technology in architecture lecture 16 acoustics—historical overview acoustical design acoustics...
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Technology in ArchitectureTechnology in ArchitectureTechnology in ArchitectureTechnology in Architecture
Lecture 16Acoustics—Historical Overview
Acoustical DesignAcoustics Fundamentals
Lecture 16Acoustics—Historical Overview
Acoustical DesignAcoustics Fundamentals
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Historic OverviewHistoric OverviewHistoric OverviewHistoric Overview
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Historic OverviewHistoric Overview
Greek Theatre Open air Direct sound path No sound reinforcement Minimal reverberation
S: p. 785, F.18.17a
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Historic OverviewHistoric Overview
1st Century ADVitruvius: “10 Books of Architecture”
Sound reinforcementReverberation
S: p. 785, F.18.17b
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Today
Research to improve conditions for Industrial noise Hearing risks Construction noise Public health
Historic OverviewHistoric Overview
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Acoustical DesignAcoustical DesignAcoustical DesignAcoustical Design
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Architect’s RoleArchitect’s Role
Source Path Receiver
slight major design primarily interestinfluence
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Acoustical DesignAcoustical Design
“Proper acoustical planning eliminates many acoustical problems
before they are built”
Lee Irvine
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Acoustical Design Acoustical Design RelationshipsRelationships
SiteLocation
OrientationPlanning
Internal Layout
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SiteSite
Match site to applicationMatch application to site
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SiteSite
Factory: Close to RR/Hwy Seismic
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SiteSite
Rest Home: Traffic Noise Outdoor Use Contact/Isolation
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SiteSite
Concert Hall: Use building as isolator Distance from noise
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LocationLocation
Take advantage of distance/barriers
Distance
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LocationLocation
Take advantage of distance/barriers
Natural or Man-made Berm
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LocationLocation
Take advantage of distance/barriers
Acoustical Barriers
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LocationLocation
Take advantage of distance/barriers
Building
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OrientationOrientation
Orient Building for Acoustical Advantage
Playground School
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OrientationOrientation
Orient Building for Acoustical Advantage
Parking Lot Factory
Office
Note: Sound is 3-dimensional, check overhead for flight paths
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PlanningPlanning
Consider Acoustical Sensitivity of Activities
Noisy Quiet
Barrier
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PlanningPlanning
Consider Acoustical Sensitivity of Activities
Critical
Non-Critical
Noise
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Internal LayoutInternal Layout
Each room has needs that can be met by room layout
I: p.116 F.5-12
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Basic Acoustic GoalsBasic Acoustic Goals
1. Provide adequate isolation2. Provide appropriate acoustic
environment3. Provide appropriate internal function4. Integrate 1-3 amongst themselves and
into comprehensive architectural design
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Acoustics FundamentalsAcoustics FundamentalsAcoustics FundamentalsAcoustics Fundamentals
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Mechanical vibration, physical wave or series of pressure vibrations in an elastic medium
Described in Hertz (cycles per second)
Range of hearing: 20-20,000 hz
SoundSound
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Any unwanted sound
NoiseNoise
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Sound travels at different speeds through various media.
Media Speed (C)
Air: 1,130 fpsWater: 4,625 fpsWood: 10,825 fpsSteel: 16,000 fps
Sound PropagationSound Propagation
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Distance between similar points on a successive wave
C=fλ or λ=C/f
C=velocity (fps)f=frequency (hz)λ=wavelength (ft)
Lower frequency: longer wavelength
WavelengthWavelength
λ
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Sound Power (P)Sound Intensity (I)
Sound MagnitudeSound Magnitude
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Sound PowerSound Power
Energy radiating from a point source in space.
Expressed as watts
S: p. 750, F.17.9
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Sound IntensitySound Intensity
Sound power distributed over an area
I=P/A
I: sound (power) intensity, W/cm2
P: acoustic power, wattsA: area (cm2)
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Intensity LevelIntensity Level
Level of sound relative to a base reference
S: p. 750, T.17.2
“10 million million: one”
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Intensity LevelIntensity Level
Extreme range dictates the use of logarithms
IL=10 log (I/I0)
IL: intensity level (dB)I: intensity (W/cm2)I0: base intensity (10-16 W/cm2, hearing
threshold)Log: logarithm base 10
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Intensity Level Scale Intensity Level Scale ChangeChange
Changes are measured in decibels
scale change subjective loudness3 dB barely perceptible6 dB perceptible7 dB clearly perceptible
Note: round off to nearest whole number
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Intensity Level—The MathIntensity Level—The MathIf IL1=60 dB and IL2=50dB, what is the total sound intensity?
1. Convert to intensity
IL1=10 log (I1/I0) IL2=10 log (I2/I0)
60=10 log(I1/10-16) 50=10 log(I2/10-
16)6.0= log(I1/10-16) 5.0= log(I2/10-16)
106=I1/10-16 105=I2/10-16
I1=10-10 I2=10-11
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Intensity Level—The MathIntensity Level—The MathIf IL1=60 dB and IL2=50dB,
what is the total sound intensity?
2. Add together
I1+I2=1 x 10-10 + 1 x 10-11
ITOT=11 x 10-11 W/cm2
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Intensity Level—The MathIntensity Level—The MathIf IL1=60 dB and IL2=50dB,
what is the total sound intensity?
3. Convert back to intensity
ILTOT= 10 Log (ITOT/I0)
ILTOT=10 Log (11 x 10-11 )/10-16
ILTOT=10 (Log 11 + Log 105 )
ILTOT=10 (1.04 +5) = 60.4 dB
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Intensity LevelIntensity Level
Add two 60 dB sources
ΔdB=0,
add 3 db to higher
IL=60+3=63 dB
S: p. 753, F.17.11
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Sound Pressure LevelSound Pressure Level
Amount of sound in an enclosed space
SPL=10 log (p2/p02)
SPL: sound pressure level (dB)p: pressure (Pa or μbar)p0: reference base pressure (20 μPa
or 2E-4 μbar)
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PerceivePerceived Soundd Sound
Dominant frequencies affect sound perception
S: p. 747, F.17.8
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Sound Meter—”A” Sound Meter—”A” WeightingWeighting
Sound meters that interpret human hearing use an “A” weighted scale
dB becomes dBA
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