longer timerequirement of excavation
Already it is an established fact that construction works of Dhaka city is one
of main reasons of traffic congestion To overcome this awlul situation
particularly in the city areas we must have to adopt modern technology in
excavation purpose This will help to reduce construction time money
traffic congestion and other redundant situations
412 Time and Seasonal Effects on Construction
Time
In Bangladesh construction management going on very preliminary stage and
still they dont think time is a vital factor for any project But everyone is
aware the fact money has a time value Thousand Taka today is worth
more the Thousand tomorrow This lact is vividly reinforced when themonthly charge bills are examined This added charge amounts to rent on
the money that is owed and is termed interest
Besides these we know fixed costs are directly related to time variable andother costs are also similar effect ie if time span of a project is longer then
fixed cost will be more and similarly true for all other costs So time span ISa vital factor for any construction project
Again for any project there is a breakeven point which also dependents on
time If construction period is more than the estimated time timerequirement to reach break even will be more
BeSides these there is a possibility to come other competitors due to delay
of construction and sometimes it may become an unprofitable project forever in this competitive market
38
If we Consider revenue side what we see - Suppose a 10 storied office
building spaces are 12000 sq-ft and rent is 501 = Taka per sq-ft ie per day
revenue is 20 Lac Particularly this type of project per day revenue loss will
be a big amount if the construction not timely finish This is unexpected for
any organizationlsJcontractorls)
Season
In many cases for foundation purpose deep excavation is required
Sometimes need shore pile to protect adjacent soil Shore pile is essential
when permanent structure exist adjacent project site As shore pile is a
temporary work in many cases it designs less cautiously Result is that
shore pile failures are a common type of failure in Dhaka city at every year
It is occurred mainly in rainy season due to rainfall If the contractors are
finished their foundation works before rainy season most of the time they
can avoid these repetitive shore pile failure situations
On the other hand in many cases owner of adjacent structure goes to the
court when contractor goes for deeper excavation for their safety and
compensation if shore pile failure occurs Also for shore pile failure delays
the project ie more time consume for project and more money expenses
due to delay or to pay compensation Sometimes it becomes a crucial factor
for the project and as a result of big economical loss for that project Such
type of big economical loss easily can avoid by proper time scheduling ie
should be complete before expected rainy season in case of deeperfoundation works
39
413 Cost Analysis and Result
Assumption made for cost and analysis are follows-
1 For Manual 1000 eft of excavation work (PWDStandard Rates)
al For initial lead of 100_ON and lift of 5_ON
i) Ordinary labour cost Tk 088 per cIt
b) For each additional lift of one loot beyond 5-0 and upto 10_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 004 per cit
c) For each additional lilt of one foot beyond 10-0 and upto 15-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 006 per cit
d) For each additional lift of one foot beyond 15_ON and upto 20_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 008 per eft
e) Extra each additional lead of 100-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 014 per eft
2 For Excavator
f) Initial rent Tk 9000000 for upto 10 days
il Extra charge Tkl0OOO00 per day
iii Excavation capacity 10000 eft per day
3 Enough labour Force
gl Enough labour force can be engaged so that there will not be any
significant difference in excavation between these two methods
40
Tablbullbull4-1 5 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area (ff) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 500 440 90000200 1000 880 90000500 2500 2200 900001000 5000 4400 900002000 10000 8500 900005000 25000 22000 9000010000 50000 44000 9000020000 100000 95000 9000040000 200000 218000 180000100000 500000 755000 450000
Tablbullbull 4-2 10 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Areaiiti) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1000 980 90000200 2000 1960 90000500 5000 4900 900001000 10000 9800 900002000 20000 19600 900005000 50000 49000 9000010000 100000 98000 9000020000 200000 210000 18000040000 400000 476000 360000100000 1000000 1610000 900000
41
Table 4-3 15 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR I
Area (ft) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1500 1670 90000200 3000 3340 90000500 7500 8350 900001000 15000 16700 900002000 30000 33400 900005000 75000 83500 9000010000 150000 167000 13500020000 300000 355000 270000
40000 600000 794000 540000100000 1500000 2615000 1350000
Tabla 4-4 20 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area(ft ) Vo(ume(ft ) Manual(CostTk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 2000 2560 90000200 4000 5120 90000500 10000 12800 900001000 20000 25600 900002000 40000 51200 900005000 100000 128000 9000010000 200000 256000 18000020000 400000 540000 36000040000 800000 1192000 720000100000 2000000 3820000 1800000
42
Graph 41 Excavation cost for 5 feet
5 Excavation Cost
~ ~---------------
------ -
I
II
II
- ExcavatorI-Manual
I
50 -----
Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet
10 Excavation Cost
0
I Excavator-Manual
-___ e bullbullbull _
- __ - - --- - - _ - -
-
- - - - - - - - - - -
- - 250 -
oo
lti 300~~ooo~
o 100U
Area (in 100 sft)
43
Graph 43 Excavation cost for 15 feet
15 Excavation Cost
-- ExcavatorI-Manual I
eN
~NN
o
400 -
350 -
300~bull~ 250 - - - 000 ~bullbull- 0~0U 100 - ---- - -
0
Area (in 100 sft)
Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet
20 Excavation Cost
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
- - - -- - - -- - - - - - - --
350 ---------
bullbull 300
~ 250g~ 200 bullbullbullbull0
~ 0U 100 -
0
o g
-
-----------
_______ c C __
___ c c_
~c
-- Excavator-Manual
Area (in 100 sft)
44
From the above anafysis it is observed that in case of 5 feet excavation
breakeven area is 19020 sft for 10 feet excavation 9184 sfr for 15 feet
excavation 6946 sft and for 20 ft 3636 sft Excavator becomes cheaper for
any constructIOn (area) above these breakeven fevels
42 Design and Specifications
421 Material for Building Construction
Wood of course was the only material used by early builders that had more
or less equal tensile and compressive strength Early builders are also
depends on stone brick surki and lime After innovation of reinforced-
concrete and steel previously used material are replaced by concrete and
steel Concrete with reinforcement radically change in the field of building
construction technology After that steel play the vital role and contribute to
build high rise building worldwide though Bangladesh is far from that type
high rise building But recently numbers of steel bUilding are in the process
of construction and we are expecting remarkable progress will be shown
within couple of years Nowadays wood has been relegated largely to
accessory use during construction to use in temporary and secondary
structures and to use for secondary member of permanent construction
Though both concrete and steel are the two most commonly used structural
material worldwide in Bangladesh mainly concrete are common item of
building construction Recently some industrial buildings are constructed by
structural steel Builders in Bangladesh are now reali2ing that steel is also a
competitive and effective material for building construction But they are
going forward very slowly for steel structure
Selection of structural materials must be selected on availability of materials
Also depends on corresponding skill labour relative costs wage scale and
the suitability of the materials for particular structure
In Bangladesh currently carrying out research into rice straw and husks
which are a by-product of major crop of Bangladesh but have already
encountered problems with the strength of the rice straw while fit best rice
45
husks can be regarded as filler and may not contribute significantly to the
tensile strength of earth-mix bricks
Idea of including waste material from the countrys vast jute industry to use
as a binder in the bricks and not merely as rubbish to be burnt
And finally that the integrity of earth-built buildings may be considerably
strengthened and improved by applying simple low-cost principles to the
Internal strengthening structures - mostly tied bamboo frameworks
4211 Material in Bangladesh
Any material which has got application in engineering construction is termed
as engineering material Stones bricks concrete bricks lime cement surki
sand concrete iron steel ferrous alloys non-ferrous metais and alloys
timber timber products aluminums bamboos soils bituminous materials
glass plastics paints varnishes rubber tiles granite marble etc are
commonly used in Bangladesh
Among them major construction materials are now producing in Bangladesh
though maximum raw materials are imported outside from Bangladesh
Though cement raw materials like gypsum and clinker are importing from
outside of country the total cement producing capacity now is more than
countrys per year requirement and quality of cement is standard as per
specification But reinforcement quality is not yet reached to standard level
It is very serious problem for construction industry of Bangladesh
46
4212 Reinforcement
Steel is known as black copper in early ages Iron and steel developed over
2000 years ago It was Henry Bessemer who was especially interested in
good quality steel making for big canons He was the first to produce low
carbon wrought iron In Bangladesh steel also used as reinforcement in many
years before It is difficult to say when and where first time used steel
reinforcement
Concrete reinforcement bar are usually of two types
bull Deformed bar and
bull Twisted bar
Below are the specifications for two types of reinforcement bar-
Table 4-5Steel GradeGrade 40Grade 60
ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed barYield Stre9th (psi Ultimate Stren ths (psi)40000 (minimum) 70000 (minimum)60000 (minimum) 90000 (minimum)
Table 4-6Steel GradeGrade 250Grade 400Grade 460
654149 specifications for Twisted barYield Stren th (psi) Ultimate Strengths (psi)40000 (minimum) 4400060000 (minimum) 6600067000 (minimum) 73700
Grade 40 and Grade 60 both type of reinforcement are frequently used InBangladesh for building construction In Bangladesh normally steel areprocessed by the follOWingmethod
(i) Induction furnace melting and(ii) Arc furnace melting
The yearly requirement of steel in Bangladesh is 10 million ton But the
quality steel production rate is only 02 million tonyear That is remaining
08 million ton reinforcement are non-standard 1171 By which our different
construction works are building This is an awful situation of construction
sector in Bangladeshand requires immediate exemption from this situation
47
4213 Concrete
Allover the world concrete with reinforcement are the most commonly used
materials for building construction In Bangladesh it is the main structural
material using as building construction materials Concrete IS a stone like
material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement
sand and gravel or other aggregate and water to harden in forms of the
shape and dimensions of the desired structure
Bangladesh is now a big cement producing country in respect to their
required capacity Statistics says yearly requirement of cement allover the
Bangladesh is 65 million tons where as production capacity of the entire
cement mill is 120 million tons That means 55 million tons surplus cement
now existing in Bangladesh One of the main reasons of this surplus is that
world top most cement producing companies are now producing cement in
Bangladesh from their factory
The properties that make concrete a universal building material are so
pronounced that it has been used In more primitive kinds and ways than at
present for thousands of years probably beginning in Egyptian antiquity
The facility with which while plastic it can be deposited and made to fill
forms or aids of almost any practical shape is one of these factors Its high
fire and weather resistance are eVident advantages Most of the constituent
materials with the possible exception of cement are usually available at low
cost locally or at small distances from the construction site
In Bangladesh normally concrete strength (cylinder strength fc) varies from
2500 psi to 5000 psi for building construction But in many case it falls to
2000 PSI On the other hand upto 8000 psi concrete was used for
construction of Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge project Also there are many
projects already finished and ongoing where usedusing more than 5000 psi
strength concrete
48
4214 Steel
In 1885 an American engineer names William LeBaron Jenny became the
creator of the modern skyscraper when he realized that an office building
could be constructed using totally different materials He chose structural
steel and incorporated it into a revolutionary system that was to make
possible the soaring office towers that now symbolize the modernmetropolis
Steel is manufactured under controlled conditions its properties are
determined in a laboratory and described in a manufacturers certificate
Thus the designer need only specify the steel as complying with a relevant
standard and the site engineers supervision is limited to the workmanship
of the connections between the Individual steel members So responsible of
contractor is more to provide proper material
Also following are some reasons normally associated with competitiveadvantages of steel over concrete
bull Construction speed particularly during periods of high interest rates
Steel frames go up more rapidly thus reducing construction financing
costs and allowing the building to generate revenue sooner
bull Availability of steel in a variety of grades and shapes that IS suitable
for economical faming of both short and long spans
bull Steel offers economical design approach for retrofit and rehab
projects Steel can be easily modified expanded or converted to suit
future needs of owners and tenants For this reason steel frame isoften referred to as a changeable frame
bull In difficult foundation conditions steel construction may result in
reduced foundation costs because of its light weight Steel frame is
normally 25 to 35 percent lighter than a concrete frame and can
permit the use of less expensive foundation systems
In Bangladesh steel building are not constructing notably Mainly some
factory buildings are constructed with steel as a structural material In
Bangladesh peoples are not serious about time which is main advantage of
steel structure like our COuntry We have to import all the steel materials It
49
also has to PV higher tax Our engineers are not interested to go for new
technology like steel structure 0 technicians oed labors pof Vtrained P fo steel construction Ultimately except time factor steel
structure is OPt very suitable for building construction of Bangladesh Very
recently a few numbers of high-rise buildings are now under construction or
under designing stages which indicates new technology are coming
4215 RCC Grading
Strength of concrete is commonly considered its most important property
although in many practical cases other characteristic such as durability and
impermeability may in fact be more important Nevertheless strength usually
gives an overall picture of the quality of concrete because strength is
directly related to the structure of the hardened cement paste
The strength of concrete of given mix proportions is very seriously affected
by the degree of its compaction It ISvital therefore that conSistence of the
mix be such that the concrete can be transported placed and finished
sufficiently easily and without segregation Following combinations of
reinforcement and concrete are considered for thiS study-
Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Reinforcement and Concrete
Concrete Type Steel Strength (in ksi) Concrete Strength lin ksi)
I Type - 1 60 44
Type - 2 60 36
Type - 3 60 29
Type - 4 60 25
Type - 5 40 44
Type - 6 40 36
Type - 7 40 29
Type - 8 40 25
50
4217 Interdependence of Humnware Infoware and Hardware
For analysis and design purpose humnware infoware and hardware work as
an integrated system During design and analysis period due to different
grade and type material selection software hardware and humnware play
the vital role for alternate attempt Computer utilization in different stages
have improved capabilities for generating quality designs as well as redUCing
the time required to produce alternative designs Without help of these
technological combined services It IS almost impossible to get better and
optimistic design Thats why with the help of Humnware Infoware and
Hardware most economic type analysis and design may achieved within
short time which is almost impossible without these technological help
Manual analysis and design are most of the time assumption based a time
consuming matter and whose ultimate result is economical loss considered
to both time and material requirement
51
4218 Analysis and Result
For analysis purpose here considered a six storied building The analysis has
been performed by STAADIPro software 3-D model of assumed building amp
output of STAADProare given in Appendix-A
Following are the material requirement for different combination
Table 4-8 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 10487 Ib5 2148 Ib6 1375 Ib7 1386 Ib8 3971 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 193651bsTotal Volume of Concrete 28688 cuft
Table 4-9 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 23844 Ibs5 1346 Ib6 5329 Ib7 5487 Ib8 10511 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 46518 IbsTotal Vofume of Concrete 61454 cuft
52
Table 4-10 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6330 Ib5 5653 Ib6 1644 Ib7 2771 Ib8 4722 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 21120lbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3355 cUft
Table 4-11 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 22348 Ibs5 4039 Ib6 8655 Ib7 4001 Ib8 5049 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 44092 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 7279 cU1t
53
Table 4-12 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 787191bs5 29898 Ibs6 37505 Ibs7 57257 Ibs8 58754 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
26213 Ibs3528 cUft
Table 4-13 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibs)
4 221821bs5 10011 Ibs6 37652 Ibs7 6918 Ibs8 34297 Ibs
Totel weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
54
432191bs9367 cuft
Table 4-14 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 9556 Ibs5 2453 Ibs6 3810 Ibs7 6378 Ibs8 6761 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
28958 Ibs4190 cuft
Table 4-15 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibsl
4 25557 Ibs5 3126 Ibs6 4340 Ibs7 10008 Ibs8 703 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
55
43733 Ibs10076 cuft
Table 4-16 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 8680 Ib5 1358 Ib6 1434 Ib7 2588 Ib8 7727 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 21787 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3499 cUft
Table 4-17 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 17629 Ibs5 4878 Ib6 7745 Ib7 7921 Ib8 16895 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 47938Total Volume of Concrete 8546 cuft
56
Table 4-18 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 7770 Ibs5 1432 Ibs6 3795 Ibs7 4686 Ibs8 9068 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
==
26752 Ibs3479 cuft
Table 4-19 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17705 Ibs5 1591 Ibs6 13078 Ibs7 1152 Ibs8 16675 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
57
= 50201 Ibs9644 cuft
Table 420 Material Requirement for Column1ConcreteStrength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in IbsJ
4 84764 Ibs5 30846 Ibs6 22264 Ibs7 34232 Ibs8 10168 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
27379 lbs4709 cUft
Table 4-21 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17693 Ibs5 2347 Ibs6 19086 Ibs7 1367 Ibs8 13352 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
58
53845 Ibs10111 cuft
Table 4-22 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6602 Ib5 2506 Ib6 7068 Ib7 5216 Ib8 8370 Ib
Totar weight of reinforcement - 29762 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 5055 cuft
Table 4-23 Material Requirement for BeamlConcrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 18686 Ibs5 13536 Ibs6 15858 Ib7 1085 Ib8 5565 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement - 54730 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 11269 cUft JI
59
4219 Cost Analysis
Generally the cost for a construction prOject includes the expenses related to
the following activities
bull Land acquirement
bull Planning and feasibility
bull Design
bull Construction including materials equipment and lobour
bull Insurance and taxes during construction
bull Office overhead
bull Office furniture and equipment
bull Inspection testing and others
In this study considered only material cost of different grade of combination
which is mentioned in the article 4215
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Concrete Strength Concrete Cost2500 pO 155 Tkdt2900 psi 164 Tkdt3600 pO 187 Tkch4400 P 209 Tkch
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Reinforcement Strength Reinforcement Cost40000 psi 226406 TklOn
60000 psi 23625 Tkton
60
Table 4~26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequiremerType - 1 294 Ton 9014 citType - 2 291 Ton 10633 eftType - 3 310 Ton 12895 cftType - 4 325 Ton 14266 eftType - 5 311 Ton 12044 eftType - 6 344 Ton 13123 eftType - 7 363 Ton 14821 eftType - 8 377 Ton 16324 eft
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequirementType - 1 441 Ton 9916 eftType - 2 437 Ton 11697 eftType - 3 465 Ton 14185 eftType - 4 487 Ton 15693 eftType - 5 467 Ton 13249 eftType - 6 515 Ton 14435 eftType - 7 544 Ton 16304 eftType - 8 566 Ton 17957 eft
Table 4-28 Reinforcemelt and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka
Type of Concrete Renforcement Cost Concrete Cost Total CostType - 1 1042 Coo 1884 Coo 2926 CooT~2 1032 Coo 1988 Coo 3020 CooTy e - 3 1099 Coo 2115 Coo 3214 CooType - 4 1150 Coo 2211 Coo 3361 CooType - 5 1057 Coo 2517 Coo 3574 CooType6 1167 Coo 2454 Coo 3621 CooType - 7 1231 Coo 2431 Coo 3662 CooType - 8 1281 Co 2530 Coo 3811 Co
61
Graph 4-5 Total Cost 01 Concrete and Reinforcement
Total Cost
bull
0045_0000bull~bull 35000bullbull ~OO
0 ~oou
~~oo~000
WOO
bull bull
bull bull
I TotalCosti-Concrete COSJ-+-- Reinf Cost -- -- -
Type of Concrelltgt Grado
Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement
Costn Percentage
_Totalcosl
-- Concrce Co__ Renf Coso
1_23
- -
- - - - -
---------_-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
140 -
_35 --------------- bull
bull 130bullbull 120bullj U bull 105~
00095
Type of Concrete Crade
Above analysis clearly shows that Type-1 concrete is cheaper than anyother combination of reinforced concrete Up-to 29 savings is possible ifhigher grade Reinforcement and Concrete used for building construction
62
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Discussion
In developed countries civil engineering organizations spend good amount of
money in RampD At national level the universities and other institutions
should be encouraged to undertake strategic research which aims to Improve
understanding and applications of scientific and technical know how which
in turn will provide a basis in the long run proper application of new
techniques and technologies Following are some areas very essential for
construction Industry of Bangladesh
The development and dissemination of new construction equipment and
better safety must be encouraged
Pre-fabrication and use of package materials will enhance the efficiency of
work execution by standardizing specifications and reduce the site work
volumes
The development and dissemination of all weather construction technology
will make it possible to carryon with work even under bad weather
The means of transferring information between designers and constructors
need to be improved The effective use of construction equipment
prefabricated materials and products needs to be considered
The roles and responsibilities of engineers need to be reviewed With regard
to improvements in work efficiency personnel training and strengthening the
management foundation of engineers
6]
52 Conclusion
Excavation
Manual excavation and excavation USing excavator S to 20 ft depth) with
different land areas were studied in Dhaka city Considering labour cost and
excavator rental charge breakeven point for Sft excavation and 20ft excavation
are 19020sft and 3616sft respectively Using PDW97 standard rate of works
it IS observed that for deeper excavation excavator is cheaper than labor-
intensivemanual excavation Labor-intensivemanual excavation works may be
acceptable outside urban areas due to unemployment of labor But excavator is
economic solution in urban areas like Dhaka city
In Bangladesh excavation and loading is a labour-based works but in developed
countries its hardware-based works Further detail study based on socio-
economic environment etc may be required to introduce hardware-based
excavation work replacing manual labor in our country
Material
8 combinations of steel and concrete were studied for a six storied bUilding
Considering material cost Type- ICombination of high strength concrete 44-
ksi with high strength steel 60-ksi) is the most economic Type8 la
combination of low grade concrete 2S-ksi and low grade steel 40-ksi) is the
most uneconomic as it material costs 29 more than the cost due to the Type-
1 Unfortunately Type-8 combination is most widely used in private construction
even by the real estate developer One problem with Type- is that high
strength concrete 144 ksi concrete with 60 ksi steel) demands admixture which
also demand skilled humnware If it is not possible type 2 (36 ksi concrete
with 60 ksi steel) can be easily used without loosing Significant economy lonly
3 more cost than Type-l) Mainly Engineers may play the significant role to
convince ownersentrepreneur to accept this technological advantage and avoid
uneconomical traditional approach
53 Scope for Future Works
Similar studies may be carried out for other components of technology Inamely
different types of hardware technology humnware infoware etc)
64
REFERENCES[1] MAnwarul Azim Technology Mal1agement and Development of Nation
July 1999
[2) SP Arors SP Bindra A Text Book of Building Construction
131 Chris Hendrickson Tung su Project Msnagement for Construction
141 Robert L Peukrifoy William B Ledbetter Construction Planning Equipment
snd Methods McGraw-HIli Book Company International Edition 1985
[51 Robert L Mitchell Engineering EconomlcsJohn Wiley amp Sons 1980
[6J Thomas C Ksvanagh Frank Muller James J OBrien Construction
Management
[7J Donald Barrie Boyd C Paulson Jr ProfeSSlonslConstruction Management
[8J Frank Harris Modern Construction and Ground Engineering Equipment and
Method
9J V K Riana Concrete bridge practice analysis design and economics
110] wwwskycraperscomWebsite
[11] wwwtransltmixconcretecom Web site
[12] wwwlrcocomWebslte
[13] wwwantigoconstructio~0JT Web site
[14] wwwleggattequipmentcomWebsite
[15J Public Works Department Recent technical issues and association of public
works department October 19 2000
i16J AaM Ekram Ullah Construction industry of Bangladesh Journal of civil
engineerirlgIEB 2 December 2000
[17J Prospect of quality re-enforcement bar production in Bangladesh - Elite Iron
and Steel Industries Ltd 2003
[18J Analysis of rates of PWD (Bangladeshi Schedule
- July 199719h Edition)
65
APPENDIX-A
3-D Model STAADIPro Input and Output (Partiall
APPENDIXA
30 Model STAADfPro Input and Output (Partiall
x
3-D ST AADIPro Model of Six Storied Building
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STAAD SPACE PAGE 10
n m eo 81 m~227 94 95 551 96 n 99 0
55j 00 101 555 106 107 m 108 m 112 55
no m 114 115 240 00 0 102 no 104 CO 228 56~
00 m 118 m n 119 568 m 122 m 123 m m 124 m m m 130 m DO 131 00 135 m no bull36 on no 137 57
m m 125 m no 127 0 m 229 m en 140 m 0 141 53J
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STAADSPACE -- PAGENO
148 271 272 276 277 328 329 341 PRIS YD 20 ZD 15119 78 14 15 6~ 64 70 71 86 87 94 95 110 111 151 152 167 bull68 208 2092lt150 266 281 282 322 ~23 332 3~7 PRIS YD 23151 885 TO 892 902 TO ~08 PRIS Yil 10 ZD 2352 1268 92 149 206 153 320 336 85~ TO 866 PRIS YO 12 ZD 10153 916 65 72 88 96 112 153 J6~ 210 226 267 28~ ~2~ 333 338 PRIS YD 15J54 11 67 90 114 171 228 285 335 843 TO 850 PRIS YD 40 ZD 10155 612 730 731 734 TO 736 748 749 75~ TO 754 766 767 770 TO 772 802 80156 806 TO 808 834 PRIS YO25 ZD 15157 577 5ao 618 PRIS Yl2G ZD 10158 501 TO 503 510 TO 12 517 TO 519 526 TO 528 5J3 TO 535 542 TO 544 54159 558 TO 560 565 TO 567 574 TO 576 581 TO 58~ 590 TO 592 597 TO 599 6C160 615701 TO 703 710 711 714 715 7J~ TO 721 728 729 732 733 737 TO 73161 750751 755 TO 757 764 765 768 76~ 773 TO 775 782 783 786 787 791 TC162 801 804 805 809 TO 8JJ 810 819 822 823 831 832 PRIS YD 30 ZD n163 593 790 PRIS YO ~O ZO 151M 596 PRIS YD 35 ZD 15165 504 TO S09 S20 TO 525 536 TO S41 S52 TO 557 568 TO 573 534 TO S39 61166 704 TO 709 722 TO 727 740 TO 745 758 TO 763 776 TO 731 794 TO 799 8167 318 PRIS YD 3D ZD 15163 600 TO 605 812 TO 817 PRIS YD 33 ZD 15169 CONSTANTS170 E CONCRETEMEMll1 TO 16 ~8 )022 57 TO 72 74 TO 73 80 TO 90 92 TO 9E171 98T0102104T0114149T01S3155T0159161T0171206T021021In 218 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3173 340 TO ~42 50J TO 518 70- TO 882 885 TO 892 B95 TO 908174 POISSON CONCRETEV-EME1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 30 TO 90 917 98 TO 102 10~ TO 11~ 149 TO 13 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 2JO 2J176 21B TO 228 263 )0267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO ~30 3177 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 613 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 908173 DENSITYCONCRETEMEHB1 TO 16 13 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 8D TO 90 9179 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 21130 213 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 27 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3181 340 TO 342 50J TO 618 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 90818l ALPHACONCRETEMEMB1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 103 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 19 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212184 l18 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 33185 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 618 701 TO 832 8BS TO 392 895 TO 9031B6 UNIT FEET KIP187 SUPPORTS1B8 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 207 216 fiXED18~ 234 FIXED190 236 FIXED191 DEFINE WINDLOAD192 TYPE 1193 INT 0 0045 0053 006 HEIG 10 30 60 90194 EXP 1 JOINT 24 TO 184 192 TO 196 199 TO 202 205 206 208 TO 215 217 11~5 n7 TON3196 EXCLUDEJOINT 46 69 92 U5 J38 161 J84197 LOADJ SELFWEIGHT1~8 SELFWEIGHTY -119~ LOAD2 DEADLOAD200 FLOORLOAD201 bull GROUNDFLOORIS A PARKI~GFLOOR
5 0
STAAD SPACE - - PAGE NO
o
59B 6973 ZRANGE 4854-2
FLOAD -05 XRANGE075KSF + 025 KSFFLOAD -01
YRANGE10 10 FLOAD -0089bull 1ST FLOOR TO 5TH FLOOR JS OFFICE FLOOR + ROOF SELFWEIGHT = O068KSF FLOO- FJNJSH = 002 KSF FALSE CEILI~G NO OTHER LOADAS FLOOR DEAD LOADYRAN3E 20 70 FLOAD -0104bull ROOF(EXTRA) AS GARDEN30 SOIL IN ~ART OF THE ROO~ SOIL ~ 03 NO OTHER LOADAS fLOOR DEAD LOADYRANGE70 70 FLOAD -03 XRANGE20 598 ZRAIIGE 2133 70ATER TANKYRANGESO SObull ROOF SLABYRANGll 80 80MEMBERLOAD701 702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 791 792 809 810 UNI GY -043LOAD 3 EXTERJOR WALLMEMBERLOADbullbullbull GROUNDFLOOR TO 5TIl FLOOR 5 WALLASSUMEDAT TilE EXTERIOR OF THE501 TO 503 510 TO 519 526 TO 535 542 TO 551 558 TO 567 574 TO 583 5599 602 605 60a 609 612 701 TO 703 TLO TO 721 72B TO 739 746 TO 757764ro775782T0793800T0808815T0826B35TOB41B51TOB578f875 TO 881 B95 TO 901 UNI GY 05LOAD 4 LIVE LOADFLOOR LOADGROUND FLOOR AS GARRAGEyenRANGE 10 10 FLOAD -005bullbull OFFICE SPACE AN ~VERAGE OF 65L8SFTYRANGE20 60 FLOAD -0 065bullbull FOR PARTITION WALL(ACCIDENTALLOAD)YRANGE20 60 FLOAD -004bull ~ ROOF OCCU~ATAIONALLIVE LOADOF ]0 LBSFTyenRANGE 70 70 FLOAD -003bullbullbull ROOF LIVE LOADOP 20 L3SFTyenRANGE 80 80 FLOAD -002MEMBERLOAD701702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 781 792 809 810 UNI GY -02LOAD 5 WIND IN XWIND LOADX 1 TYPE 1LOAD 6 WIND IN -XWIND LOADX -1 TYPE 1LOAD 7 wrND IN Zwnm LOADZ 1 TYPE 1LOAD B WIND IN ZwrND LOAD Z 1 TYPE 1LOAD COMB21 UNFACTOREDLOAD FOR GEO-TECH DESING1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10LOAD COMB22 FACTROREDLOAD1142143 14 4 17LOADCOMB23 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_X)1105 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275LOAD COMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-XI1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1 275 6 1215LOAD COMB25 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_Z)11051 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275
20420520620720B209210211 212213 214 21521621721B219220 221222223224-22522622722B21~130 131131233 234135 136 13 7 238239
241142243244-245246
249250251252 253 254255256257
P1 or
STAAD SPACE
260 LOAD COMB27 O 9DL+1 WI X261 1092 09 3 O~ 5 13262 LOAD COMB28 O~Du+~3WL -x263 1092 09 3 09 6 13261 LOAD COMB29 0 9DL+1 3WL Z265 109 2 09 3 09 7 13266 LOAD COMB30 09DL+lJWL -Z6 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13268 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELKMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 419 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH g 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS ~rRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISRSPACS = 141411308 1m EXMEM _ 11323 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 1O 23H roceMing Global Stiffness M-riX 10 23H Processing Triansular actorizatiof1 10 23H Calculating Joint Displacements 1O 24H Calculating Member Forces 10 24
269 LOAD LIST 21 22270 H71 START CONCRETE DESIGU272 CODE ACI273 UNIT INCRES KIP274 TRACK 2 ALL275 MINMAIN J ALL276 MAXMAIN8 ALL277 CLB 15 ALL278 CLS 1 5 ALL279 CLT ~5 ALL280 FC 25 ALL281 FYMAN 40 ALL28lt DESIGN BEAM501 TO 08 7D~ TO 84lt 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Pog of
A-
__ PAGE 0SIMD SPACE------------------- -------------------
_ bullbull lt CONCRETE TAKE OF bullbullbullFOR BE~MS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ~BOVEI
TOTAL VOLUCTE OF CONCR~TE ~ 11268 _94 CD FT
BAR SIZSNUMBER
mIGHT(in lbs)
1868563135362115B57951084 _9755~520
bullbullbull TOTAL= 5472996
285 FINISIl
bullbullbullbullbullbull 7 END OF STAAD-III ~7
DATE= JON 2~200J
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION M PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINBERS co bullbull West Coast - (714) 97~-2500 FClX- 714 I 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbull _ bullbullbullbullbullbullbull __ bullbull bullbullbull gt bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
Pbullbullbullbullbull of
A-9
-------------STAAD SPACE
260 1 09 2 093 09 8 13261 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- ~AGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTrcs
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMllER bullbullELEMENTS(SUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WrDTH ~ 196 nTOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ a TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISIt SPACE _ 141411570 MIl ExMEM_ 11611 MB
++ Processing Elemenc Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global stiffness Matrlx++ Processing Triangular ~actorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
163542163542163542163543163543
262 LOAD LIST 21 22263 HH264 START CONCRETE DESIGN265 CODE Atl266 UNJT INCHES KIP267 TRACK 2 ALL268 MINMAIN 4 ALL269 ~~MAIN a ALL270 CLB 15 ALU271 CLS 1 5 ALL272 eLT 1 5 ALL273 Fe 28 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO n 74 TO 78 6D TO 90 92 TO S276 104 TO 114 )48 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 2]277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 3]0 332 TO 338 34278 _ 843 TO 650 B59 TO 866 885 TO sn 902 TO 908
g of
A-10
w
gt w
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H Z 00 H gt 0 H Z H g H
0 0 bull Z H n H bull Z 0 bull H
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bull 0 bull 0 H 0 o H
bull H H H H bull H H 0 0 0 0 00 bull 0bull 0 0 H bull 0 0 bull 0 bull bull I bullbull __ ro- bull w n bullbullbull H 0 0 0 0 bull H bullbull 00 bull bull e 0 bull H bull bull
~bull w 0 bull bull bullbull bull 0 bull bull bullbull 0 bull bull bull bullbull bull bull bull bull W bull 0 bull bull W bullbull 0 bull bull 0 bull bull bull bull bull bull bull lbull
bullbull
0 0 0 0bull
W bullw bull
STAADSPACE - - PAGE NO
260 LOADCOMB28 0 ~DL+13IL_-X261 J O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 6 13262 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+1 3L ~263 1 O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 7 13264 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13L -l265 1092 09 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTSg 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX_ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISI SPACE = Hl4 11309 MS EXMEM= 11~~~ Me
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocesslng Global Stlffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
10H46101646101646101647101647
267 LOADLIST 21 22268 bullbullbullbull26~ START CONCRETEDESIGN27D CODE ACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP272 TRACK2 ALL273 MINMAIN3 ALL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL275 CLB 15 ALL276 CLS 15 ALL277 CLT 15 ALL273 FC 29 ALL279 FYMAIN40 ALL280 DESIGN BEAM 50~ TO G18 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
A-12
STAAD SPACE __ IAGENO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE = 1011146 CUFT
BAR SIZENUllBER
bull
H TOT1L~
283 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
176933223469319085 Sl136~151335171
5384462
bullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull
H DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 1018 4 H
bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING rn VERSION 0 PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast 00- (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714 ) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast 00- (9~8) 6B8-3626 Fax- (97B) 685-7230 bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A13ry ot
STAAD SPACE
260 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL -Z261 1092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STJlTISTICS
NOMllER OF JOINTSMIDIIlER+ELEMENISSUPPORTS K 2281 4791 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH K 1961 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF BTIFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 14141 9966 MIl EXMEM ~ 9995 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
162B56162656162657162857162857
263 LOADLIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETEDESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KIP268 TRACK2 ALL269 MINMAIN4 ALL270 MAXMAIN8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALL273 CLI 15 ALL274 FC 25 ALL275 FYMAIN40 ALL276 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 lB TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 7B 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 S277 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21278 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34279 B43 TO B50 859 TO 866 885 TO B92 902 TO 90B
bullbull r
A-14
gt ~ rl bull bullbull bull 0
z 1 ~~ ~-x ~~ bullbullbullbull~ ~ ~ 00
bull gt ~ ~~
bull bull bullbull ltfl~ ~~Nm bull bull bull bullbull 0 ~ bull bull ~o bullgt bull f-lt bull --~ ~ bull ~ bull lt bull
bull 0gt bull 0 bullbull U ~M---~- bull _Z bullbull 0 0_0 N bull rl HU~~ ~Z ifgt H (1 H 10HO H_gt ~0 H bull O o ~ E-lt bull 00 -4 0 bull gt-lt bulllt bull ltVl b ofltgt l-ltZ M bull H
e 0 bull gt lt- Ii 0 Z b 0 b 0gt 0 N H bullbO b ~~ 00 __ 0 bull
U Orl rlOlt Q bull ~ H 00- Z N bull ltCUM ~U U U ~ ON bullbull bull bullbull bull ZZ Z ~ N ~ bull lt0-- 0-lt0 - IN bullbull u U bullbull lil bull bullbull lt1 u -lt ~Ilaquo0 0 ~ b oH bull c O-I-wO ~bull e 0 m CO ~0 b ~0 O bullbullbull 0 00_ - 0 N flt bullbullbull 0 UUo ~bull gt H bull bullbull bull 0bull bullbull CO bullbull bull COUO ltJ ltgtgt _0 Q
0 ltl bull -0 H ] b Z bullH bullbullbullbullbullbull ~
~ ~ ~b ~C m lt
STAAD SPACE
26Q 1 092 09 3 09 8 13261 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day lpn 200 0505 PIlt
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSsUPPORTS ~ 2281 47~ 25ORIGINALIINAL BWP-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM n 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX n 2~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISItSPACE ~ 1414 112~8 MB EXMEM bullbull11305 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 48 H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix ~8 H Processing Triangular Factorization 48 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1048 H Calculating Membr Fore 1046 262 LOADLIST 21 22263 bullbullbullbull264 START CONCRETEDESrGN265 CODE ACr266 UNIT INCHES KIP267 TRACK2 ALL268 MINMArN4 ALL269 MAXMAIN8 ALL270 CLB 15 ALL271 CLS lS ALL272 CLT lS ALL273 FC 44 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 60 TO ~O 92 IO 96 276 104 IO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 no TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34278 843 TO 8S0 859 TO 866 SS5 TO 892 ~02 TO ~06
A_16
STAAD SACE
TUeday At 200lt 05 Q PM
__ ~AGSNO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullFOR EEAMS AND CO~UMNS DES1GNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VO~UME OF CONCRETE ~ 349873 CUFT
BAR SlZENUMBER
bullbull TOTA~~
28~ FINISH
WEWHT
lin lbs)
868018135806143447158775772658
2178704
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
DATE= rUN~9~003
bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull QUESTlONS REGARDING THIS VERSlON OF ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - 7~4) 974-~500 Fax- 1714) 9H-2543 bullbull East Coast - (976) 686-3626 Fax- 1978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A17
9Oglt of
STAAD SPACE
260 11052 105 3 105 4 1~75 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13L X262 1092 0 9 3 09 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 6 13265 LOADCOMB29 a9DL+13WL_Z266 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092 09 3 09 8 13269 PERFORM ANALYSIS
Tuesday AprLl 200lt 050 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STAJISJICS
NUMBER OF JO~NTSMEMBER+ELEHENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25OR~G~NALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 196 31TOlALPRIMARY LOAD CASES 8 JOJALDEGREES OP FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OP STIPFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PR~C KORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 14UI 10052 KB ElCKEK 10074 KB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
115749115749115749115750115750
270 LOAD LIST 21 2227l 272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 3 ALL277 MAXMAIN a ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL2ao CLl 15 ALL281 FC 44 ALL~82 FYMAIN 40 ALL283 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 6lS 701 10 84~ 851 10 858 867 TO 88~ 895 TO 901
0 or
A-1B
STAAD SPACE __ PAGE NO
bullbull bullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COGUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAG VOGUME OF CONCRETE = 854555 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
TOTAG~
186 FINISH
WEIGHT(~n Ibs)
176288448775077448379214
1689494
4793815
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 115910
bull QUESTlONS REGARDING H1SVERSlON oe PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS 0 c bullbull west Coaet - (7141 974-2500 =- (714) 921-2543 bullbull EilstCOil~t - 97B) 688-3626 FilX-(978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull
A-19
STAAD SPACE
260 LOIDCOMB30 O9DL+l3Wl -z261 1 092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORM ANALYSIS
TUesday Iltpnl 0o 00 0503 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATrSTICS
NUMBER OP JOrNTSMBMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 2SORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STlFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIlgt DlSK SPACE ~ 14l4 11297 MD IXMEM 11322 MB
++ rocessing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocessing Global stiffne~~ Matrix_++ ProceBBing Triangular Factori~ation++ Calculating Joint Di~placements++ Calculating Member Forces
92823~2823~28239282492824
263 LOAD LIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETE DESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KI268 TRACK 2 ALL269 MINMAIN 4 ALL270 MAXMAIN 8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALlgt273 CLT 15 ALlgt274 Fe 36 ALL275 FYMAIN 40 ILL276 DESIGN COLUMN 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~o 92 TO 96 277 104 TO 114 14~ TO 153 155 TO l5~ 161 TO 171 206 TO 2J0 2J2 TO 216 21276 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 3427~ 843 TO 80 89 TO 866 865 TO 892 902 TO 908
go of
TUesday Apnl 0 00 05 OJ PH
STAAD SPACE
~~~~~CONC~ETE TAKE OFF ~~~~~~~(FOR BEAMSAlD COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CO~C~ETE = 347891 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBE~
u TOTAL~
282 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
7770_05143175379537468648~067 99
2675164
~~~END OF STAAD-III ~bullbullbullbull~
~~ DATE~ JUN 292003
bullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbull~bullbullbull~~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS ~EGARDING TIllS VE~SION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESE~RCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(714) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~1~76) 688-3626 Fax- 197B) 685-7230 bull~~bullbull~bullbull~~~~bullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbull~~
A-21
Pog of
STAADSPACE
260 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 7 1275261 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-Z)262 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 8 1275263 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13WL X264 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13265 LOADCOMB28 O9DL+13WL -X266 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 1 3267 LOADCOMB29 O9DL+13WL Z268 1 09 2 09 3 09 7 13269 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+13WL -Z270 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13271 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day Apnl 200lt 0501
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS~ 228 479 25ORI~INALFINAL B~_WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAlgtPRIMARYLOADCASES 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FRlEDOM~ 1218SI~E OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 141411268 MIl EXMEM~ 11325 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorizat~on++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Fo~ces
9513495134951349513595135
272 LOADLIST 21 22273 u274 START CONCRETEDESIGN275 CODEACI276 UNIT INCHES KIP277 TRACK2 ALL278 MINMAIN3 ALL27~ MAXMAIN8 ALL280 CLB 1_5 ALL281 CLS 15 ALL282 CLT 15 ALL283 FC 36 ALL284 FYMAIN40 ALL285 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO B42 B51 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
0 - Df Slt
A-22
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 964374 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
faTAL
268 FINISH
WEJCHT(in Ibs)
177047115913713077931152341667496
5020131
bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-IJI bullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 29200J TIME~ ~5252
bullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENCJNEER8 bullbull West Coast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull
A-23
Pobullbullbullbullbull ot
STAADSPAC
260 LOADCOMB29 09DL+l3WL Z261 1092093 09 7 13262 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z263109209309813264 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
lROBLEM S TAT 1ST I C S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPlORTS 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH_ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES _ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM_ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSRZQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 141411353 Mll lXMEM~ 11380 Mll
H Processing Element Stiffness MatrlX 1519 H Precessing Global Stiffness Matrix 1519 H precessing Triangular Factorization 1519 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1519 H Calculating Member Forces 1520 0
265 LOADLIST 21 22266 bullbull u
267 STARI CONCRETEDESIGN268 CODEACI269 UNIT INCHES KIP270 TRACK2 ALL271 MINMAIN4 ALL272 MAXMAIN8 ALL273 CLB 15 ALL274 CLS 15 ALL275 CLT 15 AGL276 FC 44 ALI277 FYMAIN60 ALL278 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 279 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21280 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34281 843 TO 850 859 TO 566 885 TO 8n 902 TO 90S
A-24
STAAD SPACE
~bullbull~bullbullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbull(POR BEAJgtlSAND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
__ PAGE NO
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE w 286875 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbullbull TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in 1bs)
10486852147631374701385_57397060
1936535
bullbullbullbullbull~~~END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~~
~DATEw JUN 25200
bullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbull~~~bullbullbull~bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF ~ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West coast - (714) ~74 -2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbullbull~bullbull~~
0lt
STAADSPACE
261 LOADCOMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_XI262 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 6 1275263 LOADCOMB25 075(14DL+l7LL+l7WL_ZI264 1105 2 105 3 1054 1275 7 1275265 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI266 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 B 1275267 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X26B 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13269 LOADCOMB28 09DL+l3WL -X270 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 13271 LOADCOMB29 09DL+13WL_Z272 1 09 2 09 3 O~ 7 13273 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL_-Z274 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 1)275 PERFORMANALYSI8
- - PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALPINAL BAND-WIDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM _ 121BSIZE OF STIFF~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISISPACE ~ 141411362 MS E~ 11354 MB
++ processing Element 8tiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~m~nts++ Calculating Member Forces
154753154753154753154753154754
276 LOADLIST 21 22277 bullbull u
278 START CONCRETEDESIGN279 CODEACI280 UNIT INCHES KIP281 TRACK2 ALL282 MJNMAIN4 ALL283 MAXMAIN8 ALL284 CLB 15 ALL285 CLS 15 ALL286 CLT 15 ALL287 FC 44 ALL288 FYMAIN60 ALL289 DESJGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
A26
STAAD SPACE
~odnosdy April 07 200 12 bullbull PIlt
__ PAGE NO 4E
bullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE ~ 614543 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
h TOTAL=
292 FINISH
WEIGHTlin Ib)
23844211346225329075487201051119
46517 _88
~~bullbull~~END OF STAAD-III ~~bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JVlI 252003 TIME~ 154929 h
~~~~~~~~bullbull~~~bullbullbullbull~bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VSRSION OF PROGRAMbull RESEARCH ENGINSERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7H) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - 978 ) 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 685-7230 bull~~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbullbullbull
A-27
Pg 5
STAADSPACE
260 1092 093 09 7 13261 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z262 1092 09 3 09 8 13263 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM S TAT I S TIC S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WID~ ~ 196 31TOT-LPRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 8471 MIl ExMEM~ 8600 MB
H Ptocessing ElemEnt StiffnEss Mattix 12 132H ProcEssing Global Stiffness Matrix 12 132H Processing Trlangular Factorization 12 132H Calculating Joint Displacements 12 1]3H Calculating MEmber Forces 12 133
264 LOADLIST 21 22265 bullbull u
266 START CONCRETEDESIGN267 CODEACI268 UNIT INCHES ~lP269 TRAC~ 2 ALL270 MINMAIN4 ALL271 MAXMAIN8 ALL272 CLB 15 ALL273 CLS 15 ALL274 CLT 15 ALL275 FC 36 ALL276 FYMAIN60 ALL277 DESIGN COLUMN1 rO 16 IS TO 22 57 TO 72 74 rO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 278 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21279 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34280 843 TO 850 85~ TO 866 8B5 TO 892 902 TO 908
go
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
uUH CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ 335474 CUFT
BAR SIZENUJolBER
TOTAr~
263 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbsl
6330H565332164366277114472160
2112007
END OF STAAD-Ilr bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TrME= 12 3 5 bull
bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull eo QUESTrONS REGARDrNG THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~19781 686-3626 Fax- (9751 655-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
A-29
0 oE
STAAD SPACE
260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOAD COMB28 O9DL+JWL -x262 1092 09 3 09 6 J326 LOAD COMB29 O9DL+JWL Z264 1092 09 3 O~ 7 13265 LOAD COMB30 O_~DL+J3WL_-Z266 1 O_~ l O~ 3 09 B 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
~dn5dy AI 07 200lt 12 PM
- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIOTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES S TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121SSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = ~~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSRliQRDAVAILOISISPACE ~ 1414 8511~ EXMEM _ 8579 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
114125114125114126114126U4l27
268 LOAD LIST 21 2~269 270 START CONCRETE DESIGNl7J CODEACI22 UNIT INCHES KIP273 TRACK 2 ALL274 MINMAIN 4 ALL275 MAXMAIN 8 ALL276 CLB 15 ALL277 CLS 15 ALL278 CLT 15 ALL~79 FC 36 ALL280 FYMAIN 60 ALL28J DESIGN BEAM50J TO 6J8 70J TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
g of
A-3D
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE bull 727873 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbull
TOTAL
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
lt234770403~248654~34000 ~6504918
4409100
bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JON 262003
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSWN OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7141 974-2500 Fax- 714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (9781 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 6SS-n30 bull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull
A-31
p of bullbull
STAADSPACE
2521142143144 l7253 LOADCOMB23 075(J4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Xl254 l L05 2 L05 3 LOS 4 1275 5 1275255 LOADCOMB24 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_XI256 l L05 2 105 3 105 4 1275 6 1275257 LOADCOMB25 075(l4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Z)258 l 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275259 LOADCOMB26 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI260 l l05 2 105 3 l05 4 1275 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL_X262 l O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 1092 09 3 09 6 l3265 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+13WL Z266 1092 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL -Z268 1092 09 3 09 8 l3269 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM STATrSTrcs
NUMBEROF JOrNTSMEMBER+~~EMENTSsUPPORTS~ 2251 4791 25ORrGI~FrNAL BAND_WIDTH~ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES 5 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM 1218SlZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAlL DUK SPACE 141411569 MB EI(IIgM 11607 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ processing Globsl Stiffness Matrix++ proce~sing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member ForCes
l65923J65923J65~23l65~24165924
270 LOADLIST lt1 22271 uu272 START CONCRETEDESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK2 ALL276 MINMAIN4 ALL277 MAXMAIN8 ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT l5 ALL281 Fe 29 ALL282 FYMAIN60 ALL283 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO l6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~O n TO 96 ~284 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21285 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 2B5 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 33B 34
Fa ot
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
(FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ ~52761 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
gtbullbullbull TOTAL=
289 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbBI
7871 93298984~750 545725 66587542
bullbullbullbull DATE= JON 192003 TIME= 17 027 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull m QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Ccast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) ~21-2543 bullbull East Ccast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-33
iT oE
STAADSPACE
252 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275253 LOADCOMB24 075 (14DL+l7LL+l7WL_-XI25~ 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 175 6 1275255 LOADCOMB2S 0 7S (1 4DL+l 7LL+l 7WLZ)256 11052 105 3 105 ~ 1275 7 1175257 LOADCOMB26075(1 4DL+17LL+l 7WL -ZI258 11052 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275259 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOADCOMB25 0~DL+13WL -X262 109 2 O~ 3 09 6 13263 LOADCOMB29 0~DL+l3WL Z264 1092 09 3 09 7 13265 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL~Z266 1092 09 3 09 8 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINAL~lNAL BAND_WlDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LO~ ~ES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121BSIZE OF STIr~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 11622 MB ExMEM _ 11630 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Triangular Factorization 16 45H Calculating Joint Displacements 16 46H Calculating Member Forces 16 46
26B LOADLIST 21 TO 2226~bullbull u
270 STARTCONCRETEDESIGN271 CODE ACI272 UNIT INCHES KlP273 TRACK 2274 MINMAIN4 ALL27 MAXMAIN8 ALL276 CLB 1277 CLS 1527B CLT 15279 FC 29280 FYMAIN 602B1 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 61B 70l TO 842 85l TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Po 0
A-e4
STAAD SPACE -- PAGIgt NO
bullbull CONCRETE TA~E OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull(FOR BIgtAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ 936663 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullH TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
2218196100107537652369180134297
4321892
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull DATE_ JUN 92003 TIME~ 16 6 5 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
eoWestEast
OUESTIONS REGARDING TEIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at
Coa~t Ph- (7H) n4-2500 Fax- (7H) 92-2543Co~tPh- (978) 68B-3626 Fax- (~7B) 685-7230
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-35
go bullbullbull or ltOS
STAADS1ACE
252 LOAD COMB24 075114Dlt+17ltlt+17Wlt_-XI253 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 l27S 6 1275254 LOAD COMB25 075114Dlt+l7LL+l7WL_Z)255 11052 LOS 3 105 4 1275 7127S256 WAD COMB26 075114Dlt+17LL+17WL_ZI257 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275258 LOAD COMB27 09DL+J3WL X259 1092 09 3 09 5 13260 WAD COMB26 O9DL+13Wlt_-X261 1092 09 3 O~ 6 13262 WAD COMB29 O9DL+l3WL Z263 J 09 2 09 3 09 7 13264 LOAD COMB30 09Dlt+l3WL -Z265 109 l OS 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
-~ PAGE NO
PROBLEM S TAT S TIC S
NUMBEROF JONTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS_ 228 479 25ORIGNALFNAL BAND-WlDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SlZE OF STPFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAL DISK SPACE ~ 1414 10570 ME EXMEM 10597 ME
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~ments++ Calculating Member Forces
123548123548123548123549123549
267 LOID LIST 2l 22268 u++
269 START CONCRETEDESIGN270 CODEACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP271 TRACK 2 ALL273 MINMAIN 4 AL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL27S CB 15 ALL276 CS 15 AL277 CT 15 ALL278 FC 25 AL279 FYMAIN 60 ALL280 DESIGN COLUMNJ TO J6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 gt28J 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 lSS TO 159 J6J TO 17) 206 TO 210 212 TO 2J6 2]281 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34283 843 TO 850 859 TO 866 885 TO 891 902 TO 908
bullbull or bullbull
STNill SPACE -- PAGE NO
~~~~CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 418998 CUFT
BAR S1ltENUMBER
WEIGHTlin lbsl
9534245293381031637769676075
U TOTAL= 28~5a 03
286 FINISH
~~~~~~END OF STAAD-I11 ~~~~
bullbullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TIME= 123711 bullbullbullbull
bullbull
bullbull
921-2543685-7230
QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc atPh- 1714) n4-2500 Fax- 17141lh- (978) 688-3626 Fax- 19781
WeBt CoaBtEast CoaBt
bullbullbullbull
gO of
A-37
bull
STAAD SPACE
260 110521053 105 4 1275 8 1275261 LOAD COMB 27 O9DL+l3WL_X262 1092093 09 5 13263 LOAD COMB 28 O9DL+l3WL_-X264 1092093 09 6 13265 LOAD COMB 29 O9DL+l3WL_Z266 1092093 09 7 13267 LOAD COMB 30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092093 09 6 13269 PERFORM MlALtSrS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM S T ITIS TIC S
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 195 31TOTAro PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 rOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOW _ InSSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PRBe WORDSREQRDAVJILDISIl SPACE 141411309)IB EXMEM_ 11319 MB
++ Proce~singElement Stiffness Matrix++ PrDcessing Global Stiffness Matrix++ p~ocessing Triangular Factori2ation++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Force~
1033 91033 91033 9103310103310
270 LOAD LIST 21 22271 u272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE hCI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 4 ALL277 MAXMAIN BALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT 15 ALL281 Fe 25 hLL282 FYMAIN 60 ALL2B3 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 8~5 TO 901
FOg or
A-38
STAAD SPACE
w bullbull day PriJ 07 200lt 12
-- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull~ bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ H07625 CUFT
TOTAL~
286 FINISH
WEIGIJT(in Ibs)
2555707312566433964100076370299
4373300
bullbull bullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 292003
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull QUESTIONS REGARDING rum VERSION PROGRAM bullbull RESRARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast gt0- (7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 92) -2543 bullbull East Coast gt0- (9781 688-36)6 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull of
APPENDIX-B
List of Buildings for Different Strength Concrete and Reinforcement
APPENDIX-B
STRUCTURE DEVELOPER CONCRETE STEELSTREGTII STRENGTH
6(SIX) STORIED RESIDEIHIAL BUILDING ABC REAL ESTATES LTD 3aao pi 60000 piAT PLOT NO 239 KHILlGI ROAD BLOCK_B ABC HOUSE (6TH FLOOR) 8 KAMALATATURKMOHAMMADPUR HOUSING ESTATL AVENUE DHAKA1205MOHAYIMADP]JR DHAKA
9(NINE) STORIED RESIDENTIAl BUILDING MONICO LIMITED 3000 pi 611000piAT PLOT 0 507 MOUZA KAFRUI~ WEST HOUSE 10 7l1 ROAD NO 71A DHANMONDlAGARGAO DHAKA RIA DHAKA-12096(MX) STOlUlm RESIDFNTIAL BUILDING MR MOHAI1MAD HABlBUR RltHMAN 2500 psi 40000 piAI BAJTUL AMAN COOPERATJVE HOUSINGSOCIETY LIMITED PLOT NO-578cS 10_124KHA TIAN 0-346(SIX) STORIED CHAMP A SUPER MARKET MIS NISHA CONSTRUCTION 2500 pi 40000 piAT RAUARANDI DAZAR 13ALIAKANDlRAJBARl5(FlVE) STORIED ADMIN BUiLDIIG OF MIS NISHA CO]STRUCTlON 2500 pi 40000 piMANSUR ALI COLLEGEAT NARUA BALIAKANDI RAJBARI7 STORIED MLlNAT PLAZA MD MINNAT HOSSAIN 25110pi 40000 psiA SHOPPING CUM RESIDENTIAL DUILDINGA1 ABDULLAHPURKERANIGONJ DHAKA
WELKINS CANOPUS WELKINS PROPIRTY MANAGFMENT LTD 2500 pi 40000 pi9 STORIED APARTME1lt DUILDllG 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIBAGliAT LALKlIAI BAZAR CHlTTAGONG CIlITTAGOGWELKINS CALYX WELKINS PROPERTY MANAGEMENT LTD 2500 psi 40000 psi9 STORIED APARTMENT I3UIWING 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIDAGIIATNASlRABAD CHITTAGONG CIllTJAGONGGRAMEEN LEPTIS MAGNA GRAMEEN BANGLA HOUSING LTD 3000 psi 60000 piAT NIKETON GULSHAN SO-lARTORI TOWER (7TH FLOOR)9 STORIED APARTMENT BUILDING 12 SOlAR GAON ROAD DHAKA 1000
B~
APPENDIX - B
6 STORIED OFFICE BUILDING RUNNER AU rOMOBlLES LTD 2500Igti 40000 psiAT KUTURIA SAVAR DHAKA 74B GREEr ROAD DIJAKA
5-STORIED RESIDFNTIAL BlJILDING FOR MRROHIUL KARIM 2500 pi 40000 psiMRROBIUL KARIM AT PWT NO-lBROAD NO_7 SECTOR _7UTARA MODEL TOVNDHAKASNIGHDA ORCHID UNITIiCH HOLDIIGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD NO5 HOUSE NO - 7 BLOCK - IBANANI DHAKAJAUIIYA IJIITECH HOIDlNGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD 10 _9 HOUSE NO - 35 SECTOR- 4UTTARA DHAKA
ROUDRACHYA UNlTECIl HOJDIgtIGSLIMITED 2500 pl 40000 plROADNO_9 IlOUSENO-31SECTOR-4UITARADHAKA
UNITECH PRJ(SIDENCY UNITECH HOLDINGS LIMITED 2500 psi 40000 psiHUMAYANROAD PWTN034MOHAMMADPUR DHAKA
6-STORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING FOR Mlgt TOFAZZEL HOSSAIN 2500 pi 40000 psiMDTOFAZZEL HOSSAIN PLOT NO-64 BLOCK-C MANSURABAD HOUSING SOCIETYMOHAMMADPUR DHAKA8S10RIED IXI6MARRlED ORSQIJARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARMY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT SHAHEED YOUSUF ROAD DHAKA CANTT DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED lXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE OW amp CE (ARlfY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT POSTOGOLA CANTI DHAKA DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED IXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARII-IY) 3000 pi 40000 piAT ARMY HEAD QUATER ADMIN WING DHAKACANTIDHAKA CANTT4_STORlIW ENGINEERING FACILITIES ~ 3000 pi 60000 piBUILDING JMBAR PROJECT SARAK BHABAN
B~
APPENDIX- B
RAMNADHAKASHAPTAK SHAHNAMA SHAPTAK GRIHAY~ LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORJED APARTMENT BUILDING 819 BLOCK-C LALMATIA DHAKA-1207FORMR M MOSHIURRAHMA-lt ATPLOTNO34 BLOCK - C LALMATIA DHAKA - 1207SHAPT AK MAVIS SHAPT AK GRIllA Ylli LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORIED APARThlENT BUlTJ)ING 819 BLOCK-C lALMATlA DHAKA_1207fOR MR M MOSHllJR RAHMAN AT PLOT NO314HLOCK C LALMArJA DHAKA 1207
B-
APPENDIX-C
list of Buildings Using ExcavatorLabour for Excavation Work
APPEND1X-C
STRITCTlJRE
LABAID CARDIAC CENTREROAD _ 4 DHAllfONDJ DHAKA
LABAID SPECIALIZED 1I0SlIT AIROAD - 4 D1IA~MONDr DHKA
HABIT AT CENTER21 S]ORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEXSHAY AMOU DHAKASAM COMPLEX21 STORIED SHOPPING OfFICE COMPLEXSHAYA)IjOLl DHAKA(LOBE SHOPING CENTERto SIORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEX24 MIRPUR ROAD DHAKAHAPPY HOMES DR RAtA fULLA ARCADE6 STORIED BUIWINGROAD NO 3 DHANMONDI DJIAKAMULTILA GREEN VILLA15 SfORJED BUIWINGGREEN ROAD DHAKA
Such as 18 Storied New Market CityComplexadjacent of Dhaka new market14 storied CRP building project atMirJlur-14 Dhaka
nlvrLOP~R
LAB AlD corSTRUCTlOr
LAB AID CONSTRUCTlO
IIABITAJ REAL ESTATE LTD
GLOBE CENTER LTD
HAPPY HOMES LTD
MULTIPLAN LTD
UNIVERSE CONSTRUCTION LTD(CONTRACTOR)
m
Col
NOWIUSlMEIT
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
EXCA VATlOr- WORKPERFORMIW BY
EQUIPMEN l 1~IiNSIVE
EQlIPME~T INTElSTVE
EQUlPMElT INTElSIVE
EQUIMElT INTENSIVE
FQUlPMENT INTENSIVE
EQUIPMENT INTElS1Vpound I ~~~0 -Ilt~ s-
J~LABOUR INTENSIVE~i -ii amp
jjik ciI ~ ~ f- 1j
LABOURINTENSIV lt~~(I)ill- ~ J lt 4M
LABOUR INTENSIVE (
- 00000001
- 00000002
- 00000003
- 00000004
- 00000005
- 00000006
- 00000007
- 00000008
- 00000009
- 00000010
- 00000011
- 00000012
- 00000013
- 00000014
- 00000015
- 00000016
- 00000017
- 00000018
- 00000019
- 00000020
- 00000021
- 00000022
- 00000023
- 00000024
- 00000025
- 00000026
- 00000027
- 00000028
- 00000029
- 00000030
- 00000031
- 00000032
- 00000033
- 00000034
- 00000035
- 00000036
- 00000037
- 00000038
- 00000039
- 00000040
- 00000041
- 00000042
- 00000043
- 00000044
- 00000045
- 00000046
- 00000047
- 00000048
- 00000049
- 00000050
- 00000051
- 00000052
- 00000053
- 00000054
- 00000055
- 00000056
- 00000057
- 00000058
- 00000059
- 00000060
- 00000061
- 00000062
- 00000063
- 00000064
- 00000065
- 00000066
- 00000067
- 00000068
- 00000069
- 00000070
- 00000071
- 00000072
- 00000073
- 00000074
- 00000075
- 00000076
- 00000077
- 00000078
- 00000079
- 00000080
- 00000081
- 00000082
- 00000083
- 00000084
- 00000085
- 00000086
- 00000087
- 00000088
- 00000089
- 00000090
- 00000091
- 00000092
- 00000093
- 00000094
- 00000095
- 00000096
- 00000097
- 00000098
- 00000099
- 00000100
- 00000101
- 00000102
- 00000103
- 00000104
- 00000105
- 00000106
- 00000107
- 00000108
- 00000109
- 00000110
- 00000111
- 00000112
- 00000113
- 00000114
- 00000115
- 00000116
- 00000117
- 00000118
- 00000119
- 00000120
- 00000121
- 00000122
- 00000123
- 00000124
-
APPENDIX A 5T AADlPro input and output
APPENDIX B List of buildings for different strength
concrete and reinforcement
APPENDIX C List of buildings using excavatorlabour
for excavation work C-1
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1-1 la) Natural features caves and overhangs
Fig 1-1 (bll Crude shelter
Fig 1-1 c) Beehive hut
Fig 1-1 Id) Cone on cylinder
Fig 1-1 (e) Hipped-on cube
Fig 21 Excavation Equipment
Fig 2-2 Compaction amp Grading Equipment
Fig 2-3 Drilling amp Blasting Equipment
Fig 2-4 Construction Tools amp Other Equipments
Fig 31 National Assembly
Fig 3-2 Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
Fig 3-3 Islamic Development Bhaban
Fig 3-4 Bashundhara City
1
1
2
2
2
13
16
18
21
26
27
28
29
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4-1 5 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 41Table 4-2 10 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 41Table 4-3 15 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 42Table 4-4 20 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 42Table 4-5 ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed bar 47Table 4-6 8S4149 specifications for Twisted bar 47Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Rein and Concrete 50Table 4-8 Column Concrete Strength 44 kSIand Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 52Table 49 Beam Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 52Table 410 Column Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 53Table4-11 Beam Concrete Stren9th 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 53Table 4-12 Column Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 54Table 4-13 Beam Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 54Table 414 Column Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 55Table 4-15 Beam Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 55Table 4-16 Column Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 56Table 4-17 Beam Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 56
59
Table 4-18 Column Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 57
Table 4-19 Beam Concrete Strength 3 6 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 57
Table 4-20 Column Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 58
Table 4-21 Beam Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 58
Table 4-22 Column Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi
Table 4-23 Beam Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 kSI 59
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule 60
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule 60
Table 4-26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement 61
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete ReqUirement 61
Table 4-28 Reinforcement and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka 61
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 4-1 Excavation cost for 5 feet 43Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet 43Graph 4-3 Excavation cost for 15 feet 44Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet 44Graph 4-5 Total Cost of Concrete and Reinforcement 62Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement 62
Xli
ADPASTM
BS
SUET
GATS
GIS
kip
ksi
PCpsi
PVC
PWD
GCRampD
RC
RCC
UKWTO
ABBREVIATIONS
Annual Development Program
American Society for Testing Matenal
Bangladesh Standard
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
General Agreement on Trade amp Services
Geographic Information System
KiloPound
Kilo-pound per Square Inch
Personal Computer
Pound-per Square Inch
Poly Vinyl Chloride
Public Works Department
Quality Control
Research amp Development
Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced Cement Concrete
United Kingdom
World Trade Organization
X1l1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Development of Construction Technology
Building is the earliest form of technology In civil engineering construction
From the most primitive times humans required protection from the wild
animal elements of nature changing seasons and predators in natural
shelters such as caves and rock overhangs
Step by step they learned to improve their caves with inlaid stone floors
walls at the entrances and fireplaces Ultimately they began creating entirely
new habitats in locations that had no natural shelter
Shetters built from natural material~ indicate that they had knowledge of the
stress strain and insulation properties (heat cold and water-proofing) of the
materials used The use of hand-made bricks or stone blocks indicated
knowledge of properties such as compression forces The symmetrical
shapes of the designs indicated the knowledge and application of the
principles of geometry
Most communities had their own distinctive styles lor bUilding their houses
and archaeologists have uncovered many examples through the ages
[Shown in Fig l-1a) to Flg1-1 (e)]
Fig1-110)Naturalfeaturecoos andcerhangsNaturalshell likecaveoravehangswereusedas OleSlInleornobuldngmaterialswereused
Fig1-1(b)CrudehellerTemporary5lruelue5tht neededIItUeWOlt1ltmn5hlpMalerilsfouodnoarbywereusedndoITangedona udelrameworkofbrance
Fig 11 (el llBolllvo nulA ypcal bUlldng yle of Ihe Nguni people (Zuluand Xlloa) Vertical branenes were stabilisedtl1 hOzotal bltacing wiln nO ~istnclibetweon Ine walls nd Lne roof The saplingslrueuro was bound lOgeher by gass fibreropos and tho grass eong ws wn to Ihelerura Ih gras rope
Fig 1_1 (0) Hlpped-ltgtn cubWestern fiuecaled 10 Ihe introduction of Ihe gOwall cons1ructlon The walilayoo Iso ~caeheha or the roof Walls me higher and doorvayslarger
Fig 11 (d) Con on cylinderA typlcol style among Ihe Tswana Solho andVenda peoplo Tila roof IS para and can bcleorly idenllfied The rooF as mode lrcltn grassad the wallslrom dag or tyle 01cement
The bUilding trade is the earliest form of civil engineering construction Up to
13 century building technology in the sub-continent fell under three
category (a) Thatchery and mud houses made of thatched roof of bamboo
straw grass reed etc lb) stone masonry which included hewing laying and
carving of stone and (c) Brick masonry construction consisting of lime-surki
mortar in the city areas Between 13 and 18h century the feudal monarchs
and the land lords constructed monumental bUildings After the Industrial
2
revolution in the 180 century construction of factory buildings labor sheds
ware houses etc became the major construction activities With the
invention of the steam engine in the 18 century development of railways
started Besides the construction of roads ports and harbors inland and
offshore navigation developed simultaneously after the Second World War
reconstruction of the war ravaged infrastructure brought a boom In the civil
engineering construction Civil engineering also has attained modernization
an eventually in the seventies the development of chips and micro chips and
the high capacity single chip microprocessor made possible the development
of the micro computers The computer software technology has also
developed very fast simultaneously The development of the optical fiber
and the satellite technology has made a revolution and the internet has
brought the information technology to a stage which was unimaginable even
a decade ago As result knowledge based industries now dominate over the
previous machinery based industries Traditional construction industry as
gradually becomes obsolete and ineffective worldwide in these high tech
eras This new situation put construction industry a new challenge
In modern times the civil engineers built dams sluices regulators barrages
pump houses and p ower generation and many other structures which were
believed to be impossible to construct Gigantic modern off-shore structures
are now built which go to several hundred meters below sea level In the
field of bridge construction enormous progress have been achieved Bridges
has now become relatively cheap and can be built in extremely short timeThe most ambitious bridge development ever realized is certainly the Akashi-
Kaiko Bridge in Japan with a span of 1990 meter This gigantic endeavor at
the early age where only possible due to very sophisticated and heavy
erection equipment developed The successful construction of channel
tunnel Bull twinkle (492 m worlds tallest offshore platform) Louisianan
offshore oil port supertanker unloading capacity of 100000 barrel an houri
Kansai international airport a port reclaimed from sea bed containing
extremely soft soill testify to development capability of the civil engineeringprofession in modern times it will not be out of place to mention that during
the sixties intensive urbanization in many developed countries saw the
3
spectacular revolutionary concepts such as wall frame Interaction tube-in-
tube bundle tubes diagonally braced frame and compOSite construction
pioneered the high rise growth Developments of intelligent buildings that
can respond to earthquake and fire hazards are in the making
In recent years (Information agel technological innovation in design
materials and construction methods have resulted in significant changes in
construction costs Computer aids have improved capabilities for generation
quality designs as well as reducing the time required to produce alternative
designs New equipments and materials not only have enhanced the quality
of constructIOn but also have shortened the time for shop fabrication and
field erection Construction methods have gone through various stages of
mechanization and automation including the latest development of
construction robotics
The Global Trend
Competition in global market for better amp economic building construction is
increasing day by day Construction organizations are realizing that
responsiveness to market demands and adaptability to changing condition
Competitive prices are the hallmarks of successful enterprise Therefore
every construction organization wants to lower the cost by alternate deSign
interchanging material strength amp type uSing modern construction methods
and proper management So construction world is going for new technology
and saving both time and cost
The Bangladesh Context
Bangladesh has come a long way since its independence But a very few
organizations have adopted new construction technology and ability to build
high strength material with quality After 2004 due to WTD and GATS
Bangladesh market has to be made open to outside countries and most of
the organization will face difficult challenges from the competitors of other
countries To face this challenge effectively construction organizations need
4
to be more responsive to market demands lower the prices by choosing
proper construction technology in all stages of construction as well as
improve quality of material If construction organizations of Bangladesh will
able to qualify with other countries in competition they would have to
opportunity to work abroad
Bangladesh is one of the least developed countries in the world Regrettably
In Bangladesh most of the construction methods and design are oriented by
conventional method Though volume of building construction is large but
modern construction method and equipment facilities in most of the cases
are absent Only a small number of projects have been done or ongoing With
theses modern facilities Remarkable new and high strength material are also
not using in Bangladesh Only in some national bridgeroad construction
project modern equipment and material were used in Bangladesh Due to
absent of new and high strength materials new technologies new
equipments quality as well as effiCiency of building construction are very
poor
12 Objective of the Project
Bangladesh is one of the least developing countries Contemporary
construction technology With high strength materials are not often uSing inbUildingconstruction sector The objective of this study IS to find out what
type of technology and materials are being using for building construction In
addition to find out if better technology is available why these are not
being accepted at present in construction sector of Bangladesh
Specific objectives of this study are
bull To study the exiting technological parameters in present day building
construction in Bangladesh
bull To study the economy of scale and factors as they relate to-
(a) Humnware
(b) Infoware and
(e) Hardware
5
13 Methodology
Methodologies used in this study are followings
I Study of the literature to identify the contemporary
technology in building construction in developing NIC and
developed economies
II Study of the local documents and of field data to find the
status of contemporary technology in the building industry in
Bangladesh
III Study the economy of scale and contemporary technology as
they relate to humnware Infoware and hardware
6
CHAPTER 2
TECHNOLOGIES IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
21 Introduction to Technology in Construction Industry
McGraw Hill Encyclopedia Defines Technology as 11
Technology is closely related to science and engineering Science deals with
humans understanding of real world around them - the interesting
properties of space matter energy and their interactions Engineering is the
application of objective knowledge to the creation of pians designs and
means for achieving desired objectives Technology deals with tools and
techniques for carrying out the plans
Construction Technology
Basic design and construction topics which include both field and office
activates which facilitate problem definition evaluation solution and
communication ie design electives electrical equipment estimating
formwork mechanical quantity surveying rigging scaffolding scheduling
shop drawings site planning surveying takeoff utilitiesfl9
Construction industry undoubtedly is the backbone and propelling force
behind our progress It has the potential to contribute to peoples lives in
many ways This needs high skill dynamic leadership broad vision great
courage latest technology and communication system
Modern science and technology have provided many useful tools like
computers~CPM-PERT-most productive and efficient machines financial
management procedures and many others But all these become redundant
and unproductive when these sophisticated and efficient tools are worked
by green and inexperienced hands who lack the basic ingredients of work
culture dedication and courage and people who are not imaginative and
innovative
7
22 Construction technologies on the basis of labour and equipment
Construction technologies can on the basis of their content of labour and
equipment be classified as
o Equipment Intensive
o Labour based and
o Labour Intensive Technologies
The choice of the technology may affect the overall cost the overall
duration of the construction and the overall quality of the asset Some
works allow only one type of technology while others can be done in
various ways Graphically equipment intensive labour Intensive and labor
based technologies are shown in below
Potential shift in labour contents by using labour-based methods
Llbaur - _
Equipment Intensive
Labour Based
Labour Intensive
IIIlililillllIII-IIIliillllllnmmmllF
221 Equipment Intensive Technology
Equipment intensive technology is defined as the combination of labour and
equipment In which most work is done by labOUHeplacing equipment
supported by a small labour force Although the technology might be
appropriate in circumstances with high wage levels low labour availability
and high skill levels its application is often ineffective at local level where
individual projects are relatiVely small and dispersed over a large
geographical area
8
222 labour Intensive Technology
To avoid a common misconception it is important to distinguish between
labour basedmethods and labour Intensive methods In contrast with labour
based technology labour intensive approaches seek to maximize
employment with a minimum use of mechanized equipment often at the
expense of cost and quality
223 labour BasedTechnology
In selecting the most appropriate technology it is however important that
irrespective of the type of technology resources is used efficiently quality
standards are maintained and time limitations are observed For these
reasons labour based technology has been developed to maXimize
opportunities for the employment of labour (skilled and unskilled) while
supported by light equipment under strict conditions of cost
competitiveness acceptable engineering quality standards and timely
implementation Labour based work methods are competitive only if these
conditions are met and can then provide a lasting alternative to traditional
equipment-intensive construction methods
23 Software Technologies
Normally software means the written instructions executed by some
hardware Ie Programs that are needed to run for execution and manage
the computer and those which are used to solve the problem 111 The
Software technologies have three subdivisions which are
bull Manpower (Humnware)
bull Information (Infoware)
bull Organization (Orgaware)
231 Manpower (Humnwere)
We know manpower (humnware) is the person-embodied component of
technology 111 For construction works require different types of personal but
most of them require technical background Different disciplined engineer
site engineer supervisor foreman rod binders mason skilled labour helper
9
carpenter sanitary technicians electrical technicians and other personal are
the humnware
Productivity in construction IS often broadly defined as output per labor
hour Improvement of labor productivity should be a significant activity in
building construction In construction works vigorously pursue the efficient
utilization of labor So improvement of personnel related to this field is a
vital factor of construction industry
232 Information (Infoware)
Information IInfowarel is usually the document-embodied form of technology
[11 This inciudes the specifications market database for materials theories
charts database drawing codes books journals catalogs and other
documents Requisition and supply management work(s) are also includes in
infoware Infoware constitute a crucial part of construction industry For
construction works every step is related to infoware Proper constructions
need accurate material specification guided by the code(s] Proper
information is the key factor of any construction project
233 Organization (Orgaware)
Within a frame work of the Organization (Orgawarel Manpower
(Humnware) Information (Infoware and Hardware technologies work 111
Organization techniques principles practices and arrangements that govern
the effective use of technology by humnware This includes construction
planning project management QC safety RampD
Organizational systems play the key role in construction industry Both the
success and failure of construction works widely depends on organization
An organization system includes Organization structure organization design
human resource poliCY and practice organization Culture work stress etc
Common organizational structures available in construction industries are-
bull Project organization
bull Matrix organization
bull Line and staff organization
10
24 Hardware Technology
Modern construction especially for large projects has grown in complexity
due to size cost and speed of construction Construction equipment is an
important resource and its planning assumes vital importance With the
rapidly changing technology both in design and construction areas
contractors are now shy of making heavy investment in heavy equipment
New innovation of construction equipment change the older method of
construction method and resultant is quicker and economic construction
Sometimes whole system is enhanced by new innovation Such as two
technological developments namely lilt and modern metal frame removed
the prevailing limitations on the height of the buildings Hardware is object-
embodies form of technology 111 such as Construction
equipmentmachineries all type of materials appliances computer paper
printer
The selection of appropriate construction equipment often affects the
required amount of time and effort and thus the job-site productivity of a
project It is therefore important for site managers and construction planners
to be familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment
Various types and important works are involved for construction Industry
Such as excavation loading compaction and grading drilling and blasting
equipment lift and erecting machineries mixing construction tools and
other equipment Different types of work require different type of hardwareand technology
11
Selection of most suitable and available equipment for a particular project is
a frequent problem for contractor Owner contractor and even the engineers
of our country are going for traditional method and material Sometimes due
to old technique and traditional material huge financial loss is the result
Money spent for equipments need to be considering as an investment
which can be recovered with a profit during the useful life of the equipment
241 Excavation
Types of equipment which are used to excavate earth and related materials
are known as excavator Excavation equipment includes the following
machines
1 Power shovels
2 Backhoes
3 Draglines
4 Clamshells and cranes
5 Trenching machines
6 Wheel-mounted belt loaders
Craneshovel consists 01 three major components
bull A carrier or mounting which provides mobility and stability for the
machine
bull A revolving deck or turntable which contains the power and
control units
bull A front-end attachment which serves the special function in an
operation
12
(g) Hawk_Bulk W~
(e) Cranes
(h) Q)-Qlick Mount
(c) Daglines
0l Hook Lift (k) Conlaine CITi~r (1) RollOffTrmlers Carner
Fig 2-1 Excavation Equipmentl1Gl
13
The type of mounting for all equipments Ihardware) in the above figure is
referred to as crawler mounting which is particularly suitable for crawling
over relatively roughed surfaces at a job site Other types of mounting
include truck mounting and wheel mounting which provide greater mobility
between job sites but require better surfaces for their operation The
revolving deck includes a cab to house the person operating the mounting
andor the revolving deck In the above figure a crane with hook clamshell
[Fig2-1 (f)L drag line [Fig2-1 (c)] bac khoe shovellFig 2-1 laI(b)L pile
driver[Fig2-1 (d)] and other excavation equipment are shown
A tractor consists of a crawler mounting and a non-revolving cab When an
earth-removing blade is attached to the front end of a tractor the assembly
is called a bulldozer When a bucket is attached to its front end the
assembly is known as a loader or bucket loader There are different types of
loads designed to handle most efficiently materials of different weights and
moisture contents
Scrapers are multiple units of tractor-truck and blade-bucket assemblies with
various combinations to facilitate the loading and hauling of earthwork
Major types of scrapers include single engine two-axle or three-axel
scrapers twin-engine all-wheel-drive scrapers elevating scrapers and push-
pull scrapers Each type has different characteristics of rolling resistancemaneuverability stability and speed in operation
242 Compaction and Grading
Compaction grading and soil stabilization are the works of same category
and these are interrelated Many SOilsare subject to differential expansion
and shrinkage when they undergo change in moisture content If pavements
are to be constructed on such soils it IShighly desirable to stabilize them to
prevent or reduce the change volume in order to protect the pavements from
excessive damages
Stabilizations may be applied to a soil In its natural position or as it is placed
in a fill Also stabilization may be applied to the sub-grade sub-base or
base material
14
Some methods of stabilization are
L Blending and miXing heterogeneous soils to produce more
homogenous soils
bullbullbull Incorporating hydrated lime into soils that are high in clay content
bullbullbull Blending asphalt with the soil
t Mixing Portland cement with the soil
t Incorporating various types of slats into the soils
4 Incorporating certain chemicals into the soils
t Compacting the soils thoroughly after they are processed
The function of compaction equipment is to produce higher dense soil
mechanically The basic forces used in compaction are static weight
kneading impact and vibration The degree of compaction that may be
achieved depends on the properties of soil its moisture content the
thickness of the soil layer for compaction and the method of compaction
The function of grading equipment is to bring the earthwork to desired shape
and elevation Many soils are subject to differential expansion and shrinkage
when they undergo changes in moisture content Many soils also move and
rut when subjected to moving wheel loads If pavementsbuildings are to be
constructed on such soils It is usually necessary to stabilize them to reduce
the volume changes and strengthen them to the point where then can carry
the imposed load even when they are saturated
Major types of grading equipment include motor graders and grade trimmers
The former is an all-purpose machine for grading and surface finishing the
latter is used for heavy construction because of its higher operating speed
Many types of compaction equipment are available including the following -
Towed Sheepsfoot [Fig2-2Ia)L Grid Roller [Fig2-2(b)L Self-Propelled [Fig2-
21c)) Segmented Steel Wheel Roller[Fig2-2(dll Self Propelled Tamping Foot
Roller Self Propelled Vibratory Tamping Foot Roller[Fig2-2Iel) etc These
are different operating characteristics
15
(a) Sheepsfoot roller
(b) Grid roller
(d) Two-Axle Tandem Steel-wheeled Roller
(c) Self Propelled Pneumatic-tiredRoller
(e) Self-Propelled Smooth-drumvibratory Roller
Fig 2-2 Compaction amp Grading Equipment
IG
243 Drilling and Blasting
Drilling operation used by the construction and mining industries to drillholes in both rock and earth The task of rock excavation includes looseningloading hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling and blasting
Rock excavation is a risky and hard task ReqUire special equipment andmethods for this operation The degree of difficulty depends on physicalcharacteristics of the rock type which to be excavate Grain sizes planes ofweakness weathering brittleness and hardness of rock strata are the vitalfactors of rock excavation The task of rock excavation includes looseningloadlllg hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling blasting or rippling
Major types of drilling equipment are percusSion drills and rotary-percussiondrills A percussion drill penetrates and cuts rock by impact while it rotateswithout cutting on the upstroke
Common type of percussion drills includes a jackhammer which is hand heldand others which are mounted on a fixed frame or on a wagon or crawl formobility A rotary drill [Flg2-3(bJJ cuts by turning a bit against the rocksurface A rotary precesSion drill combines the two cutting movements toprovide a laster penetration in rock
Blasting is performed to loosen rock in order that it may be excavated orremoved from its existing position Blasting requires the use of explosivesthe most common of which is dynamite Generally electriC blasting caps areconnected in a circuit with insulated wires Power sources may be powerlines or blasting machines designed for firing electriC cap Circuits Alsoavailable are non-electrical blasting systems which combine the precisetiming and flexibility of electric blasting and safety of non-electricaldetonation
Tractor-mounted rippers are capable of penetrating and prying loose mostrock types The blade or ripper IS connected to an adjustable shank whichcontrols the angle at the tip of the blade as it is raised or loweredAutomated ripper control may be Installed to control ripping depth and tipangle
In rock tunneling special tunnel machines equipped with multiple cutterheads and capable of excavating full diameter of the tunnel are nowavailable Their use has increasingly replaced the traditional methods ofdrilling and blasting
17
(a) ER1ronmomtlll Testing
It) Placer Drill
(b) Rotary drill
(dl Mincrnl Exploration Drill
eel Water Well Drilling
Fig 2-3 Drilling amp Blasting Equipmentl1bull1
18
244 Lifting and Erecting Equipment
Liftmg and erecting equipments are used to 11ftloads and to facilitate theerection of steel building frames
Derricks are commonly used to lift equipment of materiais or building
construction A derrick consists of a verticai mast and an inclined boom
sprouting from the foot of the mast Guys hold the mast in position or stiff
legs connected to a base whiie topping lift links the top of the mast and the
top of the inclined boom A hook in the road line hanging from the top of the
inclined boom is used to lift loads Guy derricks may easily be moved from
one floor to the next in a building under construction while stiff leg derricks
may be mounted on tracks for movement within a work area
Horizon boom type tower cranes are most common in high-rise building
construction Inclined boom type tower cranes are also used for erecting
steel structure
245 Mixing
Mixing concrete by hand is expensive In labour and it IS therefore not
surprising that mechanical mixers have been general use for a great many
years
The object of mixing is 10 coat the surface of all aggregate particles with
cement paste and to blend the entire ingredients of concrete into a uniform
mass this uniformity must furthermore not be disturbed by the process of
discharging from the mixer In fact the method of discharging is one of the
bases of classification of concrete mixers Several types exist In the tiltmg
mixer the mixing chamber known as the drum is tilted for discharging In
the non-tilting type the axis of the mixer is always horizontal and discharge
is obtained either by inserting a chute into the drum or by reversing the
direction of rotation of the drum or rarely by splitting of the drum There are
also pan-type mixers rather Similar in operation to an electric cake-mixer
these are called forced action mixers as distinct from the tilting and non-
tilting mixers which reiy on the free fall of concrete in the drum
19
In any mixer It is essential that sufficient interchange of materials between
different parts of the chamber takes place so that uniform concrete is
produced
On a site there is often a tendency to mix concrete as rapidly as possible
and it is therefore important to know what is the minimum mixing time
necessary to produce a concrete uniform in composition and as a result of
satisfactory strength
Concrete mixers are used to mix Portland cement sand gravel and water in
batches
There may be occasions when concrete has to be mixed by hand and
because in this case uniformity is more difficult to achieve particular care
and effort are necessary
A truck mixer refers to a concrete mixer mounted on a truck which is
capable of transporting ready mixed concrete from a central batch plant to
construction sites
246 Construction Tools and Other Equipment
Concrete can be economically pumped at the rates 15 to 200 ydhr for
horizontal distances 300 to 3000 ft and vertical distances 100 to 500 ft
without staging [11
The pumping of concrete of is especially advantageous in placements that
are physically difficult to approach with ready-mix trucks and show best
economy in the range of 20 to 80 ydhr
Air compressors [Fig2-4(al] and pumps [Fig2-4(dl] are widely used as the
power sources for construction tools include drills hammers [Fig2-4(bll
grinders saws wrenches[Fig2-4(clj staple guns sandblasting guns and
concrete vibrators Pumps are used to supply water or to dewater at
construction sites and to provide water jets for some types of construction
Vibrators are used to eliminate entrapped air Of the several types internal
vibrators perhaps the most common one External vibrator is rigidly clamped
to the formwork resting on an elastic support so that both the form and
20
concrete are vibrated Vibrating table can be considered as a case of
formwork clamped to the vibrator instead of the other way round but the
principle of vibrating the concrete and formwork together is unaltered
Besides these surface vibrator used for flat plate electric hammer can be
used as a surface vibrator when fitted with a bit having a large flat area A
vibrating roller is used for consolidating thin slabs
(a)Air Compressor
rg Wrench
(b) Hammer
(d) Concrete Pump
Fig 2-4 ConstructionTools amp Other Equipments[111
247 Choice of Equipment and Standard Production Rates
The selections of the appropriate type equipment or machines tor
construction often affect the required amount of time and effort and thus
the job site productivity of a project Equipment size determination is also a
very important task for construction Oversize equipments are expensive as
well as consume more time to handle It is therefore important for
construction planners to be familiar with the characteristics of the major
21
types of equipment most commonly used in construction Construction
planners also have to know the sources of construction equipment
Contractors and users of construction equipment frequently concerned with
a decision as to whether to purchase or rent (lease) an equipment Under
certain conditions it is financially advantageous to purchase whereas under
other conditions it is more economical and satisfactory to rent it
248 Building Materials
In recent times some of the important technological breakthroughs in
materials are stabilized soil lime-pozzolana mixes sand-lime bricks fly-ash
bricks clay-fly ash bricks gypsum boards wood-wool sheets plastic
products in utility service ready mix concrete non-shrink grout for machine
foundation super-plasticizers Ferro-cement and other materials Different
types of composite construction are also in very advance stage
In the field of concrete technology also some advances are happened such
as light weight concrete radiation shielding concrete polymer concretes
fiber reinforced concretes super plasticized concretes gap graded concrete
tenser-polymer reinforced concrete roller-compacted concrete ultra high
strength concrete improved techniques in pre-stressing prefabricated
construction and other some remarkable matenals
In low cost housing a number of developments have taken place and
following new techniques are being adopted for reduction in cost These arestone block masonry pre-cast brick panel roofing pre-cast RC channel
roofing ferro-cement tank use of secondary species of timber particle
board lor shutter doorswindows fly ash-lime-gypsum bricks for making
walls pre-cast RCC frames for doors and windows Pre-cast RC lintel (thin]
lower ceiling heights PVC pipes for water supply stabilized soil cement
base floors magneSium oxy-chloride flooring fire retardant treatment of
thatch asphaltic roofing etc Brief descriptions of some of those materials
are below-
22
249 Construction Automation and Robotics
Recent advances in robotic technology and the related experience In
manufacturing industries suggests that greater automation maybe extremely
beneficial for constructed facilities In addition construction in hazardous
environments (not approachable) may be greatly expanded by the use of
construction robots
There are several means by which construction automation and robotics
might repay the additional equipment and development costs associated
With high technology investments First robotics offers opportunities for
extending the scope of practical construction activities into hazardous
environments including outer space nuclear reactors or undersea
construction Even standard construction sites represent hazardous
environments as suggested by the large number job industrial accidents
associated with construction Second robotics may permit the practical
introduction and broader use of nonhuman senses and capabilities on
construction sites
KaJimaCompanys reinforcing bar placing robot can carry up to 20 bars and
automatically place these bars in pre-seiected patterns in both floors and
walls The equipment has achieved 40 to 50 savings in labor and 10
savings in time on several Japanese projects 131
A wall climbing robot called RM3 for tasks such as video inspections of shiphulls gamma-ray inspection of structural welds and high-pressure washing
painting shot-blasting and barnacle removal 131
23
CHAPTER 3
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN BANGLADESH
31 Introduction
The contribution of construction industry is quite significant in the national
economy but its existence is absent from the national economy plan
Recently government has made policy considering this sector as an industry
GDP Contribution of construction industry was 606 In 1991-1992 and 619
over the period 1996- 1997 Agriculture sector contributes maximum of
GDP Construction sector contribute about 20 of agriculture sector GDP
which is a remarkable role in Bangladesh economyI1
The construction Industry of Bangladesh comprises of a large number of
predominantly small firms The same can be seen to be true for most other
countries
The actual structure of the industry is not possible to measure as there are
no published papers on the total number of firms There are some 25000
nos of local contracting large medium and small categorized firms
registered with the government agencies with a varying range of financial
capacities [16]
In building construction sectors larger firms are capable to construct
concrete highrise building 30 storied Bangladesh Bank Bhaban 20 storied
Bangladesh Secretariat 20 storied Sena Kalyan Bhaban Building 20 storied
lOB Shaban and many other bUildings are the evidence of the ability to
construction of high rise concrete-building While high rise steel structures
are not yet familiar in Bangladesh but recently a number of high rise steel
structure are under construction In other sector such as bridge roads gas
pipeline electricity supply dam sluice-gate etc are implemented by
international contractors and joint venture companies (foreign and local
firms~ In 1990-91 the construction industry employed 105 and in 1995-
96 183 (statistics 97~ of total labour force In other statistics showed
that the constructing firm employs 20 lacs peoples If each family comprise
24
of four members so total 80 lacs people (615 of total population of the
countryl are dependent on the construction industry for their living The
economical and political significance of the industry ISeven greater than this
figure suggest as it captures the major part of the national investment
About 46 of the total construction labour force are involved in building
50 in construction repair and maintenance of roads and bridge works and
4 are involved in construction repair and maintenance of other activities
16]
Some domestic contractors in the building sectors have access to overseas
market but local contractors are less capable of competing with the foreign
companies due to variety of grounds -
(a) Very Less initiative from the Government to improve the capacity of the
local contractors
bull Easy policy for credit system for construction industry
bull To provide plant machinery hire facilities
bull Skill and manpower development through training
(bl Policy of the rules and conditions of the donor agencies for foreign funds
According to PWD to solve the housing problem 709131 units of houses
are required to construct in every year [15] So it indicates that Bangladesh
has a serious housing problem
12 to 15 millions people now lives in Dhaka city Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is now the city of construction Though yearly requirements in
the city is about 65000 housing but all public and private sector together
produce 25000 housing units in a year Percentage of leaving in slums and
squatter settlement is about 30 percent It would take at least 600 billion
taka which IS five times the entire ADP budget of the country to
accommodate house for the above-mentioned population Very little areas
are found in cities which are not occupied by building Every place in the city
is already filled up or construction of building process is ongoing But the
utility service and other facilities for community are not well thought-out
But according to government rules facilities shall be accommodate first
25
before any type of building construction Unfortunately community facilities
including simple parking facilities are still absent for the many new
constructing building in Dhaka city
32 Some large Constructions in Bangladesh
It is very difficult to identify which one is large construction of a country
because of project diversity In Bangladesh there are numerous
constructions many of them are significant in various aspects Although
functions and aesthetic are different of them they accomplish different type
of requirements Following are the some prominent constructions which
indicate Bangladesh building construction industry is fully capable to
construct any type of Building
Equipments used for construction of national assembly building were tower
crane larger size mixture machines and other eqUipment Tower crane amp
other equipments replaced by huge no of labors As per definition of labour
based technology construction of this building falls under this category
National Assembly
Fig 3-1 National Assemblyl101
labour Based Technology
Architect Louis I Kahn
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1962 to 1974
Building type government center
Construction System concrete marble
26
Equipments used for construction of Bangladesh bank bhaban were hoist
mixture machine and other light equipment only For excavation of 1
basement engaged huge no of labors As per definition this type of
construction falls under labour Intensive technology
bull Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
Fig 3-2 Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
labour Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
NoofFioors-31
Building type government
Construction System concrete
27
Equipments used for construction of Islamic Development Bank Shaban were
tower crane concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments
Tower crane ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments
replaced by most of the labors As per definition of equipment intensive
technology this type of construction falls under this category
bull Islamic Development Bank
7
Fig 3-3 Islamic Development Bank
Bhaban
Equipment Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
No of Floors - 20
Construction System concrete
28
Equipments used for construction of Bashundhara city were tower crane
concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments Tower crane
ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments replaced by most of
the labors As per definition 01 equipment intensive technology this type of
construction falls under this category
bull Bashundhara City
Fig 3-4 Bashundhara City
Equipment Intensive Technology
Architect VISTARA
location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1999 to 2003
Building type shopping mall
Construction System concrete marble
33 Constructions in Bangladesh Using Pre Fabrication
Prefabricate construction not yet accepted widely in Bangladesh Scenario of
developed country in this respect is totally different Even In Malaysia
Thailand Indonesia India and many other developing countries scenery is
closed to developed countries Prefabricate construction require customize
construction or a huge no of similar type productions Precast units which
normally used in Bangladesh are -
bull Tiles and mosaic
bull Low cost toilet rings and others precast accessories
bull Prestressed precast electric pole
bull Precast column for boundary wall
29
the study on availability
of indigenous materials in
bull Precast slab for surface drain
bull Precast slab for foot path
bull Precast railing and ornamental column
bull Precast lintel
bull Precast pipe for water supply and others
bull Railway sleeper
bull Road divider
In the context of Bangladesh RampD activities are yet to be worthy InBangladesh uHouse and Building Research Institute was established in the
year 1977 with the following objectives -
1 To take technical and scientific studies and research on
various problems of constructions and building materials and
to evolve housing and building technology appropriate to the
requirement and suitable for socia-economic condition of the
country
2 To specifically emphasis on
development and utilization
construction
3 To promote better uses of building materials particularly
commonly used materials improvements methods of learning
and designing of construction works and maintenance
4 To train research personnels and technicians for the purpose
out its research activities
House and Building Research Institute time to time tried to introduce someprecast module Such as -
bull Ferro cement tank
bull Precast Ferro cement channel for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete hollow slab for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete micro pile
30
bull Precast Ferro-cement folded plate for roof
bull Precast Ferro-cement L panel for inclined roofing
bull RCCdoor and window frames
Between all type of innovation only Ferro cement tank (400 gallon consisting
of cement mortar on wire mesh) is widely used mainly in Dhaka city As
bigger size is not possible with Ferro-cement Its use is limited
Above all precast construction scenario is very poor in Bangladesh This
indicates construction technology not yet advance in Bangladesh in this high
tech era
34 Humnware Infoware and Hardware in Bangladesh
341 Humnware
For construction technology humanware includes labour technicians
engineer and other persons In some way they are related to construction
industry In Bangladesh expense for humanware is cheaper with respect to
other countries because of low wages lin Bangladesh Taka 125 per hour
and for ordinary labour in UK pound6) So utilization of man power through IT is
a great opportunity for construction sector of Bangladesh But unfortunately
we are far way from proper utilization of this huge no manpower
Development of Human resources is in very preliminary stage By generating
employment and working environment general employment conditions need
to be improved Wage systems must be developed and made transparent so
as to give proper remuneration according to qualification and technical skill
It is extremely necessary for the skilled workers to pass their skills on and to
train personnel able to respond to future technological changes Professional
training centers and methods must be developed and be efficiently exercised
upon
In Bangladesh most of the cases we make out unskilled humnware which is
unexpected in this high tech era Also in most of the cases they are
uneducated Due to unskilled and uneducated labour construction qualities
31
are not normally as per requirement Also due to unskilled labor excessive
time is requiring in most of the cases
In Bangladesh labours are mainly trained-up by on-job training In many case
they are habituated from paternal side by born Though some training
institutes exist around Dhaka city but they are certificate-based institute
These institutes deal only overseas job findings peoples
342 Infoware
Infoware IS usually the document-embodied form This includes the
software design specification materials specifications theories charts
database drawing design and others activities Use of software in
Bangladesh for the purpose of analysis and design are in satisfactory leveL
Although most of the organizations are now analyze and design by some
standard software but a big amount of engineers are not stili away from this
technology Following software and tools are now using in Bangladesh
which indicates not behind from top level
Programming Language- Visual Basic Auto LISP aBasic CC Turbo C
Computer Aided Engineering STAAD-III STAADPro Math CAD ADOSS PCACOL SOL Series
Spread Sheet Analysis- Microsoft Excel Lotus MathCAD
Computer Aided Design
- AutoCAD
Database- DBase FoxPro Microsoft Access Oracle
GIS Software- Arcinfo Arcade Maplnfo Arc view Idrisi
32
Graphics software- CorelDraw Harvard Graphics
Computer Aided Project Management- MS Project
Word Processing
-MicrosoftWordWordPcrreCI
Operating Systems
- MS Windows Dos Novel
3430rgaware
Orgaware lOrganization) represents the structural framework of a
technological system and it includes for example the organizations for the
RampD the production the marketing the corporate planning etc It is needed
to produce certain goods and services Within the framework of theorgaware the other technology components work [1]
Most of the organization in Bangladesh is now using computer and software
for different type of works Some organizations are using for analysis and
design some for planning purpose some as a management tools and some
one for data processing and accounting In someway organizations ofBangladesh are taking this technological advantage
In Bangladesh some organizations are doing a number of remarkable works
excellently They are creating photo realistic rendered architectural
perspective models of 3D exterior and Interior elevation and layout
rendering services 3D animation They are also creating architectural fly-by
and walk-through simulations for interactive presentation or TV quality
advertisement GIS works are also done by these organizations
Some of organizations are also working with foreign organizations Mainly
different type of data entry is their main works which are mainly data
conversion rom one format to another Such as conversion from portabledocument format (pdf) to Word processing format (docl hand sketch
J3
bull
conversion to digital drawing (dwg etc) format some modification of
drawing ete The difficulties of our organizations are for any types of
business they require an overseas office This is a very big problem for
entrepreneurs of data exchanging business
344 Hardware
In Bangladesh hardware use of construction industry is not in a suitable
level Moreover specifically modern construction equipment J technology are
not utilizing in Bangladesh most of the cases Only in a few sector such as
deeper excavation in highway construction a few no of building works are
done by modern equipments but in other sectors modern equipment are
ignoring by Bangladeshi construction industry Computer based hardware
widely using in Bangladesh as computer and some computer related
hardware are reasonably priced for middle class people
For construction projects require modern management which is based on
personal computer (PC) In Bangladesh computer based project management
is not yet popular in construction industry Only some foreign aided
government project has some activities on this but also up-to proposal level
only Truly computer based project management in construction sector not
yet Implemented in Bangladesh This is limited to some Gantt chart and
critical path draw works But hardware based computer management easily
save both money and time Probable cause for which not yet go for
computer based project management listing below -
Labours and technicians are illiterate
bull
bull
bull
bull
Labours and technicians are unskilled
Top management of an organization are not wanted to go for
new particularly computer based technology
From Government side there are no plan to facilitate these sector
even in Government project
Our engineers backgrounds are also not upto that extent and
also they are not interested to go for such type of management
34
CHAPTER 4
TECHNOLOGY ON EXCAVATION amp RCC OF BANGLADESH
Nowadays building construction mainly equipment intensive works allover
the world that is depend on modern technology Similarly construction
industry of Bangladesh going away step by step depends on technology
Technological application sophistication quality etc are different in country
to country but at every steps of construction industry including construction
industry of Bangladesh totally depends on construction technology For
excavation loading compaction grading drilling lifting erecting mixing
and other purposes require some construction hardwareequipment and there
technological approach is different Not only for equipment but in every
steps of construction process depends on technological involvement In this
chapter mainly discussed the effect on excavation due to equipment
intensive and labour intensive works Also for building construction the
effect of alternate combination of material use
41 Technology in Excavation
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground This foundation is mandatory for
every structure ThiS is the reason of start of excavation technology which
is an earliest form of civil engineering construction This technology is used
for excavate earth of foundationbasement Excavated soilrock usually
dumps in other places which is known as loading Many construction
industry of Bangladesh Excavator and Loader are mainly using for
excavation works But use of excavator is mostly Dhaka based In other
places of the country except Dhaka city excavation works are done by
manually which is very unlikable in this high tech era Even in Dhaka city
many excavation works had been done by manually Such as 18 storied
New Market City Complex building with two basements (adjacent of Dhaka
new market) 14 storied CRP building project with two basements at Mirpur-
35
14 Dhaka A few but in some projects huge volume of soil was excavated
manually Excavation operations 01 these many projects are done by
manually because 01 availability and low-priced labor In this chapter try to
focus why this technology (excavator not used in most of the cases
In many project of Bangladesh excavation operation are done by manually
because 01-
Soil Characteristics - Comparatively solt layer 01 earth exists all
around Bangladesh
raquo labour (Humnwarel - labour costs are cheap and available
Non-availability of equipment (Hardware) - Modern equipment
cost is very high for which it is not pOSSiblelor contractor to
buy excavator and other heavy equipments lor a singie project
gt- No and size of the Job - As no 01 projects limited and also
areas of a single projects are not big Use of Excavator and
loader are not economically viable
Rental organization - Renta I organization not yet developed
widely and systematically Above all limited rental organization
and their higher charges of hardware
Topography Most of the lands in Bangladesh are plain So
labors can work comfortably
lacks of technicians - lack of skilled technicians are one of the
reasons to avoid new technology
Time - Peoples of Bangladesh are not anxious about time
Utilization of time is very important lack 01 this awareness is
one 01 the reasons of avoiding tendency of new technology for
excavation
)- Space constrains - Particularly in Dhaka city buildings are not
build in well planned way but very haphazard So in many case
movement 01 excavator is very difficult and in some cases it is
impossible to work due to space constrain
36
bull Weather and Temperature - Luckily most of the seasons are
suitable for labour works Nature is very fever for manual
labour except very little lime through out the year So not
need to take extra precaution lor climate
gt Dumping area - Some time huge amount of dumping is not
possible For that reason avoiding tendency to new technology
of excavation
bull Transportation equipments - Some times transportation of
dumping is not viable and In that type of case manual labour is
preferable
411 Preliminary Stage
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground and which transmits the load to the
underlying sailor rock As the foundation normally placed below the ground
excavation is must and should be done first for any type of construction
work
More or less for every construction works need excavation some times
these are shallow and some times it is deep Due to basement construction
of high-rise buildings need massive excavation This may need up to three
four months If excavation works are done by manually a huge no of labors
will engage their and require more time
Considering employment it is solVing a substantial social problem like our
developing country by means of giving a large no of employment
opportunity Therefore out side the urban area manual excavation may be
permissible due to solving unemployment problem This might be plaYing a
significant role like our developing country to solve the problem Social
problem from society But owners always try to solve the problem from the
economic view which will figure out later on this chapter
But the scenario in urban areas like Dhaka city is different Dhaka has
already become a mega city with more than ten million inhabitants and its
population is projected to reach 16 million by 2015 which would make it
the worlds seventh most populous city This rapid growth is visible all
37
around the city by constructing new buildings But the citys infrastructure is
not keeping space with the influx of population Transport environment of
Dhaka city may be a clear example with increasing traffic congestion and
delays The ability of Dhakas transport system to sustain economic growth
and reasonable quality of life has been declining steadily
In such a poor situation if we dont use machinery equipment everyday
congestion situation of Dhaka city will escalate due to longer timerequirement of excavation
Already it is an established fact that construction works of Dhaka city is one
of main reasons of traffic congestion To overcome this awlul situation
particularly in the city areas we must have to adopt modern technology in
excavation purpose This will help to reduce construction time money
traffic congestion and other redundant situations
412 Time and Seasonal Effects on Construction
Time
In Bangladesh construction management going on very preliminary stage and
still they dont think time is a vital factor for any project But everyone is
aware the fact money has a time value Thousand Taka today is worth
more the Thousand tomorrow This lact is vividly reinforced when themonthly charge bills are examined This added charge amounts to rent on
the money that is owed and is termed interest
Besides these we know fixed costs are directly related to time variable andother costs are also similar effect ie if time span of a project is longer then
fixed cost will be more and similarly true for all other costs So time span ISa vital factor for any construction project
Again for any project there is a breakeven point which also dependents on
time If construction period is more than the estimated time timerequirement to reach break even will be more
BeSides these there is a possibility to come other competitors due to delay
of construction and sometimes it may become an unprofitable project forever in this competitive market
38
If we Consider revenue side what we see - Suppose a 10 storied office
building spaces are 12000 sq-ft and rent is 501 = Taka per sq-ft ie per day
revenue is 20 Lac Particularly this type of project per day revenue loss will
be a big amount if the construction not timely finish This is unexpected for
any organizationlsJcontractorls)
Season
In many cases for foundation purpose deep excavation is required
Sometimes need shore pile to protect adjacent soil Shore pile is essential
when permanent structure exist adjacent project site As shore pile is a
temporary work in many cases it designs less cautiously Result is that
shore pile failures are a common type of failure in Dhaka city at every year
It is occurred mainly in rainy season due to rainfall If the contractors are
finished their foundation works before rainy season most of the time they
can avoid these repetitive shore pile failure situations
On the other hand in many cases owner of adjacent structure goes to the
court when contractor goes for deeper excavation for their safety and
compensation if shore pile failure occurs Also for shore pile failure delays
the project ie more time consume for project and more money expenses
due to delay or to pay compensation Sometimes it becomes a crucial factor
for the project and as a result of big economical loss for that project Such
type of big economical loss easily can avoid by proper time scheduling ie
should be complete before expected rainy season in case of deeperfoundation works
39
413 Cost Analysis and Result
Assumption made for cost and analysis are follows-
1 For Manual 1000 eft of excavation work (PWDStandard Rates)
al For initial lead of 100_ON and lift of 5_ON
i) Ordinary labour cost Tk 088 per cIt
b) For each additional lift of one loot beyond 5-0 and upto 10_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 004 per cit
c) For each additional lilt of one foot beyond 10-0 and upto 15-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 006 per cit
d) For each additional lift of one foot beyond 15_ON and upto 20_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 008 per eft
e) Extra each additional lead of 100-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 014 per eft
2 For Excavator
f) Initial rent Tk 9000000 for upto 10 days
il Extra charge Tkl0OOO00 per day
iii Excavation capacity 10000 eft per day
3 Enough labour Force
gl Enough labour force can be engaged so that there will not be any
significant difference in excavation between these two methods
40
Tablbullbull4-1 5 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area (ff) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 500 440 90000200 1000 880 90000500 2500 2200 900001000 5000 4400 900002000 10000 8500 900005000 25000 22000 9000010000 50000 44000 9000020000 100000 95000 9000040000 200000 218000 180000100000 500000 755000 450000
Tablbullbull 4-2 10 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Areaiiti) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1000 980 90000200 2000 1960 90000500 5000 4900 900001000 10000 9800 900002000 20000 19600 900005000 50000 49000 9000010000 100000 98000 9000020000 200000 210000 18000040000 400000 476000 360000100000 1000000 1610000 900000
41
Table 4-3 15 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR I
Area (ft) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1500 1670 90000200 3000 3340 90000500 7500 8350 900001000 15000 16700 900002000 30000 33400 900005000 75000 83500 9000010000 150000 167000 13500020000 300000 355000 270000
40000 600000 794000 540000100000 1500000 2615000 1350000
Tabla 4-4 20 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area(ft ) Vo(ume(ft ) Manual(CostTk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 2000 2560 90000200 4000 5120 90000500 10000 12800 900001000 20000 25600 900002000 40000 51200 900005000 100000 128000 9000010000 200000 256000 18000020000 400000 540000 36000040000 800000 1192000 720000100000 2000000 3820000 1800000
42
Graph 41 Excavation cost for 5 feet
5 Excavation Cost
~ ~---------------
------ -
I
II
II
- ExcavatorI-Manual
I
50 -----
Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet
10 Excavation Cost
0
I Excavator-Manual
-___ e bullbullbull _
- __ - - --- - - _ - -
-
- - - - - - - - - - -
- - 250 -
oo
lti 300~~ooo~
o 100U
Area (in 100 sft)
43
Graph 43 Excavation cost for 15 feet
15 Excavation Cost
-- ExcavatorI-Manual I
eN
~NN
o
400 -
350 -
300~bull~ 250 - - - 000 ~bullbull- 0~0U 100 - ---- - -
0
Area (in 100 sft)
Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet
20 Excavation Cost
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
- - - -- - - -- - - - - - - --
350 ---------
bullbull 300
~ 250g~ 200 bullbullbullbull0
~ 0U 100 -
0
o g
-
-----------
_______ c C __
___ c c_
~c
-- Excavator-Manual
Area (in 100 sft)
44
From the above anafysis it is observed that in case of 5 feet excavation
breakeven area is 19020 sft for 10 feet excavation 9184 sfr for 15 feet
excavation 6946 sft and for 20 ft 3636 sft Excavator becomes cheaper for
any constructIOn (area) above these breakeven fevels
42 Design and Specifications
421 Material for Building Construction
Wood of course was the only material used by early builders that had more
or less equal tensile and compressive strength Early builders are also
depends on stone brick surki and lime After innovation of reinforced-
concrete and steel previously used material are replaced by concrete and
steel Concrete with reinforcement radically change in the field of building
construction technology After that steel play the vital role and contribute to
build high rise building worldwide though Bangladesh is far from that type
high rise building But recently numbers of steel bUilding are in the process
of construction and we are expecting remarkable progress will be shown
within couple of years Nowadays wood has been relegated largely to
accessory use during construction to use in temporary and secondary
structures and to use for secondary member of permanent construction
Though both concrete and steel are the two most commonly used structural
material worldwide in Bangladesh mainly concrete are common item of
building construction Recently some industrial buildings are constructed by
structural steel Builders in Bangladesh are now reali2ing that steel is also a
competitive and effective material for building construction But they are
going forward very slowly for steel structure
Selection of structural materials must be selected on availability of materials
Also depends on corresponding skill labour relative costs wage scale and
the suitability of the materials for particular structure
In Bangladesh currently carrying out research into rice straw and husks
which are a by-product of major crop of Bangladesh but have already
encountered problems with the strength of the rice straw while fit best rice
45
husks can be regarded as filler and may not contribute significantly to the
tensile strength of earth-mix bricks
Idea of including waste material from the countrys vast jute industry to use
as a binder in the bricks and not merely as rubbish to be burnt
And finally that the integrity of earth-built buildings may be considerably
strengthened and improved by applying simple low-cost principles to the
Internal strengthening structures - mostly tied bamboo frameworks
4211 Material in Bangladesh
Any material which has got application in engineering construction is termed
as engineering material Stones bricks concrete bricks lime cement surki
sand concrete iron steel ferrous alloys non-ferrous metais and alloys
timber timber products aluminums bamboos soils bituminous materials
glass plastics paints varnishes rubber tiles granite marble etc are
commonly used in Bangladesh
Among them major construction materials are now producing in Bangladesh
though maximum raw materials are imported outside from Bangladesh
Though cement raw materials like gypsum and clinker are importing from
outside of country the total cement producing capacity now is more than
countrys per year requirement and quality of cement is standard as per
specification But reinforcement quality is not yet reached to standard level
It is very serious problem for construction industry of Bangladesh
46
4212 Reinforcement
Steel is known as black copper in early ages Iron and steel developed over
2000 years ago It was Henry Bessemer who was especially interested in
good quality steel making for big canons He was the first to produce low
carbon wrought iron In Bangladesh steel also used as reinforcement in many
years before It is difficult to say when and where first time used steel
reinforcement
Concrete reinforcement bar are usually of two types
bull Deformed bar and
bull Twisted bar
Below are the specifications for two types of reinforcement bar-
Table 4-5Steel GradeGrade 40Grade 60
ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed barYield Stre9th (psi Ultimate Stren ths (psi)40000 (minimum) 70000 (minimum)60000 (minimum) 90000 (minimum)
Table 4-6Steel GradeGrade 250Grade 400Grade 460
654149 specifications for Twisted barYield Stren th (psi) Ultimate Strengths (psi)40000 (minimum) 4400060000 (minimum) 6600067000 (minimum) 73700
Grade 40 and Grade 60 both type of reinforcement are frequently used InBangladesh for building construction In Bangladesh normally steel areprocessed by the follOWingmethod
(i) Induction furnace melting and(ii) Arc furnace melting
The yearly requirement of steel in Bangladesh is 10 million ton But the
quality steel production rate is only 02 million tonyear That is remaining
08 million ton reinforcement are non-standard 1171 By which our different
construction works are building This is an awful situation of construction
sector in Bangladeshand requires immediate exemption from this situation
47
4213 Concrete
Allover the world concrete with reinforcement are the most commonly used
materials for building construction In Bangladesh it is the main structural
material using as building construction materials Concrete IS a stone like
material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement
sand and gravel or other aggregate and water to harden in forms of the
shape and dimensions of the desired structure
Bangladesh is now a big cement producing country in respect to their
required capacity Statistics says yearly requirement of cement allover the
Bangladesh is 65 million tons where as production capacity of the entire
cement mill is 120 million tons That means 55 million tons surplus cement
now existing in Bangladesh One of the main reasons of this surplus is that
world top most cement producing companies are now producing cement in
Bangladesh from their factory
The properties that make concrete a universal building material are so
pronounced that it has been used In more primitive kinds and ways than at
present for thousands of years probably beginning in Egyptian antiquity
The facility with which while plastic it can be deposited and made to fill
forms or aids of almost any practical shape is one of these factors Its high
fire and weather resistance are eVident advantages Most of the constituent
materials with the possible exception of cement are usually available at low
cost locally or at small distances from the construction site
In Bangladesh normally concrete strength (cylinder strength fc) varies from
2500 psi to 5000 psi for building construction But in many case it falls to
2000 PSI On the other hand upto 8000 psi concrete was used for
construction of Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge project Also there are many
projects already finished and ongoing where usedusing more than 5000 psi
strength concrete
48
4214 Steel
In 1885 an American engineer names William LeBaron Jenny became the
creator of the modern skyscraper when he realized that an office building
could be constructed using totally different materials He chose structural
steel and incorporated it into a revolutionary system that was to make
possible the soaring office towers that now symbolize the modernmetropolis
Steel is manufactured under controlled conditions its properties are
determined in a laboratory and described in a manufacturers certificate
Thus the designer need only specify the steel as complying with a relevant
standard and the site engineers supervision is limited to the workmanship
of the connections between the Individual steel members So responsible of
contractor is more to provide proper material
Also following are some reasons normally associated with competitiveadvantages of steel over concrete
bull Construction speed particularly during periods of high interest rates
Steel frames go up more rapidly thus reducing construction financing
costs and allowing the building to generate revenue sooner
bull Availability of steel in a variety of grades and shapes that IS suitable
for economical faming of both short and long spans
bull Steel offers economical design approach for retrofit and rehab
projects Steel can be easily modified expanded or converted to suit
future needs of owners and tenants For this reason steel frame isoften referred to as a changeable frame
bull In difficult foundation conditions steel construction may result in
reduced foundation costs because of its light weight Steel frame is
normally 25 to 35 percent lighter than a concrete frame and can
permit the use of less expensive foundation systems
In Bangladesh steel building are not constructing notably Mainly some
factory buildings are constructed with steel as a structural material In
Bangladesh peoples are not serious about time which is main advantage of
steel structure like our COuntry We have to import all the steel materials It
49
also has to PV higher tax Our engineers are not interested to go for new
technology like steel structure 0 technicians oed labors pof Vtrained P fo steel construction Ultimately except time factor steel
structure is OPt very suitable for building construction of Bangladesh Very
recently a few numbers of high-rise buildings are now under construction or
under designing stages which indicates new technology are coming
4215 RCC Grading
Strength of concrete is commonly considered its most important property
although in many practical cases other characteristic such as durability and
impermeability may in fact be more important Nevertheless strength usually
gives an overall picture of the quality of concrete because strength is
directly related to the structure of the hardened cement paste
The strength of concrete of given mix proportions is very seriously affected
by the degree of its compaction It ISvital therefore that conSistence of the
mix be such that the concrete can be transported placed and finished
sufficiently easily and without segregation Following combinations of
reinforcement and concrete are considered for thiS study-
Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Reinforcement and Concrete
Concrete Type Steel Strength (in ksi) Concrete Strength lin ksi)
I Type - 1 60 44
Type - 2 60 36
Type - 3 60 29
Type - 4 60 25
Type - 5 40 44
Type - 6 40 36
Type - 7 40 29
Type - 8 40 25
50
4217 Interdependence of Humnware Infoware and Hardware
For analysis and design purpose humnware infoware and hardware work as
an integrated system During design and analysis period due to different
grade and type material selection software hardware and humnware play
the vital role for alternate attempt Computer utilization in different stages
have improved capabilities for generating quality designs as well as redUCing
the time required to produce alternative designs Without help of these
technological combined services It IS almost impossible to get better and
optimistic design Thats why with the help of Humnware Infoware and
Hardware most economic type analysis and design may achieved within
short time which is almost impossible without these technological help
Manual analysis and design are most of the time assumption based a time
consuming matter and whose ultimate result is economical loss considered
to both time and material requirement
51
4218 Analysis and Result
For analysis purpose here considered a six storied building The analysis has
been performed by STAADIPro software 3-D model of assumed building amp
output of STAADProare given in Appendix-A
Following are the material requirement for different combination
Table 4-8 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 10487 Ib5 2148 Ib6 1375 Ib7 1386 Ib8 3971 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 193651bsTotal Volume of Concrete 28688 cuft
Table 4-9 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 23844 Ibs5 1346 Ib6 5329 Ib7 5487 Ib8 10511 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 46518 IbsTotal Vofume of Concrete 61454 cuft
52
Table 4-10 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6330 Ib5 5653 Ib6 1644 Ib7 2771 Ib8 4722 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 21120lbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3355 cUft
Table 4-11 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 22348 Ibs5 4039 Ib6 8655 Ib7 4001 Ib8 5049 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 44092 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 7279 cU1t
53
Table 4-12 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 787191bs5 29898 Ibs6 37505 Ibs7 57257 Ibs8 58754 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
26213 Ibs3528 cUft
Table 4-13 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibs)
4 221821bs5 10011 Ibs6 37652 Ibs7 6918 Ibs8 34297 Ibs
Totel weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
54
432191bs9367 cuft
Table 4-14 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 9556 Ibs5 2453 Ibs6 3810 Ibs7 6378 Ibs8 6761 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
28958 Ibs4190 cuft
Table 4-15 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibsl
4 25557 Ibs5 3126 Ibs6 4340 Ibs7 10008 Ibs8 703 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
55
43733 Ibs10076 cuft
Table 4-16 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 8680 Ib5 1358 Ib6 1434 Ib7 2588 Ib8 7727 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 21787 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3499 cUft
Table 4-17 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 17629 Ibs5 4878 Ib6 7745 Ib7 7921 Ib8 16895 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 47938Total Volume of Concrete 8546 cuft
56
Table 4-18 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 7770 Ibs5 1432 Ibs6 3795 Ibs7 4686 Ibs8 9068 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
==
26752 Ibs3479 cuft
Table 4-19 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17705 Ibs5 1591 Ibs6 13078 Ibs7 1152 Ibs8 16675 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
57
= 50201 Ibs9644 cuft
Table 420 Material Requirement for Column1ConcreteStrength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in IbsJ
4 84764 Ibs5 30846 Ibs6 22264 Ibs7 34232 Ibs8 10168 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
27379 lbs4709 cUft
Table 4-21 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17693 Ibs5 2347 Ibs6 19086 Ibs7 1367 Ibs8 13352 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
58
53845 Ibs10111 cuft
Table 4-22 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6602 Ib5 2506 Ib6 7068 Ib7 5216 Ib8 8370 Ib
Totar weight of reinforcement - 29762 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 5055 cuft
Table 4-23 Material Requirement for BeamlConcrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 18686 Ibs5 13536 Ibs6 15858 Ib7 1085 Ib8 5565 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement - 54730 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 11269 cUft JI
59
4219 Cost Analysis
Generally the cost for a construction prOject includes the expenses related to
the following activities
bull Land acquirement
bull Planning and feasibility
bull Design
bull Construction including materials equipment and lobour
bull Insurance and taxes during construction
bull Office overhead
bull Office furniture and equipment
bull Inspection testing and others
In this study considered only material cost of different grade of combination
which is mentioned in the article 4215
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Concrete Strength Concrete Cost2500 pO 155 Tkdt2900 psi 164 Tkdt3600 pO 187 Tkch4400 P 209 Tkch
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Reinforcement Strength Reinforcement Cost40000 psi 226406 TklOn
60000 psi 23625 Tkton
60
Table 4~26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequiremerType - 1 294 Ton 9014 citType - 2 291 Ton 10633 eftType - 3 310 Ton 12895 cftType - 4 325 Ton 14266 eftType - 5 311 Ton 12044 eftType - 6 344 Ton 13123 eftType - 7 363 Ton 14821 eftType - 8 377 Ton 16324 eft
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequirementType - 1 441 Ton 9916 eftType - 2 437 Ton 11697 eftType - 3 465 Ton 14185 eftType - 4 487 Ton 15693 eftType - 5 467 Ton 13249 eftType - 6 515 Ton 14435 eftType - 7 544 Ton 16304 eftType - 8 566 Ton 17957 eft
Table 4-28 Reinforcemelt and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka
Type of Concrete Renforcement Cost Concrete Cost Total CostType - 1 1042 Coo 1884 Coo 2926 CooT~2 1032 Coo 1988 Coo 3020 CooTy e - 3 1099 Coo 2115 Coo 3214 CooType - 4 1150 Coo 2211 Coo 3361 CooType - 5 1057 Coo 2517 Coo 3574 CooType6 1167 Coo 2454 Coo 3621 CooType - 7 1231 Coo 2431 Coo 3662 CooType - 8 1281 Co 2530 Coo 3811 Co
61
Graph 4-5 Total Cost 01 Concrete and Reinforcement
Total Cost
bull
0045_0000bull~bull 35000bullbull ~OO
0 ~oou
~~oo~000
WOO
bull bull
bull bull
I TotalCosti-Concrete COSJ-+-- Reinf Cost -- -- -
Type of Concrelltgt Grado
Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement
Costn Percentage
_Totalcosl
-- Concrce Co__ Renf Coso
1_23
- -
- - - - -
---------_-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
140 -
_35 --------------- bull
bull 130bullbull 120bullj U bull 105~
00095
Type of Concrete Crade
Above analysis clearly shows that Type-1 concrete is cheaper than anyother combination of reinforced concrete Up-to 29 savings is possible ifhigher grade Reinforcement and Concrete used for building construction
62
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Discussion
In developed countries civil engineering organizations spend good amount of
money in RampD At national level the universities and other institutions
should be encouraged to undertake strategic research which aims to Improve
understanding and applications of scientific and technical know how which
in turn will provide a basis in the long run proper application of new
techniques and technologies Following are some areas very essential for
construction Industry of Bangladesh
The development and dissemination of new construction equipment and
better safety must be encouraged
Pre-fabrication and use of package materials will enhance the efficiency of
work execution by standardizing specifications and reduce the site work
volumes
The development and dissemination of all weather construction technology
will make it possible to carryon with work even under bad weather
The means of transferring information between designers and constructors
need to be improved The effective use of construction equipment
prefabricated materials and products needs to be considered
The roles and responsibilities of engineers need to be reviewed With regard
to improvements in work efficiency personnel training and strengthening the
management foundation of engineers
6]
52 Conclusion
Excavation
Manual excavation and excavation USing excavator S to 20 ft depth) with
different land areas were studied in Dhaka city Considering labour cost and
excavator rental charge breakeven point for Sft excavation and 20ft excavation
are 19020sft and 3616sft respectively Using PDW97 standard rate of works
it IS observed that for deeper excavation excavator is cheaper than labor-
intensivemanual excavation Labor-intensivemanual excavation works may be
acceptable outside urban areas due to unemployment of labor But excavator is
economic solution in urban areas like Dhaka city
In Bangladesh excavation and loading is a labour-based works but in developed
countries its hardware-based works Further detail study based on socio-
economic environment etc may be required to introduce hardware-based
excavation work replacing manual labor in our country
Material
8 combinations of steel and concrete were studied for a six storied bUilding
Considering material cost Type- ICombination of high strength concrete 44-
ksi with high strength steel 60-ksi) is the most economic Type8 la
combination of low grade concrete 2S-ksi and low grade steel 40-ksi) is the
most uneconomic as it material costs 29 more than the cost due to the Type-
1 Unfortunately Type-8 combination is most widely used in private construction
even by the real estate developer One problem with Type- is that high
strength concrete 144 ksi concrete with 60 ksi steel) demands admixture which
also demand skilled humnware If it is not possible type 2 (36 ksi concrete
with 60 ksi steel) can be easily used without loosing Significant economy lonly
3 more cost than Type-l) Mainly Engineers may play the significant role to
convince ownersentrepreneur to accept this technological advantage and avoid
uneconomical traditional approach
53 Scope for Future Works
Similar studies may be carried out for other components of technology Inamely
different types of hardware technology humnware infoware etc)
64
REFERENCES[1] MAnwarul Azim Technology Mal1agement and Development of Nation
July 1999
[2) SP Arors SP Bindra A Text Book of Building Construction
131 Chris Hendrickson Tung su Project Msnagement for Construction
141 Robert L Peukrifoy William B Ledbetter Construction Planning Equipment
snd Methods McGraw-HIli Book Company International Edition 1985
[51 Robert L Mitchell Engineering EconomlcsJohn Wiley amp Sons 1980
[6J Thomas C Ksvanagh Frank Muller James J OBrien Construction
Management
[7J Donald Barrie Boyd C Paulson Jr ProfeSSlonslConstruction Management
[8J Frank Harris Modern Construction and Ground Engineering Equipment and
Method
9J V K Riana Concrete bridge practice analysis design and economics
110] wwwskycraperscomWebsite
[11] wwwtransltmixconcretecom Web site
[12] wwwlrcocomWebslte
[13] wwwantigoconstructio~0JT Web site
[14] wwwleggattequipmentcomWebsite
[15J Public Works Department Recent technical issues and association of public
works department October 19 2000
i16J AaM Ekram Ullah Construction industry of Bangladesh Journal of civil
engineerirlgIEB 2 December 2000
[17J Prospect of quality re-enforcement bar production in Bangladesh - Elite Iron
and Steel Industries Ltd 2003
[18J Analysis of rates of PWD (Bangladeshi Schedule
- July 199719h Edition)
65
APPENDIX-A
3-D Model STAADIPro Input and Output (Partiall
APPENDIXA
30 Model STAADfPro Input and Output (Partiall
x
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STAAD SPACE PAGE 10
n m eo 81 m~227 94 95 551 96 n 99 0
55j 00 101 555 106 107 m 108 m 112 55
no m 114 115 240 00 0 102 no 104 CO 228 56~
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STAADSPACE -- PAGENO
148 271 272 276 277 328 329 341 PRIS YD 20 ZD 15119 78 14 15 6~ 64 70 71 86 87 94 95 110 111 151 152 167 bull68 208 2092lt150 266 281 282 322 ~23 332 3~7 PRIS YD 23151 885 TO 892 902 TO ~08 PRIS Yil 10 ZD 2352 1268 92 149 206 153 320 336 85~ TO 866 PRIS YO 12 ZD 10153 916 65 72 88 96 112 153 J6~ 210 226 267 28~ ~2~ 333 338 PRIS YD 15J54 11 67 90 114 171 228 285 335 843 TO 850 PRIS YD 40 ZD 10155 612 730 731 734 TO 736 748 749 75~ TO 754 766 767 770 TO 772 802 80156 806 TO 808 834 PRIS YO25 ZD 15157 577 5ao 618 PRIS Yl2G ZD 10158 501 TO 503 510 TO 12 517 TO 519 526 TO 528 5J3 TO 535 542 TO 544 54159 558 TO 560 565 TO 567 574 TO 576 581 TO 58~ 590 TO 592 597 TO 599 6C160 615701 TO 703 710 711 714 715 7J~ TO 721 728 729 732 733 737 TO 73161 750751 755 TO 757 764 765 768 76~ 773 TO 775 782 783 786 787 791 TC162 801 804 805 809 TO 8JJ 810 819 822 823 831 832 PRIS YD 30 ZD n163 593 790 PRIS YO ~O ZO 151M 596 PRIS YD 35 ZD 15165 504 TO S09 S20 TO 525 536 TO S41 S52 TO 557 568 TO 573 534 TO S39 61166 704 TO 709 722 TO 727 740 TO 745 758 TO 763 776 TO 731 794 TO 799 8167 318 PRIS YD 3D ZD 15163 600 TO 605 812 TO 817 PRIS YD 33 ZD 15169 CONSTANTS170 E CONCRETEMEMll1 TO 16 ~8 )022 57 TO 72 74 TO 73 80 TO 90 92 TO 9E171 98T0102104T0114149T01S3155T0159161T0171206T021021In 218 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3173 340 TO ~42 50J TO 518 70- TO 882 885 TO 892 B95 TO 908174 POISSON CONCRETEV-EME1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 30 TO 90 917 98 TO 102 10~ TO 11~ 149 TO 13 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 2JO 2J176 21B TO 228 263 )0267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO ~30 3177 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 613 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 908173 DENSITYCONCRETEMEHB1 TO 16 13 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 8D TO 90 9179 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 21130 213 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 27 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3181 340 TO 342 50J TO 618 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 90818l ALPHACONCRETEMEMB1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 103 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 19 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212184 l18 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 33185 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 618 701 TO 832 8BS TO 392 895 TO 9031B6 UNIT FEET KIP187 SUPPORTS1B8 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 207 216 fiXED18~ 234 FIXED190 236 FIXED191 DEFINE WINDLOAD192 TYPE 1193 INT 0 0045 0053 006 HEIG 10 30 60 90194 EXP 1 JOINT 24 TO 184 192 TO 196 199 TO 202 205 206 208 TO 215 217 11~5 n7 TON3196 EXCLUDEJOINT 46 69 92 U5 J38 161 J84197 LOADJ SELFWEIGHT1~8 SELFWEIGHTY -119~ LOAD2 DEADLOAD200 FLOORLOAD201 bull GROUNDFLOORIS A PARKI~GFLOOR
5 0
STAAD SPACE - - PAGE NO
o
59B 6973 ZRANGE 4854-2
FLOAD -05 XRANGE075KSF + 025 KSFFLOAD -01
YRANGE10 10 FLOAD -0089bull 1ST FLOOR TO 5TH FLOOR JS OFFICE FLOOR + ROOF SELFWEIGHT = O068KSF FLOO- FJNJSH = 002 KSF FALSE CEILI~G NO OTHER LOADAS FLOOR DEAD LOADYRAN3E 20 70 FLOAD -0104bull ROOF(EXTRA) AS GARDEN30 SOIL IN ~ART OF THE ROO~ SOIL ~ 03 NO OTHER LOADAS fLOOR DEAD LOADYRANGE70 70 FLOAD -03 XRANGE20 598 ZRAIIGE 2133 70ATER TANKYRANGESO SObull ROOF SLABYRANGll 80 80MEMBERLOAD701 702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 791 792 809 810 UNI GY -043LOAD 3 EXTERJOR WALLMEMBERLOADbullbullbull GROUNDFLOOR TO 5TIl FLOOR 5 WALLASSUMEDAT TilE EXTERIOR OF THE501 TO 503 510 TO 519 526 TO 535 542 TO 551 558 TO 567 574 TO 583 5599 602 605 60a 609 612 701 TO 703 TLO TO 721 72B TO 739 746 TO 757764ro775782T0793800T0808815T0826B35TOB41B51TOB578f875 TO 881 B95 TO 901 UNI GY 05LOAD 4 LIVE LOADFLOOR LOADGROUND FLOOR AS GARRAGEyenRANGE 10 10 FLOAD -005bullbull OFFICE SPACE AN ~VERAGE OF 65L8SFTYRANGE20 60 FLOAD -0 065bullbull FOR PARTITION WALL(ACCIDENTALLOAD)YRANGE20 60 FLOAD -004bull ~ ROOF OCCU~ATAIONALLIVE LOADOF ]0 LBSFTyenRANGE 70 70 FLOAD -003bullbullbull ROOF LIVE LOADOP 20 L3SFTyenRANGE 80 80 FLOAD -002MEMBERLOAD701702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 781 792 809 810 UNI GY -02LOAD 5 WIND IN XWIND LOADX 1 TYPE 1LOAD 6 WIND IN -XWIND LOADX -1 TYPE 1LOAD 7 wrND IN Zwnm LOADZ 1 TYPE 1LOAD B WIND IN ZwrND LOAD Z 1 TYPE 1LOAD COMB21 UNFACTOREDLOAD FOR GEO-TECH DESING1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10LOAD COMB22 FACTROREDLOAD1142143 14 4 17LOADCOMB23 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_X)1105 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275LOAD COMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-XI1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1 275 6 1215LOAD COMB25 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_Z)11051 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275
20420520620720B209210211 212213 214 21521621721B219220 221222223224-22522622722B21~130 131131233 234135 136 13 7 238239
241142243244-245246
249250251252 253 254255256257
P1 or
STAAD SPACE
260 LOAD COMB27 O 9DL+1 WI X261 1092 09 3 O~ 5 13262 LOAD COMB28 O~Du+~3WL -x263 1092 09 3 09 6 13261 LOAD COMB29 0 9DL+1 3WL Z265 109 2 09 3 09 7 13266 LOAD COMB30 09DL+lJWL -Z6 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13268 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELKMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 419 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH g 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS ~rRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISRSPACS = 141411308 1m EXMEM _ 11323 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 1O 23H roceMing Global Stiffness M-riX 10 23H Processing Triansular actorizatiof1 10 23H Calculating Joint Displacements 1O 24H Calculating Member Forces 10 24
269 LOAD LIST 21 22270 H71 START CONCRETE DESIGU272 CODE ACI273 UNIT INCRES KIP274 TRACK 2 ALL275 MINMAIN J ALL276 MAXMAIN8 ALL277 CLB 15 ALL278 CLS 1 5 ALL279 CLT ~5 ALL280 FC 25 ALL281 FYMAN 40 ALL28lt DESIGN BEAM501 TO 08 7D~ TO 84lt 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Pog of
A-
__ PAGE 0SIMD SPACE------------------- -------------------
_ bullbull lt CONCRETE TAKE OF bullbullbullFOR BE~MS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ~BOVEI
TOTAL VOLUCTE OF CONCR~TE ~ 11268 _94 CD FT
BAR SIZSNUMBER
mIGHT(in lbs)
1868563135362115B57951084 _9755~520
bullbullbull TOTAL= 5472996
285 FINISIl
bullbullbullbullbullbull 7 END OF STAAD-III ~7
DATE= JON 2~200J
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION M PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINBERS co bullbull West Coast - (714) 97~-2500 FClX- 714 I 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbull _ bullbullbullbullbullbullbull __ bullbull bullbullbull gt bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
Pbullbullbullbullbull of
A-9
-------------STAAD SPACE
260 1 09 2 093 09 8 13261 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- ~AGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTrcs
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMllER bullbullELEMENTS(SUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WrDTH ~ 196 nTOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ a TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISIt SPACE _ 141411570 MIl ExMEM_ 11611 MB
++ Processing Elemenc Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global stiffness Matrlx++ Processing Triangular ~actorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
163542163542163542163543163543
262 LOAD LIST 21 22263 HH264 START CONCRETE DESIGN265 CODE Atl266 UNJT INCHES KIP267 TRACK 2 ALL268 MINMAIN 4 ALL269 ~~MAIN a ALL270 CLB 15 ALU271 CLS 1 5 ALL272 eLT 1 5 ALL273 Fe 28 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO n 74 TO 78 6D TO 90 92 TO S276 104 TO 114 )48 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 2]277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 3]0 332 TO 338 34278 _ 843 TO 650 B59 TO 866 885 TO sn 902 TO 908
g of
A-10
w
gt w
~bull
H Z 00 H gt 0 H Z H g H
0 0 bull Z H n H bull Z 0 bull H
~bull 0 0 bull bull bull bull WHO om bull bull OH Z bullbull on 0 bull bull H N 0 H bull 0 0 Z bull 0 H 0 0 bull
~ bullbull 0 H 0 H bull 0 0 00
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bull bull H bull bull H
bull 0 bull H bull 0 ~
bull H H H 0 bull bull H
bull bull 000 bull n 0 ~
n n
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bull COgt bull 0 0 WW 0 H 0 0 no 0 tor o H
bull ow W 0 0 H O H 00
2 bull 0 H 0 0 w Lbull m-lGlCl 0 0 bull H bull N 00bull Z gt-J
~
mgtow 0
gt I bull 0 H bull 000lt H 0
bull ltraquooOl H bull 0H bull 0 Z H W H H
bull 0 bull 0 H 0 o H
bull H H H H bull H H 0 0 0 0 00 bull 0bull 0 0 H bull 0 0 bull 0 bull bull I bullbull __ ro- bull w n bullbullbull H 0 0 0 0 bull H bullbull 00 bull bull e 0 bull H bull bull
~bull w 0 bull bull bullbull bull 0 bull bull bullbull 0 bull bull bull bullbull bull bull bull bull W bull 0 bull bull W bullbull 0 bull bull 0 bull bull bull bull bull bull bull lbull
bullbull
0 0 0 0bull
W bullw bull
STAADSPACE - - PAGE NO
260 LOADCOMB28 0 ~DL+13IL_-X261 J O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 6 13262 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+1 3L ~263 1 O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 7 13264 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13L -l265 1092 09 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTSg 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX_ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISI SPACE = Hl4 11309 MS EXMEM= 11~~~ Me
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocesslng Global Stlffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
10H46101646101646101647101647
267 LOADLIST 21 22268 bullbullbullbull26~ START CONCRETEDESIGN27D CODE ACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP272 TRACK2 ALL273 MINMAIN3 ALL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL275 CLB 15 ALL276 CLS 15 ALL277 CLT 15 ALL273 FC 29 ALL279 FYMAIN40 ALL280 DESIGN BEAM 50~ TO G18 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
A-12
STAAD SPACE __ IAGENO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE = 1011146 CUFT
BAR SIZENUllBER
bull
H TOT1L~
283 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
176933223469319085 Sl136~151335171
5384462
bullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull
H DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 1018 4 H
bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING rn VERSION 0 PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast 00- (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714 ) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast 00- (9~8) 6B8-3626 Fax- (97B) 685-7230 bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A13ry ot
STAAD SPACE
260 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL -Z261 1092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STJlTISTICS
NOMllER OF JOINTSMIDIIlER+ELEMENISSUPPORTS K 2281 4791 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH K 1961 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF BTIFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 14141 9966 MIl EXMEM ~ 9995 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
162B56162656162657162857162857
263 LOADLIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETEDESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KIP268 TRACK2 ALL269 MINMAIN4 ALL270 MAXMAIN8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALL273 CLI 15 ALL274 FC 25 ALL275 FYMAIN40 ALL276 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 lB TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 7B 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 S277 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21278 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34279 B43 TO B50 859 TO 866 885 TO B92 902 TO 90B
bullbull r
A-14
gt ~ rl bull bullbull bull 0
z 1 ~~ ~-x ~~ bullbullbullbull~ ~ ~ 00
bull gt ~ ~~
bull bull bullbull ltfl~ ~~Nm bull bull bull bullbull 0 ~ bull bull ~o bullgt bull f-lt bull --~ ~ bull ~ bull lt bull
bull 0gt bull 0 bullbull U ~M---~- bull _Z bullbull 0 0_0 N bull rl HU~~ ~Z ifgt H (1 H 10HO H_gt ~0 H bull O o ~ E-lt bull 00 -4 0 bull gt-lt bulllt bull ltVl b ofltgt l-ltZ M bull H
e 0 bull gt lt- Ii 0 Z b 0 b 0gt 0 N H bullbO b ~~ 00 __ 0 bull
U Orl rlOlt Q bull ~ H 00- Z N bull ltCUM ~U U U ~ ON bullbull bull bullbull bull ZZ Z ~ N ~ bull lt0-- 0-lt0 - IN bullbull u U bullbull lil bull bullbull lt1 u -lt ~Ilaquo0 0 ~ b oH bull c O-I-wO ~bull e 0 m CO ~0 b ~0 O bullbullbull 0 00_ - 0 N flt bullbullbull 0 UUo ~bull gt H bull bullbull bull 0bull bullbull CO bullbull bull COUO ltJ ltgtgt _0 Q
0 ltl bull -0 H ] b Z bullH bullbullbullbullbullbull ~
~ ~ ~b ~C m lt
STAAD SPACE
26Q 1 092 09 3 09 8 13261 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day lpn 200 0505 PIlt
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSsUPPORTS ~ 2281 47~ 25ORIGINALIINAL BWP-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM n 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX n 2~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISItSPACE ~ 1414 112~8 MB EXMEM bullbull11305 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 48 H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix ~8 H Processing Triangular Factorization 48 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1048 H Calculating Membr Fore 1046 262 LOADLIST 21 22263 bullbullbullbull264 START CONCRETEDESrGN265 CODE ACr266 UNIT INCHES KIP267 TRACK2 ALL268 MINMArN4 ALL269 MAXMAIN8 ALL270 CLB 15 ALL271 CLS lS ALL272 CLT lS ALL273 FC 44 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 60 TO ~O 92 IO 96 276 104 IO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 no TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34278 843 TO 8S0 859 TO 866 SS5 TO 892 ~02 TO ~06
A_16
STAAD SACE
TUeday At 200lt 05 Q PM
__ ~AGSNO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullFOR EEAMS AND CO~UMNS DES1GNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VO~UME OF CONCRETE ~ 349873 CUFT
BAR SlZENUMBER
bullbull TOTA~~
28~ FINISH
WEWHT
lin lbs)
868018135806143447158775772658
2178704
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
DATE= rUN~9~003
bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull QUESTlONS REGARDING THIS VERSlON OF ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - 7~4) 974-~500 Fax- 1714) 9H-2543 bullbull East Coast - (976) 686-3626 Fax- 1978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A17
9Oglt of
STAAD SPACE
260 11052 105 3 105 4 1~75 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13L X262 1092 0 9 3 09 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 6 13265 LOADCOMB29 a9DL+13WL_Z266 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092 09 3 09 8 13269 PERFORM ANALYSIS
Tuesday AprLl 200lt 050 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STAJISJICS
NUMBER OF JO~NTSMEMBER+ELEHENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25OR~G~NALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 196 31TOlALPRIMARY LOAD CASES 8 JOJALDEGREES OP FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OP STIPFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PR~C KORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 14UI 10052 KB ElCKEK 10074 KB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
115749115749115749115750115750
270 LOAD LIST 21 2227l 272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 3 ALL277 MAXMAIN a ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL2ao CLl 15 ALL281 FC 44 ALL~82 FYMAIN 40 ALL283 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 6lS 701 10 84~ 851 10 858 867 TO 88~ 895 TO 901
0 or
A-1B
STAAD SPACE __ PAGE NO
bullbull bullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COGUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAG VOGUME OF CONCRETE = 854555 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
TOTAG~
186 FINISH
WEIGHT(~n Ibs)
176288448775077448379214
1689494
4793815
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 115910
bull QUESTlONS REGARDING H1SVERSlON oe PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS 0 c bullbull west Coaet - (7141 974-2500 =- (714) 921-2543 bullbull EilstCOil~t - 97B) 688-3626 FilX-(978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull
A-19
STAAD SPACE
260 LOIDCOMB30 O9DL+l3Wl -z261 1 092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORM ANALYSIS
TUesday Iltpnl 0o 00 0503 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATrSTICS
NUMBER OP JOrNTSMBMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 2SORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STlFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIlgt DlSK SPACE ~ 14l4 11297 MD IXMEM 11322 MB
++ rocessing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocessing Global stiffne~~ Matrix_++ ProceBBing Triangular Factori~ation++ Calculating Joint Di~placements++ Calculating Member Forces
92823~2823~28239282492824
263 LOAD LIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETE DESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KI268 TRACK 2 ALL269 MINMAIN 4 ALL270 MAXMAIN 8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALlgt273 CLT 15 ALlgt274 Fe 36 ALL275 FYMAIN 40 ILL276 DESIGN COLUMN 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~o 92 TO 96 277 104 TO 114 14~ TO 153 155 TO l5~ 161 TO 171 206 TO 2J0 2J2 TO 216 21276 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 3427~ 843 TO 80 89 TO 866 865 TO 892 902 TO 908
go of
TUesday Apnl 0 00 05 OJ PH
STAAD SPACE
~~~~~CONC~ETE TAKE OFF ~~~~~~~(FOR BEAMSAlD COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CO~C~ETE = 347891 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBE~
u TOTAL~
282 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
7770_05143175379537468648~067 99
2675164
~~~END OF STAAD-III ~bullbullbullbull~
~~ DATE~ JUN 292003
bullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbull~bullbullbull~~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS ~EGARDING TIllS VE~SION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESE~RCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(714) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~1~76) 688-3626 Fax- 197B) 685-7230 bull~~bullbull~bullbull~~~~bullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbull~~
A-21
Pog of
STAADSPACE
260 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 7 1275261 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-Z)262 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 8 1275263 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13WL X264 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13265 LOADCOMB28 O9DL+13WL -X266 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 1 3267 LOADCOMB29 O9DL+13WL Z268 1 09 2 09 3 09 7 13269 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+13WL -Z270 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13271 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day Apnl 200lt 0501
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS~ 228 479 25ORI~INALFINAL B~_WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAlgtPRIMARYLOADCASES 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FRlEDOM~ 1218SI~E OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 141411268 MIl EXMEM~ 11325 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorizat~on++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Fo~ces
9513495134951349513595135
272 LOADLIST 21 22273 u274 START CONCRETEDESIGN275 CODEACI276 UNIT INCHES KIP277 TRACK2 ALL278 MINMAIN3 ALL27~ MAXMAIN8 ALL280 CLB 1_5 ALL281 CLS 15 ALL282 CLT 15 ALL283 FC 36 ALL284 FYMAIN40 ALL285 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO B42 B51 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
0 - Df Slt
A-22
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 964374 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
faTAL
268 FINISH
WEJCHT(in Ibs)
177047115913713077931152341667496
5020131
bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-IJI bullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 29200J TIME~ ~5252
bullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENCJNEER8 bullbull West Coast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull
A-23
Pobullbullbullbullbull ot
STAADSPAC
260 LOADCOMB29 09DL+l3WL Z261 1092093 09 7 13262 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z263109209309813264 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
lROBLEM S TAT 1ST I C S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPlORTS 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH_ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES _ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM_ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSRZQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 141411353 Mll lXMEM~ 11380 Mll
H Processing Element Stiffness MatrlX 1519 H Precessing Global Stiffness Matrix 1519 H precessing Triangular Factorization 1519 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1519 H Calculating Member Forces 1520 0
265 LOADLIST 21 22266 bullbull u
267 STARI CONCRETEDESIGN268 CODEACI269 UNIT INCHES KIP270 TRACK2 ALL271 MINMAIN4 ALL272 MAXMAIN8 ALL273 CLB 15 ALL274 CLS 15 ALL275 CLT 15 AGL276 FC 44 ALI277 FYMAIN60 ALL278 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 279 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21280 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34281 843 TO 850 859 TO 566 885 TO 8n 902 TO 90S
A-24
STAAD SPACE
~bullbull~bullbullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbull(POR BEAJgtlSAND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
__ PAGE NO
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE w 286875 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbullbull TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in 1bs)
10486852147631374701385_57397060
1936535
bullbullbullbullbull~~~END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~~
~DATEw JUN 25200
bullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbull~~~bullbullbull~bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF ~ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West coast - (714) ~74 -2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbullbull~bullbull~~
0lt
STAADSPACE
261 LOADCOMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_XI262 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 6 1275263 LOADCOMB25 075(14DL+l7LL+l7WL_ZI264 1105 2 105 3 1054 1275 7 1275265 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI266 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 B 1275267 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X26B 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13269 LOADCOMB28 09DL+l3WL -X270 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 13271 LOADCOMB29 09DL+13WL_Z272 1 09 2 09 3 O~ 7 13273 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL_-Z274 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 1)275 PERFORMANALYSI8
- - PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALPINAL BAND-WIDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM _ 121BSIZE OF STIFF~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISISPACE ~ 141411362 MS E~ 11354 MB
++ processing Element 8tiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~m~nts++ Calculating Member Forces
154753154753154753154753154754
276 LOADLIST 21 22277 bullbull u
278 START CONCRETEDESIGN279 CODEACI280 UNIT INCHES KIP281 TRACK2 ALL282 MJNMAIN4 ALL283 MAXMAIN8 ALL284 CLB 15 ALL285 CLS 15 ALL286 CLT 15 ALL287 FC 44 ALL288 FYMAIN60 ALL289 DESJGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
A26
STAAD SPACE
~odnosdy April 07 200 12 bullbull PIlt
__ PAGE NO 4E
bullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE ~ 614543 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
h TOTAL=
292 FINISH
WEIGHTlin Ib)
23844211346225329075487201051119
46517 _88
~~bullbull~~END OF STAAD-III ~~bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JVlI 252003 TIME~ 154929 h
~~~~~~~~bullbull~~~bullbullbullbull~bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VSRSION OF PROGRAMbull RESEARCH ENGINSERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7H) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - 978 ) 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 685-7230 bull~~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbullbullbull
A-27
Pg 5
STAADSPACE
260 1092 093 09 7 13261 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z262 1092 09 3 09 8 13263 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM S TAT I S TIC S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WID~ ~ 196 31TOT-LPRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 8471 MIl ExMEM~ 8600 MB
H Ptocessing ElemEnt StiffnEss Mattix 12 132H ProcEssing Global Stiffness Matrix 12 132H Processing Trlangular Factorization 12 132H Calculating Joint Displacements 12 1]3H Calculating MEmber Forces 12 133
264 LOADLIST 21 22265 bullbull u
266 START CONCRETEDESIGN267 CODEACI268 UNIT INCHES ~lP269 TRAC~ 2 ALL270 MINMAIN4 ALL271 MAXMAIN8 ALL272 CLB 15 ALL273 CLS 15 ALL274 CLT 15 ALL275 FC 36 ALL276 FYMAIN60 ALL277 DESIGN COLUMN1 rO 16 IS TO 22 57 TO 72 74 rO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 278 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21279 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34280 843 TO 850 85~ TO 866 8B5 TO 892 902 TO 908
go
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
uUH CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ 335474 CUFT
BAR SIZENUJolBER
TOTAr~
263 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbsl
6330H565332164366277114472160
2112007
END OF STAAD-Ilr bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TrME= 12 3 5 bull
bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull eo QUESTrONS REGARDrNG THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~19781 686-3626 Fax- (9751 655-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
A-29
0 oE
STAAD SPACE
260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOAD COMB28 O9DL+JWL -x262 1092 09 3 09 6 J326 LOAD COMB29 O9DL+JWL Z264 1092 09 3 O~ 7 13265 LOAD COMB30 O_~DL+J3WL_-Z266 1 O_~ l O~ 3 09 B 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
~dn5dy AI 07 200lt 12 PM
- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIOTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES S TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121SSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = ~~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSRliQRDAVAILOISISPACE ~ 1414 8511~ EXMEM _ 8579 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
114125114125114126114126U4l27
268 LOAD LIST 21 2~269 270 START CONCRETE DESIGNl7J CODEACI22 UNIT INCHES KIP273 TRACK 2 ALL274 MINMAIN 4 ALL275 MAXMAIN 8 ALL276 CLB 15 ALL277 CLS 15 ALL278 CLT 15 ALL~79 FC 36 ALL280 FYMAIN 60 ALL28J DESIGN BEAM50J TO 6J8 70J TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
g of
A-3D
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE bull 727873 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbull
TOTAL
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
lt234770403~248654~34000 ~6504918
4409100
bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JON 262003
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSWN OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7141 974-2500 Fax- 714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (9781 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 6SS-n30 bull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull
A-31
p of bullbull
STAADSPACE
2521142143144 l7253 LOADCOMB23 075(J4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Xl254 l L05 2 L05 3 LOS 4 1275 5 1275255 LOADCOMB24 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_XI256 l L05 2 105 3 105 4 1275 6 1275257 LOADCOMB25 075(l4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Z)258 l 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275259 LOADCOMB26 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI260 l l05 2 105 3 l05 4 1275 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL_X262 l O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 1092 09 3 09 6 l3265 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+13WL Z266 1092 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL -Z268 1092 09 3 09 8 l3269 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM STATrSTrcs
NUMBEROF JOrNTSMEMBER+~~EMENTSsUPPORTS~ 2251 4791 25ORrGI~FrNAL BAND_WIDTH~ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES 5 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM 1218SlZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAlL DUK SPACE 141411569 MB EI(IIgM 11607 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ processing Globsl Stiffness Matrix++ proce~sing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member ForCes
l65923J65923J65~23l65~24165924
270 LOADLIST lt1 22271 uu272 START CONCRETEDESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK2 ALL276 MINMAIN4 ALL277 MAXMAIN8 ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT l5 ALL281 Fe 29 ALL282 FYMAIN60 ALL283 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO l6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~O n TO 96 ~284 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21285 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 2B5 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 33B 34
Fa ot
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
(FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ ~52761 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
gtbullbullbull TOTAL=
289 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbBI
7871 93298984~750 545725 66587542
bullbullbullbull DATE= JON 192003 TIME= 17 027 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull m QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Ccast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) ~21-2543 bullbull East Ccast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-33
iT oE
STAADSPACE
252 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275253 LOADCOMB24 075 (14DL+l7LL+l7WL_-XI25~ 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 175 6 1275255 LOADCOMB2S 0 7S (1 4DL+l 7LL+l 7WLZ)256 11052 105 3 105 ~ 1275 7 1175257 LOADCOMB26075(1 4DL+17LL+l 7WL -ZI258 11052 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275259 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOADCOMB25 0~DL+13WL -X262 109 2 O~ 3 09 6 13263 LOADCOMB29 0~DL+l3WL Z264 1092 09 3 09 7 13265 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL~Z266 1092 09 3 09 8 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINAL~lNAL BAND_WlDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LO~ ~ES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121BSIZE OF STIr~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 11622 MB ExMEM _ 11630 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Triangular Factorization 16 45H Calculating Joint Displacements 16 46H Calculating Member Forces 16 46
26B LOADLIST 21 TO 2226~bullbull u
270 STARTCONCRETEDESIGN271 CODE ACI272 UNIT INCHES KlP273 TRACK 2274 MINMAIN4 ALL27 MAXMAIN8 ALL276 CLB 1277 CLS 1527B CLT 15279 FC 29280 FYMAIN 602B1 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 61B 70l TO 842 85l TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Po 0
A-e4
STAAD SPACE -- PAGIgt NO
bullbull CONCRETE TA~E OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull(FOR BIgtAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ 936663 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullH TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
2218196100107537652369180134297
4321892
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull DATE_ JUN 92003 TIME~ 16 6 5 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
eoWestEast
OUESTIONS REGARDING TEIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at
Coa~t Ph- (7H) n4-2500 Fax- (7H) 92-2543Co~tPh- (978) 68B-3626 Fax- (~7B) 685-7230
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-35
go bullbullbull or ltOS
STAADS1ACE
252 LOAD COMB24 075114Dlt+17ltlt+17Wlt_-XI253 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 l27S 6 1275254 LOAD COMB25 075114Dlt+l7LL+l7WL_Z)255 11052 LOS 3 105 4 1275 7127S256 WAD COMB26 075114Dlt+17LL+17WL_ZI257 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275258 LOAD COMB27 09DL+J3WL X259 1092 09 3 09 5 13260 WAD COMB26 O9DL+13Wlt_-X261 1092 09 3 O~ 6 13262 WAD COMB29 O9DL+l3WL Z263 J 09 2 09 3 09 7 13264 LOAD COMB30 09Dlt+l3WL -Z265 109 l OS 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
-~ PAGE NO
PROBLEM S TAT S TIC S
NUMBEROF JONTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS_ 228 479 25ORIGNALFNAL BAND-WlDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SlZE OF STPFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAL DISK SPACE ~ 1414 10570 ME EXMEM 10597 ME
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~ments++ Calculating Member Forces
123548123548123548123549123549
267 LOID LIST 2l 22268 u++
269 START CONCRETEDESIGN270 CODEACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP271 TRACK 2 ALL273 MINMAIN 4 AL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL27S CB 15 ALL276 CS 15 AL277 CT 15 ALL278 FC 25 AL279 FYMAIN 60 ALL280 DESIGN COLUMNJ TO J6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 gt28J 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 lSS TO 159 J6J TO 17) 206 TO 210 212 TO 2J6 2]281 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34283 843 TO 850 859 TO 866 885 TO 891 902 TO 908
bullbull or bullbull
STNill SPACE -- PAGE NO
~~~~CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 418998 CUFT
BAR S1ltENUMBER
WEIGHTlin lbsl
9534245293381031637769676075
U TOTAL= 28~5a 03
286 FINISH
~~~~~~END OF STAAD-I11 ~~~~
bullbullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TIME= 123711 bullbullbullbull
bullbull
bullbull
921-2543685-7230
QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc atPh- 1714) n4-2500 Fax- 17141lh- (978) 688-3626 Fax- 19781
WeBt CoaBtEast CoaBt
bullbullbullbull
gO of
A-37
bull
STAAD SPACE
260 110521053 105 4 1275 8 1275261 LOAD COMB 27 O9DL+l3WL_X262 1092093 09 5 13263 LOAD COMB 28 O9DL+l3WL_-X264 1092093 09 6 13265 LOAD COMB 29 O9DL+l3WL_Z266 1092093 09 7 13267 LOAD COMB 30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092093 09 6 13269 PERFORM MlALtSrS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM S T ITIS TIC S
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 195 31TOTAro PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 rOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOW _ InSSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PRBe WORDSREQRDAVJILDISIl SPACE 141411309)IB EXMEM_ 11319 MB
++ Proce~singElement Stiffness Matrix++ PrDcessing Global Stiffness Matrix++ p~ocessing Triangular Factori2ation++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Force~
1033 91033 91033 9103310103310
270 LOAD LIST 21 22271 u272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE hCI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 4 ALL277 MAXMAIN BALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT 15 ALL281 Fe 25 hLL282 FYMAIN 60 ALL2B3 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 8~5 TO 901
FOg or
A-38
STAAD SPACE
w bullbull day PriJ 07 200lt 12
-- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull~ bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ H07625 CUFT
TOTAL~
286 FINISH
WEIGIJT(in Ibs)
2555707312566433964100076370299
4373300
bullbull bullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 292003
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull QUESTIONS REGARDING rum VERSION PROGRAM bullbull RESRARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast gt0- (7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 92) -2543 bullbull East Coast gt0- (9781 688-36)6 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull of
APPENDIX-B
List of Buildings for Different Strength Concrete and Reinforcement
APPENDIX-B
STRUCTURE DEVELOPER CONCRETE STEELSTREGTII STRENGTH
6(SIX) STORIED RESIDEIHIAL BUILDING ABC REAL ESTATES LTD 3aao pi 60000 piAT PLOT NO 239 KHILlGI ROAD BLOCK_B ABC HOUSE (6TH FLOOR) 8 KAMALATATURKMOHAMMADPUR HOUSING ESTATL AVENUE DHAKA1205MOHAYIMADP]JR DHAKA
9(NINE) STORIED RESIDENTIAl BUILDING MONICO LIMITED 3000 pi 611000piAT PLOT 0 507 MOUZA KAFRUI~ WEST HOUSE 10 7l1 ROAD NO 71A DHANMONDlAGARGAO DHAKA RIA DHAKA-12096(MX) STOlUlm RESIDFNTIAL BUILDING MR MOHAI1MAD HABlBUR RltHMAN 2500 psi 40000 piAI BAJTUL AMAN COOPERATJVE HOUSINGSOCIETY LIMITED PLOT NO-578cS 10_124KHA TIAN 0-346(SIX) STORIED CHAMP A SUPER MARKET MIS NISHA CONSTRUCTION 2500 pi 40000 piAT RAUARANDI DAZAR 13ALIAKANDlRAJBARl5(FlVE) STORIED ADMIN BUiLDIIG OF MIS NISHA CO]STRUCTlON 2500 pi 40000 piMANSUR ALI COLLEGEAT NARUA BALIAKANDI RAJBARI7 STORIED MLlNAT PLAZA MD MINNAT HOSSAIN 25110pi 40000 psiA SHOPPING CUM RESIDENTIAL DUILDINGA1 ABDULLAHPURKERANIGONJ DHAKA
WELKINS CANOPUS WELKINS PROPIRTY MANAGFMENT LTD 2500 pi 40000 pi9 STORIED APARTME1lt DUILDllG 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIBAGliAT LALKlIAI BAZAR CHlTTAGONG CIlITTAGOGWELKINS CALYX WELKINS PROPERTY MANAGEMENT LTD 2500 psi 40000 psi9 STORIED APARTMENT I3UIWING 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIDAGIIATNASlRABAD CHITTAGONG CIllTJAGONGGRAMEEN LEPTIS MAGNA GRAMEEN BANGLA HOUSING LTD 3000 psi 60000 piAT NIKETON GULSHAN SO-lARTORI TOWER (7TH FLOOR)9 STORIED APARTMENT BUILDING 12 SOlAR GAON ROAD DHAKA 1000
B~
APPENDIX - B
6 STORIED OFFICE BUILDING RUNNER AU rOMOBlLES LTD 2500Igti 40000 psiAT KUTURIA SAVAR DHAKA 74B GREEr ROAD DIJAKA
5-STORIED RESIDFNTIAL BlJILDING FOR MRROHIUL KARIM 2500 pi 40000 psiMRROBIUL KARIM AT PWT NO-lBROAD NO_7 SECTOR _7UTARA MODEL TOVNDHAKASNIGHDA ORCHID UNITIiCH HOLDIIGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD NO5 HOUSE NO - 7 BLOCK - IBANANI DHAKAJAUIIYA IJIITECH HOIDlNGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD 10 _9 HOUSE NO - 35 SECTOR- 4UTTARA DHAKA
ROUDRACHYA UNlTECIl HOJDIgtIGSLIMITED 2500 pl 40000 plROADNO_9 IlOUSENO-31SECTOR-4UITARADHAKA
UNITECH PRJ(SIDENCY UNITECH HOLDINGS LIMITED 2500 psi 40000 psiHUMAYANROAD PWTN034MOHAMMADPUR DHAKA
6-STORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING FOR Mlgt TOFAZZEL HOSSAIN 2500 pi 40000 psiMDTOFAZZEL HOSSAIN PLOT NO-64 BLOCK-C MANSURABAD HOUSING SOCIETYMOHAMMADPUR DHAKA8S10RIED IXI6MARRlED ORSQIJARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARMY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT SHAHEED YOUSUF ROAD DHAKA CANTT DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED lXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE OW amp CE (ARlfY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT POSTOGOLA CANTI DHAKA DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED IXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARII-IY) 3000 pi 40000 piAT ARMY HEAD QUATER ADMIN WING DHAKACANTIDHAKA CANTT4_STORlIW ENGINEERING FACILITIES ~ 3000 pi 60000 piBUILDING JMBAR PROJECT SARAK BHABAN
B~
APPENDIX- B
RAMNADHAKASHAPTAK SHAHNAMA SHAPTAK GRIHAY~ LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORJED APARTMENT BUILDING 819 BLOCK-C LALMATIA DHAKA-1207FORMR M MOSHIURRAHMA-lt ATPLOTNO34 BLOCK - C LALMATIA DHAKA - 1207SHAPT AK MAVIS SHAPT AK GRIllA Ylli LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORIED APARThlENT BUlTJ)ING 819 BLOCK-C lALMATlA DHAKA_1207fOR MR M MOSHllJR RAHMAN AT PLOT NO314HLOCK C LALMArJA DHAKA 1207
B-
APPENDIX-C
list of Buildings Using ExcavatorLabour for Excavation Work
APPEND1X-C
STRITCTlJRE
LABAID CARDIAC CENTREROAD _ 4 DHAllfONDJ DHAKA
LABAID SPECIALIZED 1I0SlIT AIROAD - 4 D1IA~MONDr DHKA
HABIT AT CENTER21 S]ORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEXSHAY AMOU DHAKASAM COMPLEX21 STORIED SHOPPING OfFICE COMPLEXSHAYA)IjOLl DHAKA(LOBE SHOPING CENTERto SIORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEX24 MIRPUR ROAD DHAKAHAPPY HOMES DR RAtA fULLA ARCADE6 STORIED BUIWINGROAD NO 3 DHANMONDI DJIAKAMULTILA GREEN VILLA15 SfORJED BUIWINGGREEN ROAD DHAKA
Such as 18 Storied New Market CityComplexadjacent of Dhaka new market14 storied CRP building project atMirJlur-14 Dhaka
nlvrLOP~R
LAB AlD corSTRUCTlOr
LAB AID CONSTRUCTlO
IIABITAJ REAL ESTATE LTD
GLOBE CENTER LTD
HAPPY HOMES LTD
MULTIPLAN LTD
UNIVERSE CONSTRUCTION LTD(CONTRACTOR)
m
Col
NOWIUSlMEIT
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
EXCA VATlOr- WORKPERFORMIW BY
EQUIPMEN l 1~IiNSIVE
EQlIPME~T INTElSTVE
EQUlPMElT INTElSIVE
EQUIMElT INTENSIVE
FQUlPMENT INTENSIVE
EQUIPMENT INTElS1Vpound I ~~~0 -Ilt~ s-
J~LABOUR INTENSIVE~i -ii amp
jjik ciI ~ ~ f- 1j
LABOURINTENSIV lt~~(I)ill- ~ J lt 4M
LABOUR INTENSIVE (
- 00000001
- 00000002
- 00000003
- 00000004
- 00000005
- 00000006
- 00000007
- 00000008
- 00000009
- 00000010
- 00000011
- 00000012
- 00000013
- 00000014
- 00000015
- 00000016
- 00000017
- 00000018
- 00000019
- 00000020
- 00000021
- 00000022
- 00000023
- 00000024
- 00000025
- 00000026
- 00000027
- 00000028
- 00000029
- 00000030
- 00000031
- 00000032
- 00000033
- 00000034
- 00000035
- 00000036
- 00000037
- 00000038
- 00000039
- 00000040
- 00000041
- 00000042
- 00000043
- 00000044
- 00000045
- 00000046
- 00000047
- 00000048
- 00000049
- 00000050
- 00000051
- 00000052
- 00000053
- 00000054
- 00000055
- 00000056
- 00000057
- 00000058
- 00000059
- 00000060
- 00000061
- 00000062
- 00000063
- 00000064
- 00000065
- 00000066
- 00000067
- 00000068
- 00000069
- 00000070
- 00000071
- 00000072
- 00000073
- 00000074
- 00000075
- 00000076
- 00000077
- 00000078
- 00000079
- 00000080
- 00000081
- 00000082
- 00000083
- 00000084
- 00000085
- 00000086
- 00000087
- 00000088
- 00000089
- 00000090
- 00000091
- 00000092
- 00000093
- 00000094
- 00000095
- 00000096
- 00000097
- 00000098
- 00000099
- 00000100
- 00000101
- 00000102
- 00000103
- 00000104
- 00000105
- 00000106
- 00000107
- 00000108
- 00000109
- 00000110
- 00000111
- 00000112
- 00000113
- 00000114
- 00000115
- 00000116
- 00000117
- 00000118
- 00000119
- 00000120
- 00000121
- 00000122
- 00000123
- 00000124
-
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4-1 5 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 41Table 4-2 10 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 41Table 4-3 15 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 42Table 4-4 20 Excavation Cost (Manual vs Excavator) 42Table 4-5 ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed bar 47Table 4-6 8S4149 specifications for Twisted bar 47Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Rein and Concrete 50Table 4-8 Column Concrete Strength 44 kSIand Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 52Table 49 Beam Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 52Table 410 Column Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 53Table4-11 Beam Concrete Stren9th 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 53Table 4-12 Column Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 54Table 4-13 Beam Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 60 ksi 54Table 414 Column Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 55Table 4-15 Beam Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 55Table 4-16 Column Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 56Table 4-17 Beam Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 56
59
Table 4-18 Column Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 57
Table 4-19 Beam Concrete Strength 3 6 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 57
Table 4-20 Column Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 58
Table 4-21 Beam Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 58
Table 4-22 Column Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi
Table 4-23 Beam Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 kSI 59
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule 60
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule 60
Table 4-26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement 61
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete ReqUirement 61
Table 4-28 Reinforcement and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka 61
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 4-1 Excavation cost for 5 feet 43Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet 43Graph 4-3 Excavation cost for 15 feet 44Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet 44Graph 4-5 Total Cost of Concrete and Reinforcement 62Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement 62
Xli
ADPASTM
BS
SUET
GATS
GIS
kip
ksi
PCpsi
PVC
PWD
GCRampD
RC
RCC
UKWTO
ABBREVIATIONS
Annual Development Program
American Society for Testing Matenal
Bangladesh Standard
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
General Agreement on Trade amp Services
Geographic Information System
KiloPound
Kilo-pound per Square Inch
Personal Computer
Pound-per Square Inch
Poly Vinyl Chloride
Public Works Department
Quality Control
Research amp Development
Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced Cement Concrete
United Kingdom
World Trade Organization
X1l1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Development of Construction Technology
Building is the earliest form of technology In civil engineering construction
From the most primitive times humans required protection from the wild
animal elements of nature changing seasons and predators in natural
shelters such as caves and rock overhangs
Step by step they learned to improve their caves with inlaid stone floors
walls at the entrances and fireplaces Ultimately they began creating entirely
new habitats in locations that had no natural shelter
Shetters built from natural material~ indicate that they had knowledge of the
stress strain and insulation properties (heat cold and water-proofing) of the
materials used The use of hand-made bricks or stone blocks indicated
knowledge of properties such as compression forces The symmetrical
shapes of the designs indicated the knowledge and application of the
principles of geometry
Most communities had their own distinctive styles lor bUilding their houses
and archaeologists have uncovered many examples through the ages
[Shown in Fig l-1a) to Flg1-1 (e)]
Fig1-110)Naturalfeaturecoos andcerhangsNaturalshell likecaveoravehangswereusedas OleSlInleornobuldngmaterialswereused
Fig1-1(b)CrudehellerTemporary5lruelue5tht neededIItUeWOlt1ltmn5hlpMalerilsfouodnoarbywereusedndoITangedona udelrameworkofbrance
Fig 11 (el llBolllvo nulA ypcal bUlldng yle of Ihe Nguni people (Zuluand Xlloa) Vertical branenes were stabilisedtl1 hOzotal bltacing wiln nO ~istnclibetweon Ine walls nd Lne roof The saplingslrueuro was bound lOgeher by gass fibreropos and tho grass eong ws wn to Ihelerura Ih gras rope
Fig 1_1 (0) Hlpped-ltgtn cubWestern fiuecaled 10 Ihe introduction of Ihe gOwall cons1ructlon The walilayoo Iso ~caeheha or the roof Walls me higher and doorvayslarger
Fig 11 (d) Con on cylinderA typlcol style among Ihe Tswana Solho andVenda peoplo Tila roof IS para and can bcleorly idenllfied The rooF as mode lrcltn grassad the wallslrom dag or tyle 01cement
The bUilding trade is the earliest form of civil engineering construction Up to
13 century building technology in the sub-continent fell under three
category (a) Thatchery and mud houses made of thatched roof of bamboo
straw grass reed etc lb) stone masonry which included hewing laying and
carving of stone and (c) Brick masonry construction consisting of lime-surki
mortar in the city areas Between 13 and 18h century the feudal monarchs
and the land lords constructed monumental bUildings After the Industrial
2
revolution in the 180 century construction of factory buildings labor sheds
ware houses etc became the major construction activities With the
invention of the steam engine in the 18 century development of railways
started Besides the construction of roads ports and harbors inland and
offshore navigation developed simultaneously after the Second World War
reconstruction of the war ravaged infrastructure brought a boom In the civil
engineering construction Civil engineering also has attained modernization
an eventually in the seventies the development of chips and micro chips and
the high capacity single chip microprocessor made possible the development
of the micro computers The computer software technology has also
developed very fast simultaneously The development of the optical fiber
and the satellite technology has made a revolution and the internet has
brought the information technology to a stage which was unimaginable even
a decade ago As result knowledge based industries now dominate over the
previous machinery based industries Traditional construction industry as
gradually becomes obsolete and ineffective worldwide in these high tech
eras This new situation put construction industry a new challenge
In modern times the civil engineers built dams sluices regulators barrages
pump houses and p ower generation and many other structures which were
believed to be impossible to construct Gigantic modern off-shore structures
are now built which go to several hundred meters below sea level In the
field of bridge construction enormous progress have been achieved Bridges
has now become relatively cheap and can be built in extremely short timeThe most ambitious bridge development ever realized is certainly the Akashi-
Kaiko Bridge in Japan with a span of 1990 meter This gigantic endeavor at
the early age where only possible due to very sophisticated and heavy
erection equipment developed The successful construction of channel
tunnel Bull twinkle (492 m worlds tallest offshore platform) Louisianan
offshore oil port supertanker unloading capacity of 100000 barrel an houri
Kansai international airport a port reclaimed from sea bed containing
extremely soft soill testify to development capability of the civil engineeringprofession in modern times it will not be out of place to mention that during
the sixties intensive urbanization in many developed countries saw the
3
spectacular revolutionary concepts such as wall frame Interaction tube-in-
tube bundle tubes diagonally braced frame and compOSite construction
pioneered the high rise growth Developments of intelligent buildings that
can respond to earthquake and fire hazards are in the making
In recent years (Information agel technological innovation in design
materials and construction methods have resulted in significant changes in
construction costs Computer aids have improved capabilities for generation
quality designs as well as reducing the time required to produce alternative
designs New equipments and materials not only have enhanced the quality
of constructIOn but also have shortened the time for shop fabrication and
field erection Construction methods have gone through various stages of
mechanization and automation including the latest development of
construction robotics
The Global Trend
Competition in global market for better amp economic building construction is
increasing day by day Construction organizations are realizing that
responsiveness to market demands and adaptability to changing condition
Competitive prices are the hallmarks of successful enterprise Therefore
every construction organization wants to lower the cost by alternate deSign
interchanging material strength amp type uSing modern construction methods
and proper management So construction world is going for new technology
and saving both time and cost
The Bangladesh Context
Bangladesh has come a long way since its independence But a very few
organizations have adopted new construction technology and ability to build
high strength material with quality After 2004 due to WTD and GATS
Bangladesh market has to be made open to outside countries and most of
the organization will face difficult challenges from the competitors of other
countries To face this challenge effectively construction organizations need
4
to be more responsive to market demands lower the prices by choosing
proper construction technology in all stages of construction as well as
improve quality of material If construction organizations of Bangladesh will
able to qualify with other countries in competition they would have to
opportunity to work abroad
Bangladesh is one of the least developed countries in the world Regrettably
In Bangladesh most of the construction methods and design are oriented by
conventional method Though volume of building construction is large but
modern construction method and equipment facilities in most of the cases
are absent Only a small number of projects have been done or ongoing With
theses modern facilities Remarkable new and high strength material are also
not using in Bangladesh Only in some national bridgeroad construction
project modern equipment and material were used in Bangladesh Due to
absent of new and high strength materials new technologies new
equipments quality as well as effiCiency of building construction are very
poor
12 Objective of the Project
Bangladesh is one of the least developing countries Contemporary
construction technology With high strength materials are not often uSing inbUildingconstruction sector The objective of this study IS to find out what
type of technology and materials are being using for building construction In
addition to find out if better technology is available why these are not
being accepted at present in construction sector of Bangladesh
Specific objectives of this study are
bull To study the exiting technological parameters in present day building
construction in Bangladesh
bull To study the economy of scale and factors as they relate to-
(a) Humnware
(b) Infoware and
(e) Hardware
5
13 Methodology
Methodologies used in this study are followings
I Study of the literature to identify the contemporary
technology in building construction in developing NIC and
developed economies
II Study of the local documents and of field data to find the
status of contemporary technology in the building industry in
Bangladesh
III Study the economy of scale and contemporary technology as
they relate to humnware Infoware and hardware
6
CHAPTER 2
TECHNOLOGIES IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
21 Introduction to Technology in Construction Industry
McGraw Hill Encyclopedia Defines Technology as 11
Technology is closely related to science and engineering Science deals with
humans understanding of real world around them - the interesting
properties of space matter energy and their interactions Engineering is the
application of objective knowledge to the creation of pians designs and
means for achieving desired objectives Technology deals with tools and
techniques for carrying out the plans
Construction Technology
Basic design and construction topics which include both field and office
activates which facilitate problem definition evaluation solution and
communication ie design electives electrical equipment estimating
formwork mechanical quantity surveying rigging scaffolding scheduling
shop drawings site planning surveying takeoff utilitiesfl9
Construction industry undoubtedly is the backbone and propelling force
behind our progress It has the potential to contribute to peoples lives in
many ways This needs high skill dynamic leadership broad vision great
courage latest technology and communication system
Modern science and technology have provided many useful tools like
computers~CPM-PERT-most productive and efficient machines financial
management procedures and many others But all these become redundant
and unproductive when these sophisticated and efficient tools are worked
by green and inexperienced hands who lack the basic ingredients of work
culture dedication and courage and people who are not imaginative and
innovative
7
22 Construction technologies on the basis of labour and equipment
Construction technologies can on the basis of their content of labour and
equipment be classified as
o Equipment Intensive
o Labour based and
o Labour Intensive Technologies
The choice of the technology may affect the overall cost the overall
duration of the construction and the overall quality of the asset Some
works allow only one type of technology while others can be done in
various ways Graphically equipment intensive labour Intensive and labor
based technologies are shown in below
Potential shift in labour contents by using labour-based methods
Llbaur - _
Equipment Intensive
Labour Based
Labour Intensive
IIIlililillllIII-IIIliillllllnmmmllF
221 Equipment Intensive Technology
Equipment intensive technology is defined as the combination of labour and
equipment In which most work is done by labOUHeplacing equipment
supported by a small labour force Although the technology might be
appropriate in circumstances with high wage levels low labour availability
and high skill levels its application is often ineffective at local level where
individual projects are relatiVely small and dispersed over a large
geographical area
8
222 labour Intensive Technology
To avoid a common misconception it is important to distinguish between
labour basedmethods and labour Intensive methods In contrast with labour
based technology labour intensive approaches seek to maximize
employment with a minimum use of mechanized equipment often at the
expense of cost and quality
223 labour BasedTechnology
In selecting the most appropriate technology it is however important that
irrespective of the type of technology resources is used efficiently quality
standards are maintained and time limitations are observed For these
reasons labour based technology has been developed to maXimize
opportunities for the employment of labour (skilled and unskilled) while
supported by light equipment under strict conditions of cost
competitiveness acceptable engineering quality standards and timely
implementation Labour based work methods are competitive only if these
conditions are met and can then provide a lasting alternative to traditional
equipment-intensive construction methods
23 Software Technologies
Normally software means the written instructions executed by some
hardware Ie Programs that are needed to run for execution and manage
the computer and those which are used to solve the problem 111 The
Software technologies have three subdivisions which are
bull Manpower (Humnware)
bull Information (Infoware)
bull Organization (Orgaware)
231 Manpower (Humnwere)
We know manpower (humnware) is the person-embodied component of
technology 111 For construction works require different types of personal but
most of them require technical background Different disciplined engineer
site engineer supervisor foreman rod binders mason skilled labour helper
9
carpenter sanitary technicians electrical technicians and other personal are
the humnware
Productivity in construction IS often broadly defined as output per labor
hour Improvement of labor productivity should be a significant activity in
building construction In construction works vigorously pursue the efficient
utilization of labor So improvement of personnel related to this field is a
vital factor of construction industry
232 Information (Infoware)
Information IInfowarel is usually the document-embodied form of technology
[11 This inciudes the specifications market database for materials theories
charts database drawing codes books journals catalogs and other
documents Requisition and supply management work(s) are also includes in
infoware Infoware constitute a crucial part of construction industry For
construction works every step is related to infoware Proper constructions
need accurate material specification guided by the code(s] Proper
information is the key factor of any construction project
233 Organization (Orgaware)
Within a frame work of the Organization (Orgawarel Manpower
(Humnware) Information (Infoware and Hardware technologies work 111
Organization techniques principles practices and arrangements that govern
the effective use of technology by humnware This includes construction
planning project management QC safety RampD
Organizational systems play the key role in construction industry Both the
success and failure of construction works widely depends on organization
An organization system includes Organization structure organization design
human resource poliCY and practice organization Culture work stress etc
Common organizational structures available in construction industries are-
bull Project organization
bull Matrix organization
bull Line and staff organization
10
24 Hardware Technology
Modern construction especially for large projects has grown in complexity
due to size cost and speed of construction Construction equipment is an
important resource and its planning assumes vital importance With the
rapidly changing technology both in design and construction areas
contractors are now shy of making heavy investment in heavy equipment
New innovation of construction equipment change the older method of
construction method and resultant is quicker and economic construction
Sometimes whole system is enhanced by new innovation Such as two
technological developments namely lilt and modern metal frame removed
the prevailing limitations on the height of the buildings Hardware is object-
embodies form of technology 111 such as Construction
equipmentmachineries all type of materials appliances computer paper
printer
The selection of appropriate construction equipment often affects the
required amount of time and effort and thus the job-site productivity of a
project It is therefore important for site managers and construction planners
to be familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment
Various types and important works are involved for construction Industry
Such as excavation loading compaction and grading drilling and blasting
equipment lift and erecting machineries mixing construction tools and
other equipment Different types of work require different type of hardwareand technology
11
Selection of most suitable and available equipment for a particular project is
a frequent problem for contractor Owner contractor and even the engineers
of our country are going for traditional method and material Sometimes due
to old technique and traditional material huge financial loss is the result
Money spent for equipments need to be considering as an investment
which can be recovered with a profit during the useful life of the equipment
241 Excavation
Types of equipment which are used to excavate earth and related materials
are known as excavator Excavation equipment includes the following
machines
1 Power shovels
2 Backhoes
3 Draglines
4 Clamshells and cranes
5 Trenching machines
6 Wheel-mounted belt loaders
Craneshovel consists 01 three major components
bull A carrier or mounting which provides mobility and stability for the
machine
bull A revolving deck or turntable which contains the power and
control units
bull A front-end attachment which serves the special function in an
operation
12
(g) Hawk_Bulk W~
(e) Cranes
(h) Q)-Qlick Mount
(c) Daglines
0l Hook Lift (k) Conlaine CITi~r (1) RollOffTrmlers Carner
Fig 2-1 Excavation Equipmentl1Gl
13
The type of mounting for all equipments Ihardware) in the above figure is
referred to as crawler mounting which is particularly suitable for crawling
over relatively roughed surfaces at a job site Other types of mounting
include truck mounting and wheel mounting which provide greater mobility
between job sites but require better surfaces for their operation The
revolving deck includes a cab to house the person operating the mounting
andor the revolving deck In the above figure a crane with hook clamshell
[Fig2-1 (f)L drag line [Fig2-1 (c)] bac khoe shovellFig 2-1 laI(b)L pile
driver[Fig2-1 (d)] and other excavation equipment are shown
A tractor consists of a crawler mounting and a non-revolving cab When an
earth-removing blade is attached to the front end of a tractor the assembly
is called a bulldozer When a bucket is attached to its front end the
assembly is known as a loader or bucket loader There are different types of
loads designed to handle most efficiently materials of different weights and
moisture contents
Scrapers are multiple units of tractor-truck and blade-bucket assemblies with
various combinations to facilitate the loading and hauling of earthwork
Major types of scrapers include single engine two-axle or three-axel
scrapers twin-engine all-wheel-drive scrapers elevating scrapers and push-
pull scrapers Each type has different characteristics of rolling resistancemaneuverability stability and speed in operation
242 Compaction and Grading
Compaction grading and soil stabilization are the works of same category
and these are interrelated Many SOilsare subject to differential expansion
and shrinkage when they undergo change in moisture content If pavements
are to be constructed on such soils it IShighly desirable to stabilize them to
prevent or reduce the change volume in order to protect the pavements from
excessive damages
Stabilizations may be applied to a soil In its natural position or as it is placed
in a fill Also stabilization may be applied to the sub-grade sub-base or
base material
14
Some methods of stabilization are
L Blending and miXing heterogeneous soils to produce more
homogenous soils
bullbullbull Incorporating hydrated lime into soils that are high in clay content
bullbullbull Blending asphalt with the soil
t Mixing Portland cement with the soil
t Incorporating various types of slats into the soils
4 Incorporating certain chemicals into the soils
t Compacting the soils thoroughly after they are processed
The function of compaction equipment is to produce higher dense soil
mechanically The basic forces used in compaction are static weight
kneading impact and vibration The degree of compaction that may be
achieved depends on the properties of soil its moisture content the
thickness of the soil layer for compaction and the method of compaction
The function of grading equipment is to bring the earthwork to desired shape
and elevation Many soils are subject to differential expansion and shrinkage
when they undergo changes in moisture content Many soils also move and
rut when subjected to moving wheel loads If pavementsbuildings are to be
constructed on such soils It is usually necessary to stabilize them to reduce
the volume changes and strengthen them to the point where then can carry
the imposed load even when they are saturated
Major types of grading equipment include motor graders and grade trimmers
The former is an all-purpose machine for grading and surface finishing the
latter is used for heavy construction because of its higher operating speed
Many types of compaction equipment are available including the following -
Towed Sheepsfoot [Fig2-2Ia)L Grid Roller [Fig2-2(b)L Self-Propelled [Fig2-
21c)) Segmented Steel Wheel Roller[Fig2-2(dll Self Propelled Tamping Foot
Roller Self Propelled Vibratory Tamping Foot Roller[Fig2-2Iel) etc These
are different operating characteristics
15
(a) Sheepsfoot roller
(b) Grid roller
(d) Two-Axle Tandem Steel-wheeled Roller
(c) Self Propelled Pneumatic-tiredRoller
(e) Self-Propelled Smooth-drumvibratory Roller
Fig 2-2 Compaction amp Grading Equipment
IG
243 Drilling and Blasting
Drilling operation used by the construction and mining industries to drillholes in both rock and earth The task of rock excavation includes looseningloading hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling and blasting
Rock excavation is a risky and hard task ReqUire special equipment andmethods for this operation The degree of difficulty depends on physicalcharacteristics of the rock type which to be excavate Grain sizes planes ofweakness weathering brittleness and hardness of rock strata are the vitalfactors of rock excavation The task of rock excavation includes looseningloadlllg hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling blasting or rippling
Major types of drilling equipment are percusSion drills and rotary-percussiondrills A percussion drill penetrates and cuts rock by impact while it rotateswithout cutting on the upstroke
Common type of percussion drills includes a jackhammer which is hand heldand others which are mounted on a fixed frame or on a wagon or crawl formobility A rotary drill [Flg2-3(bJJ cuts by turning a bit against the rocksurface A rotary precesSion drill combines the two cutting movements toprovide a laster penetration in rock
Blasting is performed to loosen rock in order that it may be excavated orremoved from its existing position Blasting requires the use of explosivesthe most common of which is dynamite Generally electriC blasting caps areconnected in a circuit with insulated wires Power sources may be powerlines or blasting machines designed for firing electriC cap Circuits Alsoavailable are non-electrical blasting systems which combine the precisetiming and flexibility of electric blasting and safety of non-electricaldetonation
Tractor-mounted rippers are capable of penetrating and prying loose mostrock types The blade or ripper IS connected to an adjustable shank whichcontrols the angle at the tip of the blade as it is raised or loweredAutomated ripper control may be Installed to control ripping depth and tipangle
In rock tunneling special tunnel machines equipped with multiple cutterheads and capable of excavating full diameter of the tunnel are nowavailable Their use has increasingly replaced the traditional methods ofdrilling and blasting
17
(a) ER1ronmomtlll Testing
It) Placer Drill
(b) Rotary drill
(dl Mincrnl Exploration Drill
eel Water Well Drilling
Fig 2-3 Drilling amp Blasting Equipmentl1bull1
18
244 Lifting and Erecting Equipment
Liftmg and erecting equipments are used to 11ftloads and to facilitate theerection of steel building frames
Derricks are commonly used to lift equipment of materiais or building
construction A derrick consists of a verticai mast and an inclined boom
sprouting from the foot of the mast Guys hold the mast in position or stiff
legs connected to a base whiie topping lift links the top of the mast and the
top of the inclined boom A hook in the road line hanging from the top of the
inclined boom is used to lift loads Guy derricks may easily be moved from
one floor to the next in a building under construction while stiff leg derricks
may be mounted on tracks for movement within a work area
Horizon boom type tower cranes are most common in high-rise building
construction Inclined boom type tower cranes are also used for erecting
steel structure
245 Mixing
Mixing concrete by hand is expensive In labour and it IS therefore not
surprising that mechanical mixers have been general use for a great many
years
The object of mixing is 10 coat the surface of all aggregate particles with
cement paste and to blend the entire ingredients of concrete into a uniform
mass this uniformity must furthermore not be disturbed by the process of
discharging from the mixer In fact the method of discharging is one of the
bases of classification of concrete mixers Several types exist In the tiltmg
mixer the mixing chamber known as the drum is tilted for discharging In
the non-tilting type the axis of the mixer is always horizontal and discharge
is obtained either by inserting a chute into the drum or by reversing the
direction of rotation of the drum or rarely by splitting of the drum There are
also pan-type mixers rather Similar in operation to an electric cake-mixer
these are called forced action mixers as distinct from the tilting and non-
tilting mixers which reiy on the free fall of concrete in the drum
19
In any mixer It is essential that sufficient interchange of materials between
different parts of the chamber takes place so that uniform concrete is
produced
On a site there is often a tendency to mix concrete as rapidly as possible
and it is therefore important to know what is the minimum mixing time
necessary to produce a concrete uniform in composition and as a result of
satisfactory strength
Concrete mixers are used to mix Portland cement sand gravel and water in
batches
There may be occasions when concrete has to be mixed by hand and
because in this case uniformity is more difficult to achieve particular care
and effort are necessary
A truck mixer refers to a concrete mixer mounted on a truck which is
capable of transporting ready mixed concrete from a central batch plant to
construction sites
246 Construction Tools and Other Equipment
Concrete can be economically pumped at the rates 15 to 200 ydhr for
horizontal distances 300 to 3000 ft and vertical distances 100 to 500 ft
without staging [11
The pumping of concrete of is especially advantageous in placements that
are physically difficult to approach with ready-mix trucks and show best
economy in the range of 20 to 80 ydhr
Air compressors [Fig2-4(al] and pumps [Fig2-4(dl] are widely used as the
power sources for construction tools include drills hammers [Fig2-4(bll
grinders saws wrenches[Fig2-4(clj staple guns sandblasting guns and
concrete vibrators Pumps are used to supply water or to dewater at
construction sites and to provide water jets for some types of construction
Vibrators are used to eliminate entrapped air Of the several types internal
vibrators perhaps the most common one External vibrator is rigidly clamped
to the formwork resting on an elastic support so that both the form and
20
concrete are vibrated Vibrating table can be considered as a case of
formwork clamped to the vibrator instead of the other way round but the
principle of vibrating the concrete and formwork together is unaltered
Besides these surface vibrator used for flat plate electric hammer can be
used as a surface vibrator when fitted with a bit having a large flat area A
vibrating roller is used for consolidating thin slabs
(a)Air Compressor
rg Wrench
(b) Hammer
(d) Concrete Pump
Fig 2-4 ConstructionTools amp Other Equipments[111
247 Choice of Equipment and Standard Production Rates
The selections of the appropriate type equipment or machines tor
construction often affect the required amount of time and effort and thus
the job site productivity of a project Equipment size determination is also a
very important task for construction Oversize equipments are expensive as
well as consume more time to handle It is therefore important for
construction planners to be familiar with the characteristics of the major
21
types of equipment most commonly used in construction Construction
planners also have to know the sources of construction equipment
Contractors and users of construction equipment frequently concerned with
a decision as to whether to purchase or rent (lease) an equipment Under
certain conditions it is financially advantageous to purchase whereas under
other conditions it is more economical and satisfactory to rent it
248 Building Materials
In recent times some of the important technological breakthroughs in
materials are stabilized soil lime-pozzolana mixes sand-lime bricks fly-ash
bricks clay-fly ash bricks gypsum boards wood-wool sheets plastic
products in utility service ready mix concrete non-shrink grout for machine
foundation super-plasticizers Ferro-cement and other materials Different
types of composite construction are also in very advance stage
In the field of concrete technology also some advances are happened such
as light weight concrete radiation shielding concrete polymer concretes
fiber reinforced concretes super plasticized concretes gap graded concrete
tenser-polymer reinforced concrete roller-compacted concrete ultra high
strength concrete improved techniques in pre-stressing prefabricated
construction and other some remarkable matenals
In low cost housing a number of developments have taken place and
following new techniques are being adopted for reduction in cost These arestone block masonry pre-cast brick panel roofing pre-cast RC channel
roofing ferro-cement tank use of secondary species of timber particle
board lor shutter doorswindows fly ash-lime-gypsum bricks for making
walls pre-cast RCC frames for doors and windows Pre-cast RC lintel (thin]
lower ceiling heights PVC pipes for water supply stabilized soil cement
base floors magneSium oxy-chloride flooring fire retardant treatment of
thatch asphaltic roofing etc Brief descriptions of some of those materials
are below-
22
249 Construction Automation and Robotics
Recent advances in robotic technology and the related experience In
manufacturing industries suggests that greater automation maybe extremely
beneficial for constructed facilities In addition construction in hazardous
environments (not approachable) may be greatly expanded by the use of
construction robots
There are several means by which construction automation and robotics
might repay the additional equipment and development costs associated
With high technology investments First robotics offers opportunities for
extending the scope of practical construction activities into hazardous
environments including outer space nuclear reactors or undersea
construction Even standard construction sites represent hazardous
environments as suggested by the large number job industrial accidents
associated with construction Second robotics may permit the practical
introduction and broader use of nonhuman senses and capabilities on
construction sites
KaJimaCompanys reinforcing bar placing robot can carry up to 20 bars and
automatically place these bars in pre-seiected patterns in both floors and
walls The equipment has achieved 40 to 50 savings in labor and 10
savings in time on several Japanese projects 131
A wall climbing robot called RM3 for tasks such as video inspections of shiphulls gamma-ray inspection of structural welds and high-pressure washing
painting shot-blasting and barnacle removal 131
23
CHAPTER 3
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN BANGLADESH
31 Introduction
The contribution of construction industry is quite significant in the national
economy but its existence is absent from the national economy plan
Recently government has made policy considering this sector as an industry
GDP Contribution of construction industry was 606 In 1991-1992 and 619
over the period 1996- 1997 Agriculture sector contributes maximum of
GDP Construction sector contribute about 20 of agriculture sector GDP
which is a remarkable role in Bangladesh economyI1
The construction Industry of Bangladesh comprises of a large number of
predominantly small firms The same can be seen to be true for most other
countries
The actual structure of the industry is not possible to measure as there are
no published papers on the total number of firms There are some 25000
nos of local contracting large medium and small categorized firms
registered with the government agencies with a varying range of financial
capacities [16]
In building construction sectors larger firms are capable to construct
concrete highrise building 30 storied Bangladesh Bank Bhaban 20 storied
Bangladesh Secretariat 20 storied Sena Kalyan Bhaban Building 20 storied
lOB Shaban and many other bUildings are the evidence of the ability to
construction of high rise concrete-building While high rise steel structures
are not yet familiar in Bangladesh but recently a number of high rise steel
structure are under construction In other sector such as bridge roads gas
pipeline electricity supply dam sluice-gate etc are implemented by
international contractors and joint venture companies (foreign and local
firms~ In 1990-91 the construction industry employed 105 and in 1995-
96 183 (statistics 97~ of total labour force In other statistics showed
that the constructing firm employs 20 lacs peoples If each family comprise
24
of four members so total 80 lacs people (615 of total population of the
countryl are dependent on the construction industry for their living The
economical and political significance of the industry ISeven greater than this
figure suggest as it captures the major part of the national investment
About 46 of the total construction labour force are involved in building
50 in construction repair and maintenance of roads and bridge works and
4 are involved in construction repair and maintenance of other activities
16]
Some domestic contractors in the building sectors have access to overseas
market but local contractors are less capable of competing with the foreign
companies due to variety of grounds -
(a) Very Less initiative from the Government to improve the capacity of the
local contractors
bull Easy policy for credit system for construction industry
bull To provide plant machinery hire facilities
bull Skill and manpower development through training
(bl Policy of the rules and conditions of the donor agencies for foreign funds
According to PWD to solve the housing problem 709131 units of houses
are required to construct in every year [15] So it indicates that Bangladesh
has a serious housing problem
12 to 15 millions people now lives in Dhaka city Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is now the city of construction Though yearly requirements in
the city is about 65000 housing but all public and private sector together
produce 25000 housing units in a year Percentage of leaving in slums and
squatter settlement is about 30 percent It would take at least 600 billion
taka which IS five times the entire ADP budget of the country to
accommodate house for the above-mentioned population Very little areas
are found in cities which are not occupied by building Every place in the city
is already filled up or construction of building process is ongoing But the
utility service and other facilities for community are not well thought-out
But according to government rules facilities shall be accommodate first
25
before any type of building construction Unfortunately community facilities
including simple parking facilities are still absent for the many new
constructing building in Dhaka city
32 Some large Constructions in Bangladesh
It is very difficult to identify which one is large construction of a country
because of project diversity In Bangladesh there are numerous
constructions many of them are significant in various aspects Although
functions and aesthetic are different of them they accomplish different type
of requirements Following are the some prominent constructions which
indicate Bangladesh building construction industry is fully capable to
construct any type of Building
Equipments used for construction of national assembly building were tower
crane larger size mixture machines and other eqUipment Tower crane amp
other equipments replaced by huge no of labors As per definition of labour
based technology construction of this building falls under this category
National Assembly
Fig 3-1 National Assemblyl101
labour Based Technology
Architect Louis I Kahn
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1962 to 1974
Building type government center
Construction System concrete marble
26
Equipments used for construction of Bangladesh bank bhaban were hoist
mixture machine and other light equipment only For excavation of 1
basement engaged huge no of labors As per definition this type of
construction falls under labour Intensive technology
bull Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
Fig 3-2 Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
labour Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
NoofFioors-31
Building type government
Construction System concrete
27
Equipments used for construction of Islamic Development Bank Shaban were
tower crane concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments
Tower crane ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments
replaced by most of the labors As per definition of equipment intensive
technology this type of construction falls under this category
bull Islamic Development Bank
7
Fig 3-3 Islamic Development Bank
Bhaban
Equipment Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
No of Floors - 20
Construction System concrete
28
Equipments used for construction of Bashundhara city were tower crane
concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments Tower crane
ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments replaced by most of
the labors As per definition 01 equipment intensive technology this type of
construction falls under this category
bull Bashundhara City
Fig 3-4 Bashundhara City
Equipment Intensive Technology
Architect VISTARA
location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1999 to 2003
Building type shopping mall
Construction System concrete marble
33 Constructions in Bangladesh Using Pre Fabrication
Prefabricate construction not yet accepted widely in Bangladesh Scenario of
developed country in this respect is totally different Even In Malaysia
Thailand Indonesia India and many other developing countries scenery is
closed to developed countries Prefabricate construction require customize
construction or a huge no of similar type productions Precast units which
normally used in Bangladesh are -
bull Tiles and mosaic
bull Low cost toilet rings and others precast accessories
bull Prestressed precast electric pole
bull Precast column for boundary wall
29
the study on availability
of indigenous materials in
bull Precast slab for surface drain
bull Precast slab for foot path
bull Precast railing and ornamental column
bull Precast lintel
bull Precast pipe for water supply and others
bull Railway sleeper
bull Road divider
In the context of Bangladesh RampD activities are yet to be worthy InBangladesh uHouse and Building Research Institute was established in the
year 1977 with the following objectives -
1 To take technical and scientific studies and research on
various problems of constructions and building materials and
to evolve housing and building technology appropriate to the
requirement and suitable for socia-economic condition of the
country
2 To specifically emphasis on
development and utilization
construction
3 To promote better uses of building materials particularly
commonly used materials improvements methods of learning
and designing of construction works and maintenance
4 To train research personnels and technicians for the purpose
out its research activities
House and Building Research Institute time to time tried to introduce someprecast module Such as -
bull Ferro cement tank
bull Precast Ferro cement channel for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete hollow slab for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete micro pile
30
bull Precast Ferro-cement folded plate for roof
bull Precast Ferro-cement L panel for inclined roofing
bull RCCdoor and window frames
Between all type of innovation only Ferro cement tank (400 gallon consisting
of cement mortar on wire mesh) is widely used mainly in Dhaka city As
bigger size is not possible with Ferro-cement Its use is limited
Above all precast construction scenario is very poor in Bangladesh This
indicates construction technology not yet advance in Bangladesh in this high
tech era
34 Humnware Infoware and Hardware in Bangladesh
341 Humnware
For construction technology humanware includes labour technicians
engineer and other persons In some way they are related to construction
industry In Bangladesh expense for humanware is cheaper with respect to
other countries because of low wages lin Bangladesh Taka 125 per hour
and for ordinary labour in UK pound6) So utilization of man power through IT is
a great opportunity for construction sector of Bangladesh But unfortunately
we are far way from proper utilization of this huge no manpower
Development of Human resources is in very preliminary stage By generating
employment and working environment general employment conditions need
to be improved Wage systems must be developed and made transparent so
as to give proper remuneration according to qualification and technical skill
It is extremely necessary for the skilled workers to pass their skills on and to
train personnel able to respond to future technological changes Professional
training centers and methods must be developed and be efficiently exercised
upon
In Bangladesh most of the cases we make out unskilled humnware which is
unexpected in this high tech era Also in most of the cases they are
uneducated Due to unskilled and uneducated labour construction qualities
31
are not normally as per requirement Also due to unskilled labor excessive
time is requiring in most of the cases
In Bangladesh labours are mainly trained-up by on-job training In many case
they are habituated from paternal side by born Though some training
institutes exist around Dhaka city but they are certificate-based institute
These institutes deal only overseas job findings peoples
342 Infoware
Infoware IS usually the document-embodied form This includes the
software design specification materials specifications theories charts
database drawing design and others activities Use of software in
Bangladesh for the purpose of analysis and design are in satisfactory leveL
Although most of the organizations are now analyze and design by some
standard software but a big amount of engineers are not stili away from this
technology Following software and tools are now using in Bangladesh
which indicates not behind from top level
Programming Language- Visual Basic Auto LISP aBasic CC Turbo C
Computer Aided Engineering STAAD-III STAADPro Math CAD ADOSS PCACOL SOL Series
Spread Sheet Analysis- Microsoft Excel Lotus MathCAD
Computer Aided Design
- AutoCAD
Database- DBase FoxPro Microsoft Access Oracle
GIS Software- Arcinfo Arcade Maplnfo Arc view Idrisi
32
Graphics software- CorelDraw Harvard Graphics
Computer Aided Project Management- MS Project
Word Processing
-MicrosoftWordWordPcrreCI
Operating Systems
- MS Windows Dos Novel
3430rgaware
Orgaware lOrganization) represents the structural framework of a
technological system and it includes for example the organizations for the
RampD the production the marketing the corporate planning etc It is needed
to produce certain goods and services Within the framework of theorgaware the other technology components work [1]
Most of the organization in Bangladesh is now using computer and software
for different type of works Some organizations are using for analysis and
design some for planning purpose some as a management tools and some
one for data processing and accounting In someway organizations ofBangladesh are taking this technological advantage
In Bangladesh some organizations are doing a number of remarkable works
excellently They are creating photo realistic rendered architectural
perspective models of 3D exterior and Interior elevation and layout
rendering services 3D animation They are also creating architectural fly-by
and walk-through simulations for interactive presentation or TV quality
advertisement GIS works are also done by these organizations
Some of organizations are also working with foreign organizations Mainly
different type of data entry is their main works which are mainly data
conversion rom one format to another Such as conversion from portabledocument format (pdf) to Word processing format (docl hand sketch
J3
bull
conversion to digital drawing (dwg etc) format some modification of
drawing ete The difficulties of our organizations are for any types of
business they require an overseas office This is a very big problem for
entrepreneurs of data exchanging business
344 Hardware
In Bangladesh hardware use of construction industry is not in a suitable
level Moreover specifically modern construction equipment J technology are
not utilizing in Bangladesh most of the cases Only in a few sector such as
deeper excavation in highway construction a few no of building works are
done by modern equipments but in other sectors modern equipment are
ignoring by Bangladeshi construction industry Computer based hardware
widely using in Bangladesh as computer and some computer related
hardware are reasonably priced for middle class people
For construction projects require modern management which is based on
personal computer (PC) In Bangladesh computer based project management
is not yet popular in construction industry Only some foreign aided
government project has some activities on this but also up-to proposal level
only Truly computer based project management in construction sector not
yet Implemented in Bangladesh This is limited to some Gantt chart and
critical path draw works But hardware based computer management easily
save both money and time Probable cause for which not yet go for
computer based project management listing below -
Labours and technicians are illiterate
bull
bull
bull
bull
Labours and technicians are unskilled
Top management of an organization are not wanted to go for
new particularly computer based technology
From Government side there are no plan to facilitate these sector
even in Government project
Our engineers backgrounds are also not upto that extent and
also they are not interested to go for such type of management
34
CHAPTER 4
TECHNOLOGY ON EXCAVATION amp RCC OF BANGLADESH
Nowadays building construction mainly equipment intensive works allover
the world that is depend on modern technology Similarly construction
industry of Bangladesh going away step by step depends on technology
Technological application sophistication quality etc are different in country
to country but at every steps of construction industry including construction
industry of Bangladesh totally depends on construction technology For
excavation loading compaction grading drilling lifting erecting mixing
and other purposes require some construction hardwareequipment and there
technological approach is different Not only for equipment but in every
steps of construction process depends on technological involvement In this
chapter mainly discussed the effect on excavation due to equipment
intensive and labour intensive works Also for building construction the
effect of alternate combination of material use
41 Technology in Excavation
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground This foundation is mandatory for
every structure ThiS is the reason of start of excavation technology which
is an earliest form of civil engineering construction This technology is used
for excavate earth of foundationbasement Excavated soilrock usually
dumps in other places which is known as loading Many construction
industry of Bangladesh Excavator and Loader are mainly using for
excavation works But use of excavator is mostly Dhaka based In other
places of the country except Dhaka city excavation works are done by
manually which is very unlikable in this high tech era Even in Dhaka city
many excavation works had been done by manually Such as 18 storied
New Market City Complex building with two basements (adjacent of Dhaka
new market) 14 storied CRP building project with two basements at Mirpur-
35
14 Dhaka A few but in some projects huge volume of soil was excavated
manually Excavation operations 01 these many projects are done by
manually because 01 availability and low-priced labor In this chapter try to
focus why this technology (excavator not used in most of the cases
In many project of Bangladesh excavation operation are done by manually
because 01-
Soil Characteristics - Comparatively solt layer 01 earth exists all
around Bangladesh
raquo labour (Humnwarel - labour costs are cheap and available
Non-availability of equipment (Hardware) - Modern equipment
cost is very high for which it is not pOSSiblelor contractor to
buy excavator and other heavy equipments lor a singie project
gt- No and size of the Job - As no 01 projects limited and also
areas of a single projects are not big Use of Excavator and
loader are not economically viable
Rental organization - Renta I organization not yet developed
widely and systematically Above all limited rental organization
and their higher charges of hardware
Topography Most of the lands in Bangladesh are plain So
labors can work comfortably
lacks of technicians - lack of skilled technicians are one of the
reasons to avoid new technology
Time - Peoples of Bangladesh are not anxious about time
Utilization of time is very important lack 01 this awareness is
one 01 the reasons of avoiding tendency of new technology for
excavation
)- Space constrains - Particularly in Dhaka city buildings are not
build in well planned way but very haphazard So in many case
movement 01 excavator is very difficult and in some cases it is
impossible to work due to space constrain
36
bull Weather and Temperature - Luckily most of the seasons are
suitable for labour works Nature is very fever for manual
labour except very little lime through out the year So not
need to take extra precaution lor climate
gt Dumping area - Some time huge amount of dumping is not
possible For that reason avoiding tendency to new technology
of excavation
bull Transportation equipments - Some times transportation of
dumping is not viable and In that type of case manual labour is
preferable
411 Preliminary Stage
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground and which transmits the load to the
underlying sailor rock As the foundation normally placed below the ground
excavation is must and should be done first for any type of construction
work
More or less for every construction works need excavation some times
these are shallow and some times it is deep Due to basement construction
of high-rise buildings need massive excavation This may need up to three
four months If excavation works are done by manually a huge no of labors
will engage their and require more time
Considering employment it is solVing a substantial social problem like our
developing country by means of giving a large no of employment
opportunity Therefore out side the urban area manual excavation may be
permissible due to solving unemployment problem This might be plaYing a
significant role like our developing country to solve the problem Social
problem from society But owners always try to solve the problem from the
economic view which will figure out later on this chapter
But the scenario in urban areas like Dhaka city is different Dhaka has
already become a mega city with more than ten million inhabitants and its
population is projected to reach 16 million by 2015 which would make it
the worlds seventh most populous city This rapid growth is visible all
37
around the city by constructing new buildings But the citys infrastructure is
not keeping space with the influx of population Transport environment of
Dhaka city may be a clear example with increasing traffic congestion and
delays The ability of Dhakas transport system to sustain economic growth
and reasonable quality of life has been declining steadily
In such a poor situation if we dont use machinery equipment everyday
congestion situation of Dhaka city will escalate due to longer timerequirement of excavation
Already it is an established fact that construction works of Dhaka city is one
of main reasons of traffic congestion To overcome this awlul situation
particularly in the city areas we must have to adopt modern technology in
excavation purpose This will help to reduce construction time money
traffic congestion and other redundant situations
412 Time and Seasonal Effects on Construction
Time
In Bangladesh construction management going on very preliminary stage and
still they dont think time is a vital factor for any project But everyone is
aware the fact money has a time value Thousand Taka today is worth
more the Thousand tomorrow This lact is vividly reinforced when themonthly charge bills are examined This added charge amounts to rent on
the money that is owed and is termed interest
Besides these we know fixed costs are directly related to time variable andother costs are also similar effect ie if time span of a project is longer then
fixed cost will be more and similarly true for all other costs So time span ISa vital factor for any construction project
Again for any project there is a breakeven point which also dependents on
time If construction period is more than the estimated time timerequirement to reach break even will be more
BeSides these there is a possibility to come other competitors due to delay
of construction and sometimes it may become an unprofitable project forever in this competitive market
38
If we Consider revenue side what we see - Suppose a 10 storied office
building spaces are 12000 sq-ft and rent is 501 = Taka per sq-ft ie per day
revenue is 20 Lac Particularly this type of project per day revenue loss will
be a big amount if the construction not timely finish This is unexpected for
any organizationlsJcontractorls)
Season
In many cases for foundation purpose deep excavation is required
Sometimes need shore pile to protect adjacent soil Shore pile is essential
when permanent structure exist adjacent project site As shore pile is a
temporary work in many cases it designs less cautiously Result is that
shore pile failures are a common type of failure in Dhaka city at every year
It is occurred mainly in rainy season due to rainfall If the contractors are
finished their foundation works before rainy season most of the time they
can avoid these repetitive shore pile failure situations
On the other hand in many cases owner of adjacent structure goes to the
court when contractor goes for deeper excavation for their safety and
compensation if shore pile failure occurs Also for shore pile failure delays
the project ie more time consume for project and more money expenses
due to delay or to pay compensation Sometimes it becomes a crucial factor
for the project and as a result of big economical loss for that project Such
type of big economical loss easily can avoid by proper time scheduling ie
should be complete before expected rainy season in case of deeperfoundation works
39
413 Cost Analysis and Result
Assumption made for cost and analysis are follows-
1 For Manual 1000 eft of excavation work (PWDStandard Rates)
al For initial lead of 100_ON and lift of 5_ON
i) Ordinary labour cost Tk 088 per cIt
b) For each additional lift of one loot beyond 5-0 and upto 10_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 004 per cit
c) For each additional lilt of one foot beyond 10-0 and upto 15-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 006 per cit
d) For each additional lift of one foot beyond 15_ON and upto 20_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 008 per eft
e) Extra each additional lead of 100-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 014 per eft
2 For Excavator
f) Initial rent Tk 9000000 for upto 10 days
il Extra charge Tkl0OOO00 per day
iii Excavation capacity 10000 eft per day
3 Enough labour Force
gl Enough labour force can be engaged so that there will not be any
significant difference in excavation between these two methods
40
Tablbullbull4-1 5 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area (ff) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 500 440 90000200 1000 880 90000500 2500 2200 900001000 5000 4400 900002000 10000 8500 900005000 25000 22000 9000010000 50000 44000 9000020000 100000 95000 9000040000 200000 218000 180000100000 500000 755000 450000
Tablbullbull 4-2 10 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Areaiiti) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1000 980 90000200 2000 1960 90000500 5000 4900 900001000 10000 9800 900002000 20000 19600 900005000 50000 49000 9000010000 100000 98000 9000020000 200000 210000 18000040000 400000 476000 360000100000 1000000 1610000 900000
41
Table 4-3 15 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR I
Area (ft) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1500 1670 90000200 3000 3340 90000500 7500 8350 900001000 15000 16700 900002000 30000 33400 900005000 75000 83500 9000010000 150000 167000 13500020000 300000 355000 270000
40000 600000 794000 540000100000 1500000 2615000 1350000
Tabla 4-4 20 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area(ft ) Vo(ume(ft ) Manual(CostTk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 2000 2560 90000200 4000 5120 90000500 10000 12800 900001000 20000 25600 900002000 40000 51200 900005000 100000 128000 9000010000 200000 256000 18000020000 400000 540000 36000040000 800000 1192000 720000100000 2000000 3820000 1800000
42
Graph 41 Excavation cost for 5 feet
5 Excavation Cost
~ ~---------------
------ -
I
II
II
- ExcavatorI-Manual
I
50 -----
Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet
10 Excavation Cost
0
I Excavator-Manual
-___ e bullbullbull _
- __ - - --- - - _ - -
-
- - - - - - - - - - -
- - 250 -
oo
lti 300~~ooo~
o 100U
Area (in 100 sft)
43
Graph 43 Excavation cost for 15 feet
15 Excavation Cost
-- ExcavatorI-Manual I
eN
~NN
o
400 -
350 -
300~bull~ 250 - - - 000 ~bullbull- 0~0U 100 - ---- - -
0
Area (in 100 sft)
Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet
20 Excavation Cost
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
- - - -- - - -- - - - - - - --
350 ---------
bullbull 300
~ 250g~ 200 bullbullbullbull0
~ 0U 100 -
0
o g
-
-----------
_______ c C __
___ c c_
~c
-- Excavator-Manual
Area (in 100 sft)
44
From the above anafysis it is observed that in case of 5 feet excavation
breakeven area is 19020 sft for 10 feet excavation 9184 sfr for 15 feet
excavation 6946 sft and for 20 ft 3636 sft Excavator becomes cheaper for
any constructIOn (area) above these breakeven fevels
42 Design and Specifications
421 Material for Building Construction
Wood of course was the only material used by early builders that had more
or less equal tensile and compressive strength Early builders are also
depends on stone brick surki and lime After innovation of reinforced-
concrete and steel previously used material are replaced by concrete and
steel Concrete with reinforcement radically change in the field of building
construction technology After that steel play the vital role and contribute to
build high rise building worldwide though Bangladesh is far from that type
high rise building But recently numbers of steel bUilding are in the process
of construction and we are expecting remarkable progress will be shown
within couple of years Nowadays wood has been relegated largely to
accessory use during construction to use in temporary and secondary
structures and to use for secondary member of permanent construction
Though both concrete and steel are the two most commonly used structural
material worldwide in Bangladesh mainly concrete are common item of
building construction Recently some industrial buildings are constructed by
structural steel Builders in Bangladesh are now reali2ing that steel is also a
competitive and effective material for building construction But they are
going forward very slowly for steel structure
Selection of structural materials must be selected on availability of materials
Also depends on corresponding skill labour relative costs wage scale and
the suitability of the materials for particular structure
In Bangladesh currently carrying out research into rice straw and husks
which are a by-product of major crop of Bangladesh but have already
encountered problems with the strength of the rice straw while fit best rice
45
husks can be regarded as filler and may not contribute significantly to the
tensile strength of earth-mix bricks
Idea of including waste material from the countrys vast jute industry to use
as a binder in the bricks and not merely as rubbish to be burnt
And finally that the integrity of earth-built buildings may be considerably
strengthened and improved by applying simple low-cost principles to the
Internal strengthening structures - mostly tied bamboo frameworks
4211 Material in Bangladesh
Any material which has got application in engineering construction is termed
as engineering material Stones bricks concrete bricks lime cement surki
sand concrete iron steel ferrous alloys non-ferrous metais and alloys
timber timber products aluminums bamboos soils bituminous materials
glass plastics paints varnishes rubber tiles granite marble etc are
commonly used in Bangladesh
Among them major construction materials are now producing in Bangladesh
though maximum raw materials are imported outside from Bangladesh
Though cement raw materials like gypsum and clinker are importing from
outside of country the total cement producing capacity now is more than
countrys per year requirement and quality of cement is standard as per
specification But reinforcement quality is not yet reached to standard level
It is very serious problem for construction industry of Bangladesh
46
4212 Reinforcement
Steel is known as black copper in early ages Iron and steel developed over
2000 years ago It was Henry Bessemer who was especially interested in
good quality steel making for big canons He was the first to produce low
carbon wrought iron In Bangladesh steel also used as reinforcement in many
years before It is difficult to say when and where first time used steel
reinforcement
Concrete reinforcement bar are usually of two types
bull Deformed bar and
bull Twisted bar
Below are the specifications for two types of reinforcement bar-
Table 4-5Steel GradeGrade 40Grade 60
ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed barYield Stre9th (psi Ultimate Stren ths (psi)40000 (minimum) 70000 (minimum)60000 (minimum) 90000 (minimum)
Table 4-6Steel GradeGrade 250Grade 400Grade 460
654149 specifications for Twisted barYield Stren th (psi) Ultimate Strengths (psi)40000 (minimum) 4400060000 (minimum) 6600067000 (minimum) 73700
Grade 40 and Grade 60 both type of reinforcement are frequently used InBangladesh for building construction In Bangladesh normally steel areprocessed by the follOWingmethod
(i) Induction furnace melting and(ii) Arc furnace melting
The yearly requirement of steel in Bangladesh is 10 million ton But the
quality steel production rate is only 02 million tonyear That is remaining
08 million ton reinforcement are non-standard 1171 By which our different
construction works are building This is an awful situation of construction
sector in Bangladeshand requires immediate exemption from this situation
47
4213 Concrete
Allover the world concrete with reinforcement are the most commonly used
materials for building construction In Bangladesh it is the main structural
material using as building construction materials Concrete IS a stone like
material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement
sand and gravel or other aggregate and water to harden in forms of the
shape and dimensions of the desired structure
Bangladesh is now a big cement producing country in respect to their
required capacity Statistics says yearly requirement of cement allover the
Bangladesh is 65 million tons where as production capacity of the entire
cement mill is 120 million tons That means 55 million tons surplus cement
now existing in Bangladesh One of the main reasons of this surplus is that
world top most cement producing companies are now producing cement in
Bangladesh from their factory
The properties that make concrete a universal building material are so
pronounced that it has been used In more primitive kinds and ways than at
present for thousands of years probably beginning in Egyptian antiquity
The facility with which while plastic it can be deposited and made to fill
forms or aids of almost any practical shape is one of these factors Its high
fire and weather resistance are eVident advantages Most of the constituent
materials with the possible exception of cement are usually available at low
cost locally or at small distances from the construction site
In Bangladesh normally concrete strength (cylinder strength fc) varies from
2500 psi to 5000 psi for building construction But in many case it falls to
2000 PSI On the other hand upto 8000 psi concrete was used for
construction of Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge project Also there are many
projects already finished and ongoing where usedusing more than 5000 psi
strength concrete
48
4214 Steel
In 1885 an American engineer names William LeBaron Jenny became the
creator of the modern skyscraper when he realized that an office building
could be constructed using totally different materials He chose structural
steel and incorporated it into a revolutionary system that was to make
possible the soaring office towers that now symbolize the modernmetropolis
Steel is manufactured under controlled conditions its properties are
determined in a laboratory and described in a manufacturers certificate
Thus the designer need only specify the steel as complying with a relevant
standard and the site engineers supervision is limited to the workmanship
of the connections between the Individual steel members So responsible of
contractor is more to provide proper material
Also following are some reasons normally associated with competitiveadvantages of steel over concrete
bull Construction speed particularly during periods of high interest rates
Steel frames go up more rapidly thus reducing construction financing
costs and allowing the building to generate revenue sooner
bull Availability of steel in a variety of grades and shapes that IS suitable
for economical faming of both short and long spans
bull Steel offers economical design approach for retrofit and rehab
projects Steel can be easily modified expanded or converted to suit
future needs of owners and tenants For this reason steel frame isoften referred to as a changeable frame
bull In difficult foundation conditions steel construction may result in
reduced foundation costs because of its light weight Steel frame is
normally 25 to 35 percent lighter than a concrete frame and can
permit the use of less expensive foundation systems
In Bangladesh steel building are not constructing notably Mainly some
factory buildings are constructed with steel as a structural material In
Bangladesh peoples are not serious about time which is main advantage of
steel structure like our COuntry We have to import all the steel materials It
49
also has to PV higher tax Our engineers are not interested to go for new
technology like steel structure 0 technicians oed labors pof Vtrained P fo steel construction Ultimately except time factor steel
structure is OPt very suitable for building construction of Bangladesh Very
recently a few numbers of high-rise buildings are now under construction or
under designing stages which indicates new technology are coming
4215 RCC Grading
Strength of concrete is commonly considered its most important property
although in many practical cases other characteristic such as durability and
impermeability may in fact be more important Nevertheless strength usually
gives an overall picture of the quality of concrete because strength is
directly related to the structure of the hardened cement paste
The strength of concrete of given mix proportions is very seriously affected
by the degree of its compaction It ISvital therefore that conSistence of the
mix be such that the concrete can be transported placed and finished
sufficiently easily and without segregation Following combinations of
reinforcement and concrete are considered for thiS study-
Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Reinforcement and Concrete
Concrete Type Steel Strength (in ksi) Concrete Strength lin ksi)
I Type - 1 60 44
Type - 2 60 36
Type - 3 60 29
Type - 4 60 25
Type - 5 40 44
Type - 6 40 36
Type - 7 40 29
Type - 8 40 25
50
4217 Interdependence of Humnware Infoware and Hardware
For analysis and design purpose humnware infoware and hardware work as
an integrated system During design and analysis period due to different
grade and type material selection software hardware and humnware play
the vital role for alternate attempt Computer utilization in different stages
have improved capabilities for generating quality designs as well as redUCing
the time required to produce alternative designs Without help of these
technological combined services It IS almost impossible to get better and
optimistic design Thats why with the help of Humnware Infoware and
Hardware most economic type analysis and design may achieved within
short time which is almost impossible without these technological help
Manual analysis and design are most of the time assumption based a time
consuming matter and whose ultimate result is economical loss considered
to both time and material requirement
51
4218 Analysis and Result
For analysis purpose here considered a six storied building The analysis has
been performed by STAADIPro software 3-D model of assumed building amp
output of STAADProare given in Appendix-A
Following are the material requirement for different combination
Table 4-8 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 10487 Ib5 2148 Ib6 1375 Ib7 1386 Ib8 3971 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 193651bsTotal Volume of Concrete 28688 cuft
Table 4-9 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 23844 Ibs5 1346 Ib6 5329 Ib7 5487 Ib8 10511 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 46518 IbsTotal Vofume of Concrete 61454 cuft
52
Table 4-10 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6330 Ib5 5653 Ib6 1644 Ib7 2771 Ib8 4722 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 21120lbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3355 cUft
Table 4-11 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 22348 Ibs5 4039 Ib6 8655 Ib7 4001 Ib8 5049 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 44092 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 7279 cU1t
53
Table 4-12 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 787191bs5 29898 Ibs6 37505 Ibs7 57257 Ibs8 58754 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
26213 Ibs3528 cUft
Table 4-13 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibs)
4 221821bs5 10011 Ibs6 37652 Ibs7 6918 Ibs8 34297 Ibs
Totel weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
54
432191bs9367 cuft
Table 4-14 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 9556 Ibs5 2453 Ibs6 3810 Ibs7 6378 Ibs8 6761 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
28958 Ibs4190 cuft
Table 4-15 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibsl
4 25557 Ibs5 3126 Ibs6 4340 Ibs7 10008 Ibs8 703 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
55
43733 Ibs10076 cuft
Table 4-16 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 8680 Ib5 1358 Ib6 1434 Ib7 2588 Ib8 7727 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 21787 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3499 cUft
Table 4-17 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 17629 Ibs5 4878 Ib6 7745 Ib7 7921 Ib8 16895 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 47938Total Volume of Concrete 8546 cuft
56
Table 4-18 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 7770 Ibs5 1432 Ibs6 3795 Ibs7 4686 Ibs8 9068 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
==
26752 Ibs3479 cuft
Table 4-19 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17705 Ibs5 1591 Ibs6 13078 Ibs7 1152 Ibs8 16675 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
57
= 50201 Ibs9644 cuft
Table 420 Material Requirement for Column1ConcreteStrength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in IbsJ
4 84764 Ibs5 30846 Ibs6 22264 Ibs7 34232 Ibs8 10168 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
27379 lbs4709 cUft
Table 4-21 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17693 Ibs5 2347 Ibs6 19086 Ibs7 1367 Ibs8 13352 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
58
53845 Ibs10111 cuft
Table 4-22 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6602 Ib5 2506 Ib6 7068 Ib7 5216 Ib8 8370 Ib
Totar weight of reinforcement - 29762 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 5055 cuft
Table 4-23 Material Requirement for BeamlConcrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 18686 Ibs5 13536 Ibs6 15858 Ib7 1085 Ib8 5565 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement - 54730 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 11269 cUft JI
59
4219 Cost Analysis
Generally the cost for a construction prOject includes the expenses related to
the following activities
bull Land acquirement
bull Planning and feasibility
bull Design
bull Construction including materials equipment and lobour
bull Insurance and taxes during construction
bull Office overhead
bull Office furniture and equipment
bull Inspection testing and others
In this study considered only material cost of different grade of combination
which is mentioned in the article 4215
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Concrete Strength Concrete Cost2500 pO 155 Tkdt2900 psi 164 Tkdt3600 pO 187 Tkch4400 P 209 Tkch
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Reinforcement Strength Reinforcement Cost40000 psi 226406 TklOn
60000 psi 23625 Tkton
60
Table 4~26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequiremerType - 1 294 Ton 9014 citType - 2 291 Ton 10633 eftType - 3 310 Ton 12895 cftType - 4 325 Ton 14266 eftType - 5 311 Ton 12044 eftType - 6 344 Ton 13123 eftType - 7 363 Ton 14821 eftType - 8 377 Ton 16324 eft
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequirementType - 1 441 Ton 9916 eftType - 2 437 Ton 11697 eftType - 3 465 Ton 14185 eftType - 4 487 Ton 15693 eftType - 5 467 Ton 13249 eftType - 6 515 Ton 14435 eftType - 7 544 Ton 16304 eftType - 8 566 Ton 17957 eft
Table 4-28 Reinforcemelt and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka
Type of Concrete Renforcement Cost Concrete Cost Total CostType - 1 1042 Coo 1884 Coo 2926 CooT~2 1032 Coo 1988 Coo 3020 CooTy e - 3 1099 Coo 2115 Coo 3214 CooType - 4 1150 Coo 2211 Coo 3361 CooType - 5 1057 Coo 2517 Coo 3574 CooType6 1167 Coo 2454 Coo 3621 CooType - 7 1231 Coo 2431 Coo 3662 CooType - 8 1281 Co 2530 Coo 3811 Co
61
Graph 4-5 Total Cost 01 Concrete and Reinforcement
Total Cost
bull
0045_0000bull~bull 35000bullbull ~OO
0 ~oou
~~oo~000
WOO
bull bull
bull bull
I TotalCosti-Concrete COSJ-+-- Reinf Cost -- -- -
Type of Concrelltgt Grado
Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement
Costn Percentage
_Totalcosl
-- Concrce Co__ Renf Coso
1_23
- -
- - - - -
---------_-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
140 -
_35 --------------- bull
bull 130bullbull 120bullj U bull 105~
00095
Type of Concrete Crade
Above analysis clearly shows that Type-1 concrete is cheaper than anyother combination of reinforced concrete Up-to 29 savings is possible ifhigher grade Reinforcement and Concrete used for building construction
62
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Discussion
In developed countries civil engineering organizations spend good amount of
money in RampD At national level the universities and other institutions
should be encouraged to undertake strategic research which aims to Improve
understanding and applications of scientific and technical know how which
in turn will provide a basis in the long run proper application of new
techniques and technologies Following are some areas very essential for
construction Industry of Bangladesh
The development and dissemination of new construction equipment and
better safety must be encouraged
Pre-fabrication and use of package materials will enhance the efficiency of
work execution by standardizing specifications and reduce the site work
volumes
The development and dissemination of all weather construction technology
will make it possible to carryon with work even under bad weather
The means of transferring information between designers and constructors
need to be improved The effective use of construction equipment
prefabricated materials and products needs to be considered
The roles and responsibilities of engineers need to be reviewed With regard
to improvements in work efficiency personnel training and strengthening the
management foundation of engineers
6]
52 Conclusion
Excavation
Manual excavation and excavation USing excavator S to 20 ft depth) with
different land areas were studied in Dhaka city Considering labour cost and
excavator rental charge breakeven point for Sft excavation and 20ft excavation
are 19020sft and 3616sft respectively Using PDW97 standard rate of works
it IS observed that for deeper excavation excavator is cheaper than labor-
intensivemanual excavation Labor-intensivemanual excavation works may be
acceptable outside urban areas due to unemployment of labor But excavator is
economic solution in urban areas like Dhaka city
In Bangladesh excavation and loading is a labour-based works but in developed
countries its hardware-based works Further detail study based on socio-
economic environment etc may be required to introduce hardware-based
excavation work replacing manual labor in our country
Material
8 combinations of steel and concrete were studied for a six storied bUilding
Considering material cost Type- ICombination of high strength concrete 44-
ksi with high strength steel 60-ksi) is the most economic Type8 la
combination of low grade concrete 2S-ksi and low grade steel 40-ksi) is the
most uneconomic as it material costs 29 more than the cost due to the Type-
1 Unfortunately Type-8 combination is most widely used in private construction
even by the real estate developer One problem with Type- is that high
strength concrete 144 ksi concrete with 60 ksi steel) demands admixture which
also demand skilled humnware If it is not possible type 2 (36 ksi concrete
with 60 ksi steel) can be easily used without loosing Significant economy lonly
3 more cost than Type-l) Mainly Engineers may play the significant role to
convince ownersentrepreneur to accept this technological advantage and avoid
uneconomical traditional approach
53 Scope for Future Works
Similar studies may be carried out for other components of technology Inamely
different types of hardware technology humnware infoware etc)
64
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July 1999
[2) SP Arors SP Bindra A Text Book of Building Construction
131 Chris Hendrickson Tung su Project Msnagement for Construction
141 Robert L Peukrifoy William B Ledbetter Construction Planning Equipment
snd Methods McGraw-HIli Book Company International Edition 1985
[51 Robert L Mitchell Engineering EconomlcsJohn Wiley amp Sons 1980
[6J Thomas C Ksvanagh Frank Muller James J OBrien Construction
Management
[7J Donald Barrie Boyd C Paulson Jr ProfeSSlonslConstruction Management
[8J Frank Harris Modern Construction and Ground Engineering Equipment and
Method
9J V K Riana Concrete bridge practice analysis design and economics
110] wwwskycraperscomWebsite
[11] wwwtransltmixconcretecom Web site
[12] wwwlrcocomWebslte
[13] wwwantigoconstructio~0JT Web site
[14] wwwleggattequipmentcomWebsite
[15J Public Works Department Recent technical issues and association of public
works department October 19 2000
i16J AaM Ekram Ullah Construction industry of Bangladesh Journal of civil
engineerirlgIEB 2 December 2000
[17J Prospect of quality re-enforcement bar production in Bangladesh - Elite Iron
and Steel Industries Ltd 2003
[18J Analysis of rates of PWD (Bangladeshi Schedule
- July 199719h Edition)
65
APPENDIX-A
3-D Model STAADIPro Input and Output (Partiall
APPENDIXA
30 Model STAADfPro Input and Output (Partiall
x
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STAAD SPACE PAGE 10
n m eo 81 m~227 94 95 551 96 n 99 0
55j 00 101 555 106 107 m 108 m 112 55
no m 114 115 240 00 0 102 no 104 CO 228 56~
00 m 118 m n 119 568 m 122 m 123 m m 124 m m m 130 m DO 131 00 135 m no bull36 on no 137 57
m m 125 m no 127 0 m 229 m en 140 m 0 141 53J
0 00 145 146 147 m m 152 m 153 58
m 158 on m 159 00 00 160 00 242 00 148 59~
100 00 m 230 m 13 m 00 164 m 0 105 00 168 010l m 170 no 175 oo no 17 no 177 eo 181 60
102 oom 183 00 243 no no 171 on 172 173 m en 231 613
103 00 en 200 m m 206 m en 194 on en 196 m 232 m104 m 36 703 42 30 m 37 n 43 31 105 _m H no n 46 m 32 no n 208 m 39 n 40 100 n 33 m 217 no 41 m 52 no 59 m 00 65 107 m 60 m 66 no 54 no 61 m n 67 en 00 69 108 m 209 m 62 m 63 m 00 63 m 56 no 218
109_ m 75 m 82 m 38 m n 76 83 H 89 H110 _ H n 84 90 92 m 00 78 He H 210 85 111_ m oo 91 m 79 m 2lt9 87 m 98 m 112 m III BO H 99 B 106 112 100 CO
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lt bull 0
STAADSPACE -- PAGENO
148 271 272 276 277 328 329 341 PRIS YD 20 ZD 15119 78 14 15 6~ 64 70 71 86 87 94 95 110 111 151 152 167 bull68 208 2092lt150 266 281 282 322 ~23 332 3~7 PRIS YD 23151 885 TO 892 902 TO ~08 PRIS Yil 10 ZD 2352 1268 92 149 206 153 320 336 85~ TO 866 PRIS YO 12 ZD 10153 916 65 72 88 96 112 153 J6~ 210 226 267 28~ ~2~ 333 338 PRIS YD 15J54 11 67 90 114 171 228 285 335 843 TO 850 PRIS YD 40 ZD 10155 612 730 731 734 TO 736 748 749 75~ TO 754 766 767 770 TO 772 802 80156 806 TO 808 834 PRIS YO25 ZD 15157 577 5ao 618 PRIS Yl2G ZD 10158 501 TO 503 510 TO 12 517 TO 519 526 TO 528 5J3 TO 535 542 TO 544 54159 558 TO 560 565 TO 567 574 TO 576 581 TO 58~ 590 TO 592 597 TO 599 6C160 615701 TO 703 710 711 714 715 7J~ TO 721 728 729 732 733 737 TO 73161 750751 755 TO 757 764 765 768 76~ 773 TO 775 782 783 786 787 791 TC162 801 804 805 809 TO 8JJ 810 819 822 823 831 832 PRIS YD 30 ZD n163 593 790 PRIS YO ~O ZO 151M 596 PRIS YD 35 ZD 15165 504 TO S09 S20 TO 525 536 TO S41 S52 TO 557 568 TO 573 534 TO S39 61166 704 TO 709 722 TO 727 740 TO 745 758 TO 763 776 TO 731 794 TO 799 8167 318 PRIS YD 3D ZD 15163 600 TO 605 812 TO 817 PRIS YD 33 ZD 15169 CONSTANTS170 E CONCRETEMEMll1 TO 16 ~8 )022 57 TO 72 74 TO 73 80 TO 90 92 TO 9E171 98T0102104T0114149T01S3155T0159161T0171206T021021In 218 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3173 340 TO ~42 50J TO 518 70- TO 882 885 TO 892 B95 TO 908174 POISSON CONCRETEV-EME1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 30 TO 90 917 98 TO 102 10~ TO 11~ 149 TO 13 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 2JO 2J176 21B TO 228 263 )0267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO ~30 3177 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 613 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 908173 DENSITYCONCRETEMEHB1 TO 16 13 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 8D TO 90 9179 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 21130 213 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 27 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3181 340 TO 342 50J TO 618 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 90818l ALPHACONCRETEMEMB1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 103 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 19 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212184 l18 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 33185 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 618 701 TO 832 8BS TO 392 895 TO 9031B6 UNIT FEET KIP187 SUPPORTS1B8 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 207 216 fiXED18~ 234 FIXED190 236 FIXED191 DEFINE WINDLOAD192 TYPE 1193 INT 0 0045 0053 006 HEIG 10 30 60 90194 EXP 1 JOINT 24 TO 184 192 TO 196 199 TO 202 205 206 208 TO 215 217 11~5 n7 TON3196 EXCLUDEJOINT 46 69 92 U5 J38 161 J84197 LOADJ SELFWEIGHT1~8 SELFWEIGHTY -119~ LOAD2 DEADLOAD200 FLOORLOAD201 bull GROUNDFLOORIS A PARKI~GFLOOR
5 0
STAAD SPACE - - PAGE NO
o
59B 6973 ZRANGE 4854-2
FLOAD -05 XRANGE075KSF + 025 KSFFLOAD -01
YRANGE10 10 FLOAD -0089bull 1ST FLOOR TO 5TH FLOOR JS OFFICE FLOOR + ROOF SELFWEIGHT = O068KSF FLOO- FJNJSH = 002 KSF FALSE CEILI~G NO OTHER LOADAS FLOOR DEAD LOADYRAN3E 20 70 FLOAD -0104bull ROOF(EXTRA) AS GARDEN30 SOIL IN ~ART OF THE ROO~ SOIL ~ 03 NO OTHER LOADAS fLOOR DEAD LOADYRANGE70 70 FLOAD -03 XRANGE20 598 ZRAIIGE 2133 70ATER TANKYRANGESO SObull ROOF SLABYRANGll 80 80MEMBERLOAD701 702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 791 792 809 810 UNI GY -043LOAD 3 EXTERJOR WALLMEMBERLOADbullbullbull GROUNDFLOOR TO 5TIl FLOOR 5 WALLASSUMEDAT TilE EXTERIOR OF THE501 TO 503 510 TO 519 526 TO 535 542 TO 551 558 TO 567 574 TO 583 5599 602 605 60a 609 612 701 TO 703 TLO TO 721 72B TO 739 746 TO 757764ro775782T0793800T0808815T0826B35TOB41B51TOB578f875 TO 881 B95 TO 901 UNI GY 05LOAD 4 LIVE LOADFLOOR LOADGROUND FLOOR AS GARRAGEyenRANGE 10 10 FLOAD -005bullbull OFFICE SPACE AN ~VERAGE OF 65L8SFTYRANGE20 60 FLOAD -0 065bullbull FOR PARTITION WALL(ACCIDENTALLOAD)YRANGE20 60 FLOAD -004bull ~ ROOF OCCU~ATAIONALLIVE LOADOF ]0 LBSFTyenRANGE 70 70 FLOAD -003bullbullbull ROOF LIVE LOADOP 20 L3SFTyenRANGE 80 80 FLOAD -002MEMBERLOAD701702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 781 792 809 810 UNI GY -02LOAD 5 WIND IN XWIND LOADX 1 TYPE 1LOAD 6 WIND IN -XWIND LOADX -1 TYPE 1LOAD 7 wrND IN Zwnm LOADZ 1 TYPE 1LOAD B WIND IN ZwrND LOAD Z 1 TYPE 1LOAD COMB21 UNFACTOREDLOAD FOR GEO-TECH DESING1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10LOAD COMB22 FACTROREDLOAD1142143 14 4 17LOADCOMB23 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_X)1105 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275LOAD COMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-XI1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1 275 6 1215LOAD COMB25 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_Z)11051 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275
20420520620720B209210211 212213 214 21521621721B219220 221222223224-22522622722B21~130 131131233 234135 136 13 7 238239
241142243244-245246
249250251252 253 254255256257
P1 or
STAAD SPACE
260 LOAD COMB27 O 9DL+1 WI X261 1092 09 3 O~ 5 13262 LOAD COMB28 O~Du+~3WL -x263 1092 09 3 09 6 13261 LOAD COMB29 0 9DL+1 3WL Z265 109 2 09 3 09 7 13266 LOAD COMB30 09DL+lJWL -Z6 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13268 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELKMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 419 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH g 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS ~rRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISRSPACS = 141411308 1m EXMEM _ 11323 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 1O 23H roceMing Global Stiffness M-riX 10 23H Processing Triansular actorizatiof1 10 23H Calculating Joint Displacements 1O 24H Calculating Member Forces 10 24
269 LOAD LIST 21 22270 H71 START CONCRETE DESIGU272 CODE ACI273 UNIT INCRES KIP274 TRACK 2 ALL275 MINMAIN J ALL276 MAXMAIN8 ALL277 CLB 15 ALL278 CLS 1 5 ALL279 CLT ~5 ALL280 FC 25 ALL281 FYMAN 40 ALL28lt DESIGN BEAM501 TO 08 7D~ TO 84lt 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Pog of
A-
__ PAGE 0SIMD SPACE------------------- -------------------
_ bullbull lt CONCRETE TAKE OF bullbullbullFOR BE~MS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ~BOVEI
TOTAL VOLUCTE OF CONCR~TE ~ 11268 _94 CD FT
BAR SIZSNUMBER
mIGHT(in lbs)
1868563135362115B57951084 _9755~520
bullbullbull TOTAL= 5472996
285 FINISIl
bullbullbullbullbullbull 7 END OF STAAD-III ~7
DATE= JON 2~200J
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION M PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINBERS co bullbull West Coast - (714) 97~-2500 FClX- 714 I 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbull _ bullbullbullbullbullbullbull __ bullbull bullbullbull gt bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
Pbullbullbullbullbull of
A-9
-------------STAAD SPACE
260 1 09 2 093 09 8 13261 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- ~AGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTrcs
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMllER bullbullELEMENTS(SUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WrDTH ~ 196 nTOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ a TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISIt SPACE _ 141411570 MIl ExMEM_ 11611 MB
++ Processing Elemenc Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global stiffness Matrlx++ Processing Triangular ~actorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
163542163542163542163543163543
262 LOAD LIST 21 22263 HH264 START CONCRETE DESIGN265 CODE Atl266 UNJT INCHES KIP267 TRACK 2 ALL268 MINMAIN 4 ALL269 ~~MAIN a ALL270 CLB 15 ALU271 CLS 1 5 ALL272 eLT 1 5 ALL273 Fe 28 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO n 74 TO 78 6D TO 90 92 TO S276 104 TO 114 )48 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 2]277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 3]0 332 TO 338 34278 _ 843 TO 650 B59 TO 866 885 TO sn 902 TO 908
g of
A-10
w
gt w
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H Z 00 H gt 0 H Z H g H
0 0 bull Z H n H bull Z 0 bull H
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bull bull H bull bull H
bull 0 bull H bull 0 ~
bull H H H 0 bull bull H
bull bull 000 bull n 0 ~
n n
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bull COgt bull 0 0 WW 0 H 0 0 no 0 tor o H
bull ow W 0 0 H O H 00
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~
mgtow 0
gt I bull 0 H bull 000lt H 0
bull ltraquooOl H bull 0H bull 0 Z H W H H
bull 0 bull 0 H 0 o H
bull H H H H bull H H 0 0 0 0 00 bull 0bull 0 0 H bull 0 0 bull 0 bull bull I bullbull __ ro- bull w n bullbullbull H 0 0 0 0 bull H bullbull 00 bull bull e 0 bull H bull bull
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0 0 0 0bull
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STAADSPACE - - PAGE NO
260 LOADCOMB28 0 ~DL+13IL_-X261 J O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 6 13262 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+1 3L ~263 1 O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 7 13264 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13L -l265 1092 09 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTSg 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX_ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISI SPACE = Hl4 11309 MS EXMEM= 11~~~ Me
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocesslng Global Stlffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
10H46101646101646101647101647
267 LOADLIST 21 22268 bullbullbullbull26~ START CONCRETEDESIGN27D CODE ACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP272 TRACK2 ALL273 MINMAIN3 ALL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL275 CLB 15 ALL276 CLS 15 ALL277 CLT 15 ALL273 FC 29 ALL279 FYMAIN40 ALL280 DESIGN BEAM 50~ TO G18 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
A-12
STAAD SPACE __ IAGENO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE = 1011146 CUFT
BAR SIZENUllBER
bull
H TOT1L~
283 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
176933223469319085 Sl136~151335171
5384462
bullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull
H DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 1018 4 H
bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING rn VERSION 0 PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast 00- (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714 ) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast 00- (9~8) 6B8-3626 Fax- (97B) 685-7230 bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A13ry ot
STAAD SPACE
260 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL -Z261 1092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STJlTISTICS
NOMllER OF JOINTSMIDIIlER+ELEMENISSUPPORTS K 2281 4791 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH K 1961 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF BTIFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 14141 9966 MIl EXMEM ~ 9995 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
162B56162656162657162857162857
263 LOADLIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETEDESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KIP268 TRACK2 ALL269 MINMAIN4 ALL270 MAXMAIN8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALL273 CLI 15 ALL274 FC 25 ALL275 FYMAIN40 ALL276 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 lB TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 7B 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 S277 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21278 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34279 B43 TO B50 859 TO 866 885 TO B92 902 TO 90B
bullbull r
A-14
gt ~ rl bull bullbull bull 0
z 1 ~~ ~-x ~~ bullbullbullbull~ ~ ~ 00
bull gt ~ ~~
bull bull bullbull ltfl~ ~~Nm bull bull bull bullbull 0 ~ bull bull ~o bullgt bull f-lt bull --~ ~ bull ~ bull lt bull
bull 0gt bull 0 bullbull U ~M---~- bull _Z bullbull 0 0_0 N bull rl HU~~ ~Z ifgt H (1 H 10HO H_gt ~0 H bull O o ~ E-lt bull 00 -4 0 bull gt-lt bulllt bull ltVl b ofltgt l-ltZ M bull H
e 0 bull gt lt- Ii 0 Z b 0 b 0gt 0 N H bullbO b ~~ 00 __ 0 bull
U Orl rlOlt Q bull ~ H 00- Z N bull ltCUM ~U U U ~ ON bullbull bull bullbull bull ZZ Z ~ N ~ bull lt0-- 0-lt0 - IN bullbull u U bullbull lil bull bullbull lt1 u -lt ~Ilaquo0 0 ~ b oH bull c O-I-wO ~bull e 0 m CO ~0 b ~0 O bullbullbull 0 00_ - 0 N flt bullbullbull 0 UUo ~bull gt H bull bullbull bull 0bull bullbull CO bullbull bull COUO ltJ ltgtgt _0 Q
0 ltl bull -0 H ] b Z bullH bullbullbullbullbullbull ~
~ ~ ~b ~C m lt
STAAD SPACE
26Q 1 092 09 3 09 8 13261 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day lpn 200 0505 PIlt
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSsUPPORTS ~ 2281 47~ 25ORIGINALIINAL BWP-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM n 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX n 2~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISItSPACE ~ 1414 112~8 MB EXMEM bullbull11305 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 48 H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix ~8 H Processing Triangular Factorization 48 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1048 H Calculating Membr Fore 1046 262 LOADLIST 21 22263 bullbullbullbull264 START CONCRETEDESrGN265 CODE ACr266 UNIT INCHES KIP267 TRACK2 ALL268 MINMArN4 ALL269 MAXMAIN8 ALL270 CLB 15 ALL271 CLS lS ALL272 CLT lS ALL273 FC 44 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 60 TO ~O 92 IO 96 276 104 IO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 no TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34278 843 TO 8S0 859 TO 866 SS5 TO 892 ~02 TO ~06
A_16
STAAD SACE
TUeday At 200lt 05 Q PM
__ ~AGSNO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullFOR EEAMS AND CO~UMNS DES1GNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VO~UME OF CONCRETE ~ 349873 CUFT
BAR SlZENUMBER
bullbull TOTA~~
28~ FINISH
WEWHT
lin lbs)
868018135806143447158775772658
2178704
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
DATE= rUN~9~003
bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull QUESTlONS REGARDING THIS VERSlON OF ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - 7~4) 974-~500 Fax- 1714) 9H-2543 bullbull East Coast - (976) 686-3626 Fax- 1978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A17
9Oglt of
STAAD SPACE
260 11052 105 3 105 4 1~75 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13L X262 1092 0 9 3 09 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 6 13265 LOADCOMB29 a9DL+13WL_Z266 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092 09 3 09 8 13269 PERFORM ANALYSIS
Tuesday AprLl 200lt 050 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STAJISJICS
NUMBER OF JO~NTSMEMBER+ELEHENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25OR~G~NALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 196 31TOlALPRIMARY LOAD CASES 8 JOJALDEGREES OP FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OP STIPFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PR~C KORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 14UI 10052 KB ElCKEK 10074 KB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
115749115749115749115750115750
270 LOAD LIST 21 2227l 272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 3 ALL277 MAXMAIN a ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL2ao CLl 15 ALL281 FC 44 ALL~82 FYMAIN 40 ALL283 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 6lS 701 10 84~ 851 10 858 867 TO 88~ 895 TO 901
0 or
A-1B
STAAD SPACE __ PAGE NO
bullbull bullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COGUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAG VOGUME OF CONCRETE = 854555 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
TOTAG~
186 FINISH
WEIGHT(~n Ibs)
176288448775077448379214
1689494
4793815
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 115910
bull QUESTlONS REGARDING H1SVERSlON oe PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS 0 c bullbull west Coaet - (7141 974-2500 =- (714) 921-2543 bullbull EilstCOil~t - 97B) 688-3626 FilX-(978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull
A-19
STAAD SPACE
260 LOIDCOMB30 O9DL+l3Wl -z261 1 092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORM ANALYSIS
TUesday Iltpnl 0o 00 0503 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATrSTICS
NUMBER OP JOrNTSMBMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 2SORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STlFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIlgt DlSK SPACE ~ 14l4 11297 MD IXMEM 11322 MB
++ rocessing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocessing Global stiffne~~ Matrix_++ ProceBBing Triangular Factori~ation++ Calculating Joint Di~placements++ Calculating Member Forces
92823~2823~28239282492824
263 LOAD LIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETE DESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KI268 TRACK 2 ALL269 MINMAIN 4 ALL270 MAXMAIN 8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALlgt273 CLT 15 ALlgt274 Fe 36 ALL275 FYMAIN 40 ILL276 DESIGN COLUMN 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~o 92 TO 96 277 104 TO 114 14~ TO 153 155 TO l5~ 161 TO 171 206 TO 2J0 2J2 TO 216 21276 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 3427~ 843 TO 80 89 TO 866 865 TO 892 902 TO 908
go of
TUesday Apnl 0 00 05 OJ PH
STAAD SPACE
~~~~~CONC~ETE TAKE OFF ~~~~~~~(FOR BEAMSAlD COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CO~C~ETE = 347891 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBE~
u TOTAL~
282 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
7770_05143175379537468648~067 99
2675164
~~~END OF STAAD-III ~bullbullbullbull~
~~ DATE~ JUN 292003
bullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbull~bullbullbull~~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS ~EGARDING TIllS VE~SION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESE~RCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(714) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~1~76) 688-3626 Fax- 197B) 685-7230 bull~~bullbull~bullbull~~~~bullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbull~~
A-21
Pog of
STAADSPACE
260 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 7 1275261 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-Z)262 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 8 1275263 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13WL X264 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13265 LOADCOMB28 O9DL+13WL -X266 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 1 3267 LOADCOMB29 O9DL+13WL Z268 1 09 2 09 3 09 7 13269 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+13WL -Z270 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13271 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day Apnl 200lt 0501
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS~ 228 479 25ORI~INALFINAL B~_WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAlgtPRIMARYLOADCASES 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FRlEDOM~ 1218SI~E OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 141411268 MIl EXMEM~ 11325 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorizat~on++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Fo~ces
9513495134951349513595135
272 LOADLIST 21 22273 u274 START CONCRETEDESIGN275 CODEACI276 UNIT INCHES KIP277 TRACK2 ALL278 MINMAIN3 ALL27~ MAXMAIN8 ALL280 CLB 1_5 ALL281 CLS 15 ALL282 CLT 15 ALL283 FC 36 ALL284 FYMAIN40 ALL285 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO B42 B51 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
0 - Df Slt
A-22
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 964374 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
faTAL
268 FINISH
WEJCHT(in Ibs)
177047115913713077931152341667496
5020131
bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-IJI bullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 29200J TIME~ ~5252
bullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENCJNEER8 bullbull West Coast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull
A-23
Pobullbullbullbullbull ot
STAADSPAC
260 LOADCOMB29 09DL+l3WL Z261 1092093 09 7 13262 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z263109209309813264 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
lROBLEM S TAT 1ST I C S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPlORTS 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH_ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES _ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM_ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSRZQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 141411353 Mll lXMEM~ 11380 Mll
H Processing Element Stiffness MatrlX 1519 H Precessing Global Stiffness Matrix 1519 H precessing Triangular Factorization 1519 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1519 H Calculating Member Forces 1520 0
265 LOADLIST 21 22266 bullbull u
267 STARI CONCRETEDESIGN268 CODEACI269 UNIT INCHES KIP270 TRACK2 ALL271 MINMAIN4 ALL272 MAXMAIN8 ALL273 CLB 15 ALL274 CLS 15 ALL275 CLT 15 AGL276 FC 44 ALI277 FYMAIN60 ALL278 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 279 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21280 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34281 843 TO 850 859 TO 566 885 TO 8n 902 TO 90S
A-24
STAAD SPACE
~bullbull~bullbullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbull(POR BEAJgtlSAND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
__ PAGE NO
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE w 286875 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbullbull TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in 1bs)
10486852147631374701385_57397060
1936535
bullbullbullbullbull~~~END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~~
~DATEw JUN 25200
bullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbull~~~bullbullbull~bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF ~ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West coast - (714) ~74 -2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbullbull~bullbull~~
0lt
STAADSPACE
261 LOADCOMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_XI262 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 6 1275263 LOADCOMB25 075(14DL+l7LL+l7WL_ZI264 1105 2 105 3 1054 1275 7 1275265 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI266 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 B 1275267 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X26B 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13269 LOADCOMB28 09DL+l3WL -X270 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 13271 LOADCOMB29 09DL+13WL_Z272 1 09 2 09 3 O~ 7 13273 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL_-Z274 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 1)275 PERFORMANALYSI8
- - PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALPINAL BAND-WIDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM _ 121BSIZE OF STIFF~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISISPACE ~ 141411362 MS E~ 11354 MB
++ processing Element 8tiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~m~nts++ Calculating Member Forces
154753154753154753154753154754
276 LOADLIST 21 22277 bullbull u
278 START CONCRETEDESIGN279 CODEACI280 UNIT INCHES KIP281 TRACK2 ALL282 MJNMAIN4 ALL283 MAXMAIN8 ALL284 CLB 15 ALL285 CLS 15 ALL286 CLT 15 ALL287 FC 44 ALL288 FYMAIN60 ALL289 DESJGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
A26
STAAD SPACE
~odnosdy April 07 200 12 bullbull PIlt
__ PAGE NO 4E
bullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE ~ 614543 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
h TOTAL=
292 FINISH
WEIGHTlin Ib)
23844211346225329075487201051119
46517 _88
~~bullbull~~END OF STAAD-III ~~bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JVlI 252003 TIME~ 154929 h
~~~~~~~~bullbull~~~bullbullbullbull~bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VSRSION OF PROGRAMbull RESEARCH ENGINSERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7H) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - 978 ) 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 685-7230 bull~~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbullbullbull
A-27
Pg 5
STAADSPACE
260 1092 093 09 7 13261 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z262 1092 09 3 09 8 13263 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM S TAT I S TIC S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WID~ ~ 196 31TOT-LPRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 8471 MIl ExMEM~ 8600 MB
H Ptocessing ElemEnt StiffnEss Mattix 12 132H ProcEssing Global Stiffness Matrix 12 132H Processing Trlangular Factorization 12 132H Calculating Joint Displacements 12 1]3H Calculating MEmber Forces 12 133
264 LOADLIST 21 22265 bullbull u
266 START CONCRETEDESIGN267 CODEACI268 UNIT INCHES ~lP269 TRAC~ 2 ALL270 MINMAIN4 ALL271 MAXMAIN8 ALL272 CLB 15 ALL273 CLS 15 ALL274 CLT 15 ALL275 FC 36 ALL276 FYMAIN60 ALL277 DESIGN COLUMN1 rO 16 IS TO 22 57 TO 72 74 rO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 278 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21279 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34280 843 TO 850 85~ TO 866 8B5 TO 892 902 TO 908
go
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
uUH CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ 335474 CUFT
BAR SIZENUJolBER
TOTAr~
263 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbsl
6330H565332164366277114472160
2112007
END OF STAAD-Ilr bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TrME= 12 3 5 bull
bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull eo QUESTrONS REGARDrNG THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~19781 686-3626 Fax- (9751 655-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
A-29
0 oE
STAAD SPACE
260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOAD COMB28 O9DL+JWL -x262 1092 09 3 09 6 J326 LOAD COMB29 O9DL+JWL Z264 1092 09 3 O~ 7 13265 LOAD COMB30 O_~DL+J3WL_-Z266 1 O_~ l O~ 3 09 B 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
~dn5dy AI 07 200lt 12 PM
- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIOTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES S TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121SSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = ~~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSRliQRDAVAILOISISPACE ~ 1414 8511~ EXMEM _ 8579 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
114125114125114126114126U4l27
268 LOAD LIST 21 2~269 270 START CONCRETE DESIGNl7J CODEACI22 UNIT INCHES KIP273 TRACK 2 ALL274 MINMAIN 4 ALL275 MAXMAIN 8 ALL276 CLB 15 ALL277 CLS 15 ALL278 CLT 15 ALL~79 FC 36 ALL280 FYMAIN 60 ALL28J DESIGN BEAM50J TO 6J8 70J TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
g of
A-3D
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE bull 727873 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbull
TOTAL
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
lt234770403~248654~34000 ~6504918
4409100
bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JON 262003
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSWN OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7141 974-2500 Fax- 714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (9781 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 6SS-n30 bull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull
A-31
p of bullbull
STAADSPACE
2521142143144 l7253 LOADCOMB23 075(J4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Xl254 l L05 2 L05 3 LOS 4 1275 5 1275255 LOADCOMB24 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_XI256 l L05 2 105 3 105 4 1275 6 1275257 LOADCOMB25 075(l4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Z)258 l 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275259 LOADCOMB26 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI260 l l05 2 105 3 l05 4 1275 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL_X262 l O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 1092 09 3 09 6 l3265 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+13WL Z266 1092 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL -Z268 1092 09 3 09 8 l3269 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM STATrSTrcs
NUMBEROF JOrNTSMEMBER+~~EMENTSsUPPORTS~ 2251 4791 25ORrGI~FrNAL BAND_WIDTH~ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES 5 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM 1218SlZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAlL DUK SPACE 141411569 MB EI(IIgM 11607 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ processing Globsl Stiffness Matrix++ proce~sing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member ForCes
l65923J65923J65~23l65~24165924
270 LOADLIST lt1 22271 uu272 START CONCRETEDESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK2 ALL276 MINMAIN4 ALL277 MAXMAIN8 ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT l5 ALL281 Fe 29 ALL282 FYMAIN60 ALL283 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO l6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~O n TO 96 ~284 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21285 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 2B5 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 33B 34
Fa ot
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
(FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ ~52761 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
gtbullbullbull TOTAL=
289 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbBI
7871 93298984~750 545725 66587542
bullbullbullbull DATE= JON 192003 TIME= 17 027 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull m QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Ccast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) ~21-2543 bullbull East Ccast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-33
iT oE
STAADSPACE
252 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275253 LOADCOMB24 075 (14DL+l7LL+l7WL_-XI25~ 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 175 6 1275255 LOADCOMB2S 0 7S (1 4DL+l 7LL+l 7WLZ)256 11052 105 3 105 ~ 1275 7 1175257 LOADCOMB26075(1 4DL+17LL+l 7WL -ZI258 11052 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275259 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOADCOMB25 0~DL+13WL -X262 109 2 O~ 3 09 6 13263 LOADCOMB29 0~DL+l3WL Z264 1092 09 3 09 7 13265 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL~Z266 1092 09 3 09 8 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINAL~lNAL BAND_WlDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LO~ ~ES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121BSIZE OF STIr~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 11622 MB ExMEM _ 11630 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Triangular Factorization 16 45H Calculating Joint Displacements 16 46H Calculating Member Forces 16 46
26B LOADLIST 21 TO 2226~bullbull u
270 STARTCONCRETEDESIGN271 CODE ACI272 UNIT INCHES KlP273 TRACK 2274 MINMAIN4 ALL27 MAXMAIN8 ALL276 CLB 1277 CLS 1527B CLT 15279 FC 29280 FYMAIN 602B1 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 61B 70l TO 842 85l TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Po 0
A-e4
STAAD SPACE -- PAGIgt NO
bullbull CONCRETE TA~E OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull(FOR BIgtAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ 936663 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullH TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
2218196100107537652369180134297
4321892
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull DATE_ JUN 92003 TIME~ 16 6 5 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
eoWestEast
OUESTIONS REGARDING TEIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at
Coa~t Ph- (7H) n4-2500 Fax- (7H) 92-2543Co~tPh- (978) 68B-3626 Fax- (~7B) 685-7230
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-35
go bullbullbull or ltOS
STAADS1ACE
252 LOAD COMB24 075114Dlt+17ltlt+17Wlt_-XI253 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 l27S 6 1275254 LOAD COMB25 075114Dlt+l7LL+l7WL_Z)255 11052 LOS 3 105 4 1275 7127S256 WAD COMB26 075114Dlt+17LL+17WL_ZI257 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275258 LOAD COMB27 09DL+J3WL X259 1092 09 3 09 5 13260 WAD COMB26 O9DL+13Wlt_-X261 1092 09 3 O~ 6 13262 WAD COMB29 O9DL+l3WL Z263 J 09 2 09 3 09 7 13264 LOAD COMB30 09Dlt+l3WL -Z265 109 l OS 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
-~ PAGE NO
PROBLEM S TAT S TIC S
NUMBEROF JONTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS_ 228 479 25ORIGNALFNAL BAND-WlDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SlZE OF STPFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAL DISK SPACE ~ 1414 10570 ME EXMEM 10597 ME
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~ments++ Calculating Member Forces
123548123548123548123549123549
267 LOID LIST 2l 22268 u++
269 START CONCRETEDESIGN270 CODEACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP271 TRACK 2 ALL273 MINMAIN 4 AL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL27S CB 15 ALL276 CS 15 AL277 CT 15 ALL278 FC 25 AL279 FYMAIN 60 ALL280 DESIGN COLUMNJ TO J6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 gt28J 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 lSS TO 159 J6J TO 17) 206 TO 210 212 TO 2J6 2]281 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34283 843 TO 850 859 TO 866 885 TO 891 902 TO 908
bullbull or bullbull
STNill SPACE -- PAGE NO
~~~~CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 418998 CUFT
BAR S1ltENUMBER
WEIGHTlin lbsl
9534245293381031637769676075
U TOTAL= 28~5a 03
286 FINISH
~~~~~~END OF STAAD-I11 ~~~~
bullbullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TIME= 123711 bullbullbullbull
bullbull
bullbull
921-2543685-7230
QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc atPh- 1714) n4-2500 Fax- 17141lh- (978) 688-3626 Fax- 19781
WeBt CoaBtEast CoaBt
bullbullbullbull
gO of
A-37
bull
STAAD SPACE
260 110521053 105 4 1275 8 1275261 LOAD COMB 27 O9DL+l3WL_X262 1092093 09 5 13263 LOAD COMB 28 O9DL+l3WL_-X264 1092093 09 6 13265 LOAD COMB 29 O9DL+l3WL_Z266 1092093 09 7 13267 LOAD COMB 30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092093 09 6 13269 PERFORM MlALtSrS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM S T ITIS TIC S
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 195 31TOTAro PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 rOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOW _ InSSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PRBe WORDSREQRDAVJILDISIl SPACE 141411309)IB EXMEM_ 11319 MB
++ Proce~singElement Stiffness Matrix++ PrDcessing Global Stiffness Matrix++ p~ocessing Triangular Factori2ation++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Force~
1033 91033 91033 9103310103310
270 LOAD LIST 21 22271 u272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE hCI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 4 ALL277 MAXMAIN BALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT 15 ALL281 Fe 25 hLL282 FYMAIN 60 ALL2B3 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 8~5 TO 901
FOg or
A-38
STAAD SPACE
w bullbull day PriJ 07 200lt 12
-- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull~ bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ H07625 CUFT
TOTAL~
286 FINISH
WEIGIJT(in Ibs)
2555707312566433964100076370299
4373300
bullbull bullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 292003
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull QUESTIONS REGARDING rum VERSION PROGRAM bullbull RESRARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast gt0- (7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 92) -2543 bullbull East Coast gt0- (9781 688-36)6 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull of
APPENDIX-B
List of Buildings for Different Strength Concrete and Reinforcement
APPENDIX-B
STRUCTURE DEVELOPER CONCRETE STEELSTREGTII STRENGTH
6(SIX) STORIED RESIDEIHIAL BUILDING ABC REAL ESTATES LTD 3aao pi 60000 piAT PLOT NO 239 KHILlGI ROAD BLOCK_B ABC HOUSE (6TH FLOOR) 8 KAMALATATURKMOHAMMADPUR HOUSING ESTATL AVENUE DHAKA1205MOHAYIMADP]JR DHAKA
9(NINE) STORIED RESIDENTIAl BUILDING MONICO LIMITED 3000 pi 611000piAT PLOT 0 507 MOUZA KAFRUI~ WEST HOUSE 10 7l1 ROAD NO 71A DHANMONDlAGARGAO DHAKA RIA DHAKA-12096(MX) STOlUlm RESIDFNTIAL BUILDING MR MOHAI1MAD HABlBUR RltHMAN 2500 psi 40000 piAI BAJTUL AMAN COOPERATJVE HOUSINGSOCIETY LIMITED PLOT NO-578cS 10_124KHA TIAN 0-346(SIX) STORIED CHAMP A SUPER MARKET MIS NISHA CONSTRUCTION 2500 pi 40000 piAT RAUARANDI DAZAR 13ALIAKANDlRAJBARl5(FlVE) STORIED ADMIN BUiLDIIG OF MIS NISHA CO]STRUCTlON 2500 pi 40000 piMANSUR ALI COLLEGEAT NARUA BALIAKANDI RAJBARI7 STORIED MLlNAT PLAZA MD MINNAT HOSSAIN 25110pi 40000 psiA SHOPPING CUM RESIDENTIAL DUILDINGA1 ABDULLAHPURKERANIGONJ DHAKA
WELKINS CANOPUS WELKINS PROPIRTY MANAGFMENT LTD 2500 pi 40000 pi9 STORIED APARTME1lt DUILDllG 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIBAGliAT LALKlIAI BAZAR CHlTTAGONG CIlITTAGOGWELKINS CALYX WELKINS PROPERTY MANAGEMENT LTD 2500 psi 40000 psi9 STORIED APARTMENT I3UIWING 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIDAGIIATNASlRABAD CHITTAGONG CIllTJAGONGGRAMEEN LEPTIS MAGNA GRAMEEN BANGLA HOUSING LTD 3000 psi 60000 piAT NIKETON GULSHAN SO-lARTORI TOWER (7TH FLOOR)9 STORIED APARTMENT BUILDING 12 SOlAR GAON ROAD DHAKA 1000
B~
APPENDIX - B
6 STORIED OFFICE BUILDING RUNNER AU rOMOBlLES LTD 2500Igti 40000 psiAT KUTURIA SAVAR DHAKA 74B GREEr ROAD DIJAKA
5-STORIED RESIDFNTIAL BlJILDING FOR MRROHIUL KARIM 2500 pi 40000 psiMRROBIUL KARIM AT PWT NO-lBROAD NO_7 SECTOR _7UTARA MODEL TOVNDHAKASNIGHDA ORCHID UNITIiCH HOLDIIGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD NO5 HOUSE NO - 7 BLOCK - IBANANI DHAKAJAUIIYA IJIITECH HOIDlNGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD 10 _9 HOUSE NO - 35 SECTOR- 4UTTARA DHAKA
ROUDRACHYA UNlTECIl HOJDIgtIGSLIMITED 2500 pl 40000 plROADNO_9 IlOUSENO-31SECTOR-4UITARADHAKA
UNITECH PRJ(SIDENCY UNITECH HOLDINGS LIMITED 2500 psi 40000 psiHUMAYANROAD PWTN034MOHAMMADPUR DHAKA
6-STORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING FOR Mlgt TOFAZZEL HOSSAIN 2500 pi 40000 psiMDTOFAZZEL HOSSAIN PLOT NO-64 BLOCK-C MANSURABAD HOUSING SOCIETYMOHAMMADPUR DHAKA8S10RIED IXI6MARRlED ORSQIJARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARMY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT SHAHEED YOUSUF ROAD DHAKA CANTT DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED lXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE OW amp CE (ARlfY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT POSTOGOLA CANTI DHAKA DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED IXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARII-IY) 3000 pi 40000 piAT ARMY HEAD QUATER ADMIN WING DHAKACANTIDHAKA CANTT4_STORlIW ENGINEERING FACILITIES ~ 3000 pi 60000 piBUILDING JMBAR PROJECT SARAK BHABAN
B~
APPENDIX- B
RAMNADHAKASHAPTAK SHAHNAMA SHAPTAK GRIHAY~ LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORJED APARTMENT BUILDING 819 BLOCK-C LALMATIA DHAKA-1207FORMR M MOSHIURRAHMA-lt ATPLOTNO34 BLOCK - C LALMATIA DHAKA - 1207SHAPT AK MAVIS SHAPT AK GRIllA Ylli LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORIED APARThlENT BUlTJ)ING 819 BLOCK-C lALMATlA DHAKA_1207fOR MR M MOSHllJR RAHMAN AT PLOT NO314HLOCK C LALMArJA DHAKA 1207
B-
APPENDIX-C
list of Buildings Using ExcavatorLabour for Excavation Work
APPEND1X-C
STRITCTlJRE
LABAID CARDIAC CENTREROAD _ 4 DHAllfONDJ DHAKA
LABAID SPECIALIZED 1I0SlIT AIROAD - 4 D1IA~MONDr DHKA
HABIT AT CENTER21 S]ORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEXSHAY AMOU DHAKASAM COMPLEX21 STORIED SHOPPING OfFICE COMPLEXSHAYA)IjOLl DHAKA(LOBE SHOPING CENTERto SIORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEX24 MIRPUR ROAD DHAKAHAPPY HOMES DR RAtA fULLA ARCADE6 STORIED BUIWINGROAD NO 3 DHANMONDI DJIAKAMULTILA GREEN VILLA15 SfORJED BUIWINGGREEN ROAD DHAKA
Such as 18 Storied New Market CityComplexadjacent of Dhaka new market14 storied CRP building project atMirJlur-14 Dhaka
nlvrLOP~R
LAB AlD corSTRUCTlOr
LAB AID CONSTRUCTlO
IIABITAJ REAL ESTATE LTD
GLOBE CENTER LTD
HAPPY HOMES LTD
MULTIPLAN LTD
UNIVERSE CONSTRUCTION LTD(CONTRACTOR)
m
Col
NOWIUSlMEIT
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
EXCA VATlOr- WORKPERFORMIW BY
EQUIPMEN l 1~IiNSIVE
EQlIPME~T INTElSTVE
EQUlPMElT INTElSIVE
EQUIMElT INTENSIVE
FQUlPMENT INTENSIVE
EQUIPMENT INTElS1Vpound I ~~~0 -Ilt~ s-
J~LABOUR INTENSIVE~i -ii amp
jjik ciI ~ ~ f- 1j
LABOURINTENSIV lt~~(I)ill- ~ J lt 4M
LABOUR INTENSIVE (
- 00000001
- 00000002
- 00000003
- 00000004
- 00000005
- 00000006
- 00000007
- 00000008
- 00000009
- 00000010
- 00000011
- 00000012
- 00000013
- 00000014
- 00000015
- 00000016
- 00000017
- 00000018
- 00000019
- 00000020
- 00000021
- 00000022
- 00000023
- 00000024
- 00000025
- 00000026
- 00000027
- 00000028
- 00000029
- 00000030
- 00000031
- 00000032
- 00000033
- 00000034
- 00000035
- 00000036
- 00000037
- 00000038
- 00000039
- 00000040
- 00000041
- 00000042
- 00000043
- 00000044
- 00000045
- 00000046
- 00000047
- 00000048
- 00000049
- 00000050
- 00000051
- 00000052
- 00000053
- 00000054
- 00000055
- 00000056
- 00000057
- 00000058
- 00000059
- 00000060
- 00000061
- 00000062
- 00000063
- 00000064
- 00000065
- 00000066
- 00000067
- 00000068
- 00000069
- 00000070
- 00000071
- 00000072
- 00000073
- 00000074
- 00000075
- 00000076
- 00000077
- 00000078
- 00000079
- 00000080
- 00000081
- 00000082
- 00000083
- 00000084
- 00000085
- 00000086
- 00000087
- 00000088
- 00000089
- 00000090
- 00000091
- 00000092
- 00000093
- 00000094
- 00000095
- 00000096
- 00000097
- 00000098
- 00000099
- 00000100
- 00000101
- 00000102
- 00000103
- 00000104
- 00000105
- 00000106
- 00000107
- 00000108
- 00000109
- 00000110
- 00000111
- 00000112
- 00000113
- 00000114
- 00000115
- 00000116
- 00000117
- 00000118
- 00000119
- 00000120
- 00000121
- 00000122
- 00000123
- 00000124
-
59
Table 4-18 Column Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 57
Table 4-19 Beam Concrete Strength 3 6 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 57
Table 4-20 Column Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 58
Table 4-21 Beam Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi 58
Table 4-22 Column Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 ksi
Table 4-23 Beam Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinforcement
Strength 40 kSI 59
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule 60
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule 60
Table 4-26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement 61
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete ReqUirement 61
Table 4-28 Reinforcement and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka 61
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 4-1 Excavation cost for 5 feet 43Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet 43Graph 4-3 Excavation cost for 15 feet 44Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet 44Graph 4-5 Total Cost of Concrete and Reinforcement 62Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement 62
Xli
ADPASTM
BS
SUET
GATS
GIS
kip
ksi
PCpsi
PVC
PWD
GCRampD
RC
RCC
UKWTO
ABBREVIATIONS
Annual Development Program
American Society for Testing Matenal
Bangladesh Standard
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
General Agreement on Trade amp Services
Geographic Information System
KiloPound
Kilo-pound per Square Inch
Personal Computer
Pound-per Square Inch
Poly Vinyl Chloride
Public Works Department
Quality Control
Research amp Development
Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced Cement Concrete
United Kingdom
World Trade Organization
X1l1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Development of Construction Technology
Building is the earliest form of technology In civil engineering construction
From the most primitive times humans required protection from the wild
animal elements of nature changing seasons and predators in natural
shelters such as caves and rock overhangs
Step by step they learned to improve their caves with inlaid stone floors
walls at the entrances and fireplaces Ultimately they began creating entirely
new habitats in locations that had no natural shelter
Shetters built from natural material~ indicate that they had knowledge of the
stress strain and insulation properties (heat cold and water-proofing) of the
materials used The use of hand-made bricks or stone blocks indicated
knowledge of properties such as compression forces The symmetrical
shapes of the designs indicated the knowledge and application of the
principles of geometry
Most communities had their own distinctive styles lor bUilding their houses
and archaeologists have uncovered many examples through the ages
[Shown in Fig l-1a) to Flg1-1 (e)]
Fig1-110)Naturalfeaturecoos andcerhangsNaturalshell likecaveoravehangswereusedas OleSlInleornobuldngmaterialswereused
Fig1-1(b)CrudehellerTemporary5lruelue5tht neededIItUeWOlt1ltmn5hlpMalerilsfouodnoarbywereusedndoITangedona udelrameworkofbrance
Fig 11 (el llBolllvo nulA ypcal bUlldng yle of Ihe Nguni people (Zuluand Xlloa) Vertical branenes were stabilisedtl1 hOzotal bltacing wiln nO ~istnclibetweon Ine walls nd Lne roof The saplingslrueuro was bound lOgeher by gass fibreropos and tho grass eong ws wn to Ihelerura Ih gras rope
Fig 1_1 (0) Hlpped-ltgtn cubWestern fiuecaled 10 Ihe introduction of Ihe gOwall cons1ructlon The walilayoo Iso ~caeheha or the roof Walls me higher and doorvayslarger
Fig 11 (d) Con on cylinderA typlcol style among Ihe Tswana Solho andVenda peoplo Tila roof IS para and can bcleorly idenllfied The rooF as mode lrcltn grassad the wallslrom dag or tyle 01cement
The bUilding trade is the earliest form of civil engineering construction Up to
13 century building technology in the sub-continent fell under three
category (a) Thatchery and mud houses made of thatched roof of bamboo
straw grass reed etc lb) stone masonry which included hewing laying and
carving of stone and (c) Brick masonry construction consisting of lime-surki
mortar in the city areas Between 13 and 18h century the feudal monarchs
and the land lords constructed monumental bUildings After the Industrial
2
revolution in the 180 century construction of factory buildings labor sheds
ware houses etc became the major construction activities With the
invention of the steam engine in the 18 century development of railways
started Besides the construction of roads ports and harbors inland and
offshore navigation developed simultaneously after the Second World War
reconstruction of the war ravaged infrastructure brought a boom In the civil
engineering construction Civil engineering also has attained modernization
an eventually in the seventies the development of chips and micro chips and
the high capacity single chip microprocessor made possible the development
of the micro computers The computer software technology has also
developed very fast simultaneously The development of the optical fiber
and the satellite technology has made a revolution and the internet has
brought the information technology to a stage which was unimaginable even
a decade ago As result knowledge based industries now dominate over the
previous machinery based industries Traditional construction industry as
gradually becomes obsolete and ineffective worldwide in these high tech
eras This new situation put construction industry a new challenge
In modern times the civil engineers built dams sluices regulators barrages
pump houses and p ower generation and many other structures which were
believed to be impossible to construct Gigantic modern off-shore structures
are now built which go to several hundred meters below sea level In the
field of bridge construction enormous progress have been achieved Bridges
has now become relatively cheap and can be built in extremely short timeThe most ambitious bridge development ever realized is certainly the Akashi-
Kaiko Bridge in Japan with a span of 1990 meter This gigantic endeavor at
the early age where only possible due to very sophisticated and heavy
erection equipment developed The successful construction of channel
tunnel Bull twinkle (492 m worlds tallest offshore platform) Louisianan
offshore oil port supertanker unloading capacity of 100000 barrel an houri
Kansai international airport a port reclaimed from sea bed containing
extremely soft soill testify to development capability of the civil engineeringprofession in modern times it will not be out of place to mention that during
the sixties intensive urbanization in many developed countries saw the
3
spectacular revolutionary concepts such as wall frame Interaction tube-in-
tube bundle tubes diagonally braced frame and compOSite construction
pioneered the high rise growth Developments of intelligent buildings that
can respond to earthquake and fire hazards are in the making
In recent years (Information agel technological innovation in design
materials and construction methods have resulted in significant changes in
construction costs Computer aids have improved capabilities for generation
quality designs as well as reducing the time required to produce alternative
designs New equipments and materials not only have enhanced the quality
of constructIOn but also have shortened the time for shop fabrication and
field erection Construction methods have gone through various stages of
mechanization and automation including the latest development of
construction robotics
The Global Trend
Competition in global market for better amp economic building construction is
increasing day by day Construction organizations are realizing that
responsiveness to market demands and adaptability to changing condition
Competitive prices are the hallmarks of successful enterprise Therefore
every construction organization wants to lower the cost by alternate deSign
interchanging material strength amp type uSing modern construction methods
and proper management So construction world is going for new technology
and saving both time and cost
The Bangladesh Context
Bangladesh has come a long way since its independence But a very few
organizations have adopted new construction technology and ability to build
high strength material with quality After 2004 due to WTD and GATS
Bangladesh market has to be made open to outside countries and most of
the organization will face difficult challenges from the competitors of other
countries To face this challenge effectively construction organizations need
4
to be more responsive to market demands lower the prices by choosing
proper construction technology in all stages of construction as well as
improve quality of material If construction organizations of Bangladesh will
able to qualify with other countries in competition they would have to
opportunity to work abroad
Bangladesh is one of the least developed countries in the world Regrettably
In Bangladesh most of the construction methods and design are oriented by
conventional method Though volume of building construction is large but
modern construction method and equipment facilities in most of the cases
are absent Only a small number of projects have been done or ongoing With
theses modern facilities Remarkable new and high strength material are also
not using in Bangladesh Only in some national bridgeroad construction
project modern equipment and material were used in Bangladesh Due to
absent of new and high strength materials new technologies new
equipments quality as well as effiCiency of building construction are very
poor
12 Objective of the Project
Bangladesh is one of the least developing countries Contemporary
construction technology With high strength materials are not often uSing inbUildingconstruction sector The objective of this study IS to find out what
type of technology and materials are being using for building construction In
addition to find out if better technology is available why these are not
being accepted at present in construction sector of Bangladesh
Specific objectives of this study are
bull To study the exiting technological parameters in present day building
construction in Bangladesh
bull To study the economy of scale and factors as they relate to-
(a) Humnware
(b) Infoware and
(e) Hardware
5
13 Methodology
Methodologies used in this study are followings
I Study of the literature to identify the contemporary
technology in building construction in developing NIC and
developed economies
II Study of the local documents and of field data to find the
status of contemporary technology in the building industry in
Bangladesh
III Study the economy of scale and contemporary technology as
they relate to humnware Infoware and hardware
6
CHAPTER 2
TECHNOLOGIES IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
21 Introduction to Technology in Construction Industry
McGraw Hill Encyclopedia Defines Technology as 11
Technology is closely related to science and engineering Science deals with
humans understanding of real world around them - the interesting
properties of space matter energy and their interactions Engineering is the
application of objective knowledge to the creation of pians designs and
means for achieving desired objectives Technology deals with tools and
techniques for carrying out the plans
Construction Technology
Basic design and construction topics which include both field and office
activates which facilitate problem definition evaluation solution and
communication ie design electives electrical equipment estimating
formwork mechanical quantity surveying rigging scaffolding scheduling
shop drawings site planning surveying takeoff utilitiesfl9
Construction industry undoubtedly is the backbone and propelling force
behind our progress It has the potential to contribute to peoples lives in
many ways This needs high skill dynamic leadership broad vision great
courage latest technology and communication system
Modern science and technology have provided many useful tools like
computers~CPM-PERT-most productive and efficient machines financial
management procedures and many others But all these become redundant
and unproductive when these sophisticated and efficient tools are worked
by green and inexperienced hands who lack the basic ingredients of work
culture dedication and courage and people who are not imaginative and
innovative
7
22 Construction technologies on the basis of labour and equipment
Construction technologies can on the basis of their content of labour and
equipment be classified as
o Equipment Intensive
o Labour based and
o Labour Intensive Technologies
The choice of the technology may affect the overall cost the overall
duration of the construction and the overall quality of the asset Some
works allow only one type of technology while others can be done in
various ways Graphically equipment intensive labour Intensive and labor
based technologies are shown in below
Potential shift in labour contents by using labour-based methods
Llbaur - _
Equipment Intensive
Labour Based
Labour Intensive
IIIlililillllIII-IIIliillllllnmmmllF
221 Equipment Intensive Technology
Equipment intensive technology is defined as the combination of labour and
equipment In which most work is done by labOUHeplacing equipment
supported by a small labour force Although the technology might be
appropriate in circumstances with high wage levels low labour availability
and high skill levels its application is often ineffective at local level where
individual projects are relatiVely small and dispersed over a large
geographical area
8
222 labour Intensive Technology
To avoid a common misconception it is important to distinguish between
labour basedmethods and labour Intensive methods In contrast with labour
based technology labour intensive approaches seek to maximize
employment with a minimum use of mechanized equipment often at the
expense of cost and quality
223 labour BasedTechnology
In selecting the most appropriate technology it is however important that
irrespective of the type of technology resources is used efficiently quality
standards are maintained and time limitations are observed For these
reasons labour based technology has been developed to maXimize
opportunities for the employment of labour (skilled and unskilled) while
supported by light equipment under strict conditions of cost
competitiveness acceptable engineering quality standards and timely
implementation Labour based work methods are competitive only if these
conditions are met and can then provide a lasting alternative to traditional
equipment-intensive construction methods
23 Software Technologies
Normally software means the written instructions executed by some
hardware Ie Programs that are needed to run for execution and manage
the computer and those which are used to solve the problem 111 The
Software technologies have three subdivisions which are
bull Manpower (Humnware)
bull Information (Infoware)
bull Organization (Orgaware)
231 Manpower (Humnwere)
We know manpower (humnware) is the person-embodied component of
technology 111 For construction works require different types of personal but
most of them require technical background Different disciplined engineer
site engineer supervisor foreman rod binders mason skilled labour helper
9
carpenter sanitary technicians electrical technicians and other personal are
the humnware
Productivity in construction IS often broadly defined as output per labor
hour Improvement of labor productivity should be a significant activity in
building construction In construction works vigorously pursue the efficient
utilization of labor So improvement of personnel related to this field is a
vital factor of construction industry
232 Information (Infoware)
Information IInfowarel is usually the document-embodied form of technology
[11 This inciudes the specifications market database for materials theories
charts database drawing codes books journals catalogs and other
documents Requisition and supply management work(s) are also includes in
infoware Infoware constitute a crucial part of construction industry For
construction works every step is related to infoware Proper constructions
need accurate material specification guided by the code(s] Proper
information is the key factor of any construction project
233 Organization (Orgaware)
Within a frame work of the Organization (Orgawarel Manpower
(Humnware) Information (Infoware and Hardware technologies work 111
Organization techniques principles practices and arrangements that govern
the effective use of technology by humnware This includes construction
planning project management QC safety RampD
Organizational systems play the key role in construction industry Both the
success and failure of construction works widely depends on organization
An organization system includes Organization structure organization design
human resource poliCY and practice organization Culture work stress etc
Common organizational structures available in construction industries are-
bull Project organization
bull Matrix organization
bull Line and staff organization
10
24 Hardware Technology
Modern construction especially for large projects has grown in complexity
due to size cost and speed of construction Construction equipment is an
important resource and its planning assumes vital importance With the
rapidly changing technology both in design and construction areas
contractors are now shy of making heavy investment in heavy equipment
New innovation of construction equipment change the older method of
construction method and resultant is quicker and economic construction
Sometimes whole system is enhanced by new innovation Such as two
technological developments namely lilt and modern metal frame removed
the prevailing limitations on the height of the buildings Hardware is object-
embodies form of technology 111 such as Construction
equipmentmachineries all type of materials appliances computer paper
printer
The selection of appropriate construction equipment often affects the
required amount of time and effort and thus the job-site productivity of a
project It is therefore important for site managers and construction planners
to be familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment
Various types and important works are involved for construction Industry
Such as excavation loading compaction and grading drilling and blasting
equipment lift and erecting machineries mixing construction tools and
other equipment Different types of work require different type of hardwareand technology
11
Selection of most suitable and available equipment for a particular project is
a frequent problem for contractor Owner contractor and even the engineers
of our country are going for traditional method and material Sometimes due
to old technique and traditional material huge financial loss is the result
Money spent for equipments need to be considering as an investment
which can be recovered with a profit during the useful life of the equipment
241 Excavation
Types of equipment which are used to excavate earth and related materials
are known as excavator Excavation equipment includes the following
machines
1 Power shovels
2 Backhoes
3 Draglines
4 Clamshells and cranes
5 Trenching machines
6 Wheel-mounted belt loaders
Craneshovel consists 01 three major components
bull A carrier or mounting which provides mobility and stability for the
machine
bull A revolving deck or turntable which contains the power and
control units
bull A front-end attachment which serves the special function in an
operation
12
(g) Hawk_Bulk W~
(e) Cranes
(h) Q)-Qlick Mount
(c) Daglines
0l Hook Lift (k) Conlaine CITi~r (1) RollOffTrmlers Carner
Fig 2-1 Excavation Equipmentl1Gl
13
The type of mounting for all equipments Ihardware) in the above figure is
referred to as crawler mounting which is particularly suitable for crawling
over relatively roughed surfaces at a job site Other types of mounting
include truck mounting and wheel mounting which provide greater mobility
between job sites but require better surfaces for their operation The
revolving deck includes a cab to house the person operating the mounting
andor the revolving deck In the above figure a crane with hook clamshell
[Fig2-1 (f)L drag line [Fig2-1 (c)] bac khoe shovellFig 2-1 laI(b)L pile
driver[Fig2-1 (d)] and other excavation equipment are shown
A tractor consists of a crawler mounting and a non-revolving cab When an
earth-removing blade is attached to the front end of a tractor the assembly
is called a bulldozer When a bucket is attached to its front end the
assembly is known as a loader or bucket loader There are different types of
loads designed to handle most efficiently materials of different weights and
moisture contents
Scrapers are multiple units of tractor-truck and blade-bucket assemblies with
various combinations to facilitate the loading and hauling of earthwork
Major types of scrapers include single engine two-axle or three-axel
scrapers twin-engine all-wheel-drive scrapers elevating scrapers and push-
pull scrapers Each type has different characteristics of rolling resistancemaneuverability stability and speed in operation
242 Compaction and Grading
Compaction grading and soil stabilization are the works of same category
and these are interrelated Many SOilsare subject to differential expansion
and shrinkage when they undergo change in moisture content If pavements
are to be constructed on such soils it IShighly desirable to stabilize them to
prevent or reduce the change volume in order to protect the pavements from
excessive damages
Stabilizations may be applied to a soil In its natural position or as it is placed
in a fill Also stabilization may be applied to the sub-grade sub-base or
base material
14
Some methods of stabilization are
L Blending and miXing heterogeneous soils to produce more
homogenous soils
bullbullbull Incorporating hydrated lime into soils that are high in clay content
bullbullbull Blending asphalt with the soil
t Mixing Portland cement with the soil
t Incorporating various types of slats into the soils
4 Incorporating certain chemicals into the soils
t Compacting the soils thoroughly after they are processed
The function of compaction equipment is to produce higher dense soil
mechanically The basic forces used in compaction are static weight
kneading impact and vibration The degree of compaction that may be
achieved depends on the properties of soil its moisture content the
thickness of the soil layer for compaction and the method of compaction
The function of grading equipment is to bring the earthwork to desired shape
and elevation Many soils are subject to differential expansion and shrinkage
when they undergo changes in moisture content Many soils also move and
rut when subjected to moving wheel loads If pavementsbuildings are to be
constructed on such soils It is usually necessary to stabilize them to reduce
the volume changes and strengthen them to the point where then can carry
the imposed load even when they are saturated
Major types of grading equipment include motor graders and grade trimmers
The former is an all-purpose machine for grading and surface finishing the
latter is used for heavy construction because of its higher operating speed
Many types of compaction equipment are available including the following -
Towed Sheepsfoot [Fig2-2Ia)L Grid Roller [Fig2-2(b)L Self-Propelled [Fig2-
21c)) Segmented Steel Wheel Roller[Fig2-2(dll Self Propelled Tamping Foot
Roller Self Propelled Vibratory Tamping Foot Roller[Fig2-2Iel) etc These
are different operating characteristics
15
(a) Sheepsfoot roller
(b) Grid roller
(d) Two-Axle Tandem Steel-wheeled Roller
(c) Self Propelled Pneumatic-tiredRoller
(e) Self-Propelled Smooth-drumvibratory Roller
Fig 2-2 Compaction amp Grading Equipment
IG
243 Drilling and Blasting
Drilling operation used by the construction and mining industries to drillholes in both rock and earth The task of rock excavation includes looseningloading hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling and blasting
Rock excavation is a risky and hard task ReqUire special equipment andmethods for this operation The degree of difficulty depends on physicalcharacteristics of the rock type which to be excavate Grain sizes planes ofweakness weathering brittleness and hardness of rock strata are the vitalfactors of rock excavation The task of rock excavation includes looseningloadlllg hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling blasting or rippling
Major types of drilling equipment are percusSion drills and rotary-percussiondrills A percussion drill penetrates and cuts rock by impact while it rotateswithout cutting on the upstroke
Common type of percussion drills includes a jackhammer which is hand heldand others which are mounted on a fixed frame or on a wagon or crawl formobility A rotary drill [Flg2-3(bJJ cuts by turning a bit against the rocksurface A rotary precesSion drill combines the two cutting movements toprovide a laster penetration in rock
Blasting is performed to loosen rock in order that it may be excavated orremoved from its existing position Blasting requires the use of explosivesthe most common of which is dynamite Generally electriC blasting caps areconnected in a circuit with insulated wires Power sources may be powerlines or blasting machines designed for firing electriC cap Circuits Alsoavailable are non-electrical blasting systems which combine the precisetiming and flexibility of electric blasting and safety of non-electricaldetonation
Tractor-mounted rippers are capable of penetrating and prying loose mostrock types The blade or ripper IS connected to an adjustable shank whichcontrols the angle at the tip of the blade as it is raised or loweredAutomated ripper control may be Installed to control ripping depth and tipangle
In rock tunneling special tunnel machines equipped with multiple cutterheads and capable of excavating full diameter of the tunnel are nowavailable Their use has increasingly replaced the traditional methods ofdrilling and blasting
17
(a) ER1ronmomtlll Testing
It) Placer Drill
(b) Rotary drill
(dl Mincrnl Exploration Drill
eel Water Well Drilling
Fig 2-3 Drilling amp Blasting Equipmentl1bull1
18
244 Lifting and Erecting Equipment
Liftmg and erecting equipments are used to 11ftloads and to facilitate theerection of steel building frames
Derricks are commonly used to lift equipment of materiais or building
construction A derrick consists of a verticai mast and an inclined boom
sprouting from the foot of the mast Guys hold the mast in position or stiff
legs connected to a base whiie topping lift links the top of the mast and the
top of the inclined boom A hook in the road line hanging from the top of the
inclined boom is used to lift loads Guy derricks may easily be moved from
one floor to the next in a building under construction while stiff leg derricks
may be mounted on tracks for movement within a work area
Horizon boom type tower cranes are most common in high-rise building
construction Inclined boom type tower cranes are also used for erecting
steel structure
245 Mixing
Mixing concrete by hand is expensive In labour and it IS therefore not
surprising that mechanical mixers have been general use for a great many
years
The object of mixing is 10 coat the surface of all aggregate particles with
cement paste and to blend the entire ingredients of concrete into a uniform
mass this uniformity must furthermore not be disturbed by the process of
discharging from the mixer In fact the method of discharging is one of the
bases of classification of concrete mixers Several types exist In the tiltmg
mixer the mixing chamber known as the drum is tilted for discharging In
the non-tilting type the axis of the mixer is always horizontal and discharge
is obtained either by inserting a chute into the drum or by reversing the
direction of rotation of the drum or rarely by splitting of the drum There are
also pan-type mixers rather Similar in operation to an electric cake-mixer
these are called forced action mixers as distinct from the tilting and non-
tilting mixers which reiy on the free fall of concrete in the drum
19
In any mixer It is essential that sufficient interchange of materials between
different parts of the chamber takes place so that uniform concrete is
produced
On a site there is often a tendency to mix concrete as rapidly as possible
and it is therefore important to know what is the minimum mixing time
necessary to produce a concrete uniform in composition and as a result of
satisfactory strength
Concrete mixers are used to mix Portland cement sand gravel and water in
batches
There may be occasions when concrete has to be mixed by hand and
because in this case uniformity is more difficult to achieve particular care
and effort are necessary
A truck mixer refers to a concrete mixer mounted on a truck which is
capable of transporting ready mixed concrete from a central batch plant to
construction sites
246 Construction Tools and Other Equipment
Concrete can be economically pumped at the rates 15 to 200 ydhr for
horizontal distances 300 to 3000 ft and vertical distances 100 to 500 ft
without staging [11
The pumping of concrete of is especially advantageous in placements that
are physically difficult to approach with ready-mix trucks and show best
economy in the range of 20 to 80 ydhr
Air compressors [Fig2-4(al] and pumps [Fig2-4(dl] are widely used as the
power sources for construction tools include drills hammers [Fig2-4(bll
grinders saws wrenches[Fig2-4(clj staple guns sandblasting guns and
concrete vibrators Pumps are used to supply water or to dewater at
construction sites and to provide water jets for some types of construction
Vibrators are used to eliminate entrapped air Of the several types internal
vibrators perhaps the most common one External vibrator is rigidly clamped
to the formwork resting on an elastic support so that both the form and
20
concrete are vibrated Vibrating table can be considered as a case of
formwork clamped to the vibrator instead of the other way round but the
principle of vibrating the concrete and formwork together is unaltered
Besides these surface vibrator used for flat plate electric hammer can be
used as a surface vibrator when fitted with a bit having a large flat area A
vibrating roller is used for consolidating thin slabs
(a)Air Compressor
rg Wrench
(b) Hammer
(d) Concrete Pump
Fig 2-4 ConstructionTools amp Other Equipments[111
247 Choice of Equipment and Standard Production Rates
The selections of the appropriate type equipment or machines tor
construction often affect the required amount of time and effort and thus
the job site productivity of a project Equipment size determination is also a
very important task for construction Oversize equipments are expensive as
well as consume more time to handle It is therefore important for
construction planners to be familiar with the characteristics of the major
21
types of equipment most commonly used in construction Construction
planners also have to know the sources of construction equipment
Contractors and users of construction equipment frequently concerned with
a decision as to whether to purchase or rent (lease) an equipment Under
certain conditions it is financially advantageous to purchase whereas under
other conditions it is more economical and satisfactory to rent it
248 Building Materials
In recent times some of the important technological breakthroughs in
materials are stabilized soil lime-pozzolana mixes sand-lime bricks fly-ash
bricks clay-fly ash bricks gypsum boards wood-wool sheets plastic
products in utility service ready mix concrete non-shrink grout for machine
foundation super-plasticizers Ferro-cement and other materials Different
types of composite construction are also in very advance stage
In the field of concrete technology also some advances are happened such
as light weight concrete radiation shielding concrete polymer concretes
fiber reinforced concretes super plasticized concretes gap graded concrete
tenser-polymer reinforced concrete roller-compacted concrete ultra high
strength concrete improved techniques in pre-stressing prefabricated
construction and other some remarkable matenals
In low cost housing a number of developments have taken place and
following new techniques are being adopted for reduction in cost These arestone block masonry pre-cast brick panel roofing pre-cast RC channel
roofing ferro-cement tank use of secondary species of timber particle
board lor shutter doorswindows fly ash-lime-gypsum bricks for making
walls pre-cast RCC frames for doors and windows Pre-cast RC lintel (thin]
lower ceiling heights PVC pipes for water supply stabilized soil cement
base floors magneSium oxy-chloride flooring fire retardant treatment of
thatch asphaltic roofing etc Brief descriptions of some of those materials
are below-
22
249 Construction Automation and Robotics
Recent advances in robotic technology and the related experience In
manufacturing industries suggests that greater automation maybe extremely
beneficial for constructed facilities In addition construction in hazardous
environments (not approachable) may be greatly expanded by the use of
construction robots
There are several means by which construction automation and robotics
might repay the additional equipment and development costs associated
With high technology investments First robotics offers opportunities for
extending the scope of practical construction activities into hazardous
environments including outer space nuclear reactors or undersea
construction Even standard construction sites represent hazardous
environments as suggested by the large number job industrial accidents
associated with construction Second robotics may permit the practical
introduction and broader use of nonhuman senses and capabilities on
construction sites
KaJimaCompanys reinforcing bar placing robot can carry up to 20 bars and
automatically place these bars in pre-seiected patterns in both floors and
walls The equipment has achieved 40 to 50 savings in labor and 10
savings in time on several Japanese projects 131
A wall climbing robot called RM3 for tasks such as video inspections of shiphulls gamma-ray inspection of structural welds and high-pressure washing
painting shot-blasting and barnacle removal 131
23
CHAPTER 3
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN BANGLADESH
31 Introduction
The contribution of construction industry is quite significant in the national
economy but its existence is absent from the national economy plan
Recently government has made policy considering this sector as an industry
GDP Contribution of construction industry was 606 In 1991-1992 and 619
over the period 1996- 1997 Agriculture sector contributes maximum of
GDP Construction sector contribute about 20 of agriculture sector GDP
which is a remarkable role in Bangladesh economyI1
The construction Industry of Bangladesh comprises of a large number of
predominantly small firms The same can be seen to be true for most other
countries
The actual structure of the industry is not possible to measure as there are
no published papers on the total number of firms There are some 25000
nos of local contracting large medium and small categorized firms
registered with the government agencies with a varying range of financial
capacities [16]
In building construction sectors larger firms are capable to construct
concrete highrise building 30 storied Bangladesh Bank Bhaban 20 storied
Bangladesh Secretariat 20 storied Sena Kalyan Bhaban Building 20 storied
lOB Shaban and many other bUildings are the evidence of the ability to
construction of high rise concrete-building While high rise steel structures
are not yet familiar in Bangladesh but recently a number of high rise steel
structure are under construction In other sector such as bridge roads gas
pipeline electricity supply dam sluice-gate etc are implemented by
international contractors and joint venture companies (foreign and local
firms~ In 1990-91 the construction industry employed 105 and in 1995-
96 183 (statistics 97~ of total labour force In other statistics showed
that the constructing firm employs 20 lacs peoples If each family comprise
24
of four members so total 80 lacs people (615 of total population of the
countryl are dependent on the construction industry for their living The
economical and political significance of the industry ISeven greater than this
figure suggest as it captures the major part of the national investment
About 46 of the total construction labour force are involved in building
50 in construction repair and maintenance of roads and bridge works and
4 are involved in construction repair and maintenance of other activities
16]
Some domestic contractors in the building sectors have access to overseas
market but local contractors are less capable of competing with the foreign
companies due to variety of grounds -
(a) Very Less initiative from the Government to improve the capacity of the
local contractors
bull Easy policy for credit system for construction industry
bull To provide plant machinery hire facilities
bull Skill and manpower development through training
(bl Policy of the rules and conditions of the donor agencies for foreign funds
According to PWD to solve the housing problem 709131 units of houses
are required to construct in every year [15] So it indicates that Bangladesh
has a serious housing problem
12 to 15 millions people now lives in Dhaka city Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is now the city of construction Though yearly requirements in
the city is about 65000 housing but all public and private sector together
produce 25000 housing units in a year Percentage of leaving in slums and
squatter settlement is about 30 percent It would take at least 600 billion
taka which IS five times the entire ADP budget of the country to
accommodate house for the above-mentioned population Very little areas
are found in cities which are not occupied by building Every place in the city
is already filled up or construction of building process is ongoing But the
utility service and other facilities for community are not well thought-out
But according to government rules facilities shall be accommodate first
25
before any type of building construction Unfortunately community facilities
including simple parking facilities are still absent for the many new
constructing building in Dhaka city
32 Some large Constructions in Bangladesh
It is very difficult to identify which one is large construction of a country
because of project diversity In Bangladesh there are numerous
constructions many of them are significant in various aspects Although
functions and aesthetic are different of them they accomplish different type
of requirements Following are the some prominent constructions which
indicate Bangladesh building construction industry is fully capable to
construct any type of Building
Equipments used for construction of national assembly building were tower
crane larger size mixture machines and other eqUipment Tower crane amp
other equipments replaced by huge no of labors As per definition of labour
based technology construction of this building falls under this category
National Assembly
Fig 3-1 National Assemblyl101
labour Based Technology
Architect Louis I Kahn
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1962 to 1974
Building type government center
Construction System concrete marble
26
Equipments used for construction of Bangladesh bank bhaban were hoist
mixture machine and other light equipment only For excavation of 1
basement engaged huge no of labors As per definition this type of
construction falls under labour Intensive technology
bull Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
Fig 3-2 Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
labour Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
NoofFioors-31
Building type government
Construction System concrete
27
Equipments used for construction of Islamic Development Bank Shaban were
tower crane concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments
Tower crane ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments
replaced by most of the labors As per definition of equipment intensive
technology this type of construction falls under this category
bull Islamic Development Bank
7
Fig 3-3 Islamic Development Bank
Bhaban
Equipment Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
No of Floors - 20
Construction System concrete
28
Equipments used for construction of Bashundhara city were tower crane
concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments Tower crane
ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments replaced by most of
the labors As per definition 01 equipment intensive technology this type of
construction falls under this category
bull Bashundhara City
Fig 3-4 Bashundhara City
Equipment Intensive Technology
Architect VISTARA
location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1999 to 2003
Building type shopping mall
Construction System concrete marble
33 Constructions in Bangladesh Using Pre Fabrication
Prefabricate construction not yet accepted widely in Bangladesh Scenario of
developed country in this respect is totally different Even In Malaysia
Thailand Indonesia India and many other developing countries scenery is
closed to developed countries Prefabricate construction require customize
construction or a huge no of similar type productions Precast units which
normally used in Bangladesh are -
bull Tiles and mosaic
bull Low cost toilet rings and others precast accessories
bull Prestressed precast electric pole
bull Precast column for boundary wall
29
the study on availability
of indigenous materials in
bull Precast slab for surface drain
bull Precast slab for foot path
bull Precast railing and ornamental column
bull Precast lintel
bull Precast pipe for water supply and others
bull Railway sleeper
bull Road divider
In the context of Bangladesh RampD activities are yet to be worthy InBangladesh uHouse and Building Research Institute was established in the
year 1977 with the following objectives -
1 To take technical and scientific studies and research on
various problems of constructions and building materials and
to evolve housing and building technology appropriate to the
requirement and suitable for socia-economic condition of the
country
2 To specifically emphasis on
development and utilization
construction
3 To promote better uses of building materials particularly
commonly used materials improvements methods of learning
and designing of construction works and maintenance
4 To train research personnels and technicians for the purpose
out its research activities
House and Building Research Institute time to time tried to introduce someprecast module Such as -
bull Ferro cement tank
bull Precast Ferro cement channel for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete hollow slab for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete micro pile
30
bull Precast Ferro-cement folded plate for roof
bull Precast Ferro-cement L panel for inclined roofing
bull RCCdoor and window frames
Between all type of innovation only Ferro cement tank (400 gallon consisting
of cement mortar on wire mesh) is widely used mainly in Dhaka city As
bigger size is not possible with Ferro-cement Its use is limited
Above all precast construction scenario is very poor in Bangladesh This
indicates construction technology not yet advance in Bangladesh in this high
tech era
34 Humnware Infoware and Hardware in Bangladesh
341 Humnware
For construction technology humanware includes labour technicians
engineer and other persons In some way they are related to construction
industry In Bangladesh expense for humanware is cheaper with respect to
other countries because of low wages lin Bangladesh Taka 125 per hour
and for ordinary labour in UK pound6) So utilization of man power through IT is
a great opportunity for construction sector of Bangladesh But unfortunately
we are far way from proper utilization of this huge no manpower
Development of Human resources is in very preliminary stage By generating
employment and working environment general employment conditions need
to be improved Wage systems must be developed and made transparent so
as to give proper remuneration according to qualification and technical skill
It is extremely necessary for the skilled workers to pass their skills on and to
train personnel able to respond to future technological changes Professional
training centers and methods must be developed and be efficiently exercised
upon
In Bangladesh most of the cases we make out unskilled humnware which is
unexpected in this high tech era Also in most of the cases they are
uneducated Due to unskilled and uneducated labour construction qualities
31
are not normally as per requirement Also due to unskilled labor excessive
time is requiring in most of the cases
In Bangladesh labours are mainly trained-up by on-job training In many case
they are habituated from paternal side by born Though some training
institutes exist around Dhaka city but they are certificate-based institute
These institutes deal only overseas job findings peoples
342 Infoware
Infoware IS usually the document-embodied form This includes the
software design specification materials specifications theories charts
database drawing design and others activities Use of software in
Bangladesh for the purpose of analysis and design are in satisfactory leveL
Although most of the organizations are now analyze and design by some
standard software but a big amount of engineers are not stili away from this
technology Following software and tools are now using in Bangladesh
which indicates not behind from top level
Programming Language- Visual Basic Auto LISP aBasic CC Turbo C
Computer Aided Engineering STAAD-III STAADPro Math CAD ADOSS PCACOL SOL Series
Spread Sheet Analysis- Microsoft Excel Lotus MathCAD
Computer Aided Design
- AutoCAD
Database- DBase FoxPro Microsoft Access Oracle
GIS Software- Arcinfo Arcade Maplnfo Arc view Idrisi
32
Graphics software- CorelDraw Harvard Graphics
Computer Aided Project Management- MS Project
Word Processing
-MicrosoftWordWordPcrreCI
Operating Systems
- MS Windows Dos Novel
3430rgaware
Orgaware lOrganization) represents the structural framework of a
technological system and it includes for example the organizations for the
RampD the production the marketing the corporate planning etc It is needed
to produce certain goods and services Within the framework of theorgaware the other technology components work [1]
Most of the organization in Bangladesh is now using computer and software
for different type of works Some organizations are using for analysis and
design some for planning purpose some as a management tools and some
one for data processing and accounting In someway organizations ofBangladesh are taking this technological advantage
In Bangladesh some organizations are doing a number of remarkable works
excellently They are creating photo realistic rendered architectural
perspective models of 3D exterior and Interior elevation and layout
rendering services 3D animation They are also creating architectural fly-by
and walk-through simulations for interactive presentation or TV quality
advertisement GIS works are also done by these organizations
Some of organizations are also working with foreign organizations Mainly
different type of data entry is their main works which are mainly data
conversion rom one format to another Such as conversion from portabledocument format (pdf) to Word processing format (docl hand sketch
J3
bull
conversion to digital drawing (dwg etc) format some modification of
drawing ete The difficulties of our organizations are for any types of
business they require an overseas office This is a very big problem for
entrepreneurs of data exchanging business
344 Hardware
In Bangladesh hardware use of construction industry is not in a suitable
level Moreover specifically modern construction equipment J technology are
not utilizing in Bangladesh most of the cases Only in a few sector such as
deeper excavation in highway construction a few no of building works are
done by modern equipments but in other sectors modern equipment are
ignoring by Bangladeshi construction industry Computer based hardware
widely using in Bangladesh as computer and some computer related
hardware are reasonably priced for middle class people
For construction projects require modern management which is based on
personal computer (PC) In Bangladesh computer based project management
is not yet popular in construction industry Only some foreign aided
government project has some activities on this but also up-to proposal level
only Truly computer based project management in construction sector not
yet Implemented in Bangladesh This is limited to some Gantt chart and
critical path draw works But hardware based computer management easily
save both money and time Probable cause for which not yet go for
computer based project management listing below -
Labours and technicians are illiterate
bull
bull
bull
bull
Labours and technicians are unskilled
Top management of an organization are not wanted to go for
new particularly computer based technology
From Government side there are no plan to facilitate these sector
even in Government project
Our engineers backgrounds are also not upto that extent and
also they are not interested to go for such type of management
34
CHAPTER 4
TECHNOLOGY ON EXCAVATION amp RCC OF BANGLADESH
Nowadays building construction mainly equipment intensive works allover
the world that is depend on modern technology Similarly construction
industry of Bangladesh going away step by step depends on technology
Technological application sophistication quality etc are different in country
to country but at every steps of construction industry including construction
industry of Bangladesh totally depends on construction technology For
excavation loading compaction grading drilling lifting erecting mixing
and other purposes require some construction hardwareequipment and there
technological approach is different Not only for equipment but in every
steps of construction process depends on technological involvement In this
chapter mainly discussed the effect on excavation due to equipment
intensive and labour intensive works Also for building construction the
effect of alternate combination of material use
41 Technology in Excavation
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground This foundation is mandatory for
every structure ThiS is the reason of start of excavation technology which
is an earliest form of civil engineering construction This technology is used
for excavate earth of foundationbasement Excavated soilrock usually
dumps in other places which is known as loading Many construction
industry of Bangladesh Excavator and Loader are mainly using for
excavation works But use of excavator is mostly Dhaka based In other
places of the country except Dhaka city excavation works are done by
manually which is very unlikable in this high tech era Even in Dhaka city
many excavation works had been done by manually Such as 18 storied
New Market City Complex building with two basements (adjacent of Dhaka
new market) 14 storied CRP building project with two basements at Mirpur-
35
14 Dhaka A few but in some projects huge volume of soil was excavated
manually Excavation operations 01 these many projects are done by
manually because 01 availability and low-priced labor In this chapter try to
focus why this technology (excavator not used in most of the cases
In many project of Bangladesh excavation operation are done by manually
because 01-
Soil Characteristics - Comparatively solt layer 01 earth exists all
around Bangladesh
raquo labour (Humnwarel - labour costs are cheap and available
Non-availability of equipment (Hardware) - Modern equipment
cost is very high for which it is not pOSSiblelor contractor to
buy excavator and other heavy equipments lor a singie project
gt- No and size of the Job - As no 01 projects limited and also
areas of a single projects are not big Use of Excavator and
loader are not economically viable
Rental organization - Renta I organization not yet developed
widely and systematically Above all limited rental organization
and their higher charges of hardware
Topography Most of the lands in Bangladesh are plain So
labors can work comfortably
lacks of technicians - lack of skilled technicians are one of the
reasons to avoid new technology
Time - Peoples of Bangladesh are not anxious about time
Utilization of time is very important lack 01 this awareness is
one 01 the reasons of avoiding tendency of new technology for
excavation
)- Space constrains - Particularly in Dhaka city buildings are not
build in well planned way but very haphazard So in many case
movement 01 excavator is very difficult and in some cases it is
impossible to work due to space constrain
36
bull Weather and Temperature - Luckily most of the seasons are
suitable for labour works Nature is very fever for manual
labour except very little lime through out the year So not
need to take extra precaution lor climate
gt Dumping area - Some time huge amount of dumping is not
possible For that reason avoiding tendency to new technology
of excavation
bull Transportation equipments - Some times transportation of
dumping is not viable and In that type of case manual labour is
preferable
411 Preliminary Stage
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground and which transmits the load to the
underlying sailor rock As the foundation normally placed below the ground
excavation is must and should be done first for any type of construction
work
More or less for every construction works need excavation some times
these are shallow and some times it is deep Due to basement construction
of high-rise buildings need massive excavation This may need up to three
four months If excavation works are done by manually a huge no of labors
will engage their and require more time
Considering employment it is solVing a substantial social problem like our
developing country by means of giving a large no of employment
opportunity Therefore out side the urban area manual excavation may be
permissible due to solving unemployment problem This might be plaYing a
significant role like our developing country to solve the problem Social
problem from society But owners always try to solve the problem from the
economic view which will figure out later on this chapter
But the scenario in urban areas like Dhaka city is different Dhaka has
already become a mega city with more than ten million inhabitants and its
population is projected to reach 16 million by 2015 which would make it
the worlds seventh most populous city This rapid growth is visible all
37
around the city by constructing new buildings But the citys infrastructure is
not keeping space with the influx of population Transport environment of
Dhaka city may be a clear example with increasing traffic congestion and
delays The ability of Dhakas transport system to sustain economic growth
and reasonable quality of life has been declining steadily
In such a poor situation if we dont use machinery equipment everyday
congestion situation of Dhaka city will escalate due to longer timerequirement of excavation
Already it is an established fact that construction works of Dhaka city is one
of main reasons of traffic congestion To overcome this awlul situation
particularly in the city areas we must have to adopt modern technology in
excavation purpose This will help to reduce construction time money
traffic congestion and other redundant situations
412 Time and Seasonal Effects on Construction
Time
In Bangladesh construction management going on very preliminary stage and
still they dont think time is a vital factor for any project But everyone is
aware the fact money has a time value Thousand Taka today is worth
more the Thousand tomorrow This lact is vividly reinforced when themonthly charge bills are examined This added charge amounts to rent on
the money that is owed and is termed interest
Besides these we know fixed costs are directly related to time variable andother costs are also similar effect ie if time span of a project is longer then
fixed cost will be more and similarly true for all other costs So time span ISa vital factor for any construction project
Again for any project there is a breakeven point which also dependents on
time If construction period is more than the estimated time timerequirement to reach break even will be more
BeSides these there is a possibility to come other competitors due to delay
of construction and sometimes it may become an unprofitable project forever in this competitive market
38
If we Consider revenue side what we see - Suppose a 10 storied office
building spaces are 12000 sq-ft and rent is 501 = Taka per sq-ft ie per day
revenue is 20 Lac Particularly this type of project per day revenue loss will
be a big amount if the construction not timely finish This is unexpected for
any organizationlsJcontractorls)
Season
In many cases for foundation purpose deep excavation is required
Sometimes need shore pile to protect adjacent soil Shore pile is essential
when permanent structure exist adjacent project site As shore pile is a
temporary work in many cases it designs less cautiously Result is that
shore pile failures are a common type of failure in Dhaka city at every year
It is occurred mainly in rainy season due to rainfall If the contractors are
finished their foundation works before rainy season most of the time they
can avoid these repetitive shore pile failure situations
On the other hand in many cases owner of adjacent structure goes to the
court when contractor goes for deeper excavation for their safety and
compensation if shore pile failure occurs Also for shore pile failure delays
the project ie more time consume for project and more money expenses
due to delay or to pay compensation Sometimes it becomes a crucial factor
for the project and as a result of big economical loss for that project Such
type of big economical loss easily can avoid by proper time scheduling ie
should be complete before expected rainy season in case of deeperfoundation works
39
413 Cost Analysis and Result
Assumption made for cost and analysis are follows-
1 For Manual 1000 eft of excavation work (PWDStandard Rates)
al For initial lead of 100_ON and lift of 5_ON
i) Ordinary labour cost Tk 088 per cIt
b) For each additional lift of one loot beyond 5-0 and upto 10_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 004 per cit
c) For each additional lilt of one foot beyond 10-0 and upto 15-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 006 per cit
d) For each additional lift of one foot beyond 15_ON and upto 20_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 008 per eft
e) Extra each additional lead of 100-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 014 per eft
2 For Excavator
f) Initial rent Tk 9000000 for upto 10 days
il Extra charge Tkl0OOO00 per day
iii Excavation capacity 10000 eft per day
3 Enough labour Force
gl Enough labour force can be engaged so that there will not be any
significant difference in excavation between these two methods
40
Tablbullbull4-1 5 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area (ff) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 500 440 90000200 1000 880 90000500 2500 2200 900001000 5000 4400 900002000 10000 8500 900005000 25000 22000 9000010000 50000 44000 9000020000 100000 95000 9000040000 200000 218000 180000100000 500000 755000 450000
Tablbullbull 4-2 10 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Areaiiti) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1000 980 90000200 2000 1960 90000500 5000 4900 900001000 10000 9800 900002000 20000 19600 900005000 50000 49000 9000010000 100000 98000 9000020000 200000 210000 18000040000 400000 476000 360000100000 1000000 1610000 900000
41
Table 4-3 15 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR I
Area (ft) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1500 1670 90000200 3000 3340 90000500 7500 8350 900001000 15000 16700 900002000 30000 33400 900005000 75000 83500 9000010000 150000 167000 13500020000 300000 355000 270000
40000 600000 794000 540000100000 1500000 2615000 1350000
Tabla 4-4 20 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area(ft ) Vo(ume(ft ) Manual(CostTk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 2000 2560 90000200 4000 5120 90000500 10000 12800 900001000 20000 25600 900002000 40000 51200 900005000 100000 128000 9000010000 200000 256000 18000020000 400000 540000 36000040000 800000 1192000 720000100000 2000000 3820000 1800000
42
Graph 41 Excavation cost for 5 feet
5 Excavation Cost
~ ~---------------
------ -
I
II
II
- ExcavatorI-Manual
I
50 -----
Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet
10 Excavation Cost
0
I Excavator-Manual
-___ e bullbullbull _
- __ - - --- - - _ - -
-
- - - - - - - - - - -
- - 250 -
oo
lti 300~~ooo~
o 100U
Area (in 100 sft)
43
Graph 43 Excavation cost for 15 feet
15 Excavation Cost
-- ExcavatorI-Manual I
eN
~NN
o
400 -
350 -
300~bull~ 250 - - - 000 ~bullbull- 0~0U 100 - ---- - -
0
Area (in 100 sft)
Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet
20 Excavation Cost
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
- - - -- - - -- - - - - - - --
350 ---------
bullbull 300
~ 250g~ 200 bullbullbullbull0
~ 0U 100 -
0
o g
-
-----------
_______ c C __
___ c c_
~c
-- Excavator-Manual
Area (in 100 sft)
44
From the above anafysis it is observed that in case of 5 feet excavation
breakeven area is 19020 sft for 10 feet excavation 9184 sfr for 15 feet
excavation 6946 sft and for 20 ft 3636 sft Excavator becomes cheaper for
any constructIOn (area) above these breakeven fevels
42 Design and Specifications
421 Material for Building Construction
Wood of course was the only material used by early builders that had more
or less equal tensile and compressive strength Early builders are also
depends on stone brick surki and lime After innovation of reinforced-
concrete and steel previously used material are replaced by concrete and
steel Concrete with reinforcement radically change in the field of building
construction technology After that steel play the vital role and contribute to
build high rise building worldwide though Bangladesh is far from that type
high rise building But recently numbers of steel bUilding are in the process
of construction and we are expecting remarkable progress will be shown
within couple of years Nowadays wood has been relegated largely to
accessory use during construction to use in temporary and secondary
structures and to use for secondary member of permanent construction
Though both concrete and steel are the two most commonly used structural
material worldwide in Bangladesh mainly concrete are common item of
building construction Recently some industrial buildings are constructed by
structural steel Builders in Bangladesh are now reali2ing that steel is also a
competitive and effective material for building construction But they are
going forward very slowly for steel structure
Selection of structural materials must be selected on availability of materials
Also depends on corresponding skill labour relative costs wage scale and
the suitability of the materials for particular structure
In Bangladesh currently carrying out research into rice straw and husks
which are a by-product of major crop of Bangladesh but have already
encountered problems with the strength of the rice straw while fit best rice
45
husks can be regarded as filler and may not contribute significantly to the
tensile strength of earth-mix bricks
Idea of including waste material from the countrys vast jute industry to use
as a binder in the bricks and not merely as rubbish to be burnt
And finally that the integrity of earth-built buildings may be considerably
strengthened and improved by applying simple low-cost principles to the
Internal strengthening structures - mostly tied bamboo frameworks
4211 Material in Bangladesh
Any material which has got application in engineering construction is termed
as engineering material Stones bricks concrete bricks lime cement surki
sand concrete iron steel ferrous alloys non-ferrous metais and alloys
timber timber products aluminums bamboos soils bituminous materials
glass plastics paints varnishes rubber tiles granite marble etc are
commonly used in Bangladesh
Among them major construction materials are now producing in Bangladesh
though maximum raw materials are imported outside from Bangladesh
Though cement raw materials like gypsum and clinker are importing from
outside of country the total cement producing capacity now is more than
countrys per year requirement and quality of cement is standard as per
specification But reinforcement quality is not yet reached to standard level
It is very serious problem for construction industry of Bangladesh
46
4212 Reinforcement
Steel is known as black copper in early ages Iron and steel developed over
2000 years ago It was Henry Bessemer who was especially interested in
good quality steel making for big canons He was the first to produce low
carbon wrought iron In Bangladesh steel also used as reinforcement in many
years before It is difficult to say when and where first time used steel
reinforcement
Concrete reinforcement bar are usually of two types
bull Deformed bar and
bull Twisted bar
Below are the specifications for two types of reinforcement bar-
Table 4-5Steel GradeGrade 40Grade 60
ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed barYield Stre9th (psi Ultimate Stren ths (psi)40000 (minimum) 70000 (minimum)60000 (minimum) 90000 (minimum)
Table 4-6Steel GradeGrade 250Grade 400Grade 460
654149 specifications for Twisted barYield Stren th (psi) Ultimate Strengths (psi)40000 (minimum) 4400060000 (minimum) 6600067000 (minimum) 73700
Grade 40 and Grade 60 both type of reinforcement are frequently used InBangladesh for building construction In Bangladesh normally steel areprocessed by the follOWingmethod
(i) Induction furnace melting and(ii) Arc furnace melting
The yearly requirement of steel in Bangladesh is 10 million ton But the
quality steel production rate is only 02 million tonyear That is remaining
08 million ton reinforcement are non-standard 1171 By which our different
construction works are building This is an awful situation of construction
sector in Bangladeshand requires immediate exemption from this situation
47
4213 Concrete
Allover the world concrete with reinforcement are the most commonly used
materials for building construction In Bangladesh it is the main structural
material using as building construction materials Concrete IS a stone like
material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement
sand and gravel or other aggregate and water to harden in forms of the
shape and dimensions of the desired structure
Bangladesh is now a big cement producing country in respect to their
required capacity Statistics says yearly requirement of cement allover the
Bangladesh is 65 million tons where as production capacity of the entire
cement mill is 120 million tons That means 55 million tons surplus cement
now existing in Bangladesh One of the main reasons of this surplus is that
world top most cement producing companies are now producing cement in
Bangladesh from their factory
The properties that make concrete a universal building material are so
pronounced that it has been used In more primitive kinds and ways than at
present for thousands of years probably beginning in Egyptian antiquity
The facility with which while plastic it can be deposited and made to fill
forms or aids of almost any practical shape is one of these factors Its high
fire and weather resistance are eVident advantages Most of the constituent
materials with the possible exception of cement are usually available at low
cost locally or at small distances from the construction site
In Bangladesh normally concrete strength (cylinder strength fc) varies from
2500 psi to 5000 psi for building construction But in many case it falls to
2000 PSI On the other hand upto 8000 psi concrete was used for
construction of Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge project Also there are many
projects already finished and ongoing where usedusing more than 5000 psi
strength concrete
48
4214 Steel
In 1885 an American engineer names William LeBaron Jenny became the
creator of the modern skyscraper when he realized that an office building
could be constructed using totally different materials He chose structural
steel and incorporated it into a revolutionary system that was to make
possible the soaring office towers that now symbolize the modernmetropolis
Steel is manufactured under controlled conditions its properties are
determined in a laboratory and described in a manufacturers certificate
Thus the designer need only specify the steel as complying with a relevant
standard and the site engineers supervision is limited to the workmanship
of the connections between the Individual steel members So responsible of
contractor is more to provide proper material
Also following are some reasons normally associated with competitiveadvantages of steel over concrete
bull Construction speed particularly during periods of high interest rates
Steel frames go up more rapidly thus reducing construction financing
costs and allowing the building to generate revenue sooner
bull Availability of steel in a variety of grades and shapes that IS suitable
for economical faming of both short and long spans
bull Steel offers economical design approach for retrofit and rehab
projects Steel can be easily modified expanded or converted to suit
future needs of owners and tenants For this reason steel frame isoften referred to as a changeable frame
bull In difficult foundation conditions steel construction may result in
reduced foundation costs because of its light weight Steel frame is
normally 25 to 35 percent lighter than a concrete frame and can
permit the use of less expensive foundation systems
In Bangladesh steel building are not constructing notably Mainly some
factory buildings are constructed with steel as a structural material In
Bangladesh peoples are not serious about time which is main advantage of
steel structure like our COuntry We have to import all the steel materials It
49
also has to PV higher tax Our engineers are not interested to go for new
technology like steel structure 0 technicians oed labors pof Vtrained P fo steel construction Ultimately except time factor steel
structure is OPt very suitable for building construction of Bangladesh Very
recently a few numbers of high-rise buildings are now under construction or
under designing stages which indicates new technology are coming
4215 RCC Grading
Strength of concrete is commonly considered its most important property
although in many practical cases other characteristic such as durability and
impermeability may in fact be more important Nevertheless strength usually
gives an overall picture of the quality of concrete because strength is
directly related to the structure of the hardened cement paste
The strength of concrete of given mix proportions is very seriously affected
by the degree of its compaction It ISvital therefore that conSistence of the
mix be such that the concrete can be transported placed and finished
sufficiently easily and without segregation Following combinations of
reinforcement and concrete are considered for thiS study-
Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Reinforcement and Concrete
Concrete Type Steel Strength (in ksi) Concrete Strength lin ksi)
I Type - 1 60 44
Type - 2 60 36
Type - 3 60 29
Type - 4 60 25
Type - 5 40 44
Type - 6 40 36
Type - 7 40 29
Type - 8 40 25
50
4217 Interdependence of Humnware Infoware and Hardware
For analysis and design purpose humnware infoware and hardware work as
an integrated system During design and analysis period due to different
grade and type material selection software hardware and humnware play
the vital role for alternate attempt Computer utilization in different stages
have improved capabilities for generating quality designs as well as redUCing
the time required to produce alternative designs Without help of these
technological combined services It IS almost impossible to get better and
optimistic design Thats why with the help of Humnware Infoware and
Hardware most economic type analysis and design may achieved within
short time which is almost impossible without these technological help
Manual analysis and design are most of the time assumption based a time
consuming matter and whose ultimate result is economical loss considered
to both time and material requirement
51
4218 Analysis and Result
For analysis purpose here considered a six storied building The analysis has
been performed by STAADIPro software 3-D model of assumed building amp
output of STAADProare given in Appendix-A
Following are the material requirement for different combination
Table 4-8 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 10487 Ib5 2148 Ib6 1375 Ib7 1386 Ib8 3971 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 193651bsTotal Volume of Concrete 28688 cuft
Table 4-9 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 23844 Ibs5 1346 Ib6 5329 Ib7 5487 Ib8 10511 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 46518 IbsTotal Vofume of Concrete 61454 cuft
52
Table 4-10 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6330 Ib5 5653 Ib6 1644 Ib7 2771 Ib8 4722 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 21120lbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3355 cUft
Table 4-11 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 22348 Ibs5 4039 Ib6 8655 Ib7 4001 Ib8 5049 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 44092 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 7279 cU1t
53
Table 4-12 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 787191bs5 29898 Ibs6 37505 Ibs7 57257 Ibs8 58754 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
26213 Ibs3528 cUft
Table 4-13 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibs)
4 221821bs5 10011 Ibs6 37652 Ibs7 6918 Ibs8 34297 Ibs
Totel weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
54
432191bs9367 cuft
Table 4-14 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 9556 Ibs5 2453 Ibs6 3810 Ibs7 6378 Ibs8 6761 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
28958 Ibs4190 cuft
Table 4-15 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibsl
4 25557 Ibs5 3126 Ibs6 4340 Ibs7 10008 Ibs8 703 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
55
43733 Ibs10076 cuft
Table 4-16 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 8680 Ib5 1358 Ib6 1434 Ib7 2588 Ib8 7727 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 21787 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3499 cUft
Table 4-17 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 17629 Ibs5 4878 Ib6 7745 Ib7 7921 Ib8 16895 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 47938Total Volume of Concrete 8546 cuft
56
Table 4-18 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 7770 Ibs5 1432 Ibs6 3795 Ibs7 4686 Ibs8 9068 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
==
26752 Ibs3479 cuft
Table 4-19 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17705 Ibs5 1591 Ibs6 13078 Ibs7 1152 Ibs8 16675 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
57
= 50201 Ibs9644 cuft
Table 420 Material Requirement for Column1ConcreteStrength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in IbsJ
4 84764 Ibs5 30846 Ibs6 22264 Ibs7 34232 Ibs8 10168 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
27379 lbs4709 cUft
Table 4-21 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17693 Ibs5 2347 Ibs6 19086 Ibs7 1367 Ibs8 13352 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
58
53845 Ibs10111 cuft
Table 4-22 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6602 Ib5 2506 Ib6 7068 Ib7 5216 Ib8 8370 Ib
Totar weight of reinforcement - 29762 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 5055 cuft
Table 4-23 Material Requirement for BeamlConcrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 18686 Ibs5 13536 Ibs6 15858 Ib7 1085 Ib8 5565 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement - 54730 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 11269 cUft JI
59
4219 Cost Analysis
Generally the cost for a construction prOject includes the expenses related to
the following activities
bull Land acquirement
bull Planning and feasibility
bull Design
bull Construction including materials equipment and lobour
bull Insurance and taxes during construction
bull Office overhead
bull Office furniture and equipment
bull Inspection testing and others
In this study considered only material cost of different grade of combination
which is mentioned in the article 4215
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Concrete Strength Concrete Cost2500 pO 155 Tkdt2900 psi 164 Tkdt3600 pO 187 Tkch4400 P 209 Tkch
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Reinforcement Strength Reinforcement Cost40000 psi 226406 TklOn
60000 psi 23625 Tkton
60
Table 4~26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequiremerType - 1 294 Ton 9014 citType - 2 291 Ton 10633 eftType - 3 310 Ton 12895 cftType - 4 325 Ton 14266 eftType - 5 311 Ton 12044 eftType - 6 344 Ton 13123 eftType - 7 363 Ton 14821 eftType - 8 377 Ton 16324 eft
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequirementType - 1 441 Ton 9916 eftType - 2 437 Ton 11697 eftType - 3 465 Ton 14185 eftType - 4 487 Ton 15693 eftType - 5 467 Ton 13249 eftType - 6 515 Ton 14435 eftType - 7 544 Ton 16304 eftType - 8 566 Ton 17957 eft
Table 4-28 Reinforcemelt and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka
Type of Concrete Renforcement Cost Concrete Cost Total CostType - 1 1042 Coo 1884 Coo 2926 CooT~2 1032 Coo 1988 Coo 3020 CooTy e - 3 1099 Coo 2115 Coo 3214 CooType - 4 1150 Coo 2211 Coo 3361 CooType - 5 1057 Coo 2517 Coo 3574 CooType6 1167 Coo 2454 Coo 3621 CooType - 7 1231 Coo 2431 Coo 3662 CooType - 8 1281 Co 2530 Coo 3811 Co
61
Graph 4-5 Total Cost 01 Concrete and Reinforcement
Total Cost
bull
0045_0000bull~bull 35000bullbull ~OO
0 ~oou
~~oo~000
WOO
bull bull
bull bull
I TotalCosti-Concrete COSJ-+-- Reinf Cost -- -- -
Type of Concrelltgt Grado
Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement
Costn Percentage
_Totalcosl
-- Concrce Co__ Renf Coso
1_23
- -
- - - - -
---------_-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
140 -
_35 --------------- bull
bull 130bullbull 120bullj U bull 105~
00095
Type of Concrete Crade
Above analysis clearly shows that Type-1 concrete is cheaper than anyother combination of reinforced concrete Up-to 29 savings is possible ifhigher grade Reinforcement and Concrete used for building construction
62
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Discussion
In developed countries civil engineering organizations spend good amount of
money in RampD At national level the universities and other institutions
should be encouraged to undertake strategic research which aims to Improve
understanding and applications of scientific and technical know how which
in turn will provide a basis in the long run proper application of new
techniques and technologies Following are some areas very essential for
construction Industry of Bangladesh
The development and dissemination of new construction equipment and
better safety must be encouraged
Pre-fabrication and use of package materials will enhance the efficiency of
work execution by standardizing specifications and reduce the site work
volumes
The development and dissemination of all weather construction technology
will make it possible to carryon with work even under bad weather
The means of transferring information between designers and constructors
need to be improved The effective use of construction equipment
prefabricated materials and products needs to be considered
The roles and responsibilities of engineers need to be reviewed With regard
to improvements in work efficiency personnel training and strengthening the
management foundation of engineers
6]
52 Conclusion
Excavation
Manual excavation and excavation USing excavator S to 20 ft depth) with
different land areas were studied in Dhaka city Considering labour cost and
excavator rental charge breakeven point for Sft excavation and 20ft excavation
are 19020sft and 3616sft respectively Using PDW97 standard rate of works
it IS observed that for deeper excavation excavator is cheaper than labor-
intensivemanual excavation Labor-intensivemanual excavation works may be
acceptable outside urban areas due to unemployment of labor But excavator is
economic solution in urban areas like Dhaka city
In Bangladesh excavation and loading is a labour-based works but in developed
countries its hardware-based works Further detail study based on socio-
economic environment etc may be required to introduce hardware-based
excavation work replacing manual labor in our country
Material
8 combinations of steel and concrete were studied for a six storied bUilding
Considering material cost Type- ICombination of high strength concrete 44-
ksi with high strength steel 60-ksi) is the most economic Type8 la
combination of low grade concrete 2S-ksi and low grade steel 40-ksi) is the
most uneconomic as it material costs 29 more than the cost due to the Type-
1 Unfortunately Type-8 combination is most widely used in private construction
even by the real estate developer One problem with Type- is that high
strength concrete 144 ksi concrete with 60 ksi steel) demands admixture which
also demand skilled humnware If it is not possible type 2 (36 ksi concrete
with 60 ksi steel) can be easily used without loosing Significant economy lonly
3 more cost than Type-l) Mainly Engineers may play the significant role to
convince ownersentrepreneur to accept this technological advantage and avoid
uneconomical traditional approach
53 Scope for Future Works
Similar studies may be carried out for other components of technology Inamely
different types of hardware technology humnware infoware etc)
64
REFERENCES[1] MAnwarul Azim Technology Mal1agement and Development of Nation
July 1999
[2) SP Arors SP Bindra A Text Book of Building Construction
131 Chris Hendrickson Tung su Project Msnagement for Construction
141 Robert L Peukrifoy William B Ledbetter Construction Planning Equipment
snd Methods McGraw-HIli Book Company International Edition 1985
[51 Robert L Mitchell Engineering EconomlcsJohn Wiley amp Sons 1980
[6J Thomas C Ksvanagh Frank Muller James J OBrien Construction
Management
[7J Donald Barrie Boyd C Paulson Jr ProfeSSlonslConstruction Management
[8J Frank Harris Modern Construction and Ground Engineering Equipment and
Method
9J V K Riana Concrete bridge practice analysis design and economics
110] wwwskycraperscomWebsite
[11] wwwtransltmixconcretecom Web site
[12] wwwlrcocomWebslte
[13] wwwantigoconstructio~0JT Web site
[14] wwwleggattequipmentcomWebsite
[15J Public Works Department Recent technical issues and association of public
works department October 19 2000
i16J AaM Ekram Ullah Construction industry of Bangladesh Journal of civil
engineerirlgIEB 2 December 2000
[17J Prospect of quality re-enforcement bar production in Bangladesh - Elite Iron
and Steel Industries Ltd 2003
[18J Analysis of rates of PWD (Bangladeshi Schedule
- July 199719h Edition)
65
APPENDIX-A
3-D Model STAADIPro Input and Output (Partiall
APPENDIXA
30 Model STAADfPro Input and Output (Partiall
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STAAD SPACE PAGE 10
n m eo 81 m~227 94 95 551 96 n 99 0
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STAADSPACE -- PAGENO
148 271 272 276 277 328 329 341 PRIS YD 20 ZD 15119 78 14 15 6~ 64 70 71 86 87 94 95 110 111 151 152 167 bull68 208 2092lt150 266 281 282 322 ~23 332 3~7 PRIS YD 23151 885 TO 892 902 TO ~08 PRIS Yil 10 ZD 2352 1268 92 149 206 153 320 336 85~ TO 866 PRIS YO 12 ZD 10153 916 65 72 88 96 112 153 J6~ 210 226 267 28~ ~2~ 333 338 PRIS YD 15J54 11 67 90 114 171 228 285 335 843 TO 850 PRIS YD 40 ZD 10155 612 730 731 734 TO 736 748 749 75~ TO 754 766 767 770 TO 772 802 80156 806 TO 808 834 PRIS YO25 ZD 15157 577 5ao 618 PRIS Yl2G ZD 10158 501 TO 503 510 TO 12 517 TO 519 526 TO 528 5J3 TO 535 542 TO 544 54159 558 TO 560 565 TO 567 574 TO 576 581 TO 58~ 590 TO 592 597 TO 599 6C160 615701 TO 703 710 711 714 715 7J~ TO 721 728 729 732 733 737 TO 73161 750751 755 TO 757 764 765 768 76~ 773 TO 775 782 783 786 787 791 TC162 801 804 805 809 TO 8JJ 810 819 822 823 831 832 PRIS YD 30 ZD n163 593 790 PRIS YO ~O ZO 151M 596 PRIS YD 35 ZD 15165 504 TO S09 S20 TO 525 536 TO S41 S52 TO 557 568 TO 573 534 TO S39 61166 704 TO 709 722 TO 727 740 TO 745 758 TO 763 776 TO 731 794 TO 799 8167 318 PRIS YD 3D ZD 15163 600 TO 605 812 TO 817 PRIS YD 33 ZD 15169 CONSTANTS170 E CONCRETEMEMll1 TO 16 ~8 )022 57 TO 72 74 TO 73 80 TO 90 92 TO 9E171 98T0102104T0114149T01S3155T0159161T0171206T021021In 218 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3173 340 TO ~42 50J TO 518 70- TO 882 885 TO 892 B95 TO 908174 POISSON CONCRETEV-EME1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 30 TO 90 917 98 TO 102 10~ TO 11~ 149 TO 13 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 2JO 2J176 21B TO 228 263 )0267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO ~30 3177 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 613 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 908173 DENSITYCONCRETEMEHB1 TO 16 13 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 8D TO 90 9179 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 21130 213 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 27 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3181 340 TO 342 50J TO 618 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 90818l ALPHACONCRETEMEMB1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 103 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 19 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212184 l18 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 33185 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 618 701 TO 832 8BS TO 392 895 TO 9031B6 UNIT FEET KIP187 SUPPORTS1B8 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 207 216 fiXED18~ 234 FIXED190 236 FIXED191 DEFINE WINDLOAD192 TYPE 1193 INT 0 0045 0053 006 HEIG 10 30 60 90194 EXP 1 JOINT 24 TO 184 192 TO 196 199 TO 202 205 206 208 TO 215 217 11~5 n7 TON3196 EXCLUDEJOINT 46 69 92 U5 J38 161 J84197 LOADJ SELFWEIGHT1~8 SELFWEIGHTY -119~ LOAD2 DEADLOAD200 FLOORLOAD201 bull GROUNDFLOORIS A PARKI~GFLOOR
5 0
STAAD SPACE - - PAGE NO
o
59B 6973 ZRANGE 4854-2
FLOAD -05 XRANGE075KSF + 025 KSFFLOAD -01
YRANGE10 10 FLOAD -0089bull 1ST FLOOR TO 5TH FLOOR JS OFFICE FLOOR + ROOF SELFWEIGHT = O068KSF FLOO- FJNJSH = 002 KSF FALSE CEILI~G NO OTHER LOADAS FLOOR DEAD LOADYRAN3E 20 70 FLOAD -0104bull ROOF(EXTRA) AS GARDEN30 SOIL IN ~ART OF THE ROO~ SOIL ~ 03 NO OTHER LOADAS fLOOR DEAD LOADYRANGE70 70 FLOAD -03 XRANGE20 598 ZRAIIGE 2133 70ATER TANKYRANGESO SObull ROOF SLABYRANGll 80 80MEMBERLOAD701 702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 791 792 809 810 UNI GY -043LOAD 3 EXTERJOR WALLMEMBERLOADbullbullbull GROUNDFLOOR TO 5TIl FLOOR 5 WALLASSUMEDAT TilE EXTERIOR OF THE501 TO 503 510 TO 519 526 TO 535 542 TO 551 558 TO 567 574 TO 583 5599 602 605 60a 609 612 701 TO 703 TLO TO 721 72B TO 739 746 TO 757764ro775782T0793800T0808815T0826B35TOB41B51TOB578f875 TO 881 B95 TO 901 UNI GY 05LOAD 4 LIVE LOADFLOOR LOADGROUND FLOOR AS GARRAGEyenRANGE 10 10 FLOAD -005bullbull OFFICE SPACE AN ~VERAGE OF 65L8SFTYRANGE20 60 FLOAD -0 065bullbull FOR PARTITION WALL(ACCIDENTALLOAD)YRANGE20 60 FLOAD -004bull ~ ROOF OCCU~ATAIONALLIVE LOADOF ]0 LBSFTyenRANGE 70 70 FLOAD -003bullbullbull ROOF LIVE LOADOP 20 L3SFTyenRANGE 80 80 FLOAD -002MEMBERLOAD701702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 781 792 809 810 UNI GY -02LOAD 5 WIND IN XWIND LOADX 1 TYPE 1LOAD 6 WIND IN -XWIND LOADX -1 TYPE 1LOAD 7 wrND IN Zwnm LOADZ 1 TYPE 1LOAD B WIND IN ZwrND LOAD Z 1 TYPE 1LOAD COMB21 UNFACTOREDLOAD FOR GEO-TECH DESING1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10LOAD COMB22 FACTROREDLOAD1142143 14 4 17LOADCOMB23 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_X)1105 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275LOAD COMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-XI1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1 275 6 1215LOAD COMB25 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_Z)11051 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275
20420520620720B209210211 212213 214 21521621721B219220 221222223224-22522622722B21~130 131131233 234135 136 13 7 238239
241142243244-245246
249250251252 253 254255256257
P1 or
STAAD SPACE
260 LOAD COMB27 O 9DL+1 WI X261 1092 09 3 O~ 5 13262 LOAD COMB28 O~Du+~3WL -x263 1092 09 3 09 6 13261 LOAD COMB29 0 9DL+1 3WL Z265 109 2 09 3 09 7 13266 LOAD COMB30 09DL+lJWL -Z6 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13268 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELKMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 419 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH g 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS ~rRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISRSPACS = 141411308 1m EXMEM _ 11323 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 1O 23H roceMing Global Stiffness M-riX 10 23H Processing Triansular actorizatiof1 10 23H Calculating Joint Displacements 1O 24H Calculating Member Forces 10 24
269 LOAD LIST 21 22270 H71 START CONCRETE DESIGU272 CODE ACI273 UNIT INCRES KIP274 TRACK 2 ALL275 MINMAIN J ALL276 MAXMAIN8 ALL277 CLB 15 ALL278 CLS 1 5 ALL279 CLT ~5 ALL280 FC 25 ALL281 FYMAN 40 ALL28lt DESIGN BEAM501 TO 08 7D~ TO 84lt 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Pog of
A-
__ PAGE 0SIMD SPACE------------------- -------------------
_ bullbull lt CONCRETE TAKE OF bullbullbullFOR BE~MS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ~BOVEI
TOTAL VOLUCTE OF CONCR~TE ~ 11268 _94 CD FT
BAR SIZSNUMBER
mIGHT(in lbs)
1868563135362115B57951084 _9755~520
bullbullbull TOTAL= 5472996
285 FINISIl
bullbullbullbullbullbull 7 END OF STAAD-III ~7
DATE= JON 2~200J
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION M PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINBERS co bullbull West Coast - (714) 97~-2500 FClX- 714 I 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbull _ bullbullbullbullbullbullbull __ bullbull bullbullbull gt bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
Pbullbullbullbullbull of
A-9
-------------STAAD SPACE
260 1 09 2 093 09 8 13261 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- ~AGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTrcs
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMllER bullbullELEMENTS(SUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WrDTH ~ 196 nTOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ a TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISIt SPACE _ 141411570 MIl ExMEM_ 11611 MB
++ Processing Elemenc Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global stiffness Matrlx++ Processing Triangular ~actorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
163542163542163542163543163543
262 LOAD LIST 21 22263 HH264 START CONCRETE DESIGN265 CODE Atl266 UNJT INCHES KIP267 TRACK 2 ALL268 MINMAIN 4 ALL269 ~~MAIN a ALL270 CLB 15 ALU271 CLS 1 5 ALL272 eLT 1 5 ALL273 Fe 28 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO n 74 TO 78 6D TO 90 92 TO S276 104 TO 114 )48 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 2]277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 3]0 332 TO 338 34278 _ 843 TO 650 B59 TO 866 885 TO sn 902 TO 908
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STAADSPACE - - PAGE NO
260 LOADCOMB28 0 ~DL+13IL_-X261 J O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 6 13262 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+1 3L ~263 1 O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 7 13264 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13L -l265 1092 09 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTSg 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX_ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISI SPACE = Hl4 11309 MS EXMEM= 11~~~ Me
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocesslng Global Stlffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
10H46101646101646101647101647
267 LOADLIST 21 22268 bullbullbullbull26~ START CONCRETEDESIGN27D CODE ACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP272 TRACK2 ALL273 MINMAIN3 ALL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL275 CLB 15 ALL276 CLS 15 ALL277 CLT 15 ALL273 FC 29 ALL279 FYMAIN40 ALL280 DESIGN BEAM 50~ TO G18 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
A-12
STAAD SPACE __ IAGENO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE = 1011146 CUFT
BAR SIZENUllBER
bull
H TOT1L~
283 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
176933223469319085 Sl136~151335171
5384462
bullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull
H DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 1018 4 H
bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING rn VERSION 0 PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast 00- (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714 ) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast 00- (9~8) 6B8-3626 Fax- (97B) 685-7230 bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A13ry ot
STAAD SPACE
260 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL -Z261 1092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STJlTISTICS
NOMllER OF JOINTSMIDIIlER+ELEMENISSUPPORTS K 2281 4791 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH K 1961 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF BTIFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 14141 9966 MIl EXMEM ~ 9995 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
162B56162656162657162857162857
263 LOADLIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETEDESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KIP268 TRACK2 ALL269 MINMAIN4 ALL270 MAXMAIN8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALL273 CLI 15 ALL274 FC 25 ALL275 FYMAIN40 ALL276 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 lB TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 7B 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 S277 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21278 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34279 B43 TO B50 859 TO 866 885 TO B92 902 TO 90B
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STAAD SPACE
26Q 1 092 09 3 09 8 13261 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day lpn 200 0505 PIlt
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSsUPPORTS ~ 2281 47~ 25ORIGINALIINAL BWP-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM n 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX n 2~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISItSPACE ~ 1414 112~8 MB EXMEM bullbull11305 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 48 H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix ~8 H Processing Triangular Factorization 48 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1048 H Calculating Membr Fore 1046 262 LOADLIST 21 22263 bullbullbullbull264 START CONCRETEDESrGN265 CODE ACr266 UNIT INCHES KIP267 TRACK2 ALL268 MINMArN4 ALL269 MAXMAIN8 ALL270 CLB 15 ALL271 CLS lS ALL272 CLT lS ALL273 FC 44 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 60 TO ~O 92 IO 96 276 104 IO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 no TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34278 843 TO 8S0 859 TO 866 SS5 TO 892 ~02 TO ~06
A_16
STAAD SACE
TUeday At 200lt 05 Q PM
__ ~AGSNO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullFOR EEAMS AND CO~UMNS DES1GNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VO~UME OF CONCRETE ~ 349873 CUFT
BAR SlZENUMBER
bullbull TOTA~~
28~ FINISH
WEWHT
lin lbs)
868018135806143447158775772658
2178704
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
DATE= rUN~9~003
bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull QUESTlONS REGARDING THIS VERSlON OF ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - 7~4) 974-~500 Fax- 1714) 9H-2543 bullbull East Coast - (976) 686-3626 Fax- 1978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A17
9Oglt of
STAAD SPACE
260 11052 105 3 105 4 1~75 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13L X262 1092 0 9 3 09 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 6 13265 LOADCOMB29 a9DL+13WL_Z266 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092 09 3 09 8 13269 PERFORM ANALYSIS
Tuesday AprLl 200lt 050 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STAJISJICS
NUMBER OF JO~NTSMEMBER+ELEHENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25OR~G~NALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 196 31TOlALPRIMARY LOAD CASES 8 JOJALDEGREES OP FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OP STIPFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PR~C KORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 14UI 10052 KB ElCKEK 10074 KB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
115749115749115749115750115750
270 LOAD LIST 21 2227l 272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 3 ALL277 MAXMAIN a ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL2ao CLl 15 ALL281 FC 44 ALL~82 FYMAIN 40 ALL283 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 6lS 701 10 84~ 851 10 858 867 TO 88~ 895 TO 901
0 or
A-1B
STAAD SPACE __ PAGE NO
bullbull bullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COGUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAG VOGUME OF CONCRETE = 854555 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
TOTAG~
186 FINISH
WEIGHT(~n Ibs)
176288448775077448379214
1689494
4793815
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 115910
bull QUESTlONS REGARDING H1SVERSlON oe PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS 0 c bullbull west Coaet - (7141 974-2500 =- (714) 921-2543 bullbull EilstCOil~t - 97B) 688-3626 FilX-(978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull
A-19
STAAD SPACE
260 LOIDCOMB30 O9DL+l3Wl -z261 1 092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORM ANALYSIS
TUesday Iltpnl 0o 00 0503 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATrSTICS
NUMBER OP JOrNTSMBMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 2SORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STlFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIlgt DlSK SPACE ~ 14l4 11297 MD IXMEM 11322 MB
++ rocessing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocessing Global stiffne~~ Matrix_++ ProceBBing Triangular Factori~ation++ Calculating Joint Di~placements++ Calculating Member Forces
92823~2823~28239282492824
263 LOAD LIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETE DESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KI268 TRACK 2 ALL269 MINMAIN 4 ALL270 MAXMAIN 8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALlgt273 CLT 15 ALlgt274 Fe 36 ALL275 FYMAIN 40 ILL276 DESIGN COLUMN 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~o 92 TO 96 277 104 TO 114 14~ TO 153 155 TO l5~ 161 TO 171 206 TO 2J0 2J2 TO 216 21276 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 3427~ 843 TO 80 89 TO 866 865 TO 892 902 TO 908
go of
TUesday Apnl 0 00 05 OJ PH
STAAD SPACE
~~~~~CONC~ETE TAKE OFF ~~~~~~~(FOR BEAMSAlD COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CO~C~ETE = 347891 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBE~
u TOTAL~
282 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
7770_05143175379537468648~067 99
2675164
~~~END OF STAAD-III ~bullbullbullbull~
~~ DATE~ JUN 292003
bullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbull~bullbullbull~~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS ~EGARDING TIllS VE~SION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESE~RCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(714) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~1~76) 688-3626 Fax- 197B) 685-7230 bull~~bullbull~bullbull~~~~bullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbull~~
A-21
Pog of
STAADSPACE
260 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 7 1275261 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-Z)262 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 8 1275263 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13WL X264 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13265 LOADCOMB28 O9DL+13WL -X266 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 1 3267 LOADCOMB29 O9DL+13WL Z268 1 09 2 09 3 09 7 13269 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+13WL -Z270 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13271 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day Apnl 200lt 0501
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS~ 228 479 25ORI~INALFINAL B~_WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAlgtPRIMARYLOADCASES 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FRlEDOM~ 1218SI~E OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 141411268 MIl EXMEM~ 11325 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorizat~on++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Fo~ces
9513495134951349513595135
272 LOADLIST 21 22273 u274 START CONCRETEDESIGN275 CODEACI276 UNIT INCHES KIP277 TRACK2 ALL278 MINMAIN3 ALL27~ MAXMAIN8 ALL280 CLB 1_5 ALL281 CLS 15 ALL282 CLT 15 ALL283 FC 36 ALL284 FYMAIN40 ALL285 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO B42 B51 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
0 - Df Slt
A-22
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 964374 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
faTAL
268 FINISH
WEJCHT(in Ibs)
177047115913713077931152341667496
5020131
bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-IJI bullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 29200J TIME~ ~5252
bullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENCJNEER8 bullbull West Coast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull
A-23
Pobullbullbullbullbull ot
STAADSPAC
260 LOADCOMB29 09DL+l3WL Z261 1092093 09 7 13262 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z263109209309813264 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
lROBLEM S TAT 1ST I C S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPlORTS 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH_ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES _ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM_ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSRZQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 141411353 Mll lXMEM~ 11380 Mll
H Processing Element Stiffness MatrlX 1519 H Precessing Global Stiffness Matrix 1519 H precessing Triangular Factorization 1519 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1519 H Calculating Member Forces 1520 0
265 LOADLIST 21 22266 bullbull u
267 STARI CONCRETEDESIGN268 CODEACI269 UNIT INCHES KIP270 TRACK2 ALL271 MINMAIN4 ALL272 MAXMAIN8 ALL273 CLB 15 ALL274 CLS 15 ALL275 CLT 15 AGL276 FC 44 ALI277 FYMAIN60 ALL278 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 279 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21280 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34281 843 TO 850 859 TO 566 885 TO 8n 902 TO 90S
A-24
STAAD SPACE
~bullbull~bullbullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbull(POR BEAJgtlSAND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
__ PAGE NO
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE w 286875 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbullbull TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in 1bs)
10486852147631374701385_57397060
1936535
bullbullbullbullbull~~~END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~~
~DATEw JUN 25200
bullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbull~~~bullbullbull~bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF ~ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West coast - (714) ~74 -2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbullbull~bullbull~~
0lt
STAADSPACE
261 LOADCOMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_XI262 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 6 1275263 LOADCOMB25 075(14DL+l7LL+l7WL_ZI264 1105 2 105 3 1054 1275 7 1275265 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI266 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 B 1275267 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X26B 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13269 LOADCOMB28 09DL+l3WL -X270 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 13271 LOADCOMB29 09DL+13WL_Z272 1 09 2 09 3 O~ 7 13273 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL_-Z274 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 1)275 PERFORMANALYSI8
- - PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALPINAL BAND-WIDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM _ 121BSIZE OF STIFF~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISISPACE ~ 141411362 MS E~ 11354 MB
++ processing Element 8tiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~m~nts++ Calculating Member Forces
154753154753154753154753154754
276 LOADLIST 21 22277 bullbull u
278 START CONCRETEDESIGN279 CODEACI280 UNIT INCHES KIP281 TRACK2 ALL282 MJNMAIN4 ALL283 MAXMAIN8 ALL284 CLB 15 ALL285 CLS 15 ALL286 CLT 15 ALL287 FC 44 ALL288 FYMAIN60 ALL289 DESJGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
A26
STAAD SPACE
~odnosdy April 07 200 12 bullbull PIlt
__ PAGE NO 4E
bullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE ~ 614543 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
h TOTAL=
292 FINISH
WEIGHTlin Ib)
23844211346225329075487201051119
46517 _88
~~bullbull~~END OF STAAD-III ~~bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JVlI 252003 TIME~ 154929 h
~~~~~~~~bullbull~~~bullbullbullbull~bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VSRSION OF PROGRAMbull RESEARCH ENGINSERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7H) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - 978 ) 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 685-7230 bull~~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbullbullbull
A-27
Pg 5
STAADSPACE
260 1092 093 09 7 13261 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z262 1092 09 3 09 8 13263 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM S TAT I S TIC S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WID~ ~ 196 31TOT-LPRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 8471 MIl ExMEM~ 8600 MB
H Ptocessing ElemEnt StiffnEss Mattix 12 132H ProcEssing Global Stiffness Matrix 12 132H Processing Trlangular Factorization 12 132H Calculating Joint Displacements 12 1]3H Calculating MEmber Forces 12 133
264 LOADLIST 21 22265 bullbull u
266 START CONCRETEDESIGN267 CODEACI268 UNIT INCHES ~lP269 TRAC~ 2 ALL270 MINMAIN4 ALL271 MAXMAIN8 ALL272 CLB 15 ALL273 CLS 15 ALL274 CLT 15 ALL275 FC 36 ALL276 FYMAIN60 ALL277 DESIGN COLUMN1 rO 16 IS TO 22 57 TO 72 74 rO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 278 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21279 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34280 843 TO 850 85~ TO 866 8B5 TO 892 902 TO 908
go
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
uUH CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ 335474 CUFT
BAR SIZENUJolBER
TOTAr~
263 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbsl
6330H565332164366277114472160
2112007
END OF STAAD-Ilr bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TrME= 12 3 5 bull
bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull eo QUESTrONS REGARDrNG THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~19781 686-3626 Fax- (9751 655-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
A-29
0 oE
STAAD SPACE
260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOAD COMB28 O9DL+JWL -x262 1092 09 3 09 6 J326 LOAD COMB29 O9DL+JWL Z264 1092 09 3 O~ 7 13265 LOAD COMB30 O_~DL+J3WL_-Z266 1 O_~ l O~ 3 09 B 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
~dn5dy AI 07 200lt 12 PM
- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIOTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES S TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121SSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = ~~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSRliQRDAVAILOISISPACE ~ 1414 8511~ EXMEM _ 8579 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
114125114125114126114126U4l27
268 LOAD LIST 21 2~269 270 START CONCRETE DESIGNl7J CODEACI22 UNIT INCHES KIP273 TRACK 2 ALL274 MINMAIN 4 ALL275 MAXMAIN 8 ALL276 CLB 15 ALL277 CLS 15 ALL278 CLT 15 ALL~79 FC 36 ALL280 FYMAIN 60 ALL28J DESIGN BEAM50J TO 6J8 70J TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
g of
A-3D
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE bull 727873 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbull
TOTAL
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
lt234770403~248654~34000 ~6504918
4409100
bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JON 262003
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSWN OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7141 974-2500 Fax- 714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (9781 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 6SS-n30 bull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull
A-31
p of bullbull
STAADSPACE
2521142143144 l7253 LOADCOMB23 075(J4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Xl254 l L05 2 L05 3 LOS 4 1275 5 1275255 LOADCOMB24 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_XI256 l L05 2 105 3 105 4 1275 6 1275257 LOADCOMB25 075(l4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Z)258 l 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275259 LOADCOMB26 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI260 l l05 2 105 3 l05 4 1275 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL_X262 l O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 1092 09 3 09 6 l3265 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+13WL Z266 1092 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL -Z268 1092 09 3 09 8 l3269 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM STATrSTrcs
NUMBEROF JOrNTSMEMBER+~~EMENTSsUPPORTS~ 2251 4791 25ORrGI~FrNAL BAND_WIDTH~ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES 5 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM 1218SlZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAlL DUK SPACE 141411569 MB EI(IIgM 11607 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ processing Globsl Stiffness Matrix++ proce~sing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member ForCes
l65923J65923J65~23l65~24165924
270 LOADLIST lt1 22271 uu272 START CONCRETEDESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK2 ALL276 MINMAIN4 ALL277 MAXMAIN8 ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT l5 ALL281 Fe 29 ALL282 FYMAIN60 ALL283 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO l6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~O n TO 96 ~284 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21285 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 2B5 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 33B 34
Fa ot
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
(FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ ~52761 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
gtbullbullbull TOTAL=
289 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbBI
7871 93298984~750 545725 66587542
bullbullbullbull DATE= JON 192003 TIME= 17 027 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull m QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Ccast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) ~21-2543 bullbull East Ccast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-33
iT oE
STAADSPACE
252 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275253 LOADCOMB24 075 (14DL+l7LL+l7WL_-XI25~ 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 175 6 1275255 LOADCOMB2S 0 7S (1 4DL+l 7LL+l 7WLZ)256 11052 105 3 105 ~ 1275 7 1175257 LOADCOMB26075(1 4DL+17LL+l 7WL -ZI258 11052 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275259 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOADCOMB25 0~DL+13WL -X262 109 2 O~ 3 09 6 13263 LOADCOMB29 0~DL+l3WL Z264 1092 09 3 09 7 13265 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL~Z266 1092 09 3 09 8 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINAL~lNAL BAND_WlDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LO~ ~ES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121BSIZE OF STIr~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 11622 MB ExMEM _ 11630 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Triangular Factorization 16 45H Calculating Joint Displacements 16 46H Calculating Member Forces 16 46
26B LOADLIST 21 TO 2226~bullbull u
270 STARTCONCRETEDESIGN271 CODE ACI272 UNIT INCHES KlP273 TRACK 2274 MINMAIN4 ALL27 MAXMAIN8 ALL276 CLB 1277 CLS 1527B CLT 15279 FC 29280 FYMAIN 602B1 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 61B 70l TO 842 85l TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Po 0
A-e4
STAAD SPACE -- PAGIgt NO
bullbull CONCRETE TA~E OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull(FOR BIgtAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ 936663 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullH TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
2218196100107537652369180134297
4321892
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull DATE_ JUN 92003 TIME~ 16 6 5 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
eoWestEast
OUESTIONS REGARDING TEIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at
Coa~t Ph- (7H) n4-2500 Fax- (7H) 92-2543Co~tPh- (978) 68B-3626 Fax- (~7B) 685-7230
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-35
go bullbullbull or ltOS
STAADS1ACE
252 LOAD COMB24 075114Dlt+17ltlt+17Wlt_-XI253 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 l27S 6 1275254 LOAD COMB25 075114Dlt+l7LL+l7WL_Z)255 11052 LOS 3 105 4 1275 7127S256 WAD COMB26 075114Dlt+17LL+17WL_ZI257 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275258 LOAD COMB27 09DL+J3WL X259 1092 09 3 09 5 13260 WAD COMB26 O9DL+13Wlt_-X261 1092 09 3 O~ 6 13262 WAD COMB29 O9DL+l3WL Z263 J 09 2 09 3 09 7 13264 LOAD COMB30 09Dlt+l3WL -Z265 109 l OS 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
-~ PAGE NO
PROBLEM S TAT S TIC S
NUMBEROF JONTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS_ 228 479 25ORIGNALFNAL BAND-WlDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SlZE OF STPFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAL DISK SPACE ~ 1414 10570 ME EXMEM 10597 ME
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~ments++ Calculating Member Forces
123548123548123548123549123549
267 LOID LIST 2l 22268 u++
269 START CONCRETEDESIGN270 CODEACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP271 TRACK 2 ALL273 MINMAIN 4 AL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL27S CB 15 ALL276 CS 15 AL277 CT 15 ALL278 FC 25 AL279 FYMAIN 60 ALL280 DESIGN COLUMNJ TO J6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 gt28J 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 lSS TO 159 J6J TO 17) 206 TO 210 212 TO 2J6 2]281 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34283 843 TO 850 859 TO 866 885 TO 891 902 TO 908
bullbull or bullbull
STNill SPACE -- PAGE NO
~~~~CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 418998 CUFT
BAR S1ltENUMBER
WEIGHTlin lbsl
9534245293381031637769676075
U TOTAL= 28~5a 03
286 FINISH
~~~~~~END OF STAAD-I11 ~~~~
bullbullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TIME= 123711 bullbullbullbull
bullbull
bullbull
921-2543685-7230
QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc atPh- 1714) n4-2500 Fax- 17141lh- (978) 688-3626 Fax- 19781
WeBt CoaBtEast CoaBt
bullbullbullbull
gO of
A-37
bull
STAAD SPACE
260 110521053 105 4 1275 8 1275261 LOAD COMB 27 O9DL+l3WL_X262 1092093 09 5 13263 LOAD COMB 28 O9DL+l3WL_-X264 1092093 09 6 13265 LOAD COMB 29 O9DL+l3WL_Z266 1092093 09 7 13267 LOAD COMB 30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092093 09 6 13269 PERFORM MlALtSrS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM S T ITIS TIC S
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 195 31TOTAro PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 rOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOW _ InSSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PRBe WORDSREQRDAVJILDISIl SPACE 141411309)IB EXMEM_ 11319 MB
++ Proce~singElement Stiffness Matrix++ PrDcessing Global Stiffness Matrix++ p~ocessing Triangular Factori2ation++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Force~
1033 91033 91033 9103310103310
270 LOAD LIST 21 22271 u272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE hCI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 4 ALL277 MAXMAIN BALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT 15 ALL281 Fe 25 hLL282 FYMAIN 60 ALL2B3 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 8~5 TO 901
FOg or
A-38
STAAD SPACE
w bullbull day PriJ 07 200lt 12
-- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull~ bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ H07625 CUFT
TOTAL~
286 FINISH
WEIGIJT(in Ibs)
2555707312566433964100076370299
4373300
bullbull bullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 292003
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull QUESTIONS REGARDING rum VERSION PROGRAM bullbull RESRARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast gt0- (7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 92) -2543 bullbull East Coast gt0- (9781 688-36)6 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull of
APPENDIX-B
List of Buildings for Different Strength Concrete and Reinforcement
APPENDIX-B
STRUCTURE DEVELOPER CONCRETE STEELSTREGTII STRENGTH
6(SIX) STORIED RESIDEIHIAL BUILDING ABC REAL ESTATES LTD 3aao pi 60000 piAT PLOT NO 239 KHILlGI ROAD BLOCK_B ABC HOUSE (6TH FLOOR) 8 KAMALATATURKMOHAMMADPUR HOUSING ESTATL AVENUE DHAKA1205MOHAYIMADP]JR DHAKA
9(NINE) STORIED RESIDENTIAl BUILDING MONICO LIMITED 3000 pi 611000piAT PLOT 0 507 MOUZA KAFRUI~ WEST HOUSE 10 7l1 ROAD NO 71A DHANMONDlAGARGAO DHAKA RIA DHAKA-12096(MX) STOlUlm RESIDFNTIAL BUILDING MR MOHAI1MAD HABlBUR RltHMAN 2500 psi 40000 piAI BAJTUL AMAN COOPERATJVE HOUSINGSOCIETY LIMITED PLOT NO-578cS 10_124KHA TIAN 0-346(SIX) STORIED CHAMP A SUPER MARKET MIS NISHA CONSTRUCTION 2500 pi 40000 piAT RAUARANDI DAZAR 13ALIAKANDlRAJBARl5(FlVE) STORIED ADMIN BUiLDIIG OF MIS NISHA CO]STRUCTlON 2500 pi 40000 piMANSUR ALI COLLEGEAT NARUA BALIAKANDI RAJBARI7 STORIED MLlNAT PLAZA MD MINNAT HOSSAIN 25110pi 40000 psiA SHOPPING CUM RESIDENTIAL DUILDINGA1 ABDULLAHPURKERANIGONJ DHAKA
WELKINS CANOPUS WELKINS PROPIRTY MANAGFMENT LTD 2500 pi 40000 pi9 STORIED APARTME1lt DUILDllG 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIBAGliAT LALKlIAI BAZAR CHlTTAGONG CIlITTAGOGWELKINS CALYX WELKINS PROPERTY MANAGEMENT LTD 2500 psi 40000 psi9 STORIED APARTMENT I3UIWING 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIDAGIIATNASlRABAD CHITTAGONG CIllTJAGONGGRAMEEN LEPTIS MAGNA GRAMEEN BANGLA HOUSING LTD 3000 psi 60000 piAT NIKETON GULSHAN SO-lARTORI TOWER (7TH FLOOR)9 STORIED APARTMENT BUILDING 12 SOlAR GAON ROAD DHAKA 1000
B~
APPENDIX - B
6 STORIED OFFICE BUILDING RUNNER AU rOMOBlLES LTD 2500Igti 40000 psiAT KUTURIA SAVAR DHAKA 74B GREEr ROAD DIJAKA
5-STORIED RESIDFNTIAL BlJILDING FOR MRROHIUL KARIM 2500 pi 40000 psiMRROBIUL KARIM AT PWT NO-lBROAD NO_7 SECTOR _7UTARA MODEL TOVNDHAKASNIGHDA ORCHID UNITIiCH HOLDIIGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD NO5 HOUSE NO - 7 BLOCK - IBANANI DHAKAJAUIIYA IJIITECH HOIDlNGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD 10 _9 HOUSE NO - 35 SECTOR- 4UTTARA DHAKA
ROUDRACHYA UNlTECIl HOJDIgtIGSLIMITED 2500 pl 40000 plROADNO_9 IlOUSENO-31SECTOR-4UITARADHAKA
UNITECH PRJ(SIDENCY UNITECH HOLDINGS LIMITED 2500 psi 40000 psiHUMAYANROAD PWTN034MOHAMMADPUR DHAKA
6-STORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING FOR Mlgt TOFAZZEL HOSSAIN 2500 pi 40000 psiMDTOFAZZEL HOSSAIN PLOT NO-64 BLOCK-C MANSURABAD HOUSING SOCIETYMOHAMMADPUR DHAKA8S10RIED IXI6MARRlED ORSQIJARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARMY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT SHAHEED YOUSUF ROAD DHAKA CANTT DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED lXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE OW amp CE (ARlfY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT POSTOGOLA CANTI DHAKA DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED IXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARII-IY) 3000 pi 40000 piAT ARMY HEAD QUATER ADMIN WING DHAKACANTIDHAKA CANTT4_STORlIW ENGINEERING FACILITIES ~ 3000 pi 60000 piBUILDING JMBAR PROJECT SARAK BHABAN
B~
APPENDIX- B
RAMNADHAKASHAPTAK SHAHNAMA SHAPTAK GRIHAY~ LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORJED APARTMENT BUILDING 819 BLOCK-C LALMATIA DHAKA-1207FORMR M MOSHIURRAHMA-lt ATPLOTNO34 BLOCK - C LALMATIA DHAKA - 1207SHAPT AK MAVIS SHAPT AK GRIllA Ylli LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORIED APARThlENT BUlTJ)ING 819 BLOCK-C lALMATlA DHAKA_1207fOR MR M MOSHllJR RAHMAN AT PLOT NO314HLOCK C LALMArJA DHAKA 1207
B-
APPENDIX-C
list of Buildings Using ExcavatorLabour for Excavation Work
APPEND1X-C
STRITCTlJRE
LABAID CARDIAC CENTREROAD _ 4 DHAllfONDJ DHAKA
LABAID SPECIALIZED 1I0SlIT AIROAD - 4 D1IA~MONDr DHKA
HABIT AT CENTER21 S]ORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEXSHAY AMOU DHAKASAM COMPLEX21 STORIED SHOPPING OfFICE COMPLEXSHAYA)IjOLl DHAKA(LOBE SHOPING CENTERto SIORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEX24 MIRPUR ROAD DHAKAHAPPY HOMES DR RAtA fULLA ARCADE6 STORIED BUIWINGROAD NO 3 DHANMONDI DJIAKAMULTILA GREEN VILLA15 SfORJED BUIWINGGREEN ROAD DHAKA
Such as 18 Storied New Market CityComplexadjacent of Dhaka new market14 storied CRP building project atMirJlur-14 Dhaka
nlvrLOP~R
LAB AlD corSTRUCTlOr
LAB AID CONSTRUCTlO
IIABITAJ REAL ESTATE LTD
GLOBE CENTER LTD
HAPPY HOMES LTD
MULTIPLAN LTD
UNIVERSE CONSTRUCTION LTD(CONTRACTOR)
m
Col
NOWIUSlMEIT
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
EXCA VATlOr- WORKPERFORMIW BY
EQUIPMEN l 1~IiNSIVE
EQlIPME~T INTElSTVE
EQUlPMElT INTElSIVE
EQUIMElT INTENSIVE
FQUlPMENT INTENSIVE
EQUIPMENT INTElS1Vpound I ~~~0 -Ilt~ s-
J~LABOUR INTENSIVE~i -ii amp
jjik ciI ~ ~ f- 1j
LABOURINTENSIV lt~~(I)ill- ~ J lt 4M
LABOUR INTENSIVE (
- 00000001
- 00000002
- 00000003
- 00000004
- 00000005
- 00000006
- 00000007
- 00000008
- 00000009
- 00000010
- 00000011
- 00000012
- 00000013
- 00000014
- 00000015
- 00000016
- 00000017
- 00000018
- 00000019
- 00000020
- 00000021
- 00000022
- 00000023
- 00000024
- 00000025
- 00000026
- 00000027
- 00000028
- 00000029
- 00000030
- 00000031
- 00000032
- 00000033
- 00000034
- 00000035
- 00000036
- 00000037
- 00000038
- 00000039
- 00000040
- 00000041
- 00000042
- 00000043
- 00000044
- 00000045
- 00000046
- 00000047
- 00000048
- 00000049
- 00000050
- 00000051
- 00000052
- 00000053
- 00000054
- 00000055
- 00000056
- 00000057
- 00000058
- 00000059
- 00000060
- 00000061
- 00000062
- 00000063
- 00000064
- 00000065
- 00000066
- 00000067
- 00000068
- 00000069
- 00000070
- 00000071
- 00000072
- 00000073
- 00000074
- 00000075
- 00000076
- 00000077
- 00000078
- 00000079
- 00000080
- 00000081
- 00000082
- 00000083
- 00000084
- 00000085
- 00000086
- 00000087
- 00000088
- 00000089
- 00000090
- 00000091
- 00000092
- 00000093
- 00000094
- 00000095
- 00000096
- 00000097
- 00000098
- 00000099
- 00000100
- 00000101
- 00000102
- 00000103
- 00000104
- 00000105
- 00000106
- 00000107
- 00000108
- 00000109
- 00000110
- 00000111
- 00000112
- 00000113
- 00000114
- 00000115
- 00000116
- 00000117
- 00000118
- 00000119
- 00000120
- 00000121
- 00000122
- 00000123
- 00000124
-
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 4-1 Excavation cost for 5 feet 43Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet 43Graph 4-3 Excavation cost for 15 feet 44Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet 44Graph 4-5 Total Cost of Concrete and Reinforcement 62Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement 62
Xli
ADPASTM
BS
SUET
GATS
GIS
kip
ksi
PCpsi
PVC
PWD
GCRampD
RC
RCC
UKWTO
ABBREVIATIONS
Annual Development Program
American Society for Testing Matenal
Bangladesh Standard
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
General Agreement on Trade amp Services
Geographic Information System
KiloPound
Kilo-pound per Square Inch
Personal Computer
Pound-per Square Inch
Poly Vinyl Chloride
Public Works Department
Quality Control
Research amp Development
Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced Cement Concrete
United Kingdom
World Trade Organization
X1l1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Development of Construction Technology
Building is the earliest form of technology In civil engineering construction
From the most primitive times humans required protection from the wild
animal elements of nature changing seasons and predators in natural
shelters such as caves and rock overhangs
Step by step they learned to improve their caves with inlaid stone floors
walls at the entrances and fireplaces Ultimately they began creating entirely
new habitats in locations that had no natural shelter
Shetters built from natural material~ indicate that they had knowledge of the
stress strain and insulation properties (heat cold and water-proofing) of the
materials used The use of hand-made bricks or stone blocks indicated
knowledge of properties such as compression forces The symmetrical
shapes of the designs indicated the knowledge and application of the
principles of geometry
Most communities had their own distinctive styles lor bUilding their houses
and archaeologists have uncovered many examples through the ages
[Shown in Fig l-1a) to Flg1-1 (e)]
Fig1-110)Naturalfeaturecoos andcerhangsNaturalshell likecaveoravehangswereusedas OleSlInleornobuldngmaterialswereused
Fig1-1(b)CrudehellerTemporary5lruelue5tht neededIItUeWOlt1ltmn5hlpMalerilsfouodnoarbywereusedndoITangedona udelrameworkofbrance
Fig 11 (el llBolllvo nulA ypcal bUlldng yle of Ihe Nguni people (Zuluand Xlloa) Vertical branenes were stabilisedtl1 hOzotal bltacing wiln nO ~istnclibetweon Ine walls nd Lne roof The saplingslrueuro was bound lOgeher by gass fibreropos and tho grass eong ws wn to Ihelerura Ih gras rope
Fig 1_1 (0) Hlpped-ltgtn cubWestern fiuecaled 10 Ihe introduction of Ihe gOwall cons1ructlon The walilayoo Iso ~caeheha or the roof Walls me higher and doorvayslarger
Fig 11 (d) Con on cylinderA typlcol style among Ihe Tswana Solho andVenda peoplo Tila roof IS para and can bcleorly idenllfied The rooF as mode lrcltn grassad the wallslrom dag or tyle 01cement
The bUilding trade is the earliest form of civil engineering construction Up to
13 century building technology in the sub-continent fell under three
category (a) Thatchery and mud houses made of thatched roof of bamboo
straw grass reed etc lb) stone masonry which included hewing laying and
carving of stone and (c) Brick masonry construction consisting of lime-surki
mortar in the city areas Between 13 and 18h century the feudal monarchs
and the land lords constructed monumental bUildings After the Industrial
2
revolution in the 180 century construction of factory buildings labor sheds
ware houses etc became the major construction activities With the
invention of the steam engine in the 18 century development of railways
started Besides the construction of roads ports and harbors inland and
offshore navigation developed simultaneously after the Second World War
reconstruction of the war ravaged infrastructure brought a boom In the civil
engineering construction Civil engineering also has attained modernization
an eventually in the seventies the development of chips and micro chips and
the high capacity single chip microprocessor made possible the development
of the micro computers The computer software technology has also
developed very fast simultaneously The development of the optical fiber
and the satellite technology has made a revolution and the internet has
brought the information technology to a stage which was unimaginable even
a decade ago As result knowledge based industries now dominate over the
previous machinery based industries Traditional construction industry as
gradually becomes obsolete and ineffective worldwide in these high tech
eras This new situation put construction industry a new challenge
In modern times the civil engineers built dams sluices regulators barrages
pump houses and p ower generation and many other structures which were
believed to be impossible to construct Gigantic modern off-shore structures
are now built which go to several hundred meters below sea level In the
field of bridge construction enormous progress have been achieved Bridges
has now become relatively cheap and can be built in extremely short timeThe most ambitious bridge development ever realized is certainly the Akashi-
Kaiko Bridge in Japan with a span of 1990 meter This gigantic endeavor at
the early age where only possible due to very sophisticated and heavy
erection equipment developed The successful construction of channel
tunnel Bull twinkle (492 m worlds tallest offshore platform) Louisianan
offshore oil port supertanker unloading capacity of 100000 barrel an houri
Kansai international airport a port reclaimed from sea bed containing
extremely soft soill testify to development capability of the civil engineeringprofession in modern times it will not be out of place to mention that during
the sixties intensive urbanization in many developed countries saw the
3
spectacular revolutionary concepts such as wall frame Interaction tube-in-
tube bundle tubes diagonally braced frame and compOSite construction
pioneered the high rise growth Developments of intelligent buildings that
can respond to earthquake and fire hazards are in the making
In recent years (Information agel technological innovation in design
materials and construction methods have resulted in significant changes in
construction costs Computer aids have improved capabilities for generation
quality designs as well as reducing the time required to produce alternative
designs New equipments and materials not only have enhanced the quality
of constructIOn but also have shortened the time for shop fabrication and
field erection Construction methods have gone through various stages of
mechanization and automation including the latest development of
construction robotics
The Global Trend
Competition in global market for better amp economic building construction is
increasing day by day Construction organizations are realizing that
responsiveness to market demands and adaptability to changing condition
Competitive prices are the hallmarks of successful enterprise Therefore
every construction organization wants to lower the cost by alternate deSign
interchanging material strength amp type uSing modern construction methods
and proper management So construction world is going for new technology
and saving both time and cost
The Bangladesh Context
Bangladesh has come a long way since its independence But a very few
organizations have adopted new construction technology and ability to build
high strength material with quality After 2004 due to WTD and GATS
Bangladesh market has to be made open to outside countries and most of
the organization will face difficult challenges from the competitors of other
countries To face this challenge effectively construction organizations need
4
to be more responsive to market demands lower the prices by choosing
proper construction technology in all stages of construction as well as
improve quality of material If construction organizations of Bangladesh will
able to qualify with other countries in competition they would have to
opportunity to work abroad
Bangladesh is one of the least developed countries in the world Regrettably
In Bangladesh most of the construction methods and design are oriented by
conventional method Though volume of building construction is large but
modern construction method and equipment facilities in most of the cases
are absent Only a small number of projects have been done or ongoing With
theses modern facilities Remarkable new and high strength material are also
not using in Bangladesh Only in some national bridgeroad construction
project modern equipment and material were used in Bangladesh Due to
absent of new and high strength materials new technologies new
equipments quality as well as effiCiency of building construction are very
poor
12 Objective of the Project
Bangladesh is one of the least developing countries Contemporary
construction technology With high strength materials are not often uSing inbUildingconstruction sector The objective of this study IS to find out what
type of technology and materials are being using for building construction In
addition to find out if better technology is available why these are not
being accepted at present in construction sector of Bangladesh
Specific objectives of this study are
bull To study the exiting technological parameters in present day building
construction in Bangladesh
bull To study the economy of scale and factors as they relate to-
(a) Humnware
(b) Infoware and
(e) Hardware
5
13 Methodology
Methodologies used in this study are followings
I Study of the literature to identify the contemporary
technology in building construction in developing NIC and
developed economies
II Study of the local documents and of field data to find the
status of contemporary technology in the building industry in
Bangladesh
III Study the economy of scale and contemporary technology as
they relate to humnware Infoware and hardware
6
CHAPTER 2
TECHNOLOGIES IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
21 Introduction to Technology in Construction Industry
McGraw Hill Encyclopedia Defines Technology as 11
Technology is closely related to science and engineering Science deals with
humans understanding of real world around them - the interesting
properties of space matter energy and their interactions Engineering is the
application of objective knowledge to the creation of pians designs and
means for achieving desired objectives Technology deals with tools and
techniques for carrying out the plans
Construction Technology
Basic design and construction topics which include both field and office
activates which facilitate problem definition evaluation solution and
communication ie design electives electrical equipment estimating
formwork mechanical quantity surveying rigging scaffolding scheduling
shop drawings site planning surveying takeoff utilitiesfl9
Construction industry undoubtedly is the backbone and propelling force
behind our progress It has the potential to contribute to peoples lives in
many ways This needs high skill dynamic leadership broad vision great
courage latest technology and communication system
Modern science and technology have provided many useful tools like
computers~CPM-PERT-most productive and efficient machines financial
management procedures and many others But all these become redundant
and unproductive when these sophisticated and efficient tools are worked
by green and inexperienced hands who lack the basic ingredients of work
culture dedication and courage and people who are not imaginative and
innovative
7
22 Construction technologies on the basis of labour and equipment
Construction technologies can on the basis of their content of labour and
equipment be classified as
o Equipment Intensive
o Labour based and
o Labour Intensive Technologies
The choice of the technology may affect the overall cost the overall
duration of the construction and the overall quality of the asset Some
works allow only one type of technology while others can be done in
various ways Graphically equipment intensive labour Intensive and labor
based technologies are shown in below
Potential shift in labour contents by using labour-based methods
Llbaur - _
Equipment Intensive
Labour Based
Labour Intensive
IIIlililillllIII-IIIliillllllnmmmllF
221 Equipment Intensive Technology
Equipment intensive technology is defined as the combination of labour and
equipment In which most work is done by labOUHeplacing equipment
supported by a small labour force Although the technology might be
appropriate in circumstances with high wage levels low labour availability
and high skill levels its application is often ineffective at local level where
individual projects are relatiVely small and dispersed over a large
geographical area
8
222 labour Intensive Technology
To avoid a common misconception it is important to distinguish between
labour basedmethods and labour Intensive methods In contrast with labour
based technology labour intensive approaches seek to maximize
employment with a minimum use of mechanized equipment often at the
expense of cost and quality
223 labour BasedTechnology
In selecting the most appropriate technology it is however important that
irrespective of the type of technology resources is used efficiently quality
standards are maintained and time limitations are observed For these
reasons labour based technology has been developed to maXimize
opportunities for the employment of labour (skilled and unskilled) while
supported by light equipment under strict conditions of cost
competitiveness acceptable engineering quality standards and timely
implementation Labour based work methods are competitive only if these
conditions are met and can then provide a lasting alternative to traditional
equipment-intensive construction methods
23 Software Technologies
Normally software means the written instructions executed by some
hardware Ie Programs that are needed to run for execution and manage
the computer and those which are used to solve the problem 111 The
Software technologies have three subdivisions which are
bull Manpower (Humnware)
bull Information (Infoware)
bull Organization (Orgaware)
231 Manpower (Humnwere)
We know manpower (humnware) is the person-embodied component of
technology 111 For construction works require different types of personal but
most of them require technical background Different disciplined engineer
site engineer supervisor foreman rod binders mason skilled labour helper
9
carpenter sanitary technicians electrical technicians and other personal are
the humnware
Productivity in construction IS often broadly defined as output per labor
hour Improvement of labor productivity should be a significant activity in
building construction In construction works vigorously pursue the efficient
utilization of labor So improvement of personnel related to this field is a
vital factor of construction industry
232 Information (Infoware)
Information IInfowarel is usually the document-embodied form of technology
[11 This inciudes the specifications market database for materials theories
charts database drawing codes books journals catalogs and other
documents Requisition and supply management work(s) are also includes in
infoware Infoware constitute a crucial part of construction industry For
construction works every step is related to infoware Proper constructions
need accurate material specification guided by the code(s] Proper
information is the key factor of any construction project
233 Organization (Orgaware)
Within a frame work of the Organization (Orgawarel Manpower
(Humnware) Information (Infoware and Hardware technologies work 111
Organization techniques principles practices and arrangements that govern
the effective use of technology by humnware This includes construction
planning project management QC safety RampD
Organizational systems play the key role in construction industry Both the
success and failure of construction works widely depends on organization
An organization system includes Organization structure organization design
human resource poliCY and practice organization Culture work stress etc
Common organizational structures available in construction industries are-
bull Project organization
bull Matrix organization
bull Line and staff organization
10
24 Hardware Technology
Modern construction especially for large projects has grown in complexity
due to size cost and speed of construction Construction equipment is an
important resource and its planning assumes vital importance With the
rapidly changing technology both in design and construction areas
contractors are now shy of making heavy investment in heavy equipment
New innovation of construction equipment change the older method of
construction method and resultant is quicker and economic construction
Sometimes whole system is enhanced by new innovation Such as two
technological developments namely lilt and modern metal frame removed
the prevailing limitations on the height of the buildings Hardware is object-
embodies form of technology 111 such as Construction
equipmentmachineries all type of materials appliances computer paper
printer
The selection of appropriate construction equipment often affects the
required amount of time and effort and thus the job-site productivity of a
project It is therefore important for site managers and construction planners
to be familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment
Various types and important works are involved for construction Industry
Such as excavation loading compaction and grading drilling and blasting
equipment lift and erecting machineries mixing construction tools and
other equipment Different types of work require different type of hardwareand technology
11
Selection of most suitable and available equipment for a particular project is
a frequent problem for contractor Owner contractor and even the engineers
of our country are going for traditional method and material Sometimes due
to old technique and traditional material huge financial loss is the result
Money spent for equipments need to be considering as an investment
which can be recovered with a profit during the useful life of the equipment
241 Excavation
Types of equipment which are used to excavate earth and related materials
are known as excavator Excavation equipment includes the following
machines
1 Power shovels
2 Backhoes
3 Draglines
4 Clamshells and cranes
5 Trenching machines
6 Wheel-mounted belt loaders
Craneshovel consists 01 three major components
bull A carrier or mounting which provides mobility and stability for the
machine
bull A revolving deck or turntable which contains the power and
control units
bull A front-end attachment which serves the special function in an
operation
12
(g) Hawk_Bulk W~
(e) Cranes
(h) Q)-Qlick Mount
(c) Daglines
0l Hook Lift (k) Conlaine CITi~r (1) RollOffTrmlers Carner
Fig 2-1 Excavation Equipmentl1Gl
13
The type of mounting for all equipments Ihardware) in the above figure is
referred to as crawler mounting which is particularly suitable for crawling
over relatively roughed surfaces at a job site Other types of mounting
include truck mounting and wheel mounting which provide greater mobility
between job sites but require better surfaces for their operation The
revolving deck includes a cab to house the person operating the mounting
andor the revolving deck In the above figure a crane with hook clamshell
[Fig2-1 (f)L drag line [Fig2-1 (c)] bac khoe shovellFig 2-1 laI(b)L pile
driver[Fig2-1 (d)] and other excavation equipment are shown
A tractor consists of a crawler mounting and a non-revolving cab When an
earth-removing blade is attached to the front end of a tractor the assembly
is called a bulldozer When a bucket is attached to its front end the
assembly is known as a loader or bucket loader There are different types of
loads designed to handle most efficiently materials of different weights and
moisture contents
Scrapers are multiple units of tractor-truck and blade-bucket assemblies with
various combinations to facilitate the loading and hauling of earthwork
Major types of scrapers include single engine two-axle or three-axel
scrapers twin-engine all-wheel-drive scrapers elevating scrapers and push-
pull scrapers Each type has different characteristics of rolling resistancemaneuverability stability and speed in operation
242 Compaction and Grading
Compaction grading and soil stabilization are the works of same category
and these are interrelated Many SOilsare subject to differential expansion
and shrinkage when they undergo change in moisture content If pavements
are to be constructed on such soils it IShighly desirable to stabilize them to
prevent or reduce the change volume in order to protect the pavements from
excessive damages
Stabilizations may be applied to a soil In its natural position or as it is placed
in a fill Also stabilization may be applied to the sub-grade sub-base or
base material
14
Some methods of stabilization are
L Blending and miXing heterogeneous soils to produce more
homogenous soils
bullbullbull Incorporating hydrated lime into soils that are high in clay content
bullbullbull Blending asphalt with the soil
t Mixing Portland cement with the soil
t Incorporating various types of slats into the soils
4 Incorporating certain chemicals into the soils
t Compacting the soils thoroughly after they are processed
The function of compaction equipment is to produce higher dense soil
mechanically The basic forces used in compaction are static weight
kneading impact and vibration The degree of compaction that may be
achieved depends on the properties of soil its moisture content the
thickness of the soil layer for compaction and the method of compaction
The function of grading equipment is to bring the earthwork to desired shape
and elevation Many soils are subject to differential expansion and shrinkage
when they undergo changes in moisture content Many soils also move and
rut when subjected to moving wheel loads If pavementsbuildings are to be
constructed on such soils It is usually necessary to stabilize them to reduce
the volume changes and strengthen them to the point where then can carry
the imposed load even when they are saturated
Major types of grading equipment include motor graders and grade trimmers
The former is an all-purpose machine for grading and surface finishing the
latter is used for heavy construction because of its higher operating speed
Many types of compaction equipment are available including the following -
Towed Sheepsfoot [Fig2-2Ia)L Grid Roller [Fig2-2(b)L Self-Propelled [Fig2-
21c)) Segmented Steel Wheel Roller[Fig2-2(dll Self Propelled Tamping Foot
Roller Self Propelled Vibratory Tamping Foot Roller[Fig2-2Iel) etc These
are different operating characteristics
15
(a) Sheepsfoot roller
(b) Grid roller
(d) Two-Axle Tandem Steel-wheeled Roller
(c) Self Propelled Pneumatic-tiredRoller
(e) Self-Propelled Smooth-drumvibratory Roller
Fig 2-2 Compaction amp Grading Equipment
IG
243 Drilling and Blasting
Drilling operation used by the construction and mining industries to drillholes in both rock and earth The task of rock excavation includes looseningloading hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling and blasting
Rock excavation is a risky and hard task ReqUire special equipment andmethods for this operation The degree of difficulty depends on physicalcharacteristics of the rock type which to be excavate Grain sizes planes ofweakness weathering brittleness and hardness of rock strata are the vitalfactors of rock excavation The task of rock excavation includes looseningloadlllg hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling blasting or rippling
Major types of drilling equipment are percusSion drills and rotary-percussiondrills A percussion drill penetrates and cuts rock by impact while it rotateswithout cutting on the upstroke
Common type of percussion drills includes a jackhammer which is hand heldand others which are mounted on a fixed frame or on a wagon or crawl formobility A rotary drill [Flg2-3(bJJ cuts by turning a bit against the rocksurface A rotary precesSion drill combines the two cutting movements toprovide a laster penetration in rock
Blasting is performed to loosen rock in order that it may be excavated orremoved from its existing position Blasting requires the use of explosivesthe most common of which is dynamite Generally electriC blasting caps areconnected in a circuit with insulated wires Power sources may be powerlines or blasting machines designed for firing electriC cap Circuits Alsoavailable are non-electrical blasting systems which combine the precisetiming and flexibility of electric blasting and safety of non-electricaldetonation
Tractor-mounted rippers are capable of penetrating and prying loose mostrock types The blade or ripper IS connected to an adjustable shank whichcontrols the angle at the tip of the blade as it is raised or loweredAutomated ripper control may be Installed to control ripping depth and tipangle
In rock tunneling special tunnel machines equipped with multiple cutterheads and capable of excavating full diameter of the tunnel are nowavailable Their use has increasingly replaced the traditional methods ofdrilling and blasting
17
(a) ER1ronmomtlll Testing
It) Placer Drill
(b) Rotary drill
(dl Mincrnl Exploration Drill
eel Water Well Drilling
Fig 2-3 Drilling amp Blasting Equipmentl1bull1
18
244 Lifting and Erecting Equipment
Liftmg and erecting equipments are used to 11ftloads and to facilitate theerection of steel building frames
Derricks are commonly used to lift equipment of materiais or building
construction A derrick consists of a verticai mast and an inclined boom
sprouting from the foot of the mast Guys hold the mast in position or stiff
legs connected to a base whiie topping lift links the top of the mast and the
top of the inclined boom A hook in the road line hanging from the top of the
inclined boom is used to lift loads Guy derricks may easily be moved from
one floor to the next in a building under construction while stiff leg derricks
may be mounted on tracks for movement within a work area
Horizon boom type tower cranes are most common in high-rise building
construction Inclined boom type tower cranes are also used for erecting
steel structure
245 Mixing
Mixing concrete by hand is expensive In labour and it IS therefore not
surprising that mechanical mixers have been general use for a great many
years
The object of mixing is 10 coat the surface of all aggregate particles with
cement paste and to blend the entire ingredients of concrete into a uniform
mass this uniformity must furthermore not be disturbed by the process of
discharging from the mixer In fact the method of discharging is one of the
bases of classification of concrete mixers Several types exist In the tiltmg
mixer the mixing chamber known as the drum is tilted for discharging In
the non-tilting type the axis of the mixer is always horizontal and discharge
is obtained either by inserting a chute into the drum or by reversing the
direction of rotation of the drum or rarely by splitting of the drum There are
also pan-type mixers rather Similar in operation to an electric cake-mixer
these are called forced action mixers as distinct from the tilting and non-
tilting mixers which reiy on the free fall of concrete in the drum
19
In any mixer It is essential that sufficient interchange of materials between
different parts of the chamber takes place so that uniform concrete is
produced
On a site there is often a tendency to mix concrete as rapidly as possible
and it is therefore important to know what is the minimum mixing time
necessary to produce a concrete uniform in composition and as a result of
satisfactory strength
Concrete mixers are used to mix Portland cement sand gravel and water in
batches
There may be occasions when concrete has to be mixed by hand and
because in this case uniformity is more difficult to achieve particular care
and effort are necessary
A truck mixer refers to a concrete mixer mounted on a truck which is
capable of transporting ready mixed concrete from a central batch plant to
construction sites
246 Construction Tools and Other Equipment
Concrete can be economically pumped at the rates 15 to 200 ydhr for
horizontal distances 300 to 3000 ft and vertical distances 100 to 500 ft
without staging [11
The pumping of concrete of is especially advantageous in placements that
are physically difficult to approach with ready-mix trucks and show best
economy in the range of 20 to 80 ydhr
Air compressors [Fig2-4(al] and pumps [Fig2-4(dl] are widely used as the
power sources for construction tools include drills hammers [Fig2-4(bll
grinders saws wrenches[Fig2-4(clj staple guns sandblasting guns and
concrete vibrators Pumps are used to supply water or to dewater at
construction sites and to provide water jets for some types of construction
Vibrators are used to eliminate entrapped air Of the several types internal
vibrators perhaps the most common one External vibrator is rigidly clamped
to the formwork resting on an elastic support so that both the form and
20
concrete are vibrated Vibrating table can be considered as a case of
formwork clamped to the vibrator instead of the other way round but the
principle of vibrating the concrete and formwork together is unaltered
Besides these surface vibrator used for flat plate electric hammer can be
used as a surface vibrator when fitted with a bit having a large flat area A
vibrating roller is used for consolidating thin slabs
(a)Air Compressor
rg Wrench
(b) Hammer
(d) Concrete Pump
Fig 2-4 ConstructionTools amp Other Equipments[111
247 Choice of Equipment and Standard Production Rates
The selections of the appropriate type equipment or machines tor
construction often affect the required amount of time and effort and thus
the job site productivity of a project Equipment size determination is also a
very important task for construction Oversize equipments are expensive as
well as consume more time to handle It is therefore important for
construction planners to be familiar with the characteristics of the major
21
types of equipment most commonly used in construction Construction
planners also have to know the sources of construction equipment
Contractors and users of construction equipment frequently concerned with
a decision as to whether to purchase or rent (lease) an equipment Under
certain conditions it is financially advantageous to purchase whereas under
other conditions it is more economical and satisfactory to rent it
248 Building Materials
In recent times some of the important technological breakthroughs in
materials are stabilized soil lime-pozzolana mixes sand-lime bricks fly-ash
bricks clay-fly ash bricks gypsum boards wood-wool sheets plastic
products in utility service ready mix concrete non-shrink grout for machine
foundation super-plasticizers Ferro-cement and other materials Different
types of composite construction are also in very advance stage
In the field of concrete technology also some advances are happened such
as light weight concrete radiation shielding concrete polymer concretes
fiber reinforced concretes super plasticized concretes gap graded concrete
tenser-polymer reinforced concrete roller-compacted concrete ultra high
strength concrete improved techniques in pre-stressing prefabricated
construction and other some remarkable matenals
In low cost housing a number of developments have taken place and
following new techniques are being adopted for reduction in cost These arestone block masonry pre-cast brick panel roofing pre-cast RC channel
roofing ferro-cement tank use of secondary species of timber particle
board lor shutter doorswindows fly ash-lime-gypsum bricks for making
walls pre-cast RCC frames for doors and windows Pre-cast RC lintel (thin]
lower ceiling heights PVC pipes for water supply stabilized soil cement
base floors magneSium oxy-chloride flooring fire retardant treatment of
thatch asphaltic roofing etc Brief descriptions of some of those materials
are below-
22
249 Construction Automation and Robotics
Recent advances in robotic technology and the related experience In
manufacturing industries suggests that greater automation maybe extremely
beneficial for constructed facilities In addition construction in hazardous
environments (not approachable) may be greatly expanded by the use of
construction robots
There are several means by which construction automation and robotics
might repay the additional equipment and development costs associated
With high technology investments First robotics offers opportunities for
extending the scope of practical construction activities into hazardous
environments including outer space nuclear reactors or undersea
construction Even standard construction sites represent hazardous
environments as suggested by the large number job industrial accidents
associated with construction Second robotics may permit the practical
introduction and broader use of nonhuman senses and capabilities on
construction sites
KaJimaCompanys reinforcing bar placing robot can carry up to 20 bars and
automatically place these bars in pre-seiected patterns in both floors and
walls The equipment has achieved 40 to 50 savings in labor and 10
savings in time on several Japanese projects 131
A wall climbing robot called RM3 for tasks such as video inspections of shiphulls gamma-ray inspection of structural welds and high-pressure washing
painting shot-blasting and barnacle removal 131
23
CHAPTER 3
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN BANGLADESH
31 Introduction
The contribution of construction industry is quite significant in the national
economy but its existence is absent from the national economy plan
Recently government has made policy considering this sector as an industry
GDP Contribution of construction industry was 606 In 1991-1992 and 619
over the period 1996- 1997 Agriculture sector contributes maximum of
GDP Construction sector contribute about 20 of agriculture sector GDP
which is a remarkable role in Bangladesh economyI1
The construction Industry of Bangladesh comprises of a large number of
predominantly small firms The same can be seen to be true for most other
countries
The actual structure of the industry is not possible to measure as there are
no published papers on the total number of firms There are some 25000
nos of local contracting large medium and small categorized firms
registered with the government agencies with a varying range of financial
capacities [16]
In building construction sectors larger firms are capable to construct
concrete highrise building 30 storied Bangladesh Bank Bhaban 20 storied
Bangladesh Secretariat 20 storied Sena Kalyan Bhaban Building 20 storied
lOB Shaban and many other bUildings are the evidence of the ability to
construction of high rise concrete-building While high rise steel structures
are not yet familiar in Bangladesh but recently a number of high rise steel
structure are under construction In other sector such as bridge roads gas
pipeline electricity supply dam sluice-gate etc are implemented by
international contractors and joint venture companies (foreign and local
firms~ In 1990-91 the construction industry employed 105 and in 1995-
96 183 (statistics 97~ of total labour force In other statistics showed
that the constructing firm employs 20 lacs peoples If each family comprise
24
of four members so total 80 lacs people (615 of total population of the
countryl are dependent on the construction industry for their living The
economical and political significance of the industry ISeven greater than this
figure suggest as it captures the major part of the national investment
About 46 of the total construction labour force are involved in building
50 in construction repair and maintenance of roads and bridge works and
4 are involved in construction repair and maintenance of other activities
16]
Some domestic contractors in the building sectors have access to overseas
market but local contractors are less capable of competing with the foreign
companies due to variety of grounds -
(a) Very Less initiative from the Government to improve the capacity of the
local contractors
bull Easy policy for credit system for construction industry
bull To provide plant machinery hire facilities
bull Skill and manpower development through training
(bl Policy of the rules and conditions of the donor agencies for foreign funds
According to PWD to solve the housing problem 709131 units of houses
are required to construct in every year [15] So it indicates that Bangladesh
has a serious housing problem
12 to 15 millions people now lives in Dhaka city Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is now the city of construction Though yearly requirements in
the city is about 65000 housing but all public and private sector together
produce 25000 housing units in a year Percentage of leaving in slums and
squatter settlement is about 30 percent It would take at least 600 billion
taka which IS five times the entire ADP budget of the country to
accommodate house for the above-mentioned population Very little areas
are found in cities which are not occupied by building Every place in the city
is already filled up or construction of building process is ongoing But the
utility service and other facilities for community are not well thought-out
But according to government rules facilities shall be accommodate first
25
before any type of building construction Unfortunately community facilities
including simple parking facilities are still absent for the many new
constructing building in Dhaka city
32 Some large Constructions in Bangladesh
It is very difficult to identify which one is large construction of a country
because of project diversity In Bangladesh there are numerous
constructions many of them are significant in various aspects Although
functions and aesthetic are different of them they accomplish different type
of requirements Following are the some prominent constructions which
indicate Bangladesh building construction industry is fully capable to
construct any type of Building
Equipments used for construction of national assembly building were tower
crane larger size mixture machines and other eqUipment Tower crane amp
other equipments replaced by huge no of labors As per definition of labour
based technology construction of this building falls under this category
National Assembly
Fig 3-1 National Assemblyl101
labour Based Technology
Architect Louis I Kahn
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1962 to 1974
Building type government center
Construction System concrete marble
26
Equipments used for construction of Bangladesh bank bhaban were hoist
mixture machine and other light equipment only For excavation of 1
basement engaged huge no of labors As per definition this type of
construction falls under labour Intensive technology
bull Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
Fig 3-2 Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
labour Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
NoofFioors-31
Building type government
Construction System concrete
27
Equipments used for construction of Islamic Development Bank Shaban were
tower crane concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments
Tower crane ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments
replaced by most of the labors As per definition of equipment intensive
technology this type of construction falls under this category
bull Islamic Development Bank
7
Fig 3-3 Islamic Development Bank
Bhaban
Equipment Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
No of Floors - 20
Construction System concrete
28
Equipments used for construction of Bashundhara city were tower crane
concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments Tower crane
ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments replaced by most of
the labors As per definition 01 equipment intensive technology this type of
construction falls under this category
bull Bashundhara City
Fig 3-4 Bashundhara City
Equipment Intensive Technology
Architect VISTARA
location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1999 to 2003
Building type shopping mall
Construction System concrete marble
33 Constructions in Bangladesh Using Pre Fabrication
Prefabricate construction not yet accepted widely in Bangladesh Scenario of
developed country in this respect is totally different Even In Malaysia
Thailand Indonesia India and many other developing countries scenery is
closed to developed countries Prefabricate construction require customize
construction or a huge no of similar type productions Precast units which
normally used in Bangladesh are -
bull Tiles and mosaic
bull Low cost toilet rings and others precast accessories
bull Prestressed precast electric pole
bull Precast column for boundary wall
29
the study on availability
of indigenous materials in
bull Precast slab for surface drain
bull Precast slab for foot path
bull Precast railing and ornamental column
bull Precast lintel
bull Precast pipe for water supply and others
bull Railway sleeper
bull Road divider
In the context of Bangladesh RampD activities are yet to be worthy InBangladesh uHouse and Building Research Institute was established in the
year 1977 with the following objectives -
1 To take technical and scientific studies and research on
various problems of constructions and building materials and
to evolve housing and building technology appropriate to the
requirement and suitable for socia-economic condition of the
country
2 To specifically emphasis on
development and utilization
construction
3 To promote better uses of building materials particularly
commonly used materials improvements methods of learning
and designing of construction works and maintenance
4 To train research personnels and technicians for the purpose
out its research activities
House and Building Research Institute time to time tried to introduce someprecast module Such as -
bull Ferro cement tank
bull Precast Ferro cement channel for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete hollow slab for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete micro pile
30
bull Precast Ferro-cement folded plate for roof
bull Precast Ferro-cement L panel for inclined roofing
bull RCCdoor and window frames
Between all type of innovation only Ferro cement tank (400 gallon consisting
of cement mortar on wire mesh) is widely used mainly in Dhaka city As
bigger size is not possible with Ferro-cement Its use is limited
Above all precast construction scenario is very poor in Bangladesh This
indicates construction technology not yet advance in Bangladesh in this high
tech era
34 Humnware Infoware and Hardware in Bangladesh
341 Humnware
For construction technology humanware includes labour technicians
engineer and other persons In some way they are related to construction
industry In Bangladesh expense for humanware is cheaper with respect to
other countries because of low wages lin Bangladesh Taka 125 per hour
and for ordinary labour in UK pound6) So utilization of man power through IT is
a great opportunity for construction sector of Bangladesh But unfortunately
we are far way from proper utilization of this huge no manpower
Development of Human resources is in very preliminary stage By generating
employment and working environment general employment conditions need
to be improved Wage systems must be developed and made transparent so
as to give proper remuneration according to qualification and technical skill
It is extremely necessary for the skilled workers to pass their skills on and to
train personnel able to respond to future technological changes Professional
training centers and methods must be developed and be efficiently exercised
upon
In Bangladesh most of the cases we make out unskilled humnware which is
unexpected in this high tech era Also in most of the cases they are
uneducated Due to unskilled and uneducated labour construction qualities
31
are not normally as per requirement Also due to unskilled labor excessive
time is requiring in most of the cases
In Bangladesh labours are mainly trained-up by on-job training In many case
they are habituated from paternal side by born Though some training
institutes exist around Dhaka city but they are certificate-based institute
These institutes deal only overseas job findings peoples
342 Infoware
Infoware IS usually the document-embodied form This includes the
software design specification materials specifications theories charts
database drawing design and others activities Use of software in
Bangladesh for the purpose of analysis and design are in satisfactory leveL
Although most of the organizations are now analyze and design by some
standard software but a big amount of engineers are not stili away from this
technology Following software and tools are now using in Bangladesh
which indicates not behind from top level
Programming Language- Visual Basic Auto LISP aBasic CC Turbo C
Computer Aided Engineering STAAD-III STAADPro Math CAD ADOSS PCACOL SOL Series
Spread Sheet Analysis- Microsoft Excel Lotus MathCAD
Computer Aided Design
- AutoCAD
Database- DBase FoxPro Microsoft Access Oracle
GIS Software- Arcinfo Arcade Maplnfo Arc view Idrisi
32
Graphics software- CorelDraw Harvard Graphics
Computer Aided Project Management- MS Project
Word Processing
-MicrosoftWordWordPcrreCI
Operating Systems
- MS Windows Dos Novel
3430rgaware
Orgaware lOrganization) represents the structural framework of a
technological system and it includes for example the organizations for the
RampD the production the marketing the corporate planning etc It is needed
to produce certain goods and services Within the framework of theorgaware the other technology components work [1]
Most of the organization in Bangladesh is now using computer and software
for different type of works Some organizations are using for analysis and
design some for planning purpose some as a management tools and some
one for data processing and accounting In someway organizations ofBangladesh are taking this technological advantage
In Bangladesh some organizations are doing a number of remarkable works
excellently They are creating photo realistic rendered architectural
perspective models of 3D exterior and Interior elevation and layout
rendering services 3D animation They are also creating architectural fly-by
and walk-through simulations for interactive presentation or TV quality
advertisement GIS works are also done by these organizations
Some of organizations are also working with foreign organizations Mainly
different type of data entry is their main works which are mainly data
conversion rom one format to another Such as conversion from portabledocument format (pdf) to Word processing format (docl hand sketch
J3
bull
conversion to digital drawing (dwg etc) format some modification of
drawing ete The difficulties of our organizations are for any types of
business they require an overseas office This is a very big problem for
entrepreneurs of data exchanging business
344 Hardware
In Bangladesh hardware use of construction industry is not in a suitable
level Moreover specifically modern construction equipment J technology are
not utilizing in Bangladesh most of the cases Only in a few sector such as
deeper excavation in highway construction a few no of building works are
done by modern equipments but in other sectors modern equipment are
ignoring by Bangladeshi construction industry Computer based hardware
widely using in Bangladesh as computer and some computer related
hardware are reasonably priced for middle class people
For construction projects require modern management which is based on
personal computer (PC) In Bangladesh computer based project management
is not yet popular in construction industry Only some foreign aided
government project has some activities on this but also up-to proposal level
only Truly computer based project management in construction sector not
yet Implemented in Bangladesh This is limited to some Gantt chart and
critical path draw works But hardware based computer management easily
save both money and time Probable cause for which not yet go for
computer based project management listing below -
Labours and technicians are illiterate
bull
bull
bull
bull
Labours and technicians are unskilled
Top management of an organization are not wanted to go for
new particularly computer based technology
From Government side there are no plan to facilitate these sector
even in Government project
Our engineers backgrounds are also not upto that extent and
also they are not interested to go for such type of management
34
CHAPTER 4
TECHNOLOGY ON EXCAVATION amp RCC OF BANGLADESH
Nowadays building construction mainly equipment intensive works allover
the world that is depend on modern technology Similarly construction
industry of Bangladesh going away step by step depends on technology
Technological application sophistication quality etc are different in country
to country but at every steps of construction industry including construction
industry of Bangladesh totally depends on construction technology For
excavation loading compaction grading drilling lifting erecting mixing
and other purposes require some construction hardwareequipment and there
technological approach is different Not only for equipment but in every
steps of construction process depends on technological involvement In this
chapter mainly discussed the effect on excavation due to equipment
intensive and labour intensive works Also for building construction the
effect of alternate combination of material use
41 Technology in Excavation
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground This foundation is mandatory for
every structure ThiS is the reason of start of excavation technology which
is an earliest form of civil engineering construction This technology is used
for excavate earth of foundationbasement Excavated soilrock usually
dumps in other places which is known as loading Many construction
industry of Bangladesh Excavator and Loader are mainly using for
excavation works But use of excavator is mostly Dhaka based In other
places of the country except Dhaka city excavation works are done by
manually which is very unlikable in this high tech era Even in Dhaka city
many excavation works had been done by manually Such as 18 storied
New Market City Complex building with two basements (adjacent of Dhaka
new market) 14 storied CRP building project with two basements at Mirpur-
35
14 Dhaka A few but in some projects huge volume of soil was excavated
manually Excavation operations 01 these many projects are done by
manually because 01 availability and low-priced labor In this chapter try to
focus why this technology (excavator not used in most of the cases
In many project of Bangladesh excavation operation are done by manually
because 01-
Soil Characteristics - Comparatively solt layer 01 earth exists all
around Bangladesh
raquo labour (Humnwarel - labour costs are cheap and available
Non-availability of equipment (Hardware) - Modern equipment
cost is very high for which it is not pOSSiblelor contractor to
buy excavator and other heavy equipments lor a singie project
gt- No and size of the Job - As no 01 projects limited and also
areas of a single projects are not big Use of Excavator and
loader are not economically viable
Rental organization - Renta I organization not yet developed
widely and systematically Above all limited rental organization
and their higher charges of hardware
Topography Most of the lands in Bangladesh are plain So
labors can work comfortably
lacks of technicians - lack of skilled technicians are one of the
reasons to avoid new technology
Time - Peoples of Bangladesh are not anxious about time
Utilization of time is very important lack 01 this awareness is
one 01 the reasons of avoiding tendency of new technology for
excavation
)- Space constrains - Particularly in Dhaka city buildings are not
build in well planned way but very haphazard So in many case
movement 01 excavator is very difficult and in some cases it is
impossible to work due to space constrain
36
bull Weather and Temperature - Luckily most of the seasons are
suitable for labour works Nature is very fever for manual
labour except very little lime through out the year So not
need to take extra precaution lor climate
gt Dumping area - Some time huge amount of dumping is not
possible For that reason avoiding tendency to new technology
of excavation
bull Transportation equipments - Some times transportation of
dumping is not viable and In that type of case manual labour is
preferable
411 Preliminary Stage
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground and which transmits the load to the
underlying sailor rock As the foundation normally placed below the ground
excavation is must and should be done first for any type of construction
work
More or less for every construction works need excavation some times
these are shallow and some times it is deep Due to basement construction
of high-rise buildings need massive excavation This may need up to three
four months If excavation works are done by manually a huge no of labors
will engage their and require more time
Considering employment it is solVing a substantial social problem like our
developing country by means of giving a large no of employment
opportunity Therefore out side the urban area manual excavation may be
permissible due to solving unemployment problem This might be plaYing a
significant role like our developing country to solve the problem Social
problem from society But owners always try to solve the problem from the
economic view which will figure out later on this chapter
But the scenario in urban areas like Dhaka city is different Dhaka has
already become a mega city with more than ten million inhabitants and its
population is projected to reach 16 million by 2015 which would make it
the worlds seventh most populous city This rapid growth is visible all
37
around the city by constructing new buildings But the citys infrastructure is
not keeping space with the influx of population Transport environment of
Dhaka city may be a clear example with increasing traffic congestion and
delays The ability of Dhakas transport system to sustain economic growth
and reasonable quality of life has been declining steadily
In such a poor situation if we dont use machinery equipment everyday
congestion situation of Dhaka city will escalate due to longer timerequirement of excavation
Already it is an established fact that construction works of Dhaka city is one
of main reasons of traffic congestion To overcome this awlul situation
particularly in the city areas we must have to adopt modern technology in
excavation purpose This will help to reduce construction time money
traffic congestion and other redundant situations
412 Time and Seasonal Effects on Construction
Time
In Bangladesh construction management going on very preliminary stage and
still they dont think time is a vital factor for any project But everyone is
aware the fact money has a time value Thousand Taka today is worth
more the Thousand tomorrow This lact is vividly reinforced when themonthly charge bills are examined This added charge amounts to rent on
the money that is owed and is termed interest
Besides these we know fixed costs are directly related to time variable andother costs are also similar effect ie if time span of a project is longer then
fixed cost will be more and similarly true for all other costs So time span ISa vital factor for any construction project
Again for any project there is a breakeven point which also dependents on
time If construction period is more than the estimated time timerequirement to reach break even will be more
BeSides these there is a possibility to come other competitors due to delay
of construction and sometimes it may become an unprofitable project forever in this competitive market
38
If we Consider revenue side what we see - Suppose a 10 storied office
building spaces are 12000 sq-ft and rent is 501 = Taka per sq-ft ie per day
revenue is 20 Lac Particularly this type of project per day revenue loss will
be a big amount if the construction not timely finish This is unexpected for
any organizationlsJcontractorls)
Season
In many cases for foundation purpose deep excavation is required
Sometimes need shore pile to protect adjacent soil Shore pile is essential
when permanent structure exist adjacent project site As shore pile is a
temporary work in many cases it designs less cautiously Result is that
shore pile failures are a common type of failure in Dhaka city at every year
It is occurred mainly in rainy season due to rainfall If the contractors are
finished their foundation works before rainy season most of the time they
can avoid these repetitive shore pile failure situations
On the other hand in many cases owner of adjacent structure goes to the
court when contractor goes for deeper excavation for their safety and
compensation if shore pile failure occurs Also for shore pile failure delays
the project ie more time consume for project and more money expenses
due to delay or to pay compensation Sometimes it becomes a crucial factor
for the project and as a result of big economical loss for that project Such
type of big economical loss easily can avoid by proper time scheduling ie
should be complete before expected rainy season in case of deeperfoundation works
39
413 Cost Analysis and Result
Assumption made for cost and analysis are follows-
1 For Manual 1000 eft of excavation work (PWDStandard Rates)
al For initial lead of 100_ON and lift of 5_ON
i) Ordinary labour cost Tk 088 per cIt
b) For each additional lift of one loot beyond 5-0 and upto 10_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 004 per cit
c) For each additional lilt of one foot beyond 10-0 and upto 15-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 006 per cit
d) For each additional lift of one foot beyond 15_ON and upto 20_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 008 per eft
e) Extra each additional lead of 100-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 014 per eft
2 For Excavator
f) Initial rent Tk 9000000 for upto 10 days
il Extra charge Tkl0OOO00 per day
iii Excavation capacity 10000 eft per day
3 Enough labour Force
gl Enough labour force can be engaged so that there will not be any
significant difference in excavation between these two methods
40
Tablbullbull4-1 5 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area (ff) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 500 440 90000200 1000 880 90000500 2500 2200 900001000 5000 4400 900002000 10000 8500 900005000 25000 22000 9000010000 50000 44000 9000020000 100000 95000 9000040000 200000 218000 180000100000 500000 755000 450000
Tablbullbull 4-2 10 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Areaiiti) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1000 980 90000200 2000 1960 90000500 5000 4900 900001000 10000 9800 900002000 20000 19600 900005000 50000 49000 9000010000 100000 98000 9000020000 200000 210000 18000040000 400000 476000 360000100000 1000000 1610000 900000
41
Table 4-3 15 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR I
Area (ft) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1500 1670 90000200 3000 3340 90000500 7500 8350 900001000 15000 16700 900002000 30000 33400 900005000 75000 83500 9000010000 150000 167000 13500020000 300000 355000 270000
40000 600000 794000 540000100000 1500000 2615000 1350000
Tabla 4-4 20 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area(ft ) Vo(ume(ft ) Manual(CostTk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 2000 2560 90000200 4000 5120 90000500 10000 12800 900001000 20000 25600 900002000 40000 51200 900005000 100000 128000 9000010000 200000 256000 18000020000 400000 540000 36000040000 800000 1192000 720000100000 2000000 3820000 1800000
42
Graph 41 Excavation cost for 5 feet
5 Excavation Cost
~ ~---------------
------ -
I
II
II
- ExcavatorI-Manual
I
50 -----
Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet
10 Excavation Cost
0
I Excavator-Manual
-___ e bullbullbull _
- __ - - --- - - _ - -
-
- - - - - - - - - - -
- - 250 -
oo
lti 300~~ooo~
o 100U
Area (in 100 sft)
43
Graph 43 Excavation cost for 15 feet
15 Excavation Cost
-- ExcavatorI-Manual I
eN
~NN
o
400 -
350 -
300~bull~ 250 - - - 000 ~bullbull- 0~0U 100 - ---- - -
0
Area (in 100 sft)
Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet
20 Excavation Cost
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
- - - -- - - -- - - - - - - --
350 ---------
bullbull 300
~ 250g~ 200 bullbullbullbull0
~ 0U 100 -
0
o g
-
-----------
_______ c C __
___ c c_
~c
-- Excavator-Manual
Area (in 100 sft)
44
From the above anafysis it is observed that in case of 5 feet excavation
breakeven area is 19020 sft for 10 feet excavation 9184 sfr for 15 feet
excavation 6946 sft and for 20 ft 3636 sft Excavator becomes cheaper for
any constructIOn (area) above these breakeven fevels
42 Design and Specifications
421 Material for Building Construction
Wood of course was the only material used by early builders that had more
or less equal tensile and compressive strength Early builders are also
depends on stone brick surki and lime After innovation of reinforced-
concrete and steel previously used material are replaced by concrete and
steel Concrete with reinforcement radically change in the field of building
construction technology After that steel play the vital role and contribute to
build high rise building worldwide though Bangladesh is far from that type
high rise building But recently numbers of steel bUilding are in the process
of construction and we are expecting remarkable progress will be shown
within couple of years Nowadays wood has been relegated largely to
accessory use during construction to use in temporary and secondary
structures and to use for secondary member of permanent construction
Though both concrete and steel are the two most commonly used structural
material worldwide in Bangladesh mainly concrete are common item of
building construction Recently some industrial buildings are constructed by
structural steel Builders in Bangladesh are now reali2ing that steel is also a
competitive and effective material for building construction But they are
going forward very slowly for steel structure
Selection of structural materials must be selected on availability of materials
Also depends on corresponding skill labour relative costs wage scale and
the suitability of the materials for particular structure
In Bangladesh currently carrying out research into rice straw and husks
which are a by-product of major crop of Bangladesh but have already
encountered problems with the strength of the rice straw while fit best rice
45
husks can be regarded as filler and may not contribute significantly to the
tensile strength of earth-mix bricks
Idea of including waste material from the countrys vast jute industry to use
as a binder in the bricks and not merely as rubbish to be burnt
And finally that the integrity of earth-built buildings may be considerably
strengthened and improved by applying simple low-cost principles to the
Internal strengthening structures - mostly tied bamboo frameworks
4211 Material in Bangladesh
Any material which has got application in engineering construction is termed
as engineering material Stones bricks concrete bricks lime cement surki
sand concrete iron steel ferrous alloys non-ferrous metais and alloys
timber timber products aluminums bamboos soils bituminous materials
glass plastics paints varnishes rubber tiles granite marble etc are
commonly used in Bangladesh
Among them major construction materials are now producing in Bangladesh
though maximum raw materials are imported outside from Bangladesh
Though cement raw materials like gypsum and clinker are importing from
outside of country the total cement producing capacity now is more than
countrys per year requirement and quality of cement is standard as per
specification But reinforcement quality is not yet reached to standard level
It is very serious problem for construction industry of Bangladesh
46
4212 Reinforcement
Steel is known as black copper in early ages Iron and steel developed over
2000 years ago It was Henry Bessemer who was especially interested in
good quality steel making for big canons He was the first to produce low
carbon wrought iron In Bangladesh steel also used as reinforcement in many
years before It is difficult to say when and where first time used steel
reinforcement
Concrete reinforcement bar are usually of two types
bull Deformed bar and
bull Twisted bar
Below are the specifications for two types of reinforcement bar-
Table 4-5Steel GradeGrade 40Grade 60
ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed barYield Stre9th (psi Ultimate Stren ths (psi)40000 (minimum) 70000 (minimum)60000 (minimum) 90000 (minimum)
Table 4-6Steel GradeGrade 250Grade 400Grade 460
654149 specifications for Twisted barYield Stren th (psi) Ultimate Strengths (psi)40000 (minimum) 4400060000 (minimum) 6600067000 (minimum) 73700
Grade 40 and Grade 60 both type of reinforcement are frequently used InBangladesh for building construction In Bangladesh normally steel areprocessed by the follOWingmethod
(i) Induction furnace melting and(ii) Arc furnace melting
The yearly requirement of steel in Bangladesh is 10 million ton But the
quality steel production rate is only 02 million tonyear That is remaining
08 million ton reinforcement are non-standard 1171 By which our different
construction works are building This is an awful situation of construction
sector in Bangladeshand requires immediate exemption from this situation
47
4213 Concrete
Allover the world concrete with reinforcement are the most commonly used
materials for building construction In Bangladesh it is the main structural
material using as building construction materials Concrete IS a stone like
material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement
sand and gravel or other aggregate and water to harden in forms of the
shape and dimensions of the desired structure
Bangladesh is now a big cement producing country in respect to their
required capacity Statistics says yearly requirement of cement allover the
Bangladesh is 65 million tons where as production capacity of the entire
cement mill is 120 million tons That means 55 million tons surplus cement
now existing in Bangladesh One of the main reasons of this surplus is that
world top most cement producing companies are now producing cement in
Bangladesh from their factory
The properties that make concrete a universal building material are so
pronounced that it has been used In more primitive kinds and ways than at
present for thousands of years probably beginning in Egyptian antiquity
The facility with which while plastic it can be deposited and made to fill
forms or aids of almost any practical shape is one of these factors Its high
fire and weather resistance are eVident advantages Most of the constituent
materials with the possible exception of cement are usually available at low
cost locally or at small distances from the construction site
In Bangladesh normally concrete strength (cylinder strength fc) varies from
2500 psi to 5000 psi for building construction But in many case it falls to
2000 PSI On the other hand upto 8000 psi concrete was used for
construction of Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge project Also there are many
projects already finished and ongoing where usedusing more than 5000 psi
strength concrete
48
4214 Steel
In 1885 an American engineer names William LeBaron Jenny became the
creator of the modern skyscraper when he realized that an office building
could be constructed using totally different materials He chose structural
steel and incorporated it into a revolutionary system that was to make
possible the soaring office towers that now symbolize the modernmetropolis
Steel is manufactured under controlled conditions its properties are
determined in a laboratory and described in a manufacturers certificate
Thus the designer need only specify the steel as complying with a relevant
standard and the site engineers supervision is limited to the workmanship
of the connections between the Individual steel members So responsible of
contractor is more to provide proper material
Also following are some reasons normally associated with competitiveadvantages of steel over concrete
bull Construction speed particularly during periods of high interest rates
Steel frames go up more rapidly thus reducing construction financing
costs and allowing the building to generate revenue sooner
bull Availability of steel in a variety of grades and shapes that IS suitable
for economical faming of both short and long spans
bull Steel offers economical design approach for retrofit and rehab
projects Steel can be easily modified expanded or converted to suit
future needs of owners and tenants For this reason steel frame isoften referred to as a changeable frame
bull In difficult foundation conditions steel construction may result in
reduced foundation costs because of its light weight Steel frame is
normally 25 to 35 percent lighter than a concrete frame and can
permit the use of less expensive foundation systems
In Bangladesh steel building are not constructing notably Mainly some
factory buildings are constructed with steel as a structural material In
Bangladesh peoples are not serious about time which is main advantage of
steel structure like our COuntry We have to import all the steel materials It
49
also has to PV higher tax Our engineers are not interested to go for new
technology like steel structure 0 technicians oed labors pof Vtrained P fo steel construction Ultimately except time factor steel
structure is OPt very suitable for building construction of Bangladesh Very
recently a few numbers of high-rise buildings are now under construction or
under designing stages which indicates new technology are coming
4215 RCC Grading
Strength of concrete is commonly considered its most important property
although in many practical cases other characteristic such as durability and
impermeability may in fact be more important Nevertheless strength usually
gives an overall picture of the quality of concrete because strength is
directly related to the structure of the hardened cement paste
The strength of concrete of given mix proportions is very seriously affected
by the degree of its compaction It ISvital therefore that conSistence of the
mix be such that the concrete can be transported placed and finished
sufficiently easily and without segregation Following combinations of
reinforcement and concrete are considered for thiS study-
Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Reinforcement and Concrete
Concrete Type Steel Strength (in ksi) Concrete Strength lin ksi)
I Type - 1 60 44
Type - 2 60 36
Type - 3 60 29
Type - 4 60 25
Type - 5 40 44
Type - 6 40 36
Type - 7 40 29
Type - 8 40 25
50
4217 Interdependence of Humnware Infoware and Hardware
For analysis and design purpose humnware infoware and hardware work as
an integrated system During design and analysis period due to different
grade and type material selection software hardware and humnware play
the vital role for alternate attempt Computer utilization in different stages
have improved capabilities for generating quality designs as well as redUCing
the time required to produce alternative designs Without help of these
technological combined services It IS almost impossible to get better and
optimistic design Thats why with the help of Humnware Infoware and
Hardware most economic type analysis and design may achieved within
short time which is almost impossible without these technological help
Manual analysis and design are most of the time assumption based a time
consuming matter and whose ultimate result is economical loss considered
to both time and material requirement
51
4218 Analysis and Result
For analysis purpose here considered a six storied building The analysis has
been performed by STAADIPro software 3-D model of assumed building amp
output of STAADProare given in Appendix-A
Following are the material requirement for different combination
Table 4-8 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 10487 Ib5 2148 Ib6 1375 Ib7 1386 Ib8 3971 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 193651bsTotal Volume of Concrete 28688 cuft
Table 4-9 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 23844 Ibs5 1346 Ib6 5329 Ib7 5487 Ib8 10511 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 46518 IbsTotal Vofume of Concrete 61454 cuft
52
Table 4-10 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6330 Ib5 5653 Ib6 1644 Ib7 2771 Ib8 4722 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 21120lbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3355 cUft
Table 4-11 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 22348 Ibs5 4039 Ib6 8655 Ib7 4001 Ib8 5049 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 44092 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 7279 cU1t
53
Table 4-12 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 787191bs5 29898 Ibs6 37505 Ibs7 57257 Ibs8 58754 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
26213 Ibs3528 cUft
Table 4-13 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibs)
4 221821bs5 10011 Ibs6 37652 Ibs7 6918 Ibs8 34297 Ibs
Totel weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
54
432191bs9367 cuft
Table 4-14 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 9556 Ibs5 2453 Ibs6 3810 Ibs7 6378 Ibs8 6761 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
28958 Ibs4190 cuft
Table 4-15 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibsl
4 25557 Ibs5 3126 Ibs6 4340 Ibs7 10008 Ibs8 703 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
55
43733 Ibs10076 cuft
Table 4-16 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 8680 Ib5 1358 Ib6 1434 Ib7 2588 Ib8 7727 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 21787 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3499 cUft
Table 4-17 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 17629 Ibs5 4878 Ib6 7745 Ib7 7921 Ib8 16895 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 47938Total Volume of Concrete 8546 cuft
56
Table 4-18 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 7770 Ibs5 1432 Ibs6 3795 Ibs7 4686 Ibs8 9068 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
==
26752 Ibs3479 cuft
Table 4-19 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17705 Ibs5 1591 Ibs6 13078 Ibs7 1152 Ibs8 16675 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
57
= 50201 Ibs9644 cuft
Table 420 Material Requirement for Column1ConcreteStrength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in IbsJ
4 84764 Ibs5 30846 Ibs6 22264 Ibs7 34232 Ibs8 10168 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
27379 lbs4709 cUft
Table 4-21 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17693 Ibs5 2347 Ibs6 19086 Ibs7 1367 Ibs8 13352 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
58
53845 Ibs10111 cuft
Table 4-22 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6602 Ib5 2506 Ib6 7068 Ib7 5216 Ib8 8370 Ib
Totar weight of reinforcement - 29762 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 5055 cuft
Table 4-23 Material Requirement for BeamlConcrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 18686 Ibs5 13536 Ibs6 15858 Ib7 1085 Ib8 5565 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement - 54730 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 11269 cUft JI
59
4219 Cost Analysis
Generally the cost for a construction prOject includes the expenses related to
the following activities
bull Land acquirement
bull Planning and feasibility
bull Design
bull Construction including materials equipment and lobour
bull Insurance and taxes during construction
bull Office overhead
bull Office furniture and equipment
bull Inspection testing and others
In this study considered only material cost of different grade of combination
which is mentioned in the article 4215
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Concrete Strength Concrete Cost2500 pO 155 Tkdt2900 psi 164 Tkdt3600 pO 187 Tkch4400 P 209 Tkch
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Reinforcement Strength Reinforcement Cost40000 psi 226406 TklOn
60000 psi 23625 Tkton
60
Table 4~26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequiremerType - 1 294 Ton 9014 citType - 2 291 Ton 10633 eftType - 3 310 Ton 12895 cftType - 4 325 Ton 14266 eftType - 5 311 Ton 12044 eftType - 6 344 Ton 13123 eftType - 7 363 Ton 14821 eftType - 8 377 Ton 16324 eft
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequirementType - 1 441 Ton 9916 eftType - 2 437 Ton 11697 eftType - 3 465 Ton 14185 eftType - 4 487 Ton 15693 eftType - 5 467 Ton 13249 eftType - 6 515 Ton 14435 eftType - 7 544 Ton 16304 eftType - 8 566 Ton 17957 eft
Table 4-28 Reinforcemelt and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka
Type of Concrete Renforcement Cost Concrete Cost Total CostType - 1 1042 Coo 1884 Coo 2926 CooT~2 1032 Coo 1988 Coo 3020 CooTy e - 3 1099 Coo 2115 Coo 3214 CooType - 4 1150 Coo 2211 Coo 3361 CooType - 5 1057 Coo 2517 Coo 3574 CooType6 1167 Coo 2454 Coo 3621 CooType - 7 1231 Coo 2431 Coo 3662 CooType - 8 1281 Co 2530 Coo 3811 Co
61
Graph 4-5 Total Cost 01 Concrete and Reinforcement
Total Cost
bull
0045_0000bull~bull 35000bullbull ~OO
0 ~oou
~~oo~000
WOO
bull bull
bull bull
I TotalCosti-Concrete COSJ-+-- Reinf Cost -- -- -
Type of Concrelltgt Grado
Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement
Costn Percentage
_Totalcosl
-- Concrce Co__ Renf Coso
1_23
- -
- - - - -
---------_-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
140 -
_35 --------------- bull
bull 130bullbull 120bullj U bull 105~
00095
Type of Concrete Crade
Above analysis clearly shows that Type-1 concrete is cheaper than anyother combination of reinforced concrete Up-to 29 savings is possible ifhigher grade Reinforcement and Concrete used for building construction
62
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Discussion
In developed countries civil engineering organizations spend good amount of
money in RampD At national level the universities and other institutions
should be encouraged to undertake strategic research which aims to Improve
understanding and applications of scientific and technical know how which
in turn will provide a basis in the long run proper application of new
techniques and technologies Following are some areas very essential for
construction Industry of Bangladesh
The development and dissemination of new construction equipment and
better safety must be encouraged
Pre-fabrication and use of package materials will enhance the efficiency of
work execution by standardizing specifications and reduce the site work
volumes
The development and dissemination of all weather construction technology
will make it possible to carryon with work even under bad weather
The means of transferring information between designers and constructors
need to be improved The effective use of construction equipment
prefabricated materials and products needs to be considered
The roles and responsibilities of engineers need to be reviewed With regard
to improvements in work efficiency personnel training and strengthening the
management foundation of engineers
6]
52 Conclusion
Excavation
Manual excavation and excavation USing excavator S to 20 ft depth) with
different land areas were studied in Dhaka city Considering labour cost and
excavator rental charge breakeven point for Sft excavation and 20ft excavation
are 19020sft and 3616sft respectively Using PDW97 standard rate of works
it IS observed that for deeper excavation excavator is cheaper than labor-
intensivemanual excavation Labor-intensivemanual excavation works may be
acceptable outside urban areas due to unemployment of labor But excavator is
economic solution in urban areas like Dhaka city
In Bangladesh excavation and loading is a labour-based works but in developed
countries its hardware-based works Further detail study based on socio-
economic environment etc may be required to introduce hardware-based
excavation work replacing manual labor in our country
Material
8 combinations of steel and concrete were studied for a six storied bUilding
Considering material cost Type- ICombination of high strength concrete 44-
ksi with high strength steel 60-ksi) is the most economic Type8 la
combination of low grade concrete 2S-ksi and low grade steel 40-ksi) is the
most uneconomic as it material costs 29 more than the cost due to the Type-
1 Unfortunately Type-8 combination is most widely used in private construction
even by the real estate developer One problem with Type- is that high
strength concrete 144 ksi concrete with 60 ksi steel) demands admixture which
also demand skilled humnware If it is not possible type 2 (36 ksi concrete
with 60 ksi steel) can be easily used without loosing Significant economy lonly
3 more cost than Type-l) Mainly Engineers may play the significant role to
convince ownersentrepreneur to accept this technological advantage and avoid
uneconomical traditional approach
53 Scope for Future Works
Similar studies may be carried out for other components of technology Inamely
different types of hardware technology humnware infoware etc)
64
REFERENCES[1] MAnwarul Azim Technology Mal1agement and Development of Nation
July 1999
[2) SP Arors SP Bindra A Text Book of Building Construction
131 Chris Hendrickson Tung su Project Msnagement for Construction
141 Robert L Peukrifoy William B Ledbetter Construction Planning Equipment
snd Methods McGraw-HIli Book Company International Edition 1985
[51 Robert L Mitchell Engineering EconomlcsJohn Wiley amp Sons 1980
[6J Thomas C Ksvanagh Frank Muller James J OBrien Construction
Management
[7J Donald Barrie Boyd C Paulson Jr ProfeSSlonslConstruction Management
[8J Frank Harris Modern Construction and Ground Engineering Equipment and
Method
9J V K Riana Concrete bridge practice analysis design and economics
110] wwwskycraperscomWebsite
[11] wwwtransltmixconcretecom Web site
[12] wwwlrcocomWebslte
[13] wwwantigoconstructio~0JT Web site
[14] wwwleggattequipmentcomWebsite
[15J Public Works Department Recent technical issues and association of public
works department October 19 2000
i16J AaM Ekram Ullah Construction industry of Bangladesh Journal of civil
engineerirlgIEB 2 December 2000
[17J Prospect of quality re-enforcement bar production in Bangladesh - Elite Iron
and Steel Industries Ltd 2003
[18J Analysis of rates of PWD (Bangladeshi Schedule
- July 199719h Edition)
65
APPENDIX-A
3-D Model STAADIPro Input and Output (Partiall
APPENDIXA
30 Model STAADfPro Input and Output (Partiall
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STAAD SPACE PAGE 10
n m eo 81 m~227 94 95 551 96 n 99 0
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STAADSPACE -- PAGENO
148 271 272 276 277 328 329 341 PRIS YD 20 ZD 15119 78 14 15 6~ 64 70 71 86 87 94 95 110 111 151 152 167 bull68 208 2092lt150 266 281 282 322 ~23 332 3~7 PRIS YD 23151 885 TO 892 902 TO ~08 PRIS Yil 10 ZD 2352 1268 92 149 206 153 320 336 85~ TO 866 PRIS YO 12 ZD 10153 916 65 72 88 96 112 153 J6~ 210 226 267 28~ ~2~ 333 338 PRIS YD 15J54 11 67 90 114 171 228 285 335 843 TO 850 PRIS YD 40 ZD 10155 612 730 731 734 TO 736 748 749 75~ TO 754 766 767 770 TO 772 802 80156 806 TO 808 834 PRIS YO25 ZD 15157 577 5ao 618 PRIS Yl2G ZD 10158 501 TO 503 510 TO 12 517 TO 519 526 TO 528 5J3 TO 535 542 TO 544 54159 558 TO 560 565 TO 567 574 TO 576 581 TO 58~ 590 TO 592 597 TO 599 6C160 615701 TO 703 710 711 714 715 7J~ TO 721 728 729 732 733 737 TO 73161 750751 755 TO 757 764 765 768 76~ 773 TO 775 782 783 786 787 791 TC162 801 804 805 809 TO 8JJ 810 819 822 823 831 832 PRIS YD 30 ZD n163 593 790 PRIS YO ~O ZO 151M 596 PRIS YD 35 ZD 15165 504 TO S09 S20 TO 525 536 TO S41 S52 TO 557 568 TO 573 534 TO S39 61166 704 TO 709 722 TO 727 740 TO 745 758 TO 763 776 TO 731 794 TO 799 8167 318 PRIS YD 3D ZD 15163 600 TO 605 812 TO 817 PRIS YD 33 ZD 15169 CONSTANTS170 E CONCRETEMEMll1 TO 16 ~8 )022 57 TO 72 74 TO 73 80 TO 90 92 TO 9E171 98T0102104T0114149T01S3155T0159161T0171206T021021In 218 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3173 340 TO ~42 50J TO 518 70- TO 882 885 TO 892 B95 TO 908174 POISSON CONCRETEV-EME1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 30 TO 90 917 98 TO 102 10~ TO 11~ 149 TO 13 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 2JO 2J176 21B TO 228 263 )0267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO ~30 3177 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 613 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 908173 DENSITYCONCRETEMEHB1 TO 16 13 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 8D TO 90 9179 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 21130 213 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 27 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3181 340 TO 342 50J TO 618 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 90818l ALPHACONCRETEMEMB1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 103 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 19 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212184 l18 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 33185 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 618 701 TO 832 8BS TO 392 895 TO 9031B6 UNIT FEET KIP187 SUPPORTS1B8 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 207 216 fiXED18~ 234 FIXED190 236 FIXED191 DEFINE WINDLOAD192 TYPE 1193 INT 0 0045 0053 006 HEIG 10 30 60 90194 EXP 1 JOINT 24 TO 184 192 TO 196 199 TO 202 205 206 208 TO 215 217 11~5 n7 TON3196 EXCLUDEJOINT 46 69 92 U5 J38 161 J84197 LOADJ SELFWEIGHT1~8 SELFWEIGHTY -119~ LOAD2 DEADLOAD200 FLOORLOAD201 bull GROUNDFLOORIS A PARKI~GFLOOR
5 0
STAAD SPACE - - PAGE NO
o
59B 6973 ZRANGE 4854-2
FLOAD -05 XRANGE075KSF + 025 KSFFLOAD -01
YRANGE10 10 FLOAD -0089bull 1ST FLOOR TO 5TH FLOOR JS OFFICE FLOOR + ROOF SELFWEIGHT = O068KSF FLOO- FJNJSH = 002 KSF FALSE CEILI~G NO OTHER LOADAS FLOOR DEAD LOADYRAN3E 20 70 FLOAD -0104bull ROOF(EXTRA) AS GARDEN30 SOIL IN ~ART OF THE ROO~ SOIL ~ 03 NO OTHER LOADAS fLOOR DEAD LOADYRANGE70 70 FLOAD -03 XRANGE20 598 ZRAIIGE 2133 70ATER TANKYRANGESO SObull ROOF SLABYRANGll 80 80MEMBERLOAD701 702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 791 792 809 810 UNI GY -043LOAD 3 EXTERJOR WALLMEMBERLOADbullbullbull GROUNDFLOOR TO 5TIl FLOOR 5 WALLASSUMEDAT TilE EXTERIOR OF THE501 TO 503 510 TO 519 526 TO 535 542 TO 551 558 TO 567 574 TO 583 5599 602 605 60a 609 612 701 TO 703 TLO TO 721 72B TO 739 746 TO 757764ro775782T0793800T0808815T0826B35TOB41B51TOB578f875 TO 881 B95 TO 901 UNI GY 05LOAD 4 LIVE LOADFLOOR LOADGROUND FLOOR AS GARRAGEyenRANGE 10 10 FLOAD -005bullbull OFFICE SPACE AN ~VERAGE OF 65L8SFTYRANGE20 60 FLOAD -0 065bullbull FOR PARTITION WALL(ACCIDENTALLOAD)YRANGE20 60 FLOAD -004bull ~ ROOF OCCU~ATAIONALLIVE LOADOF ]0 LBSFTyenRANGE 70 70 FLOAD -003bullbullbull ROOF LIVE LOADOP 20 L3SFTyenRANGE 80 80 FLOAD -002MEMBERLOAD701702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 781 792 809 810 UNI GY -02LOAD 5 WIND IN XWIND LOADX 1 TYPE 1LOAD 6 WIND IN -XWIND LOADX -1 TYPE 1LOAD 7 wrND IN Zwnm LOADZ 1 TYPE 1LOAD B WIND IN ZwrND LOAD Z 1 TYPE 1LOAD COMB21 UNFACTOREDLOAD FOR GEO-TECH DESING1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10LOAD COMB22 FACTROREDLOAD1142143 14 4 17LOADCOMB23 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_X)1105 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275LOAD COMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-XI1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1 275 6 1215LOAD COMB25 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_Z)11051 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275
20420520620720B209210211 212213 214 21521621721B219220 221222223224-22522622722B21~130 131131233 234135 136 13 7 238239
241142243244-245246
249250251252 253 254255256257
P1 or
STAAD SPACE
260 LOAD COMB27 O 9DL+1 WI X261 1092 09 3 O~ 5 13262 LOAD COMB28 O~Du+~3WL -x263 1092 09 3 09 6 13261 LOAD COMB29 0 9DL+1 3WL Z265 109 2 09 3 09 7 13266 LOAD COMB30 09DL+lJWL -Z6 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13268 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELKMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 419 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH g 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS ~rRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISRSPACS = 141411308 1m EXMEM _ 11323 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 1O 23H roceMing Global Stiffness M-riX 10 23H Processing Triansular actorizatiof1 10 23H Calculating Joint Displacements 1O 24H Calculating Member Forces 10 24
269 LOAD LIST 21 22270 H71 START CONCRETE DESIGU272 CODE ACI273 UNIT INCRES KIP274 TRACK 2 ALL275 MINMAIN J ALL276 MAXMAIN8 ALL277 CLB 15 ALL278 CLS 1 5 ALL279 CLT ~5 ALL280 FC 25 ALL281 FYMAN 40 ALL28lt DESIGN BEAM501 TO 08 7D~ TO 84lt 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Pog of
A-
__ PAGE 0SIMD SPACE------------------- -------------------
_ bullbull lt CONCRETE TAKE OF bullbullbullFOR BE~MS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ~BOVEI
TOTAL VOLUCTE OF CONCR~TE ~ 11268 _94 CD FT
BAR SIZSNUMBER
mIGHT(in lbs)
1868563135362115B57951084 _9755~520
bullbullbull TOTAL= 5472996
285 FINISIl
bullbullbullbullbullbull 7 END OF STAAD-III ~7
DATE= JON 2~200J
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION M PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINBERS co bullbull West Coast - (714) 97~-2500 FClX- 714 I 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbull _ bullbullbullbullbullbullbull __ bullbull bullbullbull gt bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
Pbullbullbullbullbull of
A-9
-------------STAAD SPACE
260 1 09 2 093 09 8 13261 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- ~AGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTrcs
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMllER bullbullELEMENTS(SUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WrDTH ~ 196 nTOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ a TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISIt SPACE _ 141411570 MIl ExMEM_ 11611 MB
++ Processing Elemenc Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global stiffness Matrlx++ Processing Triangular ~actorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
163542163542163542163543163543
262 LOAD LIST 21 22263 HH264 START CONCRETE DESIGN265 CODE Atl266 UNJT INCHES KIP267 TRACK 2 ALL268 MINMAIN 4 ALL269 ~~MAIN a ALL270 CLB 15 ALU271 CLS 1 5 ALL272 eLT 1 5 ALL273 Fe 28 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO n 74 TO 78 6D TO 90 92 TO S276 104 TO 114 )48 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 2]277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 3]0 332 TO 338 34278 _ 843 TO 650 B59 TO 866 885 TO sn 902 TO 908
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STAADSPACE - - PAGE NO
260 LOADCOMB28 0 ~DL+13IL_-X261 J O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 6 13262 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+1 3L ~263 1 O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 7 13264 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13L -l265 1092 09 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTSg 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX_ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISI SPACE = Hl4 11309 MS EXMEM= 11~~~ Me
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocesslng Global Stlffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
10H46101646101646101647101647
267 LOADLIST 21 22268 bullbullbullbull26~ START CONCRETEDESIGN27D CODE ACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP272 TRACK2 ALL273 MINMAIN3 ALL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL275 CLB 15 ALL276 CLS 15 ALL277 CLT 15 ALL273 FC 29 ALL279 FYMAIN40 ALL280 DESIGN BEAM 50~ TO G18 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
A-12
STAAD SPACE __ IAGENO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE = 1011146 CUFT
BAR SIZENUllBER
bull
H TOT1L~
283 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
176933223469319085 Sl136~151335171
5384462
bullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull
H DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 1018 4 H
bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING rn VERSION 0 PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast 00- (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714 ) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast 00- (9~8) 6B8-3626 Fax- (97B) 685-7230 bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A13ry ot
STAAD SPACE
260 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL -Z261 1092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STJlTISTICS
NOMllER OF JOINTSMIDIIlER+ELEMENISSUPPORTS K 2281 4791 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH K 1961 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF BTIFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 14141 9966 MIl EXMEM ~ 9995 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
162B56162656162657162857162857
263 LOADLIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETEDESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KIP268 TRACK2 ALL269 MINMAIN4 ALL270 MAXMAIN8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALL273 CLI 15 ALL274 FC 25 ALL275 FYMAIN40 ALL276 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 lB TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 7B 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 S277 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21278 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34279 B43 TO B50 859 TO 866 885 TO B92 902 TO 90B
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STAAD SPACE
26Q 1 092 09 3 09 8 13261 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day lpn 200 0505 PIlt
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSsUPPORTS ~ 2281 47~ 25ORIGINALIINAL BWP-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM n 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX n 2~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISItSPACE ~ 1414 112~8 MB EXMEM bullbull11305 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 48 H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix ~8 H Processing Triangular Factorization 48 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1048 H Calculating Membr Fore 1046 262 LOADLIST 21 22263 bullbullbullbull264 START CONCRETEDESrGN265 CODE ACr266 UNIT INCHES KIP267 TRACK2 ALL268 MINMArN4 ALL269 MAXMAIN8 ALL270 CLB 15 ALL271 CLS lS ALL272 CLT lS ALL273 FC 44 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 60 TO ~O 92 IO 96 276 104 IO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 no TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34278 843 TO 8S0 859 TO 866 SS5 TO 892 ~02 TO ~06
A_16
STAAD SACE
TUeday At 200lt 05 Q PM
__ ~AGSNO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullFOR EEAMS AND CO~UMNS DES1GNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VO~UME OF CONCRETE ~ 349873 CUFT
BAR SlZENUMBER
bullbull TOTA~~
28~ FINISH
WEWHT
lin lbs)
868018135806143447158775772658
2178704
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
DATE= rUN~9~003
bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull QUESTlONS REGARDING THIS VERSlON OF ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - 7~4) 974-~500 Fax- 1714) 9H-2543 bullbull East Coast - (976) 686-3626 Fax- 1978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A17
9Oglt of
STAAD SPACE
260 11052 105 3 105 4 1~75 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13L X262 1092 0 9 3 09 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 6 13265 LOADCOMB29 a9DL+13WL_Z266 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092 09 3 09 8 13269 PERFORM ANALYSIS
Tuesday AprLl 200lt 050 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STAJISJICS
NUMBER OF JO~NTSMEMBER+ELEHENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25OR~G~NALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 196 31TOlALPRIMARY LOAD CASES 8 JOJALDEGREES OP FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OP STIPFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PR~C KORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 14UI 10052 KB ElCKEK 10074 KB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
115749115749115749115750115750
270 LOAD LIST 21 2227l 272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 3 ALL277 MAXMAIN a ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL2ao CLl 15 ALL281 FC 44 ALL~82 FYMAIN 40 ALL283 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 6lS 701 10 84~ 851 10 858 867 TO 88~ 895 TO 901
0 or
A-1B
STAAD SPACE __ PAGE NO
bullbull bullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COGUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAG VOGUME OF CONCRETE = 854555 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
TOTAG~
186 FINISH
WEIGHT(~n Ibs)
176288448775077448379214
1689494
4793815
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 115910
bull QUESTlONS REGARDING H1SVERSlON oe PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS 0 c bullbull west Coaet - (7141 974-2500 =- (714) 921-2543 bullbull EilstCOil~t - 97B) 688-3626 FilX-(978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull
A-19
STAAD SPACE
260 LOIDCOMB30 O9DL+l3Wl -z261 1 092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORM ANALYSIS
TUesday Iltpnl 0o 00 0503 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATrSTICS
NUMBER OP JOrNTSMBMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 2SORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STlFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIlgt DlSK SPACE ~ 14l4 11297 MD IXMEM 11322 MB
++ rocessing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocessing Global stiffne~~ Matrix_++ ProceBBing Triangular Factori~ation++ Calculating Joint Di~placements++ Calculating Member Forces
92823~2823~28239282492824
263 LOAD LIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETE DESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KI268 TRACK 2 ALL269 MINMAIN 4 ALL270 MAXMAIN 8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALlgt273 CLT 15 ALlgt274 Fe 36 ALL275 FYMAIN 40 ILL276 DESIGN COLUMN 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~o 92 TO 96 277 104 TO 114 14~ TO 153 155 TO l5~ 161 TO 171 206 TO 2J0 2J2 TO 216 21276 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 3427~ 843 TO 80 89 TO 866 865 TO 892 902 TO 908
go of
TUesday Apnl 0 00 05 OJ PH
STAAD SPACE
~~~~~CONC~ETE TAKE OFF ~~~~~~~(FOR BEAMSAlD COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CO~C~ETE = 347891 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBE~
u TOTAL~
282 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
7770_05143175379537468648~067 99
2675164
~~~END OF STAAD-III ~bullbullbullbull~
~~ DATE~ JUN 292003
bullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbull~bullbullbull~~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS ~EGARDING TIllS VE~SION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESE~RCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(714) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~1~76) 688-3626 Fax- 197B) 685-7230 bull~~bullbull~bullbull~~~~bullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbull~~
A-21
Pog of
STAADSPACE
260 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 7 1275261 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-Z)262 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 8 1275263 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13WL X264 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13265 LOADCOMB28 O9DL+13WL -X266 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 1 3267 LOADCOMB29 O9DL+13WL Z268 1 09 2 09 3 09 7 13269 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+13WL -Z270 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13271 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day Apnl 200lt 0501
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS~ 228 479 25ORI~INALFINAL B~_WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAlgtPRIMARYLOADCASES 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FRlEDOM~ 1218SI~E OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 141411268 MIl EXMEM~ 11325 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorizat~on++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Fo~ces
9513495134951349513595135
272 LOADLIST 21 22273 u274 START CONCRETEDESIGN275 CODEACI276 UNIT INCHES KIP277 TRACK2 ALL278 MINMAIN3 ALL27~ MAXMAIN8 ALL280 CLB 1_5 ALL281 CLS 15 ALL282 CLT 15 ALL283 FC 36 ALL284 FYMAIN40 ALL285 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO B42 B51 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
0 - Df Slt
A-22
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 964374 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
faTAL
268 FINISH
WEJCHT(in Ibs)
177047115913713077931152341667496
5020131
bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-IJI bullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 29200J TIME~ ~5252
bullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENCJNEER8 bullbull West Coast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull
A-23
Pobullbullbullbullbull ot
STAADSPAC
260 LOADCOMB29 09DL+l3WL Z261 1092093 09 7 13262 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z263109209309813264 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
lROBLEM S TAT 1ST I C S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPlORTS 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH_ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES _ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM_ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSRZQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 141411353 Mll lXMEM~ 11380 Mll
H Processing Element Stiffness MatrlX 1519 H Precessing Global Stiffness Matrix 1519 H precessing Triangular Factorization 1519 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1519 H Calculating Member Forces 1520 0
265 LOADLIST 21 22266 bullbull u
267 STARI CONCRETEDESIGN268 CODEACI269 UNIT INCHES KIP270 TRACK2 ALL271 MINMAIN4 ALL272 MAXMAIN8 ALL273 CLB 15 ALL274 CLS 15 ALL275 CLT 15 AGL276 FC 44 ALI277 FYMAIN60 ALL278 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 279 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21280 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34281 843 TO 850 859 TO 566 885 TO 8n 902 TO 90S
A-24
STAAD SPACE
~bullbull~bullbullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbull(POR BEAJgtlSAND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
__ PAGE NO
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE w 286875 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbullbull TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in 1bs)
10486852147631374701385_57397060
1936535
bullbullbullbullbull~~~END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~~
~DATEw JUN 25200
bullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbull~~~bullbullbull~bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF ~ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West coast - (714) ~74 -2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbullbull~bullbull~~
0lt
STAADSPACE
261 LOADCOMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_XI262 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 6 1275263 LOADCOMB25 075(14DL+l7LL+l7WL_ZI264 1105 2 105 3 1054 1275 7 1275265 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI266 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 B 1275267 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X26B 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13269 LOADCOMB28 09DL+l3WL -X270 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 13271 LOADCOMB29 09DL+13WL_Z272 1 09 2 09 3 O~ 7 13273 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL_-Z274 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 1)275 PERFORMANALYSI8
- - PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALPINAL BAND-WIDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM _ 121BSIZE OF STIFF~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISISPACE ~ 141411362 MS E~ 11354 MB
++ processing Element 8tiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~m~nts++ Calculating Member Forces
154753154753154753154753154754
276 LOADLIST 21 22277 bullbull u
278 START CONCRETEDESIGN279 CODEACI280 UNIT INCHES KIP281 TRACK2 ALL282 MJNMAIN4 ALL283 MAXMAIN8 ALL284 CLB 15 ALL285 CLS 15 ALL286 CLT 15 ALL287 FC 44 ALL288 FYMAIN60 ALL289 DESJGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
A26
STAAD SPACE
~odnosdy April 07 200 12 bullbull PIlt
__ PAGE NO 4E
bullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE ~ 614543 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
h TOTAL=
292 FINISH
WEIGHTlin Ib)
23844211346225329075487201051119
46517 _88
~~bullbull~~END OF STAAD-III ~~bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JVlI 252003 TIME~ 154929 h
~~~~~~~~bullbull~~~bullbullbullbull~bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VSRSION OF PROGRAMbull RESEARCH ENGINSERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7H) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - 978 ) 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 685-7230 bull~~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbullbullbull
A-27
Pg 5
STAADSPACE
260 1092 093 09 7 13261 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z262 1092 09 3 09 8 13263 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM S TAT I S TIC S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WID~ ~ 196 31TOT-LPRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 8471 MIl ExMEM~ 8600 MB
H Ptocessing ElemEnt StiffnEss Mattix 12 132H ProcEssing Global Stiffness Matrix 12 132H Processing Trlangular Factorization 12 132H Calculating Joint Displacements 12 1]3H Calculating MEmber Forces 12 133
264 LOADLIST 21 22265 bullbull u
266 START CONCRETEDESIGN267 CODEACI268 UNIT INCHES ~lP269 TRAC~ 2 ALL270 MINMAIN4 ALL271 MAXMAIN8 ALL272 CLB 15 ALL273 CLS 15 ALL274 CLT 15 ALL275 FC 36 ALL276 FYMAIN60 ALL277 DESIGN COLUMN1 rO 16 IS TO 22 57 TO 72 74 rO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 278 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21279 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34280 843 TO 850 85~ TO 866 8B5 TO 892 902 TO 908
go
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
uUH CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ 335474 CUFT
BAR SIZENUJolBER
TOTAr~
263 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbsl
6330H565332164366277114472160
2112007
END OF STAAD-Ilr bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TrME= 12 3 5 bull
bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull eo QUESTrONS REGARDrNG THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~19781 686-3626 Fax- (9751 655-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
A-29
0 oE
STAAD SPACE
260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOAD COMB28 O9DL+JWL -x262 1092 09 3 09 6 J326 LOAD COMB29 O9DL+JWL Z264 1092 09 3 O~ 7 13265 LOAD COMB30 O_~DL+J3WL_-Z266 1 O_~ l O~ 3 09 B 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
~dn5dy AI 07 200lt 12 PM
- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIOTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES S TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121SSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = ~~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSRliQRDAVAILOISISPACE ~ 1414 8511~ EXMEM _ 8579 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
114125114125114126114126U4l27
268 LOAD LIST 21 2~269 270 START CONCRETE DESIGNl7J CODEACI22 UNIT INCHES KIP273 TRACK 2 ALL274 MINMAIN 4 ALL275 MAXMAIN 8 ALL276 CLB 15 ALL277 CLS 15 ALL278 CLT 15 ALL~79 FC 36 ALL280 FYMAIN 60 ALL28J DESIGN BEAM50J TO 6J8 70J TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
g of
A-3D
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE bull 727873 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbull
TOTAL
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
lt234770403~248654~34000 ~6504918
4409100
bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JON 262003
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSWN OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7141 974-2500 Fax- 714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (9781 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 6SS-n30 bull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull
A-31
p of bullbull
STAADSPACE
2521142143144 l7253 LOADCOMB23 075(J4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Xl254 l L05 2 L05 3 LOS 4 1275 5 1275255 LOADCOMB24 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_XI256 l L05 2 105 3 105 4 1275 6 1275257 LOADCOMB25 075(l4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Z)258 l 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275259 LOADCOMB26 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI260 l l05 2 105 3 l05 4 1275 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL_X262 l O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 1092 09 3 09 6 l3265 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+13WL Z266 1092 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL -Z268 1092 09 3 09 8 l3269 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM STATrSTrcs
NUMBEROF JOrNTSMEMBER+~~EMENTSsUPPORTS~ 2251 4791 25ORrGI~FrNAL BAND_WIDTH~ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES 5 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM 1218SlZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAlL DUK SPACE 141411569 MB EI(IIgM 11607 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ processing Globsl Stiffness Matrix++ proce~sing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member ForCes
l65923J65923J65~23l65~24165924
270 LOADLIST lt1 22271 uu272 START CONCRETEDESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK2 ALL276 MINMAIN4 ALL277 MAXMAIN8 ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT l5 ALL281 Fe 29 ALL282 FYMAIN60 ALL283 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO l6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~O n TO 96 ~284 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21285 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 2B5 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 33B 34
Fa ot
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
(FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ ~52761 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
gtbullbullbull TOTAL=
289 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbBI
7871 93298984~750 545725 66587542
bullbullbullbull DATE= JON 192003 TIME= 17 027 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull m QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Ccast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) ~21-2543 bullbull East Ccast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-33
iT oE
STAADSPACE
252 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275253 LOADCOMB24 075 (14DL+l7LL+l7WL_-XI25~ 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 175 6 1275255 LOADCOMB2S 0 7S (1 4DL+l 7LL+l 7WLZ)256 11052 105 3 105 ~ 1275 7 1175257 LOADCOMB26075(1 4DL+17LL+l 7WL -ZI258 11052 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275259 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOADCOMB25 0~DL+13WL -X262 109 2 O~ 3 09 6 13263 LOADCOMB29 0~DL+l3WL Z264 1092 09 3 09 7 13265 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL~Z266 1092 09 3 09 8 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINAL~lNAL BAND_WlDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LO~ ~ES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121BSIZE OF STIr~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 11622 MB ExMEM _ 11630 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Triangular Factorization 16 45H Calculating Joint Displacements 16 46H Calculating Member Forces 16 46
26B LOADLIST 21 TO 2226~bullbull u
270 STARTCONCRETEDESIGN271 CODE ACI272 UNIT INCHES KlP273 TRACK 2274 MINMAIN4 ALL27 MAXMAIN8 ALL276 CLB 1277 CLS 1527B CLT 15279 FC 29280 FYMAIN 602B1 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 61B 70l TO 842 85l TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Po 0
A-e4
STAAD SPACE -- PAGIgt NO
bullbull CONCRETE TA~E OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull(FOR BIgtAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ 936663 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullH TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
2218196100107537652369180134297
4321892
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull DATE_ JUN 92003 TIME~ 16 6 5 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
eoWestEast
OUESTIONS REGARDING TEIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at
Coa~t Ph- (7H) n4-2500 Fax- (7H) 92-2543Co~tPh- (978) 68B-3626 Fax- (~7B) 685-7230
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-35
go bullbullbull or ltOS
STAADS1ACE
252 LOAD COMB24 075114Dlt+17ltlt+17Wlt_-XI253 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 l27S 6 1275254 LOAD COMB25 075114Dlt+l7LL+l7WL_Z)255 11052 LOS 3 105 4 1275 7127S256 WAD COMB26 075114Dlt+17LL+17WL_ZI257 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275258 LOAD COMB27 09DL+J3WL X259 1092 09 3 09 5 13260 WAD COMB26 O9DL+13Wlt_-X261 1092 09 3 O~ 6 13262 WAD COMB29 O9DL+l3WL Z263 J 09 2 09 3 09 7 13264 LOAD COMB30 09Dlt+l3WL -Z265 109 l OS 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
-~ PAGE NO
PROBLEM S TAT S TIC S
NUMBEROF JONTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS_ 228 479 25ORIGNALFNAL BAND-WlDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SlZE OF STPFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAL DISK SPACE ~ 1414 10570 ME EXMEM 10597 ME
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~ments++ Calculating Member Forces
123548123548123548123549123549
267 LOID LIST 2l 22268 u++
269 START CONCRETEDESIGN270 CODEACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP271 TRACK 2 ALL273 MINMAIN 4 AL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL27S CB 15 ALL276 CS 15 AL277 CT 15 ALL278 FC 25 AL279 FYMAIN 60 ALL280 DESIGN COLUMNJ TO J6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 gt28J 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 lSS TO 159 J6J TO 17) 206 TO 210 212 TO 2J6 2]281 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34283 843 TO 850 859 TO 866 885 TO 891 902 TO 908
bullbull or bullbull
STNill SPACE -- PAGE NO
~~~~CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 418998 CUFT
BAR S1ltENUMBER
WEIGHTlin lbsl
9534245293381031637769676075
U TOTAL= 28~5a 03
286 FINISH
~~~~~~END OF STAAD-I11 ~~~~
bullbullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TIME= 123711 bullbullbullbull
bullbull
bullbull
921-2543685-7230
QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc atPh- 1714) n4-2500 Fax- 17141lh- (978) 688-3626 Fax- 19781
WeBt CoaBtEast CoaBt
bullbullbullbull
gO of
A-37
bull
STAAD SPACE
260 110521053 105 4 1275 8 1275261 LOAD COMB 27 O9DL+l3WL_X262 1092093 09 5 13263 LOAD COMB 28 O9DL+l3WL_-X264 1092093 09 6 13265 LOAD COMB 29 O9DL+l3WL_Z266 1092093 09 7 13267 LOAD COMB 30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092093 09 6 13269 PERFORM MlALtSrS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM S T ITIS TIC S
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 195 31TOTAro PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 rOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOW _ InSSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PRBe WORDSREQRDAVJILDISIl SPACE 141411309)IB EXMEM_ 11319 MB
++ Proce~singElement Stiffness Matrix++ PrDcessing Global Stiffness Matrix++ p~ocessing Triangular Factori2ation++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Force~
1033 91033 91033 9103310103310
270 LOAD LIST 21 22271 u272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE hCI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 4 ALL277 MAXMAIN BALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT 15 ALL281 Fe 25 hLL282 FYMAIN 60 ALL2B3 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 8~5 TO 901
FOg or
A-38
STAAD SPACE
w bullbull day PriJ 07 200lt 12
-- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull~ bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ H07625 CUFT
TOTAL~
286 FINISH
WEIGIJT(in Ibs)
2555707312566433964100076370299
4373300
bullbull bullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 292003
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull QUESTIONS REGARDING rum VERSION PROGRAM bullbull RESRARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast gt0- (7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 92) -2543 bullbull East Coast gt0- (9781 688-36)6 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull of
APPENDIX-B
List of Buildings for Different Strength Concrete and Reinforcement
APPENDIX-B
STRUCTURE DEVELOPER CONCRETE STEELSTREGTII STRENGTH
6(SIX) STORIED RESIDEIHIAL BUILDING ABC REAL ESTATES LTD 3aao pi 60000 piAT PLOT NO 239 KHILlGI ROAD BLOCK_B ABC HOUSE (6TH FLOOR) 8 KAMALATATURKMOHAMMADPUR HOUSING ESTATL AVENUE DHAKA1205MOHAYIMADP]JR DHAKA
9(NINE) STORIED RESIDENTIAl BUILDING MONICO LIMITED 3000 pi 611000piAT PLOT 0 507 MOUZA KAFRUI~ WEST HOUSE 10 7l1 ROAD NO 71A DHANMONDlAGARGAO DHAKA RIA DHAKA-12096(MX) STOlUlm RESIDFNTIAL BUILDING MR MOHAI1MAD HABlBUR RltHMAN 2500 psi 40000 piAI BAJTUL AMAN COOPERATJVE HOUSINGSOCIETY LIMITED PLOT NO-578cS 10_124KHA TIAN 0-346(SIX) STORIED CHAMP A SUPER MARKET MIS NISHA CONSTRUCTION 2500 pi 40000 piAT RAUARANDI DAZAR 13ALIAKANDlRAJBARl5(FlVE) STORIED ADMIN BUiLDIIG OF MIS NISHA CO]STRUCTlON 2500 pi 40000 piMANSUR ALI COLLEGEAT NARUA BALIAKANDI RAJBARI7 STORIED MLlNAT PLAZA MD MINNAT HOSSAIN 25110pi 40000 psiA SHOPPING CUM RESIDENTIAL DUILDINGA1 ABDULLAHPURKERANIGONJ DHAKA
WELKINS CANOPUS WELKINS PROPIRTY MANAGFMENT LTD 2500 pi 40000 pi9 STORIED APARTME1lt DUILDllG 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIBAGliAT LALKlIAI BAZAR CHlTTAGONG CIlITTAGOGWELKINS CALYX WELKINS PROPERTY MANAGEMENT LTD 2500 psi 40000 psi9 STORIED APARTMENT I3UIWING 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIDAGIIATNASlRABAD CHITTAGONG CIllTJAGONGGRAMEEN LEPTIS MAGNA GRAMEEN BANGLA HOUSING LTD 3000 psi 60000 piAT NIKETON GULSHAN SO-lARTORI TOWER (7TH FLOOR)9 STORIED APARTMENT BUILDING 12 SOlAR GAON ROAD DHAKA 1000
B~
APPENDIX - B
6 STORIED OFFICE BUILDING RUNNER AU rOMOBlLES LTD 2500Igti 40000 psiAT KUTURIA SAVAR DHAKA 74B GREEr ROAD DIJAKA
5-STORIED RESIDFNTIAL BlJILDING FOR MRROHIUL KARIM 2500 pi 40000 psiMRROBIUL KARIM AT PWT NO-lBROAD NO_7 SECTOR _7UTARA MODEL TOVNDHAKASNIGHDA ORCHID UNITIiCH HOLDIIGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD NO5 HOUSE NO - 7 BLOCK - IBANANI DHAKAJAUIIYA IJIITECH HOIDlNGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD 10 _9 HOUSE NO - 35 SECTOR- 4UTTARA DHAKA
ROUDRACHYA UNlTECIl HOJDIgtIGSLIMITED 2500 pl 40000 plROADNO_9 IlOUSENO-31SECTOR-4UITARADHAKA
UNITECH PRJ(SIDENCY UNITECH HOLDINGS LIMITED 2500 psi 40000 psiHUMAYANROAD PWTN034MOHAMMADPUR DHAKA
6-STORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING FOR Mlgt TOFAZZEL HOSSAIN 2500 pi 40000 psiMDTOFAZZEL HOSSAIN PLOT NO-64 BLOCK-C MANSURABAD HOUSING SOCIETYMOHAMMADPUR DHAKA8S10RIED IXI6MARRlED ORSQIJARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARMY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT SHAHEED YOUSUF ROAD DHAKA CANTT DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED lXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE OW amp CE (ARlfY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT POSTOGOLA CANTI DHAKA DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED IXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARII-IY) 3000 pi 40000 piAT ARMY HEAD QUATER ADMIN WING DHAKACANTIDHAKA CANTT4_STORlIW ENGINEERING FACILITIES ~ 3000 pi 60000 piBUILDING JMBAR PROJECT SARAK BHABAN
B~
APPENDIX- B
RAMNADHAKASHAPTAK SHAHNAMA SHAPTAK GRIHAY~ LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORJED APARTMENT BUILDING 819 BLOCK-C LALMATIA DHAKA-1207FORMR M MOSHIURRAHMA-lt ATPLOTNO34 BLOCK - C LALMATIA DHAKA - 1207SHAPT AK MAVIS SHAPT AK GRIllA Ylli LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORIED APARThlENT BUlTJ)ING 819 BLOCK-C lALMATlA DHAKA_1207fOR MR M MOSHllJR RAHMAN AT PLOT NO314HLOCK C LALMArJA DHAKA 1207
B-
APPENDIX-C
list of Buildings Using ExcavatorLabour for Excavation Work
APPEND1X-C
STRITCTlJRE
LABAID CARDIAC CENTREROAD _ 4 DHAllfONDJ DHAKA
LABAID SPECIALIZED 1I0SlIT AIROAD - 4 D1IA~MONDr DHKA
HABIT AT CENTER21 S]ORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEXSHAY AMOU DHAKASAM COMPLEX21 STORIED SHOPPING OfFICE COMPLEXSHAYA)IjOLl DHAKA(LOBE SHOPING CENTERto SIORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEX24 MIRPUR ROAD DHAKAHAPPY HOMES DR RAtA fULLA ARCADE6 STORIED BUIWINGROAD NO 3 DHANMONDI DJIAKAMULTILA GREEN VILLA15 SfORJED BUIWINGGREEN ROAD DHAKA
Such as 18 Storied New Market CityComplexadjacent of Dhaka new market14 storied CRP building project atMirJlur-14 Dhaka
nlvrLOP~R
LAB AlD corSTRUCTlOr
LAB AID CONSTRUCTlO
IIABITAJ REAL ESTATE LTD
GLOBE CENTER LTD
HAPPY HOMES LTD
MULTIPLAN LTD
UNIVERSE CONSTRUCTION LTD(CONTRACTOR)
m
Col
NOWIUSlMEIT
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
EXCA VATlOr- WORKPERFORMIW BY
EQUIPMEN l 1~IiNSIVE
EQlIPME~T INTElSTVE
EQUlPMElT INTElSIVE
EQUIMElT INTENSIVE
FQUlPMENT INTENSIVE
EQUIPMENT INTElS1Vpound I ~~~0 -Ilt~ s-
J~LABOUR INTENSIVE~i -ii amp
jjik ciI ~ ~ f- 1j
LABOURINTENSIV lt~~(I)ill- ~ J lt 4M
LABOUR INTENSIVE (
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- 00000013
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- 00000017
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- 00000020
- 00000021
- 00000022
- 00000023
- 00000024
- 00000025
- 00000026
- 00000027
- 00000028
- 00000029
- 00000030
- 00000031
- 00000032
- 00000033
- 00000034
- 00000035
- 00000036
- 00000037
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- 00000040
- 00000041
- 00000042
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- 00000045
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- 00000051
- 00000052
- 00000053
- 00000054
- 00000055
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- 00000057
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- 00000059
- 00000060
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- 00000062
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- 00000064
- 00000065
- 00000066
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- 00000068
- 00000069
- 00000070
- 00000071
- 00000072
- 00000073
- 00000074
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- 00000083
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- 00000089
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- 00000092
- 00000093
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- 00000103
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-
ADPASTM
BS
SUET
GATS
GIS
kip
ksi
PCpsi
PVC
PWD
GCRampD
RC
RCC
UKWTO
ABBREVIATIONS
Annual Development Program
American Society for Testing Matenal
Bangladesh Standard
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
General Agreement on Trade amp Services
Geographic Information System
KiloPound
Kilo-pound per Square Inch
Personal Computer
Pound-per Square Inch
Poly Vinyl Chloride
Public Works Department
Quality Control
Research amp Development
Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced Cement Concrete
United Kingdom
World Trade Organization
X1l1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Development of Construction Technology
Building is the earliest form of technology In civil engineering construction
From the most primitive times humans required protection from the wild
animal elements of nature changing seasons and predators in natural
shelters such as caves and rock overhangs
Step by step they learned to improve their caves with inlaid stone floors
walls at the entrances and fireplaces Ultimately they began creating entirely
new habitats in locations that had no natural shelter
Shetters built from natural material~ indicate that they had knowledge of the
stress strain and insulation properties (heat cold and water-proofing) of the
materials used The use of hand-made bricks or stone blocks indicated
knowledge of properties such as compression forces The symmetrical
shapes of the designs indicated the knowledge and application of the
principles of geometry
Most communities had their own distinctive styles lor bUilding their houses
and archaeologists have uncovered many examples through the ages
[Shown in Fig l-1a) to Flg1-1 (e)]
Fig1-110)Naturalfeaturecoos andcerhangsNaturalshell likecaveoravehangswereusedas OleSlInleornobuldngmaterialswereused
Fig1-1(b)CrudehellerTemporary5lruelue5tht neededIItUeWOlt1ltmn5hlpMalerilsfouodnoarbywereusedndoITangedona udelrameworkofbrance
Fig 11 (el llBolllvo nulA ypcal bUlldng yle of Ihe Nguni people (Zuluand Xlloa) Vertical branenes were stabilisedtl1 hOzotal bltacing wiln nO ~istnclibetweon Ine walls nd Lne roof The saplingslrueuro was bound lOgeher by gass fibreropos and tho grass eong ws wn to Ihelerura Ih gras rope
Fig 1_1 (0) Hlpped-ltgtn cubWestern fiuecaled 10 Ihe introduction of Ihe gOwall cons1ructlon The walilayoo Iso ~caeheha or the roof Walls me higher and doorvayslarger
Fig 11 (d) Con on cylinderA typlcol style among Ihe Tswana Solho andVenda peoplo Tila roof IS para and can bcleorly idenllfied The rooF as mode lrcltn grassad the wallslrom dag or tyle 01cement
The bUilding trade is the earliest form of civil engineering construction Up to
13 century building technology in the sub-continent fell under three
category (a) Thatchery and mud houses made of thatched roof of bamboo
straw grass reed etc lb) stone masonry which included hewing laying and
carving of stone and (c) Brick masonry construction consisting of lime-surki
mortar in the city areas Between 13 and 18h century the feudal monarchs
and the land lords constructed monumental bUildings After the Industrial
2
revolution in the 180 century construction of factory buildings labor sheds
ware houses etc became the major construction activities With the
invention of the steam engine in the 18 century development of railways
started Besides the construction of roads ports and harbors inland and
offshore navigation developed simultaneously after the Second World War
reconstruction of the war ravaged infrastructure brought a boom In the civil
engineering construction Civil engineering also has attained modernization
an eventually in the seventies the development of chips and micro chips and
the high capacity single chip microprocessor made possible the development
of the micro computers The computer software technology has also
developed very fast simultaneously The development of the optical fiber
and the satellite technology has made a revolution and the internet has
brought the information technology to a stage which was unimaginable even
a decade ago As result knowledge based industries now dominate over the
previous machinery based industries Traditional construction industry as
gradually becomes obsolete and ineffective worldwide in these high tech
eras This new situation put construction industry a new challenge
In modern times the civil engineers built dams sluices regulators barrages
pump houses and p ower generation and many other structures which were
believed to be impossible to construct Gigantic modern off-shore structures
are now built which go to several hundred meters below sea level In the
field of bridge construction enormous progress have been achieved Bridges
has now become relatively cheap and can be built in extremely short timeThe most ambitious bridge development ever realized is certainly the Akashi-
Kaiko Bridge in Japan with a span of 1990 meter This gigantic endeavor at
the early age where only possible due to very sophisticated and heavy
erection equipment developed The successful construction of channel
tunnel Bull twinkle (492 m worlds tallest offshore platform) Louisianan
offshore oil port supertanker unloading capacity of 100000 barrel an houri
Kansai international airport a port reclaimed from sea bed containing
extremely soft soill testify to development capability of the civil engineeringprofession in modern times it will not be out of place to mention that during
the sixties intensive urbanization in many developed countries saw the
3
spectacular revolutionary concepts such as wall frame Interaction tube-in-
tube bundle tubes diagonally braced frame and compOSite construction
pioneered the high rise growth Developments of intelligent buildings that
can respond to earthquake and fire hazards are in the making
In recent years (Information agel technological innovation in design
materials and construction methods have resulted in significant changes in
construction costs Computer aids have improved capabilities for generation
quality designs as well as reducing the time required to produce alternative
designs New equipments and materials not only have enhanced the quality
of constructIOn but also have shortened the time for shop fabrication and
field erection Construction methods have gone through various stages of
mechanization and automation including the latest development of
construction robotics
The Global Trend
Competition in global market for better amp economic building construction is
increasing day by day Construction organizations are realizing that
responsiveness to market demands and adaptability to changing condition
Competitive prices are the hallmarks of successful enterprise Therefore
every construction organization wants to lower the cost by alternate deSign
interchanging material strength amp type uSing modern construction methods
and proper management So construction world is going for new technology
and saving both time and cost
The Bangladesh Context
Bangladesh has come a long way since its independence But a very few
organizations have adopted new construction technology and ability to build
high strength material with quality After 2004 due to WTD and GATS
Bangladesh market has to be made open to outside countries and most of
the organization will face difficult challenges from the competitors of other
countries To face this challenge effectively construction organizations need
4
to be more responsive to market demands lower the prices by choosing
proper construction technology in all stages of construction as well as
improve quality of material If construction organizations of Bangladesh will
able to qualify with other countries in competition they would have to
opportunity to work abroad
Bangladesh is one of the least developed countries in the world Regrettably
In Bangladesh most of the construction methods and design are oriented by
conventional method Though volume of building construction is large but
modern construction method and equipment facilities in most of the cases
are absent Only a small number of projects have been done or ongoing With
theses modern facilities Remarkable new and high strength material are also
not using in Bangladesh Only in some national bridgeroad construction
project modern equipment and material were used in Bangladesh Due to
absent of new and high strength materials new technologies new
equipments quality as well as effiCiency of building construction are very
poor
12 Objective of the Project
Bangladesh is one of the least developing countries Contemporary
construction technology With high strength materials are not often uSing inbUildingconstruction sector The objective of this study IS to find out what
type of technology and materials are being using for building construction In
addition to find out if better technology is available why these are not
being accepted at present in construction sector of Bangladesh
Specific objectives of this study are
bull To study the exiting technological parameters in present day building
construction in Bangladesh
bull To study the economy of scale and factors as they relate to-
(a) Humnware
(b) Infoware and
(e) Hardware
5
13 Methodology
Methodologies used in this study are followings
I Study of the literature to identify the contemporary
technology in building construction in developing NIC and
developed economies
II Study of the local documents and of field data to find the
status of contemporary technology in the building industry in
Bangladesh
III Study the economy of scale and contemporary technology as
they relate to humnware Infoware and hardware
6
CHAPTER 2
TECHNOLOGIES IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
21 Introduction to Technology in Construction Industry
McGraw Hill Encyclopedia Defines Technology as 11
Technology is closely related to science and engineering Science deals with
humans understanding of real world around them - the interesting
properties of space matter energy and their interactions Engineering is the
application of objective knowledge to the creation of pians designs and
means for achieving desired objectives Technology deals with tools and
techniques for carrying out the plans
Construction Technology
Basic design and construction topics which include both field and office
activates which facilitate problem definition evaluation solution and
communication ie design electives electrical equipment estimating
formwork mechanical quantity surveying rigging scaffolding scheduling
shop drawings site planning surveying takeoff utilitiesfl9
Construction industry undoubtedly is the backbone and propelling force
behind our progress It has the potential to contribute to peoples lives in
many ways This needs high skill dynamic leadership broad vision great
courage latest technology and communication system
Modern science and technology have provided many useful tools like
computers~CPM-PERT-most productive and efficient machines financial
management procedures and many others But all these become redundant
and unproductive when these sophisticated and efficient tools are worked
by green and inexperienced hands who lack the basic ingredients of work
culture dedication and courage and people who are not imaginative and
innovative
7
22 Construction technologies on the basis of labour and equipment
Construction technologies can on the basis of their content of labour and
equipment be classified as
o Equipment Intensive
o Labour based and
o Labour Intensive Technologies
The choice of the technology may affect the overall cost the overall
duration of the construction and the overall quality of the asset Some
works allow only one type of technology while others can be done in
various ways Graphically equipment intensive labour Intensive and labor
based technologies are shown in below
Potential shift in labour contents by using labour-based methods
Llbaur - _
Equipment Intensive
Labour Based
Labour Intensive
IIIlililillllIII-IIIliillllllnmmmllF
221 Equipment Intensive Technology
Equipment intensive technology is defined as the combination of labour and
equipment In which most work is done by labOUHeplacing equipment
supported by a small labour force Although the technology might be
appropriate in circumstances with high wage levels low labour availability
and high skill levels its application is often ineffective at local level where
individual projects are relatiVely small and dispersed over a large
geographical area
8
222 labour Intensive Technology
To avoid a common misconception it is important to distinguish between
labour basedmethods and labour Intensive methods In contrast with labour
based technology labour intensive approaches seek to maximize
employment with a minimum use of mechanized equipment often at the
expense of cost and quality
223 labour BasedTechnology
In selecting the most appropriate technology it is however important that
irrespective of the type of technology resources is used efficiently quality
standards are maintained and time limitations are observed For these
reasons labour based technology has been developed to maXimize
opportunities for the employment of labour (skilled and unskilled) while
supported by light equipment under strict conditions of cost
competitiveness acceptable engineering quality standards and timely
implementation Labour based work methods are competitive only if these
conditions are met and can then provide a lasting alternative to traditional
equipment-intensive construction methods
23 Software Technologies
Normally software means the written instructions executed by some
hardware Ie Programs that are needed to run for execution and manage
the computer and those which are used to solve the problem 111 The
Software technologies have three subdivisions which are
bull Manpower (Humnware)
bull Information (Infoware)
bull Organization (Orgaware)
231 Manpower (Humnwere)
We know manpower (humnware) is the person-embodied component of
technology 111 For construction works require different types of personal but
most of them require technical background Different disciplined engineer
site engineer supervisor foreman rod binders mason skilled labour helper
9
carpenter sanitary technicians electrical technicians and other personal are
the humnware
Productivity in construction IS often broadly defined as output per labor
hour Improvement of labor productivity should be a significant activity in
building construction In construction works vigorously pursue the efficient
utilization of labor So improvement of personnel related to this field is a
vital factor of construction industry
232 Information (Infoware)
Information IInfowarel is usually the document-embodied form of technology
[11 This inciudes the specifications market database for materials theories
charts database drawing codes books journals catalogs and other
documents Requisition and supply management work(s) are also includes in
infoware Infoware constitute a crucial part of construction industry For
construction works every step is related to infoware Proper constructions
need accurate material specification guided by the code(s] Proper
information is the key factor of any construction project
233 Organization (Orgaware)
Within a frame work of the Organization (Orgawarel Manpower
(Humnware) Information (Infoware and Hardware technologies work 111
Organization techniques principles practices and arrangements that govern
the effective use of technology by humnware This includes construction
planning project management QC safety RampD
Organizational systems play the key role in construction industry Both the
success and failure of construction works widely depends on organization
An organization system includes Organization structure organization design
human resource poliCY and practice organization Culture work stress etc
Common organizational structures available in construction industries are-
bull Project organization
bull Matrix organization
bull Line and staff organization
10
24 Hardware Technology
Modern construction especially for large projects has grown in complexity
due to size cost and speed of construction Construction equipment is an
important resource and its planning assumes vital importance With the
rapidly changing technology both in design and construction areas
contractors are now shy of making heavy investment in heavy equipment
New innovation of construction equipment change the older method of
construction method and resultant is quicker and economic construction
Sometimes whole system is enhanced by new innovation Such as two
technological developments namely lilt and modern metal frame removed
the prevailing limitations on the height of the buildings Hardware is object-
embodies form of technology 111 such as Construction
equipmentmachineries all type of materials appliances computer paper
printer
The selection of appropriate construction equipment often affects the
required amount of time and effort and thus the job-site productivity of a
project It is therefore important for site managers and construction planners
to be familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment
Various types and important works are involved for construction Industry
Such as excavation loading compaction and grading drilling and blasting
equipment lift and erecting machineries mixing construction tools and
other equipment Different types of work require different type of hardwareand technology
11
Selection of most suitable and available equipment for a particular project is
a frequent problem for contractor Owner contractor and even the engineers
of our country are going for traditional method and material Sometimes due
to old technique and traditional material huge financial loss is the result
Money spent for equipments need to be considering as an investment
which can be recovered with a profit during the useful life of the equipment
241 Excavation
Types of equipment which are used to excavate earth and related materials
are known as excavator Excavation equipment includes the following
machines
1 Power shovels
2 Backhoes
3 Draglines
4 Clamshells and cranes
5 Trenching machines
6 Wheel-mounted belt loaders
Craneshovel consists 01 three major components
bull A carrier or mounting which provides mobility and stability for the
machine
bull A revolving deck or turntable which contains the power and
control units
bull A front-end attachment which serves the special function in an
operation
12
(g) Hawk_Bulk W~
(e) Cranes
(h) Q)-Qlick Mount
(c) Daglines
0l Hook Lift (k) Conlaine CITi~r (1) RollOffTrmlers Carner
Fig 2-1 Excavation Equipmentl1Gl
13
The type of mounting for all equipments Ihardware) in the above figure is
referred to as crawler mounting which is particularly suitable for crawling
over relatively roughed surfaces at a job site Other types of mounting
include truck mounting and wheel mounting which provide greater mobility
between job sites but require better surfaces for their operation The
revolving deck includes a cab to house the person operating the mounting
andor the revolving deck In the above figure a crane with hook clamshell
[Fig2-1 (f)L drag line [Fig2-1 (c)] bac khoe shovellFig 2-1 laI(b)L pile
driver[Fig2-1 (d)] and other excavation equipment are shown
A tractor consists of a crawler mounting and a non-revolving cab When an
earth-removing blade is attached to the front end of a tractor the assembly
is called a bulldozer When a bucket is attached to its front end the
assembly is known as a loader or bucket loader There are different types of
loads designed to handle most efficiently materials of different weights and
moisture contents
Scrapers are multiple units of tractor-truck and blade-bucket assemblies with
various combinations to facilitate the loading and hauling of earthwork
Major types of scrapers include single engine two-axle or three-axel
scrapers twin-engine all-wheel-drive scrapers elevating scrapers and push-
pull scrapers Each type has different characteristics of rolling resistancemaneuverability stability and speed in operation
242 Compaction and Grading
Compaction grading and soil stabilization are the works of same category
and these are interrelated Many SOilsare subject to differential expansion
and shrinkage when they undergo change in moisture content If pavements
are to be constructed on such soils it IShighly desirable to stabilize them to
prevent or reduce the change volume in order to protect the pavements from
excessive damages
Stabilizations may be applied to a soil In its natural position or as it is placed
in a fill Also stabilization may be applied to the sub-grade sub-base or
base material
14
Some methods of stabilization are
L Blending and miXing heterogeneous soils to produce more
homogenous soils
bullbullbull Incorporating hydrated lime into soils that are high in clay content
bullbullbull Blending asphalt with the soil
t Mixing Portland cement with the soil
t Incorporating various types of slats into the soils
4 Incorporating certain chemicals into the soils
t Compacting the soils thoroughly after they are processed
The function of compaction equipment is to produce higher dense soil
mechanically The basic forces used in compaction are static weight
kneading impact and vibration The degree of compaction that may be
achieved depends on the properties of soil its moisture content the
thickness of the soil layer for compaction and the method of compaction
The function of grading equipment is to bring the earthwork to desired shape
and elevation Many soils are subject to differential expansion and shrinkage
when they undergo changes in moisture content Many soils also move and
rut when subjected to moving wheel loads If pavementsbuildings are to be
constructed on such soils It is usually necessary to stabilize them to reduce
the volume changes and strengthen them to the point where then can carry
the imposed load even when they are saturated
Major types of grading equipment include motor graders and grade trimmers
The former is an all-purpose machine for grading and surface finishing the
latter is used for heavy construction because of its higher operating speed
Many types of compaction equipment are available including the following -
Towed Sheepsfoot [Fig2-2Ia)L Grid Roller [Fig2-2(b)L Self-Propelled [Fig2-
21c)) Segmented Steel Wheel Roller[Fig2-2(dll Self Propelled Tamping Foot
Roller Self Propelled Vibratory Tamping Foot Roller[Fig2-2Iel) etc These
are different operating characteristics
15
(a) Sheepsfoot roller
(b) Grid roller
(d) Two-Axle Tandem Steel-wheeled Roller
(c) Self Propelled Pneumatic-tiredRoller
(e) Self-Propelled Smooth-drumvibratory Roller
Fig 2-2 Compaction amp Grading Equipment
IG
243 Drilling and Blasting
Drilling operation used by the construction and mining industries to drillholes in both rock and earth The task of rock excavation includes looseningloading hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling and blasting
Rock excavation is a risky and hard task ReqUire special equipment andmethods for this operation The degree of difficulty depends on physicalcharacteristics of the rock type which to be excavate Grain sizes planes ofweakness weathering brittleness and hardness of rock strata are the vitalfactors of rock excavation The task of rock excavation includes looseningloadlllg hauling and compacting The loosening operation is specialized forrock excavation and is performed by drilling blasting or rippling
Major types of drilling equipment are percusSion drills and rotary-percussiondrills A percussion drill penetrates and cuts rock by impact while it rotateswithout cutting on the upstroke
Common type of percussion drills includes a jackhammer which is hand heldand others which are mounted on a fixed frame or on a wagon or crawl formobility A rotary drill [Flg2-3(bJJ cuts by turning a bit against the rocksurface A rotary precesSion drill combines the two cutting movements toprovide a laster penetration in rock
Blasting is performed to loosen rock in order that it may be excavated orremoved from its existing position Blasting requires the use of explosivesthe most common of which is dynamite Generally electriC blasting caps areconnected in a circuit with insulated wires Power sources may be powerlines or blasting machines designed for firing electriC cap Circuits Alsoavailable are non-electrical blasting systems which combine the precisetiming and flexibility of electric blasting and safety of non-electricaldetonation
Tractor-mounted rippers are capable of penetrating and prying loose mostrock types The blade or ripper IS connected to an adjustable shank whichcontrols the angle at the tip of the blade as it is raised or loweredAutomated ripper control may be Installed to control ripping depth and tipangle
In rock tunneling special tunnel machines equipped with multiple cutterheads and capable of excavating full diameter of the tunnel are nowavailable Their use has increasingly replaced the traditional methods ofdrilling and blasting
17
(a) ER1ronmomtlll Testing
It) Placer Drill
(b) Rotary drill
(dl Mincrnl Exploration Drill
eel Water Well Drilling
Fig 2-3 Drilling amp Blasting Equipmentl1bull1
18
244 Lifting and Erecting Equipment
Liftmg and erecting equipments are used to 11ftloads and to facilitate theerection of steel building frames
Derricks are commonly used to lift equipment of materiais or building
construction A derrick consists of a verticai mast and an inclined boom
sprouting from the foot of the mast Guys hold the mast in position or stiff
legs connected to a base whiie topping lift links the top of the mast and the
top of the inclined boom A hook in the road line hanging from the top of the
inclined boom is used to lift loads Guy derricks may easily be moved from
one floor to the next in a building under construction while stiff leg derricks
may be mounted on tracks for movement within a work area
Horizon boom type tower cranes are most common in high-rise building
construction Inclined boom type tower cranes are also used for erecting
steel structure
245 Mixing
Mixing concrete by hand is expensive In labour and it IS therefore not
surprising that mechanical mixers have been general use for a great many
years
The object of mixing is 10 coat the surface of all aggregate particles with
cement paste and to blend the entire ingredients of concrete into a uniform
mass this uniformity must furthermore not be disturbed by the process of
discharging from the mixer In fact the method of discharging is one of the
bases of classification of concrete mixers Several types exist In the tiltmg
mixer the mixing chamber known as the drum is tilted for discharging In
the non-tilting type the axis of the mixer is always horizontal and discharge
is obtained either by inserting a chute into the drum or by reversing the
direction of rotation of the drum or rarely by splitting of the drum There are
also pan-type mixers rather Similar in operation to an electric cake-mixer
these are called forced action mixers as distinct from the tilting and non-
tilting mixers which reiy on the free fall of concrete in the drum
19
In any mixer It is essential that sufficient interchange of materials between
different parts of the chamber takes place so that uniform concrete is
produced
On a site there is often a tendency to mix concrete as rapidly as possible
and it is therefore important to know what is the minimum mixing time
necessary to produce a concrete uniform in composition and as a result of
satisfactory strength
Concrete mixers are used to mix Portland cement sand gravel and water in
batches
There may be occasions when concrete has to be mixed by hand and
because in this case uniformity is more difficult to achieve particular care
and effort are necessary
A truck mixer refers to a concrete mixer mounted on a truck which is
capable of transporting ready mixed concrete from a central batch plant to
construction sites
246 Construction Tools and Other Equipment
Concrete can be economically pumped at the rates 15 to 200 ydhr for
horizontal distances 300 to 3000 ft and vertical distances 100 to 500 ft
without staging [11
The pumping of concrete of is especially advantageous in placements that
are physically difficult to approach with ready-mix trucks and show best
economy in the range of 20 to 80 ydhr
Air compressors [Fig2-4(al] and pumps [Fig2-4(dl] are widely used as the
power sources for construction tools include drills hammers [Fig2-4(bll
grinders saws wrenches[Fig2-4(clj staple guns sandblasting guns and
concrete vibrators Pumps are used to supply water or to dewater at
construction sites and to provide water jets for some types of construction
Vibrators are used to eliminate entrapped air Of the several types internal
vibrators perhaps the most common one External vibrator is rigidly clamped
to the formwork resting on an elastic support so that both the form and
20
concrete are vibrated Vibrating table can be considered as a case of
formwork clamped to the vibrator instead of the other way round but the
principle of vibrating the concrete and formwork together is unaltered
Besides these surface vibrator used for flat plate electric hammer can be
used as a surface vibrator when fitted with a bit having a large flat area A
vibrating roller is used for consolidating thin slabs
(a)Air Compressor
rg Wrench
(b) Hammer
(d) Concrete Pump
Fig 2-4 ConstructionTools amp Other Equipments[111
247 Choice of Equipment and Standard Production Rates
The selections of the appropriate type equipment or machines tor
construction often affect the required amount of time and effort and thus
the job site productivity of a project Equipment size determination is also a
very important task for construction Oversize equipments are expensive as
well as consume more time to handle It is therefore important for
construction planners to be familiar with the characteristics of the major
21
types of equipment most commonly used in construction Construction
planners also have to know the sources of construction equipment
Contractors and users of construction equipment frequently concerned with
a decision as to whether to purchase or rent (lease) an equipment Under
certain conditions it is financially advantageous to purchase whereas under
other conditions it is more economical and satisfactory to rent it
248 Building Materials
In recent times some of the important technological breakthroughs in
materials are stabilized soil lime-pozzolana mixes sand-lime bricks fly-ash
bricks clay-fly ash bricks gypsum boards wood-wool sheets plastic
products in utility service ready mix concrete non-shrink grout for machine
foundation super-plasticizers Ferro-cement and other materials Different
types of composite construction are also in very advance stage
In the field of concrete technology also some advances are happened such
as light weight concrete radiation shielding concrete polymer concretes
fiber reinforced concretes super plasticized concretes gap graded concrete
tenser-polymer reinforced concrete roller-compacted concrete ultra high
strength concrete improved techniques in pre-stressing prefabricated
construction and other some remarkable matenals
In low cost housing a number of developments have taken place and
following new techniques are being adopted for reduction in cost These arestone block masonry pre-cast brick panel roofing pre-cast RC channel
roofing ferro-cement tank use of secondary species of timber particle
board lor shutter doorswindows fly ash-lime-gypsum bricks for making
walls pre-cast RCC frames for doors and windows Pre-cast RC lintel (thin]
lower ceiling heights PVC pipes for water supply stabilized soil cement
base floors magneSium oxy-chloride flooring fire retardant treatment of
thatch asphaltic roofing etc Brief descriptions of some of those materials
are below-
22
249 Construction Automation and Robotics
Recent advances in robotic technology and the related experience In
manufacturing industries suggests that greater automation maybe extremely
beneficial for constructed facilities In addition construction in hazardous
environments (not approachable) may be greatly expanded by the use of
construction robots
There are several means by which construction automation and robotics
might repay the additional equipment and development costs associated
With high technology investments First robotics offers opportunities for
extending the scope of practical construction activities into hazardous
environments including outer space nuclear reactors or undersea
construction Even standard construction sites represent hazardous
environments as suggested by the large number job industrial accidents
associated with construction Second robotics may permit the practical
introduction and broader use of nonhuman senses and capabilities on
construction sites
KaJimaCompanys reinforcing bar placing robot can carry up to 20 bars and
automatically place these bars in pre-seiected patterns in both floors and
walls The equipment has achieved 40 to 50 savings in labor and 10
savings in time on several Japanese projects 131
A wall climbing robot called RM3 for tasks such as video inspections of shiphulls gamma-ray inspection of structural welds and high-pressure washing
painting shot-blasting and barnacle removal 131
23
CHAPTER 3
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN BANGLADESH
31 Introduction
The contribution of construction industry is quite significant in the national
economy but its existence is absent from the national economy plan
Recently government has made policy considering this sector as an industry
GDP Contribution of construction industry was 606 In 1991-1992 and 619
over the period 1996- 1997 Agriculture sector contributes maximum of
GDP Construction sector contribute about 20 of agriculture sector GDP
which is a remarkable role in Bangladesh economyI1
The construction Industry of Bangladesh comprises of a large number of
predominantly small firms The same can be seen to be true for most other
countries
The actual structure of the industry is not possible to measure as there are
no published papers on the total number of firms There are some 25000
nos of local contracting large medium and small categorized firms
registered with the government agencies with a varying range of financial
capacities [16]
In building construction sectors larger firms are capable to construct
concrete highrise building 30 storied Bangladesh Bank Bhaban 20 storied
Bangladesh Secretariat 20 storied Sena Kalyan Bhaban Building 20 storied
lOB Shaban and many other bUildings are the evidence of the ability to
construction of high rise concrete-building While high rise steel structures
are not yet familiar in Bangladesh but recently a number of high rise steel
structure are under construction In other sector such as bridge roads gas
pipeline electricity supply dam sluice-gate etc are implemented by
international contractors and joint venture companies (foreign and local
firms~ In 1990-91 the construction industry employed 105 and in 1995-
96 183 (statistics 97~ of total labour force In other statistics showed
that the constructing firm employs 20 lacs peoples If each family comprise
24
of four members so total 80 lacs people (615 of total population of the
countryl are dependent on the construction industry for their living The
economical and political significance of the industry ISeven greater than this
figure suggest as it captures the major part of the national investment
About 46 of the total construction labour force are involved in building
50 in construction repair and maintenance of roads and bridge works and
4 are involved in construction repair and maintenance of other activities
16]
Some domestic contractors in the building sectors have access to overseas
market but local contractors are less capable of competing with the foreign
companies due to variety of grounds -
(a) Very Less initiative from the Government to improve the capacity of the
local contractors
bull Easy policy for credit system for construction industry
bull To provide plant machinery hire facilities
bull Skill and manpower development through training
(bl Policy of the rules and conditions of the donor agencies for foreign funds
According to PWD to solve the housing problem 709131 units of houses
are required to construct in every year [15] So it indicates that Bangladesh
has a serious housing problem
12 to 15 millions people now lives in Dhaka city Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is now the city of construction Though yearly requirements in
the city is about 65000 housing but all public and private sector together
produce 25000 housing units in a year Percentage of leaving in slums and
squatter settlement is about 30 percent It would take at least 600 billion
taka which IS five times the entire ADP budget of the country to
accommodate house for the above-mentioned population Very little areas
are found in cities which are not occupied by building Every place in the city
is already filled up or construction of building process is ongoing But the
utility service and other facilities for community are not well thought-out
But according to government rules facilities shall be accommodate first
25
before any type of building construction Unfortunately community facilities
including simple parking facilities are still absent for the many new
constructing building in Dhaka city
32 Some large Constructions in Bangladesh
It is very difficult to identify which one is large construction of a country
because of project diversity In Bangladesh there are numerous
constructions many of them are significant in various aspects Although
functions and aesthetic are different of them they accomplish different type
of requirements Following are the some prominent constructions which
indicate Bangladesh building construction industry is fully capable to
construct any type of Building
Equipments used for construction of national assembly building were tower
crane larger size mixture machines and other eqUipment Tower crane amp
other equipments replaced by huge no of labors As per definition of labour
based technology construction of this building falls under this category
National Assembly
Fig 3-1 National Assemblyl101
labour Based Technology
Architect Louis I Kahn
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1962 to 1974
Building type government center
Construction System concrete marble
26
Equipments used for construction of Bangladesh bank bhaban were hoist
mixture machine and other light equipment only For excavation of 1
basement engaged huge no of labors As per definition this type of
construction falls under labour Intensive technology
bull Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
Fig 3-2 Bangladesh Bank Bhaban
labour Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
NoofFioors-31
Building type government
Construction System concrete
27
Equipments used for construction of Islamic Development Bank Shaban were
tower crane concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments
Tower crane ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments
replaced by most of the labors As per definition of equipment intensive
technology this type of construction falls under this category
bull Islamic Development Bank
7
Fig 3-3 Islamic Development Bank
Bhaban
Equipment Intensive Technology
Location Dhaka Bangladesh
No of Floors - 20
Construction System concrete
28
Equipments used for construction of Bashundhara city were tower crane
concrete pump ready-mix concrete and other equipments Tower crane
ready-mix concrete concrete pump amp other equipments replaced by most of
the labors As per definition 01 equipment intensive technology this type of
construction falls under this category
bull Bashundhara City
Fig 3-4 Bashundhara City
Equipment Intensive Technology
Architect VISTARA
location Dhaka Bangladesh
Date 1999 to 2003
Building type shopping mall
Construction System concrete marble
33 Constructions in Bangladesh Using Pre Fabrication
Prefabricate construction not yet accepted widely in Bangladesh Scenario of
developed country in this respect is totally different Even In Malaysia
Thailand Indonesia India and many other developing countries scenery is
closed to developed countries Prefabricate construction require customize
construction or a huge no of similar type productions Precast units which
normally used in Bangladesh are -
bull Tiles and mosaic
bull Low cost toilet rings and others precast accessories
bull Prestressed precast electric pole
bull Precast column for boundary wall
29
the study on availability
of indigenous materials in
bull Precast slab for surface drain
bull Precast slab for foot path
bull Precast railing and ornamental column
bull Precast lintel
bull Precast pipe for water supply and others
bull Railway sleeper
bull Road divider
In the context of Bangladesh RampD activities are yet to be worthy InBangladesh uHouse and Building Research Institute was established in the
year 1977 with the following objectives -
1 To take technical and scientific studies and research on
various problems of constructions and building materials and
to evolve housing and building technology appropriate to the
requirement and suitable for socia-economic condition of the
country
2 To specifically emphasis on
development and utilization
construction
3 To promote better uses of building materials particularly
commonly used materials improvements methods of learning
and designing of construction works and maintenance
4 To train research personnels and technicians for the purpose
out its research activities
House and Building Research Institute time to time tried to introduce someprecast module Such as -
bull Ferro cement tank
bull Precast Ferro cement channel for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete hollow slab for roof and floor
bull Prestressed concrete micro pile
30
bull Precast Ferro-cement folded plate for roof
bull Precast Ferro-cement L panel for inclined roofing
bull RCCdoor and window frames
Between all type of innovation only Ferro cement tank (400 gallon consisting
of cement mortar on wire mesh) is widely used mainly in Dhaka city As
bigger size is not possible with Ferro-cement Its use is limited
Above all precast construction scenario is very poor in Bangladesh This
indicates construction technology not yet advance in Bangladesh in this high
tech era
34 Humnware Infoware and Hardware in Bangladesh
341 Humnware
For construction technology humanware includes labour technicians
engineer and other persons In some way they are related to construction
industry In Bangladesh expense for humanware is cheaper with respect to
other countries because of low wages lin Bangladesh Taka 125 per hour
and for ordinary labour in UK pound6) So utilization of man power through IT is
a great opportunity for construction sector of Bangladesh But unfortunately
we are far way from proper utilization of this huge no manpower
Development of Human resources is in very preliminary stage By generating
employment and working environment general employment conditions need
to be improved Wage systems must be developed and made transparent so
as to give proper remuneration according to qualification and technical skill
It is extremely necessary for the skilled workers to pass their skills on and to
train personnel able to respond to future technological changes Professional
training centers and methods must be developed and be efficiently exercised
upon
In Bangladesh most of the cases we make out unskilled humnware which is
unexpected in this high tech era Also in most of the cases they are
uneducated Due to unskilled and uneducated labour construction qualities
31
are not normally as per requirement Also due to unskilled labor excessive
time is requiring in most of the cases
In Bangladesh labours are mainly trained-up by on-job training In many case
they are habituated from paternal side by born Though some training
institutes exist around Dhaka city but they are certificate-based institute
These institutes deal only overseas job findings peoples
342 Infoware
Infoware IS usually the document-embodied form This includes the
software design specification materials specifications theories charts
database drawing design and others activities Use of software in
Bangladesh for the purpose of analysis and design are in satisfactory leveL
Although most of the organizations are now analyze and design by some
standard software but a big amount of engineers are not stili away from this
technology Following software and tools are now using in Bangladesh
which indicates not behind from top level
Programming Language- Visual Basic Auto LISP aBasic CC Turbo C
Computer Aided Engineering STAAD-III STAADPro Math CAD ADOSS PCACOL SOL Series
Spread Sheet Analysis- Microsoft Excel Lotus MathCAD
Computer Aided Design
- AutoCAD
Database- DBase FoxPro Microsoft Access Oracle
GIS Software- Arcinfo Arcade Maplnfo Arc view Idrisi
32
Graphics software- CorelDraw Harvard Graphics
Computer Aided Project Management- MS Project
Word Processing
-MicrosoftWordWordPcrreCI
Operating Systems
- MS Windows Dos Novel
3430rgaware
Orgaware lOrganization) represents the structural framework of a
technological system and it includes for example the organizations for the
RampD the production the marketing the corporate planning etc It is needed
to produce certain goods and services Within the framework of theorgaware the other technology components work [1]
Most of the organization in Bangladesh is now using computer and software
for different type of works Some organizations are using for analysis and
design some for planning purpose some as a management tools and some
one for data processing and accounting In someway organizations ofBangladesh are taking this technological advantage
In Bangladesh some organizations are doing a number of remarkable works
excellently They are creating photo realistic rendered architectural
perspective models of 3D exterior and Interior elevation and layout
rendering services 3D animation They are also creating architectural fly-by
and walk-through simulations for interactive presentation or TV quality
advertisement GIS works are also done by these organizations
Some of organizations are also working with foreign organizations Mainly
different type of data entry is their main works which are mainly data
conversion rom one format to another Such as conversion from portabledocument format (pdf) to Word processing format (docl hand sketch
J3
bull
conversion to digital drawing (dwg etc) format some modification of
drawing ete The difficulties of our organizations are for any types of
business they require an overseas office This is a very big problem for
entrepreneurs of data exchanging business
344 Hardware
In Bangladesh hardware use of construction industry is not in a suitable
level Moreover specifically modern construction equipment J technology are
not utilizing in Bangladesh most of the cases Only in a few sector such as
deeper excavation in highway construction a few no of building works are
done by modern equipments but in other sectors modern equipment are
ignoring by Bangladeshi construction industry Computer based hardware
widely using in Bangladesh as computer and some computer related
hardware are reasonably priced for middle class people
For construction projects require modern management which is based on
personal computer (PC) In Bangladesh computer based project management
is not yet popular in construction industry Only some foreign aided
government project has some activities on this but also up-to proposal level
only Truly computer based project management in construction sector not
yet Implemented in Bangladesh This is limited to some Gantt chart and
critical path draw works But hardware based computer management easily
save both money and time Probable cause for which not yet go for
computer based project management listing below -
Labours and technicians are illiterate
bull
bull
bull
bull
Labours and technicians are unskilled
Top management of an organization are not wanted to go for
new particularly computer based technology
From Government side there are no plan to facilitate these sector
even in Government project
Our engineers backgrounds are also not upto that extent and
also they are not interested to go for such type of management
34
CHAPTER 4
TECHNOLOGY ON EXCAVATION amp RCC OF BANGLADESH
Nowadays building construction mainly equipment intensive works allover
the world that is depend on modern technology Similarly construction
industry of Bangladesh going away step by step depends on technology
Technological application sophistication quality etc are different in country
to country but at every steps of construction industry including construction
industry of Bangladesh totally depends on construction technology For
excavation loading compaction grading drilling lifting erecting mixing
and other purposes require some construction hardwareequipment and there
technological approach is different Not only for equipment but in every
steps of construction process depends on technological involvement In this
chapter mainly discussed the effect on excavation due to equipment
intensive and labour intensive works Also for building construction the
effect of alternate combination of material use
41 Technology in Excavation
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground This foundation is mandatory for
every structure ThiS is the reason of start of excavation technology which
is an earliest form of civil engineering construction This technology is used
for excavate earth of foundationbasement Excavated soilrock usually
dumps in other places which is known as loading Many construction
industry of Bangladesh Excavator and Loader are mainly using for
excavation works But use of excavator is mostly Dhaka based In other
places of the country except Dhaka city excavation works are done by
manually which is very unlikable in this high tech era Even in Dhaka city
many excavation works had been done by manually Such as 18 storied
New Market City Complex building with two basements (adjacent of Dhaka
new market) 14 storied CRP building project with two basements at Mirpur-
35
14 Dhaka A few but in some projects huge volume of soil was excavated
manually Excavation operations 01 these many projects are done by
manually because 01 availability and low-priced labor In this chapter try to
focus why this technology (excavator not used in most of the cases
In many project of Bangladesh excavation operation are done by manually
because 01-
Soil Characteristics - Comparatively solt layer 01 earth exists all
around Bangladesh
raquo labour (Humnwarel - labour costs are cheap and available
Non-availability of equipment (Hardware) - Modern equipment
cost is very high for which it is not pOSSiblelor contractor to
buy excavator and other heavy equipments lor a singie project
gt- No and size of the Job - As no 01 projects limited and also
areas of a single projects are not big Use of Excavator and
loader are not economically viable
Rental organization - Renta I organization not yet developed
widely and systematically Above all limited rental organization
and their higher charges of hardware
Topography Most of the lands in Bangladesh are plain So
labors can work comfortably
lacks of technicians - lack of skilled technicians are one of the
reasons to avoid new technology
Time - Peoples of Bangladesh are not anxious about time
Utilization of time is very important lack 01 this awareness is
one 01 the reasons of avoiding tendency of new technology for
excavation
)- Space constrains - Particularly in Dhaka city buildings are not
build in well planned way but very haphazard So in many case
movement 01 excavator is very difficult and in some cases it is
impossible to work due to space constrain
36
bull Weather and Temperature - Luckily most of the seasons are
suitable for labour works Nature is very fever for manual
labour except very little lime through out the year So not
need to take extra precaution lor climate
gt Dumping area - Some time huge amount of dumping is not
possible For that reason avoiding tendency to new technology
of excavation
bull Transportation equipments - Some times transportation of
dumping is not viable and In that type of case manual labour is
preferable
411 Preliminary Stage
The substructure or foundation is that part of a structure which is usually
placed below the surface of the ground and which transmits the load to the
underlying sailor rock As the foundation normally placed below the ground
excavation is must and should be done first for any type of construction
work
More or less for every construction works need excavation some times
these are shallow and some times it is deep Due to basement construction
of high-rise buildings need massive excavation This may need up to three
four months If excavation works are done by manually a huge no of labors
will engage their and require more time
Considering employment it is solVing a substantial social problem like our
developing country by means of giving a large no of employment
opportunity Therefore out side the urban area manual excavation may be
permissible due to solving unemployment problem This might be plaYing a
significant role like our developing country to solve the problem Social
problem from society But owners always try to solve the problem from the
economic view which will figure out later on this chapter
But the scenario in urban areas like Dhaka city is different Dhaka has
already become a mega city with more than ten million inhabitants and its
population is projected to reach 16 million by 2015 which would make it
the worlds seventh most populous city This rapid growth is visible all
37
around the city by constructing new buildings But the citys infrastructure is
not keeping space with the influx of population Transport environment of
Dhaka city may be a clear example with increasing traffic congestion and
delays The ability of Dhakas transport system to sustain economic growth
and reasonable quality of life has been declining steadily
In such a poor situation if we dont use machinery equipment everyday
congestion situation of Dhaka city will escalate due to longer timerequirement of excavation
Already it is an established fact that construction works of Dhaka city is one
of main reasons of traffic congestion To overcome this awlul situation
particularly in the city areas we must have to adopt modern technology in
excavation purpose This will help to reduce construction time money
traffic congestion and other redundant situations
412 Time and Seasonal Effects on Construction
Time
In Bangladesh construction management going on very preliminary stage and
still they dont think time is a vital factor for any project But everyone is
aware the fact money has a time value Thousand Taka today is worth
more the Thousand tomorrow This lact is vividly reinforced when themonthly charge bills are examined This added charge amounts to rent on
the money that is owed and is termed interest
Besides these we know fixed costs are directly related to time variable andother costs are also similar effect ie if time span of a project is longer then
fixed cost will be more and similarly true for all other costs So time span ISa vital factor for any construction project
Again for any project there is a breakeven point which also dependents on
time If construction period is more than the estimated time timerequirement to reach break even will be more
BeSides these there is a possibility to come other competitors due to delay
of construction and sometimes it may become an unprofitable project forever in this competitive market
38
If we Consider revenue side what we see - Suppose a 10 storied office
building spaces are 12000 sq-ft and rent is 501 = Taka per sq-ft ie per day
revenue is 20 Lac Particularly this type of project per day revenue loss will
be a big amount if the construction not timely finish This is unexpected for
any organizationlsJcontractorls)
Season
In many cases for foundation purpose deep excavation is required
Sometimes need shore pile to protect adjacent soil Shore pile is essential
when permanent structure exist adjacent project site As shore pile is a
temporary work in many cases it designs less cautiously Result is that
shore pile failures are a common type of failure in Dhaka city at every year
It is occurred mainly in rainy season due to rainfall If the contractors are
finished their foundation works before rainy season most of the time they
can avoid these repetitive shore pile failure situations
On the other hand in many cases owner of adjacent structure goes to the
court when contractor goes for deeper excavation for their safety and
compensation if shore pile failure occurs Also for shore pile failure delays
the project ie more time consume for project and more money expenses
due to delay or to pay compensation Sometimes it becomes a crucial factor
for the project and as a result of big economical loss for that project Such
type of big economical loss easily can avoid by proper time scheduling ie
should be complete before expected rainy season in case of deeperfoundation works
39
413 Cost Analysis and Result
Assumption made for cost and analysis are follows-
1 For Manual 1000 eft of excavation work (PWDStandard Rates)
al For initial lead of 100_ON and lift of 5_ON
i) Ordinary labour cost Tk 088 per cIt
b) For each additional lift of one loot beyond 5-0 and upto 10_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 004 per cit
c) For each additional lilt of one foot beyond 10-0 and upto 15-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 006 per cit
d) For each additional lift of one foot beyond 15_ON and upto 20_ON
i) Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 008 per eft
e) Extra each additional lead of 100-0
il Extra ordinary labour cost Tk 014 per eft
2 For Excavator
f) Initial rent Tk 9000000 for upto 10 days
il Extra charge Tkl0OOO00 per day
iii Excavation capacity 10000 eft per day
3 Enough labour Force
gl Enough labour force can be engaged so that there will not be any
significant difference in excavation between these two methods
40
Tablbullbull4-1 5 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area (ff) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 500 440 90000200 1000 880 90000500 2500 2200 900001000 5000 4400 900002000 10000 8500 900005000 25000 22000 9000010000 50000 44000 9000020000 100000 95000 9000040000 200000 218000 180000100000 500000 755000 450000
Tablbullbull 4-2 10 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Areaiiti) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1000 980 90000200 2000 1960 90000500 5000 4900 900001000 10000 9800 900002000 20000 19600 900005000 50000 49000 9000010000 100000 98000 9000020000 200000 210000 18000040000 400000 476000 360000100000 1000000 1610000 900000
41
Table 4-3 15 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR I
Area (ft) Volume(ft) Manual (Cost Tk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 1500 1670 90000200 3000 3340 90000500 7500 8350 900001000 15000 16700 900002000 30000 33400 900005000 75000 83500 9000010000 150000 167000 13500020000 300000 355000 270000
40000 600000 794000 540000100000 1500000 2615000 1350000
Tabla 4-4 20 EXCAVATION COST (MANUAL VS EXCAVATOR)Area(ft ) Vo(ume(ft ) Manual(CostTk) Excavator(Cost Tk)
100 2000 2560 90000200 4000 5120 90000500 10000 12800 900001000 20000 25600 900002000 40000 51200 900005000 100000 128000 9000010000 200000 256000 18000020000 400000 540000 36000040000 800000 1192000 720000100000 2000000 3820000 1800000
42
Graph 41 Excavation cost for 5 feet
5 Excavation Cost
~ ~---------------
------ -
I
II
II
- ExcavatorI-Manual
I
50 -----
Graph 4-2 Excavation cost for 10 feet
10 Excavation Cost
0
I Excavator-Manual
-___ e bullbullbull _
- __ - - --- - - _ - -
-
- - - - - - - - - - -
- - 250 -
oo
lti 300~~ooo~
o 100U
Area (in 100 sft)
43
Graph 43 Excavation cost for 15 feet
15 Excavation Cost
-- ExcavatorI-Manual I
eN
~NN
o
400 -
350 -
300~bull~ 250 - - - 000 ~bullbull- 0~0U 100 - ---- - -
0
Area (in 100 sft)
Graph 4-4 Excavation cost for 20 feet
20 Excavation Cost
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
- - - -- - - -- - - - - - - --
350 ---------
bullbull 300
~ 250g~ 200 bullbullbullbull0
~ 0U 100 -
0
o g
-
-----------
_______ c C __
___ c c_
~c
-- Excavator-Manual
Area (in 100 sft)
44
From the above anafysis it is observed that in case of 5 feet excavation
breakeven area is 19020 sft for 10 feet excavation 9184 sfr for 15 feet
excavation 6946 sft and for 20 ft 3636 sft Excavator becomes cheaper for
any constructIOn (area) above these breakeven fevels
42 Design and Specifications
421 Material for Building Construction
Wood of course was the only material used by early builders that had more
or less equal tensile and compressive strength Early builders are also
depends on stone brick surki and lime After innovation of reinforced-
concrete and steel previously used material are replaced by concrete and
steel Concrete with reinforcement radically change in the field of building
construction technology After that steel play the vital role and contribute to
build high rise building worldwide though Bangladesh is far from that type
high rise building But recently numbers of steel bUilding are in the process
of construction and we are expecting remarkable progress will be shown
within couple of years Nowadays wood has been relegated largely to
accessory use during construction to use in temporary and secondary
structures and to use for secondary member of permanent construction
Though both concrete and steel are the two most commonly used structural
material worldwide in Bangladesh mainly concrete are common item of
building construction Recently some industrial buildings are constructed by
structural steel Builders in Bangladesh are now reali2ing that steel is also a
competitive and effective material for building construction But they are
going forward very slowly for steel structure
Selection of structural materials must be selected on availability of materials
Also depends on corresponding skill labour relative costs wage scale and
the suitability of the materials for particular structure
In Bangladesh currently carrying out research into rice straw and husks
which are a by-product of major crop of Bangladesh but have already
encountered problems with the strength of the rice straw while fit best rice
45
husks can be regarded as filler and may not contribute significantly to the
tensile strength of earth-mix bricks
Idea of including waste material from the countrys vast jute industry to use
as a binder in the bricks and not merely as rubbish to be burnt
And finally that the integrity of earth-built buildings may be considerably
strengthened and improved by applying simple low-cost principles to the
Internal strengthening structures - mostly tied bamboo frameworks
4211 Material in Bangladesh
Any material which has got application in engineering construction is termed
as engineering material Stones bricks concrete bricks lime cement surki
sand concrete iron steel ferrous alloys non-ferrous metais and alloys
timber timber products aluminums bamboos soils bituminous materials
glass plastics paints varnishes rubber tiles granite marble etc are
commonly used in Bangladesh
Among them major construction materials are now producing in Bangladesh
though maximum raw materials are imported outside from Bangladesh
Though cement raw materials like gypsum and clinker are importing from
outside of country the total cement producing capacity now is more than
countrys per year requirement and quality of cement is standard as per
specification But reinforcement quality is not yet reached to standard level
It is very serious problem for construction industry of Bangladesh
46
4212 Reinforcement
Steel is known as black copper in early ages Iron and steel developed over
2000 years ago It was Henry Bessemer who was especially interested in
good quality steel making for big canons He was the first to produce low
carbon wrought iron In Bangladesh steel also used as reinforcement in many
years before It is difficult to say when and where first time used steel
reinforcement
Concrete reinforcement bar are usually of two types
bull Deformed bar and
bull Twisted bar
Below are the specifications for two types of reinforcement bar-
Table 4-5Steel GradeGrade 40Grade 60
ASTM 616 specifications for Deformed barYield Stre9th (psi Ultimate Stren ths (psi)40000 (minimum) 70000 (minimum)60000 (minimum) 90000 (minimum)
Table 4-6Steel GradeGrade 250Grade 400Grade 460
654149 specifications for Twisted barYield Stren th (psi) Ultimate Strengths (psi)40000 (minimum) 4400060000 (minimum) 6600067000 (minimum) 73700
Grade 40 and Grade 60 both type of reinforcement are frequently used InBangladesh for building construction In Bangladesh normally steel areprocessed by the follOWingmethod
(i) Induction furnace melting and(ii) Arc furnace melting
The yearly requirement of steel in Bangladesh is 10 million ton But the
quality steel production rate is only 02 million tonyear That is remaining
08 million ton reinforcement are non-standard 1171 By which our different
construction works are building This is an awful situation of construction
sector in Bangladeshand requires immediate exemption from this situation
47
4213 Concrete
Allover the world concrete with reinforcement are the most commonly used
materials for building construction In Bangladesh it is the main structural
material using as building construction materials Concrete IS a stone like
material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement
sand and gravel or other aggregate and water to harden in forms of the
shape and dimensions of the desired structure
Bangladesh is now a big cement producing country in respect to their
required capacity Statistics says yearly requirement of cement allover the
Bangladesh is 65 million tons where as production capacity of the entire
cement mill is 120 million tons That means 55 million tons surplus cement
now existing in Bangladesh One of the main reasons of this surplus is that
world top most cement producing companies are now producing cement in
Bangladesh from their factory
The properties that make concrete a universal building material are so
pronounced that it has been used In more primitive kinds and ways than at
present for thousands of years probably beginning in Egyptian antiquity
The facility with which while plastic it can be deposited and made to fill
forms or aids of almost any practical shape is one of these factors Its high
fire and weather resistance are eVident advantages Most of the constituent
materials with the possible exception of cement are usually available at low
cost locally or at small distances from the construction site
In Bangladesh normally concrete strength (cylinder strength fc) varies from
2500 psi to 5000 psi for building construction But in many case it falls to
2000 PSI On the other hand upto 8000 psi concrete was used for
construction of Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge project Also there are many
projects already finished and ongoing where usedusing more than 5000 psi
strength concrete
48
4214 Steel
In 1885 an American engineer names William LeBaron Jenny became the
creator of the modern skyscraper when he realized that an office building
could be constructed using totally different materials He chose structural
steel and incorporated it into a revolutionary system that was to make
possible the soaring office towers that now symbolize the modernmetropolis
Steel is manufactured under controlled conditions its properties are
determined in a laboratory and described in a manufacturers certificate
Thus the designer need only specify the steel as complying with a relevant
standard and the site engineers supervision is limited to the workmanship
of the connections between the Individual steel members So responsible of
contractor is more to provide proper material
Also following are some reasons normally associated with competitiveadvantages of steel over concrete
bull Construction speed particularly during periods of high interest rates
Steel frames go up more rapidly thus reducing construction financing
costs and allowing the building to generate revenue sooner
bull Availability of steel in a variety of grades and shapes that IS suitable
for economical faming of both short and long spans
bull Steel offers economical design approach for retrofit and rehab
projects Steel can be easily modified expanded or converted to suit
future needs of owners and tenants For this reason steel frame isoften referred to as a changeable frame
bull In difficult foundation conditions steel construction may result in
reduced foundation costs because of its light weight Steel frame is
normally 25 to 35 percent lighter than a concrete frame and can
permit the use of less expensive foundation systems
In Bangladesh steel building are not constructing notably Mainly some
factory buildings are constructed with steel as a structural material In
Bangladesh peoples are not serious about time which is main advantage of
steel structure like our COuntry We have to import all the steel materials It
49
also has to PV higher tax Our engineers are not interested to go for new
technology like steel structure 0 technicians oed labors pof Vtrained P fo steel construction Ultimately except time factor steel
structure is OPt very suitable for building construction of Bangladesh Very
recently a few numbers of high-rise buildings are now under construction or
under designing stages which indicates new technology are coming
4215 RCC Grading
Strength of concrete is commonly considered its most important property
although in many practical cases other characteristic such as durability and
impermeability may in fact be more important Nevertheless strength usually
gives an overall picture of the quality of concrete because strength is
directly related to the structure of the hardened cement paste
The strength of concrete of given mix proportions is very seriously affected
by the degree of its compaction It ISvital therefore that conSistence of the
mix be such that the concrete can be transported placed and finished
sufficiently easily and without segregation Following combinations of
reinforcement and concrete are considered for thiS study-
Table 4-7 Different Combinations of Reinforcement and Concrete
Concrete Type Steel Strength (in ksi) Concrete Strength lin ksi)
I Type - 1 60 44
Type - 2 60 36
Type - 3 60 29
Type - 4 60 25
Type - 5 40 44
Type - 6 40 36
Type - 7 40 29
Type - 8 40 25
50
4217 Interdependence of Humnware Infoware and Hardware
For analysis and design purpose humnware infoware and hardware work as
an integrated system During design and analysis period due to different
grade and type material selection software hardware and humnware play
the vital role for alternate attempt Computer utilization in different stages
have improved capabilities for generating quality designs as well as redUCing
the time required to produce alternative designs Without help of these
technological combined services It IS almost impossible to get better and
optimistic design Thats why with the help of Humnware Infoware and
Hardware most economic type analysis and design may achieved within
short time which is almost impossible without these technological help
Manual analysis and design are most of the time assumption based a time
consuming matter and whose ultimate result is economical loss considered
to both time and material requirement
51
4218 Analysis and Result
For analysis purpose here considered a six storied building The analysis has
been performed by STAADIPro software 3-D model of assumed building amp
output of STAADProare given in Appendix-A
Following are the material requirement for different combination
Table 4-8 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 10487 Ib5 2148 Ib6 1375 Ib7 1386 Ib8 3971 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 193651bsTotal Volume of Concrete 28688 cuft
Table 4-9 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 23844 Ibs5 1346 Ib6 5329 Ib7 5487 Ib8 10511 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 46518 IbsTotal Vofume of Concrete 61454 cuft
52
Table 4-10 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6330 Ib5 5653 Ib6 1644 Ib7 2771 Ib8 4722 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 21120lbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3355 cUft
Table 4-11 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 22348 Ibs5 4039 Ib6 8655 Ib7 4001 Ib8 5049 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement 44092 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 7279 cU1t
53
Table 4-12 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 787191bs5 29898 Ibs6 37505 Ibs7 57257 Ibs8 58754 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
26213 Ibs3528 cUft
Table 4-13 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibs)
4 221821bs5 10011 Ibs6 37652 Ibs7 6918 Ibs8 34297 Ibs
Totel weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
54
432191bs9367 cuft
Table 4-14 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Rein Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 9556 Ibs5 2453 Ibs6 3810 Ibs7 6378 Ibs8 6761 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
28958 Ibs4190 cuft
Table 4-15 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 60 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber lin Ibsl
4 25557 Ibs5 3126 Ibs6 4340 Ibs7 10008 Ibs8 703 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
55
43733 Ibs10076 cuft
Table 4-16 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 8680 Ib5 1358 Ib6 1434 Ib7 2588 Ib8 7727 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 21787 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 3499 cUft
Table 4-17 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 44 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 17629 Ibs5 4878 Ib6 7745 Ib7 7921 Ib8 16895 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcement ~ 47938Total Volume of Concrete 8546 cuft
56
Table 4-18 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 7770 Ibs5 1432 Ibs6 3795 Ibs7 4686 Ibs8 9068 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
==
26752 Ibs3479 cuft
Table 4-19 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 36 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17705 Ibs5 1591 Ibs6 13078 Ibs7 1152 Ibs8 16675 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
57
= 50201 Ibs9644 cuft
Table 420 Material Requirement for Column1ConcreteStrength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in IbsJ
4 84764 Ibs5 30846 Ibs6 22264 Ibs7 34232 Ibs8 10168 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
27379 lbs4709 cUft
Table 4-21 Material Requirement for Beam(Concrete Strength 29 ksi and Rein Strength 40 ksil
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibsl
4 17693 Ibs5 2347 Ibs6 19086 Ibs7 1367 Ibs8 13352 Ibs
Total weight of reinforcementTotal Volume of Concrete
58
53845 Ibs10111 cuft
Table 4-22 Material Requirement for Column(Concrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber (in Ibs)
4 6602 Ib5 2506 Ib6 7068 Ib7 5216 Ib8 8370 Ib
Totar weight of reinforcement - 29762 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 5055 cuft
Table 4-23 Material Requirement for BeamlConcrete Strength 25 ksi and Reinf Strength 40 ksi)
Bar Size WeightNumber lin IbsJ
4 18686 Ibs5 13536 Ibs6 15858 Ib7 1085 Ib8 5565 Ib
Total weight of reinforcement - 54730 IbsTotal Volume of Concrete 11269 cUft JI
59
4219 Cost Analysis
Generally the cost for a construction prOject includes the expenses related to
the following activities
bull Land acquirement
bull Planning and feasibility
bull Design
bull Construction including materials equipment and lobour
bull Insurance and taxes during construction
bull Office overhead
bull Office furniture and equipment
bull Inspection testing and others
In this study considered only material cost of different grade of combination
which is mentioned in the article 4215
Table 4-24 Concrete Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Concrete Strength Concrete Cost2500 pO 155 Tkdt2900 psi 164 Tkdt3600 pO 187 Tkch4400 P 209 Tkch
Table 4-25 Reinforcement Cost as Per PWD Schedule
Reinforcement Strength Reinforcement Cost40000 psi 226406 TklOn
60000 psi 23625 Tkton
60
Table 4~26 Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequiremerType - 1 294 Ton 9014 citType - 2 291 Ton 10633 eftType - 3 310 Ton 12895 cftType - 4 325 Ton 14266 eftType - 5 311 Ton 12044 eftType - 6 344 Ton 13123 eftType - 7 363 Ton 14821 eftType - 8 377 Ton 16324 eft
Table 4-27 Actual Reinforcement and Concrete Requirement
Type of Concrete Reinforcement Requirement Concrete RequirementType - 1 441 Ton 9916 eftType - 2 437 Ton 11697 eftType - 3 465 Ton 14185 eftType - 4 487 Ton 15693 eftType - 5 467 Ton 13249 eftType - 6 515 Ton 14435 eftType - 7 544 Ton 16304 eftType - 8 566 Ton 17957 eft
Table 4-28 Reinforcemelt and Concrete Cost in 100000 Taka
Type of Concrete Renforcement Cost Concrete Cost Total CostType - 1 1042 Coo 1884 Coo 2926 CooT~2 1032 Coo 1988 Coo 3020 CooTy e - 3 1099 Coo 2115 Coo 3214 CooType - 4 1150 Coo 2211 Coo 3361 CooType - 5 1057 Coo 2517 Coo 3574 CooType6 1167 Coo 2454 Coo 3621 CooType - 7 1231 Coo 2431 Coo 3662 CooType - 8 1281 Co 2530 Coo 3811 Co
61
Graph 4-5 Total Cost 01 Concrete and Reinforcement
Total Cost
bull
0045_0000bull~bull 35000bullbull ~OO
0 ~oou
~~oo~000
WOO
bull bull
bull bull
I TotalCosti-Concrete COSJ-+-- Reinf Cost -- -- -
Type of Concrelltgt Grado
Graph 4-6 Cost in Percentage for Concrete and Reinforcement
Costn Percentage
_Totalcosl
-- Concrce Co__ Renf Coso
1_23
- -
- - - - -
---------_-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
140 -
_35 --------------- bull
bull 130bullbull 120bullj U bull 105~
00095
Type of Concrete Crade
Above analysis clearly shows that Type-1 concrete is cheaper than anyother combination of reinforced concrete Up-to 29 savings is possible ifhigher grade Reinforcement and Concrete used for building construction
62
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Discussion
In developed countries civil engineering organizations spend good amount of
money in RampD At national level the universities and other institutions
should be encouraged to undertake strategic research which aims to Improve
understanding and applications of scientific and technical know how which
in turn will provide a basis in the long run proper application of new
techniques and technologies Following are some areas very essential for
construction Industry of Bangladesh
The development and dissemination of new construction equipment and
better safety must be encouraged
Pre-fabrication and use of package materials will enhance the efficiency of
work execution by standardizing specifications and reduce the site work
volumes
The development and dissemination of all weather construction technology
will make it possible to carryon with work even under bad weather
The means of transferring information between designers and constructors
need to be improved The effective use of construction equipment
prefabricated materials and products needs to be considered
The roles and responsibilities of engineers need to be reviewed With regard
to improvements in work efficiency personnel training and strengthening the
management foundation of engineers
6]
52 Conclusion
Excavation
Manual excavation and excavation USing excavator S to 20 ft depth) with
different land areas were studied in Dhaka city Considering labour cost and
excavator rental charge breakeven point for Sft excavation and 20ft excavation
are 19020sft and 3616sft respectively Using PDW97 standard rate of works
it IS observed that for deeper excavation excavator is cheaper than labor-
intensivemanual excavation Labor-intensivemanual excavation works may be
acceptable outside urban areas due to unemployment of labor But excavator is
economic solution in urban areas like Dhaka city
In Bangladesh excavation and loading is a labour-based works but in developed
countries its hardware-based works Further detail study based on socio-
economic environment etc may be required to introduce hardware-based
excavation work replacing manual labor in our country
Material
8 combinations of steel and concrete were studied for a six storied bUilding
Considering material cost Type- ICombination of high strength concrete 44-
ksi with high strength steel 60-ksi) is the most economic Type8 la
combination of low grade concrete 2S-ksi and low grade steel 40-ksi) is the
most uneconomic as it material costs 29 more than the cost due to the Type-
1 Unfortunately Type-8 combination is most widely used in private construction
even by the real estate developer One problem with Type- is that high
strength concrete 144 ksi concrete with 60 ksi steel) demands admixture which
also demand skilled humnware If it is not possible type 2 (36 ksi concrete
with 60 ksi steel) can be easily used without loosing Significant economy lonly
3 more cost than Type-l) Mainly Engineers may play the significant role to
convince ownersentrepreneur to accept this technological advantage and avoid
uneconomical traditional approach
53 Scope for Future Works
Similar studies may be carried out for other components of technology Inamely
different types of hardware technology humnware infoware etc)
64
REFERENCES[1] MAnwarul Azim Technology Mal1agement and Development of Nation
July 1999
[2) SP Arors SP Bindra A Text Book of Building Construction
131 Chris Hendrickson Tung su Project Msnagement for Construction
141 Robert L Peukrifoy William B Ledbetter Construction Planning Equipment
snd Methods McGraw-HIli Book Company International Edition 1985
[51 Robert L Mitchell Engineering EconomlcsJohn Wiley amp Sons 1980
[6J Thomas C Ksvanagh Frank Muller James J OBrien Construction
Management
[7J Donald Barrie Boyd C Paulson Jr ProfeSSlonslConstruction Management
[8J Frank Harris Modern Construction and Ground Engineering Equipment and
Method
9J V K Riana Concrete bridge practice analysis design and economics
110] wwwskycraperscomWebsite
[11] wwwtransltmixconcretecom Web site
[12] wwwlrcocomWebslte
[13] wwwantigoconstructio~0JT Web site
[14] wwwleggattequipmentcomWebsite
[15J Public Works Department Recent technical issues and association of public
works department October 19 2000
i16J AaM Ekram Ullah Construction industry of Bangladesh Journal of civil
engineerirlgIEB 2 December 2000
[17J Prospect of quality re-enforcement bar production in Bangladesh - Elite Iron
and Steel Industries Ltd 2003
[18J Analysis of rates of PWD (Bangladeshi Schedule
- July 199719h Edition)
65
APPENDIX-A
3-D Model STAADIPro Input and Output (Partiall
APPENDIXA
30 Model STAADfPro Input and Output (Partiall
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STAAD SPACE PAGE 10
n m eo 81 m~227 94 95 551 96 n 99 0
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STAADSPACE -- PAGENO
148 271 272 276 277 328 329 341 PRIS YD 20 ZD 15119 78 14 15 6~ 64 70 71 86 87 94 95 110 111 151 152 167 bull68 208 2092lt150 266 281 282 322 ~23 332 3~7 PRIS YD 23151 885 TO 892 902 TO ~08 PRIS Yil 10 ZD 2352 1268 92 149 206 153 320 336 85~ TO 866 PRIS YO 12 ZD 10153 916 65 72 88 96 112 153 J6~ 210 226 267 28~ ~2~ 333 338 PRIS YD 15J54 11 67 90 114 171 228 285 335 843 TO 850 PRIS YD 40 ZD 10155 612 730 731 734 TO 736 748 749 75~ TO 754 766 767 770 TO 772 802 80156 806 TO 808 834 PRIS YO25 ZD 15157 577 5ao 618 PRIS Yl2G ZD 10158 501 TO 503 510 TO 12 517 TO 519 526 TO 528 5J3 TO 535 542 TO 544 54159 558 TO 560 565 TO 567 574 TO 576 581 TO 58~ 590 TO 592 597 TO 599 6C160 615701 TO 703 710 711 714 715 7J~ TO 721 728 729 732 733 737 TO 73161 750751 755 TO 757 764 765 768 76~ 773 TO 775 782 783 786 787 791 TC162 801 804 805 809 TO 8JJ 810 819 822 823 831 832 PRIS YD 30 ZD n163 593 790 PRIS YO ~O ZO 151M 596 PRIS YD 35 ZD 15165 504 TO S09 S20 TO 525 536 TO S41 S52 TO 557 568 TO 573 534 TO S39 61166 704 TO 709 722 TO 727 740 TO 745 758 TO 763 776 TO 731 794 TO 799 8167 318 PRIS YD 3D ZD 15163 600 TO 605 812 TO 817 PRIS YD 33 ZD 15169 CONSTANTS170 E CONCRETEMEMll1 TO 16 ~8 )022 57 TO 72 74 TO 73 80 TO 90 92 TO 9E171 98T0102104T0114149T01S3155T0159161T0171206T021021In 218 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3173 340 TO ~42 50J TO 518 70- TO 882 885 TO 892 B95 TO 908174 POISSON CONCRETEV-EME1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 30 TO 90 917 98 TO 102 10~ TO 11~ 149 TO 13 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 2JO 2J176 21B TO 228 263 )0267 269 TO 273 275 TO 23S 320 TO 324 326 TO ~30 3177 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 613 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 908173 DENSITYCONCRETEMEHB1 TO 16 13 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 8D TO 90 9179 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 21130 213 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 27 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 3181 340 TO 342 50J TO 618 701 TO 882 885 TO 892 895 TO 90818l ALPHACONCRETEMEMB1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 103 98 TO 102 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 19 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212184 l18 TO 228 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 33185 3~0 TO 342 501 TO 618 701 TO 832 8BS TO 392 895 TO 9031B6 UNIT FEET KIP187 SUPPORTS1B8 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 207 216 fiXED18~ 234 FIXED190 236 FIXED191 DEFINE WINDLOAD192 TYPE 1193 INT 0 0045 0053 006 HEIG 10 30 60 90194 EXP 1 JOINT 24 TO 184 192 TO 196 199 TO 202 205 206 208 TO 215 217 11~5 n7 TON3196 EXCLUDEJOINT 46 69 92 U5 J38 161 J84197 LOADJ SELFWEIGHT1~8 SELFWEIGHTY -119~ LOAD2 DEADLOAD200 FLOORLOAD201 bull GROUNDFLOORIS A PARKI~GFLOOR
5 0
STAAD SPACE - - PAGE NO
o
59B 6973 ZRANGE 4854-2
FLOAD -05 XRANGE075KSF + 025 KSFFLOAD -01
YRANGE10 10 FLOAD -0089bull 1ST FLOOR TO 5TH FLOOR JS OFFICE FLOOR + ROOF SELFWEIGHT = O068KSF FLOO- FJNJSH = 002 KSF FALSE CEILI~G NO OTHER LOADAS FLOOR DEAD LOADYRAN3E 20 70 FLOAD -0104bull ROOF(EXTRA) AS GARDEN30 SOIL IN ~ART OF THE ROO~ SOIL ~ 03 NO OTHER LOADAS fLOOR DEAD LOADYRANGE70 70 FLOAD -03 XRANGE20 598 ZRAIIGE 2133 70ATER TANKYRANGESO SObull ROOF SLABYRANGll 80 80MEMBERLOAD701 702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 791 792 809 810 UNI GY -043LOAD 3 EXTERJOR WALLMEMBERLOADbullbullbull GROUNDFLOOR TO 5TIl FLOOR 5 WALLASSUMEDAT TilE EXTERIOR OF THE501 TO 503 510 TO 519 526 TO 535 542 TO 551 558 TO 567 574 TO 583 5599 602 605 60a 609 612 701 TO 703 TLO TO 721 72B TO 739 746 TO 757764ro775782T0793800T0808815T0826B35TOB41B51TOB578f875 TO 881 B95 TO 901 UNI GY 05LOAD 4 LIVE LOADFLOOR LOADGROUND FLOOR AS GARRAGEyenRANGE 10 10 FLOAD -005bullbull OFFICE SPACE AN ~VERAGE OF 65L8SFTYRANGE20 60 FLOAD -0 065bullbull FOR PARTITION WALL(ACCIDENTALLOAD)YRANGE20 60 FLOAD -004bull ~ ROOF OCCU~ATAIONALLIVE LOADOF ]0 LBSFTyenRANGE 70 70 FLOAD -003bullbullbull ROOF LIVE LOADOP 20 L3SFTyenRANGE 80 80 FLOAD -002MEMBERLOAD701702 719 720 737 738 755 756 773 774 781 792 809 810 UNI GY -02LOAD 5 WIND IN XWIND LOADX 1 TYPE 1LOAD 6 WIND IN -XWIND LOADX -1 TYPE 1LOAD 7 wrND IN Zwnm LOADZ 1 TYPE 1LOAD B WIND IN ZwrND LOAD Z 1 TYPE 1LOAD COMB21 UNFACTOREDLOAD FOR GEO-TECH DESING1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10LOAD COMB22 FACTROREDLOAD1142143 14 4 17LOADCOMB23 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_X)1105 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275LOAD COMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-XI1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1 275 6 1215LOAD COMB25 075 (14DL+17LL+17WL_Z)11051 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275
20420520620720B209210211 212213 214 21521621721B219220 221222223224-22522622722B21~130 131131233 234135 136 13 7 238239
241142243244-245246
249250251252 253 254255256257
P1 or
STAAD SPACE
260 LOAD COMB27 O 9DL+1 WI X261 1092 09 3 O~ 5 13262 LOAD COMB28 O~Du+~3WL -x263 1092 09 3 09 6 13261 LOAD COMB29 0 9DL+1 3WL Z265 109 2 09 3 09 7 13266 LOAD COMB30 09DL+lJWL -Z6 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13268 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELKMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 419 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH g 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS ~rRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISRSPACS = 141411308 1m EXMEM _ 11323 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 1O 23H roceMing Global Stiffness M-riX 10 23H Processing Triansular actorizatiof1 10 23H Calculating Joint Displacements 1O 24H Calculating Member Forces 10 24
269 LOAD LIST 21 22270 H71 START CONCRETE DESIGU272 CODE ACI273 UNIT INCRES KIP274 TRACK 2 ALL275 MINMAIN J ALL276 MAXMAIN8 ALL277 CLB 15 ALL278 CLS 1 5 ALL279 CLT ~5 ALL280 FC 25 ALL281 FYMAN 40 ALL28lt DESIGN BEAM501 TO 08 7D~ TO 84lt 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Pog of
A-
__ PAGE 0SIMD SPACE------------------- -------------------
_ bullbull lt CONCRETE TAKE OF bullbullbullFOR BE~MS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ~BOVEI
TOTAL VOLUCTE OF CONCR~TE ~ 11268 _94 CD FT
BAR SIZSNUMBER
mIGHT(in lbs)
1868563135362115B57951084 _9755~520
bullbullbull TOTAL= 5472996
285 FINISIl
bullbullbullbullbullbull 7 END OF STAAD-III ~7
DATE= JON 2~200J
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION M PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINBERS co bullbull West Coast - (714) 97~-2500 FClX- 714 I 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbull _ bullbullbullbullbullbullbull __ bullbull bullbullbull gt bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
Pbullbullbullbullbull of
A-9
-------------STAAD SPACE
260 1 09 2 093 09 8 13261 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- ~AGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTrcs
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMllER bullbullELEMENTS(SUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WrDTH ~ 196 nTOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ a TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISIt SPACE _ 141411570 MIl ExMEM_ 11611 MB
++ Processing Elemenc Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global stiffness Matrlx++ Processing Triangular ~actorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
163542163542163542163543163543
262 LOAD LIST 21 22263 HH264 START CONCRETE DESIGN265 CODE Atl266 UNJT INCHES KIP267 TRACK 2 ALL268 MINMAIN 4 ALL269 ~~MAIN a ALL270 CLB 15 ALU271 CLS 1 5 ALL272 eLT 1 5 ALL273 Fe 28 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO n 74 TO 78 6D TO 90 92 TO S276 104 TO 114 )48 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 2]277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 3]0 332 TO 338 34278 _ 843 TO 650 B59 TO 866 885 TO sn 902 TO 908
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STAADSPACE - - PAGE NO
260 LOADCOMB28 0 ~DL+13IL_-X261 J O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 6 13262 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+1 3L ~263 1 O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 7 13264 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13L -l265 1092 09 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTSg 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX_ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISI SPACE = Hl4 11309 MS EXMEM= 11~~~ Me
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocesslng Global Stlffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
10H46101646101646101647101647
267 LOADLIST 21 22268 bullbullbullbull26~ START CONCRETEDESIGN27D CODE ACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP272 TRACK2 ALL273 MINMAIN3 ALL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL275 CLB 15 ALL276 CLS 15 ALL277 CLT 15 ALL273 FC 29 ALL279 FYMAIN40 ALL280 DESIGN BEAM 50~ TO G18 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
A-12
STAAD SPACE __ IAGENO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE = 1011146 CUFT
BAR SIZENUllBER
bull
H TOT1L~
283 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
176933223469319085 Sl136~151335171
5384462
bullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull
H DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 1018 4 H
bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING rn VERSION 0 PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast 00- (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714 ) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast 00- (9~8) 6B8-3626 Fax- (97B) 685-7230 bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A13ry ot
STAAD SPACE
260 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL -Z261 1092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STJlTISTICS
NOMllER OF JOINTSMIDIIlER+ELEMENISSUPPORTS K 2281 4791 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH K 1961 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF BTIFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 14141 9966 MIl EXMEM ~ 9995 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
162B56162656162657162857162857
263 LOADLIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETEDESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KIP268 TRACK2 ALL269 MINMAIN4 ALL270 MAXMAIN8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALL273 CLI 15 ALL274 FC 25 ALL275 FYMAIN40 ALL276 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 lB TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 7B 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 S277 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21278 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34279 B43 TO B50 859 TO 866 885 TO B92 902 TO 90B
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STAAD SPACE
26Q 1 092 09 3 09 8 13261 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day lpn 200 0505 PIlt
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSsUPPORTS ~ 2281 47~ 25ORIGINALIINAL BWP-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM n 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX n 2~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISItSPACE ~ 1414 112~8 MB EXMEM bullbull11305 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 48 H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix ~8 H Processing Triangular Factorization 48 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1048 H Calculating Membr Fore 1046 262 LOADLIST 21 22263 bullbullbullbull264 START CONCRETEDESrGN265 CODE ACr266 UNIT INCHES KIP267 TRACK2 ALL268 MINMArN4 ALL269 MAXMAIN8 ALL270 CLB 15 ALL271 CLS lS ALL272 CLT lS ALL273 FC 44 ALL274 FYMAIN 40 ALL275 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 60 TO ~O 92 IO 96 276 104 IO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21277 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 no TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34278 843 TO 8S0 859 TO 866 SS5 TO 892 ~02 TO ~06
A_16
STAAD SACE
TUeday At 200lt 05 Q PM
__ ~AGSNO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullFOR EEAMS AND CO~UMNS DES1GNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VO~UME OF CONCRETE ~ 349873 CUFT
BAR SlZENUMBER
bullbull TOTA~~
28~ FINISH
WEWHT
lin lbs)
868018135806143447158775772658
2178704
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
DATE= rUN~9~003
bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull QUESTlONS REGARDING THIS VERSlON OF ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - 7~4) 974-~500 Fax- 1714) 9H-2543 bullbull East Coast - (976) 686-3626 Fax- 1978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
A17
9Oglt of
STAAD SPACE
260 11052 105 3 105 4 1~75 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13L X262 1092 0 9 3 09 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 6 13265 LOADCOMB29 a9DL+13WL_Z266 ~ 09 2 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092 09 3 09 8 13269 PERFORM ANALYSIS
Tuesday AprLl 200lt 050 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STAJISJICS
NUMBER OF JO~NTSMEMBER+ELEHENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25OR~G~NALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 196 31TOlALPRIMARY LOAD CASES 8 JOJALDEGREES OP FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OP STIPFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PR~C KORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 14UI 10052 KB ElCKEK 10074 KB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
115749115749115749115750115750
270 LOAD LIST 21 2227l 272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 3 ALL277 MAXMAIN a ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL2ao CLl 15 ALL281 FC 44 ALL~82 FYMAIN 40 ALL283 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 6lS 701 10 84~ 851 10 858 867 TO 88~ 895 TO 901
0 or
A-1B
STAAD SPACE __ PAGE NO
bullbull bullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COGUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAG VOGUME OF CONCRETE = 854555 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
TOTAG~
186 FINISH
WEIGHT(~n Ibs)
176288448775077448379214
1689494
4793815
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 292003 TIME~ 115910
bull QUESTlONS REGARDING H1SVERSlON oe PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS 0 c bullbull west Coaet - (7141 974-2500 =- (714) 921-2543 bullbull EilstCOil~t - 97B) 688-3626 FilX-(978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull
A-19
STAAD SPACE
260 LOIDCOMB30 O9DL+l3Wl -z261 1 092 09 3 09 8 13262 PERFORM ANALYSIS
TUesday Iltpnl 0o 00 0503 PM
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATrSTICS
NUMBER OP JOrNTSMBMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 2SORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 1218SIZE OF STlFFNESS MATRIX ~ 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIlgt DlSK SPACE ~ 14l4 11297 MD IXMEM 11322 MB
++ rocessing Element Stiffness Matrix++ rocessing Global stiffne~~ Matrix_++ ProceBBing Triangular Factori~ation++ Calculating Joint Di~placements++ Calculating Member Forces
92823~2823~28239282492824
263 LOAD LIST 21 22264 bullbullbullbull265 START CONCRETE DESIGN266 CODE ACI267 UNIT INCHES KI268 TRACK 2 ALL269 MINMAIN 4 ALL270 MAXMAIN 8 ALL271 CLB 15 ALL272 CLS 15 ALlgt273 CLT 15 ALlgt274 Fe 36 ALL275 FYMAIN 40 ILL276 DESIGN COLUMN 1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~o 92 TO 96 277 104 TO 114 14~ TO 153 155 TO l5~ 161 TO 171 206 TO 2J0 2J2 TO 216 21276 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 28 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 3427~ 843 TO 80 89 TO 866 865 TO 892 902 TO 908
go of
TUesday Apnl 0 00 05 OJ PH
STAAD SPACE
~~~~~CONC~ETE TAKE OFF ~~~~~~~(FOR BEAMSAlD COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CO~C~ETE = 347891 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBE~
u TOTAL~
282 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbs)
7770_05143175379537468648~067 99
2675164
~~~END OF STAAD-III ~bullbullbullbull~
~~ DATE~ JUN 292003
bullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbull~bullbullbull~~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbull eo QUESTIONS ~EGARDING TIllS VE~SION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESE~RCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(714) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~1~76) 688-3626 Fax- 197B) 685-7230 bull~~bullbull~bullbull~~~~bullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbull~~
A-21
Pog of
STAADSPACE
260 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 7 1275261 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_-Z)262 1 105 2 105 3 10541275 8 1275263 LOADCOMB27 09DL+13WL X264 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13265 LOADCOMB28 O9DL+13WL -X266 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 1 3267 LOADCOMB29 O9DL+13WL Z268 1 09 2 09 3 09 7 13269 LOADCOMB30 O9DL+13WL -Z270 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 13271 PERFORMANALYSIS
ru bullbull day Apnl 200lt 0501
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS~ 228 479 25ORI~INALFINAL B~_WIDTH ~ 196 31TOTAlgtPRIMARYLOADCASES 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FRlEDOM~ 1218SI~E OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREe WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE ~ 141411268 MIl EXMEM~ 11325 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorizat~on++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Fo~ces
9513495134951349513595135
272 LOADLIST 21 22273 u274 START CONCRETEDESIGN275 CODEACI276 UNIT INCHES KIP277 TRACK2 ALL278 MINMAIN3 ALL27~ MAXMAIN8 ALL280 CLB 1_5 ALL281 CLS 15 ALL282 CLT 15 ALL283 FC 36 ALL284 FYMAIN40 ALL285 DESIGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO B42 B51 TO 858 B67 TO 882 895 TO 901
0 - Df Slt
A-22
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 964374 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
faTAL
268 FINISH
WEJCHT(in Ibs)
177047115913713077931152341667496
5020131
bullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-IJI bullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 29200J TIME~ ~5252
bullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbull bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENCJNEER8 bullbull West Coast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull
A-23
Pobullbullbullbullbull ot
STAADSPAC
260 LOADCOMB29 09DL+l3WL Z261 1092093 09 7 13262 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z263109209309813264 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
lROBLEM S TAT 1ST I C S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPlORTS 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH_ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES _ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM_ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSRZQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 141411353 Mll lXMEM~ 11380 Mll
H Processing Element Stiffness MatrlX 1519 H Precessing Global Stiffness Matrix 1519 H precessing Triangular Factorization 1519 H Calculating Joint Displacements 1519 H Calculating Member Forces 1520 0
265 LOADLIST 21 22266 bullbull u
267 STARI CONCRETEDESIGN268 CODEACI269 UNIT INCHES KIP270 TRACK2 ALL271 MINMAIN4 ALL272 MAXMAIN8 ALL273 CLB 15 ALL274 CLS 15 ALL275 CLT 15 AGL276 FC 44 ALI277 FYMAIN60 ALL278 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO 16 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 279 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21280 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34281 843 TO 850 859 TO 566 885 TO 8n 902 TO 90S
A-24
STAAD SPACE
~bullbull~bullbullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbull(POR BEAJgtlSAND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
__ PAGE NO
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE w 286875 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbullbull TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in 1bs)
10486852147631374701385_57397060
1936535
bullbullbullbullbull~~~END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~~
~DATEw JUN 25200
bullbullbullbullbullbull~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbull~~~bullbullbull~bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF ~ROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West coast - (714) ~74 -2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~~bullbullbull~bullbull~~
0lt
STAADSPACE
261 LOADCOMB24 075(14DL+17LL+17WL_XI262 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 6 1275263 LOADCOMB25 075(14DL+l7LL+l7WL_ZI264 1105 2 105 3 1054 1275 7 1275265 LOADCOMB26 075(14DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI266 1 105 2 105 3 1054 1275 B 1275267 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X26B 1 09 2 09 3 09 5 13269 LOADCOMB28 09DL+l3WL -X270 1 09 2 09 3 09 6 13271 LOADCOMB29 09DL+13WL_Z272 1 09 2 09 3 O~ 7 13273 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL_-Z274 1 09 2 09 3 09 8 1)275 PERFORMANALYSI8
- - PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALPINAL BAND-WIDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM _ 121BSIZE OF STIFF~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISISPACE ~ 141411362 MS E~ 11354 MB
++ processing Element 8tiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~m~nts++ Calculating Member Forces
154753154753154753154753154754
276 LOADLIST 21 22277 bullbull u
278 START CONCRETEDESIGN279 CODEACI280 UNIT INCHES KIP281 TRACK2 ALL282 MJNMAIN4 ALL283 MAXMAIN8 ALL284 CLB 15 ALL285 CLS 15 ALL286 CLT 15 ALL287 FC 44 ALL288 FYMAIN60 ALL289 DESJGN BEAM501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
A26
STAAD SPACE
~odnosdy April 07 200 12 bullbull PIlt
__ PAGE NO 4E
bullbull~~ CONCRETE TAKE OFF ~~~~bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE ~ 614543 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
o
h TOTAL=
292 FINISH
WEIGHTlin Ib)
23844211346225329075487201051119
46517 _88
~~bullbull~~END OF STAAD-III ~~bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JVlI 252003 TIME~ 154929 h
~~~~~~~~bullbull~~~bullbullbullbull~bull QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VSRSION OF PROGRAMbull RESEARCH ENGINSERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7H) 974-2500 Fax- 1714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - 978 ) 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 685-7230 bull~~~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbull~~bullbullbullbullbullbullbull~bullbullbullbull
A-27
Pg 5
STAADSPACE
260 1092 093 09 7 13261 LOADCOMB30 09DL+l3WL -z262 1092 09 3 09 8 13263 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM S TAT I S TIC S
NUMBEROF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS~ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WID~ ~ 196 31TOT-LPRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 8471 MIl ExMEM~ 8600 MB
H Ptocessing ElemEnt StiffnEss Mattix 12 132H ProcEssing Global Stiffness Matrix 12 132H Processing Trlangular Factorization 12 132H Calculating Joint Displacements 12 1]3H Calculating MEmber Forces 12 133
264 LOADLIST 21 22265 bullbull u
266 START CONCRETEDESIGN267 CODEACI268 UNIT INCHES ~lP269 TRAC~ 2 ALL270 MINMAIN4 ALL271 MAXMAIN8 ALL272 CLB 15 ALL273 CLS 15 ALL274 CLT 15 ALL275 FC 36 ALL276 FYMAIN60 ALL277 DESIGN COLUMN1 rO 16 IS TO 22 57 TO 72 74 rO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 278 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21279 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34280 843 TO 850 85~ TO 866 8B5 TO 892 902 TO 908
go
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
uUH CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ 335474 CUFT
BAR SIZENUJolBER
TOTAr~
263 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbsl
6330H565332164366277114472160
2112007
END OF STAAD-Ilr bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bull
bullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TrME= 12 3 5 bull
bull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbull eo QUESTrONS REGARDrNG THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast ~(7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 921-2543 bullbull East Coast ~19781 686-3626 Fax- (9751 655-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbull
A-29
0 oE
STAAD SPACE
260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOAD COMB28 O9DL+JWL -x262 1092 09 3 09 6 J326 LOAD COMB29 O9DL+JWL Z264 1092 09 3 O~ 7 13265 LOAD COMB30 O_~DL+J3WL_-Z266 1 O_~ l O~ 3 09 B 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
~dn5dy AI 07 200lt 12 PM
- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIOTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES S TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121SSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = ~~6548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSRliQRDAVAILOISISPACE ~ 1414 8511~ EXMEM _ 8579 MB
++ Processing Element stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Forces
114125114125114126114126U4l27
268 LOAD LIST 21 2~269 270 START CONCRETE DESIGNl7J CODEACI22 UNIT INCHES KIP273 TRACK 2 ALL274 MINMAIN 4 ALL275 MAXMAIN 8 ALL276 CLB 15 ALL277 CLS 15 ALL278 CLT 15 ALL~79 FC 36 ALL280 FYMAIN 60 ALL28J DESIGN BEAM50J TO 6J8 70J TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
g of
A-3D
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull (FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE bull 727873 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullbull
TOTAL
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
lt234770403~248654~34000 ~6504918
4409100
bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull
bullbull DATE= JON 262003
bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bull eo QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSWN OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at bullbull West Coast - (7141 974-2500 Fax- 714) 921-2543 bullbull East Coast - (9781 688-3626 Fax- I~78) 6SS-n30 bull bullbull bullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbullbullbull bullbull bullbull
A-31
p of bullbull
STAADSPACE
2521142143144 l7253 LOADCOMB23 075(J4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Xl254 l L05 2 L05 3 LOS 4 1275 5 1275255 LOADCOMB24 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_XI256 l L05 2 105 3 105 4 1275 6 1275257 LOADCOMB25 075(l4DL+l7LL+l7WL_Z)258 l 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 7 1275259 LOADCOMB26 075(l4DL+17LL+l7WL_ZI260 l l05 2 105 3 l05 4 1275 8 1275261 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL_X262 l O~ 2 O~ 3 O~ 5 13263 LOADCOMB28 09DL+13WL -X264 1092 09 3 09 6 l3265 LOADCOMB2~ 0~DL+13WL Z266 1092 09 3 09 7 13267 LOADCOMB30 09DL+13WL -Z268 1092 09 3 09 8 l3269 PERFORMANALYSIS
-- PAGENO
PROBLEM STATrSTrcs
NUMBEROF JOrNTSMEMBER+~~EMENTSsUPPORTS~ 2251 4791 25ORrGI~FrNAL BAND_WIDTH~ 196 31TOTALPRIMARYLOADCASES 5 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM 1218SlZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAlL DUK SPACE 141411569 MB EI(IIgM 11607 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ processing Globsl Stiffness Matrix++ proce~sing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member ForCes
l65923J65923J65~23l65~24165924
270 LOADLIST lt1 22271 uu272 START CONCRETEDESIGN273 CODE ACI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK2 ALL276 MINMAIN4 ALL277 MAXMAIN8 ALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT l5 ALL281 Fe 29 ALL282 FYMAIN60 ALL283 DESIGN COLUMN1 TO l6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO ~O n TO 96 ~284 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 155 TO 159 161 TO 171 206 TO 210 212 TO 216 21285 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 2B5 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 33B 34
Fa ot
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
(FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ ~52761 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
gtbullbullbull TOTAL=
289 FINISH
WEIGHT(in lbBI
7871 93298984~750 545725 66587542
bullbullbullbull DATE= JON 192003 TIME= 17 027 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull m QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAM bullbull RESEARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Ccast - (714) 974-2500 Fax- (714) ~21-2543 bullbull East Ccast - (978) 688-3626 Fax- (978) 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-33
iT oE
STAADSPACE
252 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 5 1275253 LOADCOMB24 075 (14DL+l7LL+l7WL_-XI25~ 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 175 6 1275255 LOADCOMB2S 0 7S (1 4DL+l 7LL+l 7WLZ)256 11052 105 3 105 ~ 1275 7 1175257 LOADCOMB26075(1 4DL+17LL+l 7WL -ZI258 11052 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275259 LOADCOMB27 09DL+l3WL X260 1092 09 3 09 5 13261 LOADCOMB25 0~DL+13WL -X262 109 2 O~ 3 09 6 13263 LOADCOMB29 0~DL+l3WL Z264 1092 09 3 09 7 13265 LOADCOMB30 O 9DL+1 3WL~Z266 1092 09 3 09 8 13267 PERFORM ANALYSIS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM STATISTICS
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS ~ 228 479 25ORIGINAL~lNAL BAND_WlDTH _ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARY LO~ ~ES ~ 8 TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM ~ 121BSIZE OF STIr~SS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLE PREC WORDSREQRDAVAIL DISK SPACE 1414 11622 MB ExMEM _ 11630 MB
H Processing Element Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Global Stiffness Matrix 16 45H Processing Triangular Factorization 16 45H Calculating Joint Displacements 16 46H Calculating Member Forces 16 46
26B LOADLIST 21 TO 2226~bullbull u
270 STARTCONCRETEDESIGN271 CODE ACI272 UNIT INCHES KlP273 TRACK 2274 MINMAIN4 ALL27 MAXMAIN8 ALL276 CLB 1277 CLS 1527B CLT 15279 FC 29280 FYMAIN 602B1 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 61B 70l TO 842 85l TO 858 867 TO 882 895 TO 901
Po 0
A-e4
STAAD SPACE -- PAGIgt NO
bullbull CONCRETE TA~E OFF bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull(FOR BIgtAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE _ 936663 CUFT
BAR SIZENUMBER
bullH TOTAL~
284 FINISH
WEIGHT(in Ibs)
2218196100107537652369180134297
4321892
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull DATE_ JUN 92003 TIME~ 16 6 5 bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
eoWestEast
OUESTIONS REGARDING TEIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc at
Coa~t Ph- (7H) n4-2500 Fax- (7H) 92-2543Co~tPh- (978) 68B-3626 Fax- (~7B) 685-7230
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
A-35
go bullbullbull or ltOS
STAADS1ACE
252 LOAD COMB24 075114Dlt+17ltlt+17Wlt_-XI253 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 l27S 6 1275254 LOAD COMB25 075114Dlt+l7LL+l7WL_Z)255 11052 LOS 3 105 4 1275 7127S256 WAD COMB26 075114Dlt+17LL+17WL_ZI257 1 105 2 105 3 105 4 1275 8 1275258 LOAD COMB27 09DL+J3WL X259 1092 09 3 09 5 13260 WAD COMB26 O9DL+13Wlt_-X261 1092 09 3 O~ 6 13262 WAD COMB29 O9DL+l3WL Z263 J 09 2 09 3 09 7 13264 LOAD COMB30 09Dlt+l3WL -Z265 109 l OS 3 09 8 13266 PERFORMANALYSIS
-~ PAGE NO
PROBLEM S TAT S TIC S
NUMBEROF JONTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUPPORTS_ 228 479 25ORIGNALFNAL BAND-WlDTH~ 196 31TOTAL PRIMARYLOADCASES ~ 8 TOTALDEGREESOF FREEDOM~ 1218SlZE OF STPFNESS MATRIX 226548 DOUBLEPREC WORDSREQRDAVAL DISK SPACE ~ 1414 10570 ME EXMEM 10597 ME
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix++ Processing Triangular Factorization++ Calculating Joint Displac~ments++ Calculating Member Forces
123548123548123548123549123549
267 LOID LIST 2l 22268 u++
269 START CONCRETEDESIGN270 CODEACI271 UNIT INCHES KIP271 TRACK 2 ALL273 MINMAIN 4 AL274 MAXMAIN8 ALL27S CB 15 ALL276 CS 15 AL277 CT 15 ALL278 FC 25 AL279 FYMAIN 60 ALL280 DESIGN COLUMNJ TO J6 18 TO 22 57 TO 72 74 TO 78 80 TO 90 92 TO 96 gt28J 104 TO 114 149 TO 153 lSS TO 159 J6J TO 17) 206 TO 210 212 TO 2J6 2]281 263 TO 267 269 TO 273 275 TO 285 320 TO 324 326 TO 330 332 TO 338 34283 843 TO 850 859 TO 866 885 TO 891 902 TO 908
bullbull or bullbull
STNill SPACE -- PAGE NO
~~~~CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbullbullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNSDESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUMEOF CONCRETE _ 418998 CUFT
BAR S1ltENUMBER
WEIGHTlin lbsl
9534245293381031637769676075
U TOTAL= 28~5a 03
286 FINISH
~~~~~~END OF STAAD-I11 ~~~~
bullbullbullbull DATE= JUN 282003 TIME= 123711 bullbullbullbull
bullbull
bullbull
921-2543685-7230
QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS VERSION OF PROGRAMRESEARCH ENGINEERS Inc atPh- 1714) n4-2500 Fax- 17141lh- (978) 688-3626 Fax- 19781
WeBt CoaBtEast CoaBt
bullbullbullbull
gO of
A-37
bull
STAAD SPACE
260 110521053 105 4 1275 8 1275261 LOAD COMB 27 O9DL+l3WL_X262 1092093 09 5 13263 LOAD COMB 28 O9DL+l3WL_-X264 1092093 09 6 13265 LOAD COMB 29 O9DL+l3WL_Z266 1092093 09 7 13267 LOAD COMB 30 O9DL+l3WL -z268 1092093 09 6 13269 PERFORM MlALtSrS
-- PAGE NO
PROBLEM S T ITIS TIC S
NUMBER OF JOINTSMEMBER+ELEMENTSSUFPORTS _ 228 479 25ORIGINALFINAL BAND-WIDTH 195 31TOTAro PRIMARY LOAD CASES _ 8 rOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOW _ InSSIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX _ 226548 DOUBLE PRBe WORDSREQRDAVJILDISIl SPACE 141411309)IB EXMEM_ 11319 MB
++ Proce~singElement Stiffness Matrix++ PrDcessing Global Stiffness Matrix++ p~ocessing Triangular Factori2ation++ Calculating Joint Displacements++ Calculating Member Force~
1033 91033 91033 9103310103310
270 LOAD LIST 21 22271 u272 START CONCRETE DESIGN273 CODE hCI274 UNIT INCHES KIP275 TRACK 2 ALL276 MINMAIN 4 ALL277 MAXMAIN BALL278 CLB 15 ALL279 CLS 15 ALL280 CLT 15 ALL281 Fe 25 hLL282 FYMAIN 60 ALL2B3 DESIGN BEAM 501 TO 618 701 TO 842 851 TO 858 867 TO 882 8~5 TO 901
FOg or
A-38
STAAD SPACE
w bullbull day PriJ 07 200lt 12
-- PAGE NO
bullbullbullbullbull CONCRETE TAKE OFF bullbull~ bullbullIFOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE ~ H07625 CUFT
TOTAL~
286 FINISH
WEIGIJT(in Ibs)
2555707312566433964100076370299
4373300
bullbull bullbull END OF STAAD-III bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
DATE JUN 292003
bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull QUESTIONS REGARDING rum VERSION PROGRAM bullbull RESRARCH ENGINEERS bullbull West Coast gt0- (7141 974-2500 Fax- (7141 92) -2543 bullbull East Coast gt0- (9781 688-36)6 Fax- (9781 685-7230 bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull of
APPENDIX-B
List of Buildings for Different Strength Concrete and Reinforcement
APPENDIX-B
STRUCTURE DEVELOPER CONCRETE STEELSTREGTII STRENGTH
6(SIX) STORIED RESIDEIHIAL BUILDING ABC REAL ESTATES LTD 3aao pi 60000 piAT PLOT NO 239 KHILlGI ROAD BLOCK_B ABC HOUSE (6TH FLOOR) 8 KAMALATATURKMOHAMMADPUR HOUSING ESTATL AVENUE DHAKA1205MOHAYIMADP]JR DHAKA
9(NINE) STORIED RESIDENTIAl BUILDING MONICO LIMITED 3000 pi 611000piAT PLOT 0 507 MOUZA KAFRUI~ WEST HOUSE 10 7l1 ROAD NO 71A DHANMONDlAGARGAO DHAKA RIA DHAKA-12096(MX) STOlUlm RESIDFNTIAL BUILDING MR MOHAI1MAD HABlBUR RltHMAN 2500 psi 40000 piAI BAJTUL AMAN COOPERATJVE HOUSINGSOCIETY LIMITED PLOT NO-578cS 10_124KHA TIAN 0-346(SIX) STORIED CHAMP A SUPER MARKET MIS NISHA CONSTRUCTION 2500 pi 40000 piAT RAUARANDI DAZAR 13ALIAKANDlRAJBARl5(FlVE) STORIED ADMIN BUiLDIIG OF MIS NISHA CO]STRUCTlON 2500 pi 40000 piMANSUR ALI COLLEGEAT NARUA BALIAKANDI RAJBARI7 STORIED MLlNAT PLAZA MD MINNAT HOSSAIN 25110pi 40000 psiA SHOPPING CUM RESIDENTIAL DUILDINGA1 ABDULLAHPURKERANIGONJ DHAKA
WELKINS CANOPUS WELKINS PROPIRTY MANAGFMENT LTD 2500 pi 40000 pi9 STORIED APARTME1lt DUILDllG 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIBAGliAT LALKlIAI BAZAR CHlTTAGONG CIlITTAGOGWELKINS CALYX WELKINS PROPERTY MANAGEMENT LTD 2500 psi 40000 psi9 STORIED APARTMENT I3UIWING 430 AMIRBAG RIA MEHEDIDAGIIATNASlRABAD CHITTAGONG CIllTJAGONGGRAMEEN LEPTIS MAGNA GRAMEEN BANGLA HOUSING LTD 3000 psi 60000 piAT NIKETON GULSHAN SO-lARTORI TOWER (7TH FLOOR)9 STORIED APARTMENT BUILDING 12 SOlAR GAON ROAD DHAKA 1000
B~
APPENDIX - B
6 STORIED OFFICE BUILDING RUNNER AU rOMOBlLES LTD 2500Igti 40000 psiAT KUTURIA SAVAR DHAKA 74B GREEr ROAD DIJAKA
5-STORIED RESIDFNTIAL BlJILDING FOR MRROHIUL KARIM 2500 pi 40000 psiMRROBIUL KARIM AT PWT NO-lBROAD NO_7 SECTOR _7UTARA MODEL TOVNDHAKASNIGHDA ORCHID UNITIiCH HOLDIIGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD NO5 HOUSE NO - 7 BLOCK - IBANANI DHAKAJAUIIYA IJIITECH HOIDlNGS LIMITED 2500 pi 40000 piROAD 10 _9 HOUSE NO - 35 SECTOR- 4UTTARA DHAKA
ROUDRACHYA UNlTECIl HOJDIgtIGSLIMITED 2500 pl 40000 plROADNO_9 IlOUSENO-31SECTOR-4UITARADHAKA
UNITECH PRJ(SIDENCY UNITECH HOLDINGS LIMITED 2500 psi 40000 psiHUMAYANROAD PWTN034MOHAMMADPUR DHAKA
6-STORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING FOR Mlgt TOFAZZEL HOSSAIN 2500 pi 40000 psiMDTOFAZZEL HOSSAIN PLOT NO-64 BLOCK-C MANSURABAD HOUSING SOCIETYMOHAMMADPUR DHAKA8S10RIED IXI6MARRlED ORSQIJARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARMY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT SHAHEED YOUSUF ROAD DHAKA CANTT DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED lXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE OW amp CE (ARlfY) 3000 pi 40000 psiAT POSTOGOLA CANTI DHAKA DHAKACANIT
8 STORIED IXI6 MARRIED DRS QUARTER OFFICE OF THE DW amp CE (ARII-IY) 3000 pi 40000 piAT ARMY HEAD QUATER ADMIN WING DHAKACANTIDHAKA CANTT4_STORlIW ENGINEERING FACILITIES ~ 3000 pi 60000 piBUILDING JMBAR PROJECT SARAK BHABAN
B~
APPENDIX- B
RAMNADHAKASHAPTAK SHAHNAMA SHAPTAK GRIHAY~ LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORJED APARTMENT BUILDING 819 BLOCK-C LALMATIA DHAKA-1207FORMR M MOSHIURRAHMA-lt ATPLOTNO34 BLOCK - C LALMATIA DHAKA - 1207SHAPT AK MAVIS SHAPT AK GRIllA Ylli LIMITED 3000 psi 40000 psi8 (EIGHT) STORIED APARThlENT BUlTJ)ING 819 BLOCK-C lALMATlA DHAKA_1207fOR MR M MOSHllJR RAHMAN AT PLOT NO314HLOCK C LALMArJA DHAKA 1207
B-
APPENDIX-C
list of Buildings Using ExcavatorLabour for Excavation Work
APPEND1X-C
STRITCTlJRE
LABAID CARDIAC CENTREROAD _ 4 DHAllfONDJ DHAKA
LABAID SPECIALIZED 1I0SlIT AIROAD - 4 D1IA~MONDr DHKA
HABIT AT CENTER21 S]ORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEXSHAY AMOU DHAKASAM COMPLEX21 STORIED SHOPPING OfFICE COMPLEXSHAYA)IjOLl DHAKA(LOBE SHOPING CENTERto SIORJED SHOPPING OFFICE COtPLEX24 MIRPUR ROAD DHAKAHAPPY HOMES DR RAtA fULLA ARCADE6 STORIED BUIWINGROAD NO 3 DHANMONDI DJIAKAMULTILA GREEN VILLA15 SfORJED BUIWINGGREEN ROAD DHAKA
Such as 18 Storied New Market CityComplexadjacent of Dhaka new market14 storied CRP building project atMirJlur-14 Dhaka
nlvrLOP~R
LAB AlD corSTRUCTlOr
LAB AID CONSTRUCTlO
IIABITAJ REAL ESTATE LTD
GLOBE CENTER LTD
HAPPY HOMES LTD
MULTIPLAN LTD
UNIVERSE CONSTRUCTION LTD(CONTRACTOR)
m
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