technology options for dsm in interior...

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Technology options forDSM in interior lighting

SHAILESH K R

Manipal Institute of TechnologyManipal University

07-Dec-2016

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Scope

I Interior lighting - Offices and Residential applicationsI Understanding energy efficiencyI Performance assessment measuresI Selection of lamps and luminaires

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Figure: IYL 2015 Image credit : EPS

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OverviewIntroduction

Background

Light sourcesLuminous efficacySpectral eye sensitivity curveSpectral power distribution

Lighting DesignEnergy EfficiencyLumen method of Lighting design

Performance assessment of lighting systemsLighting Power DensityInstalled Load Efficacy RatioLighting Energy Numerical Indicator

DSM strategies in lighting

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Introduction Background

Lighting engineer is different

I Biology - Physiology - PsychologyI Electrical - Electronics - Mechanical - Control -

MathematicsI EconomicsI Creativity

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Lighting is about

I Functional aspectsI Aesthetic aspectsI Visual comfort

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Lighting - growing demand

I 25% global population - liquid fuelI Service sector - 45% - Residential - 25% - Roads - 10%I Cost effective - reduce carbon emissions - IndiaI LED lighting - integration into other building systems

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Matters of concern

I Energy efficiencyI DaylightingI Control - DimmingI Lighting QualityI Emissions - Life cycleI Economics - ROI

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Lighting quality

I High quality luminous environment - Application specificI Visual aspects - Color - GlareI Psychological aspects - Mood - trigger emotionsI Non-visual aspects - Human body clockI User expectations

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Lighting and Productivity

Luminous environmentI Lighting levelsI Luminance distributionI Glare - FlickerI SPD - ColorI DaylightingI Type - Direct / IndirectI Control

Human performance andproductivity

I Visual comfortI Visual acuityI Visual task performanceI Social interactionI Eye strainsI Circadian Rhythms

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Lighting standards and codes

I Minimum illuminance - working planeI SurroundingsI Luminance distribution / ratiosI Glare ratingI Surface reflectance

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Light sources Luminous efficacy

Luminous efficacy

Luminous efficacy is a measure of how well a light sourceproduces visible light.

It is the ratio of luminous flux to power, measured in lumens perwatt in SI.

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Quiz - Match the following

Light sources

I Incandescent lamp 300WI LED lamp 20WI CFL lamp 20WI Sodium Vapor lamp 100W

Luminous efficacyI 85 lm/WI 62 lm/WI 55 lm/WI 20 lm/W

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Quiz - Answers

Light sources

I Incandescent lamp 300WI LED lamp 20WI CFL lamp 20WI Sodium Vapor lamp 100W

Luminous efficacyI 20 lm/WI 55 lm/WI 62 lm/WI 85 lm/W

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Light sources Spectral eye sensitivity curve

Spectral eye sensitivity curve

400 450 500 550 600 650 7000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1 555nm505nm

Wavelength (nm)

Rel

ativ

ese

nsiti

vity

Day vision V (λ)

Night vision V ′(λ)

Figure: Human eye spectral sensitivity curves CIE 1931 V (λ)(photopic / day), CIE 1951 V ′(λ) (scotopic / night)

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Light sources Spectral power distribution

Spectral Power Distribution

400 450 500 550 600 650 7000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Wavelength (nm)

Rel

ativ

ein

tens

ity

IncandescentSunV (λ)

Figure: Incandescent,Sun,V (λ)

P =

∫λ

P(λ)dλ (1)

Φ = 683∫λ

V (λ)P(λ)dλ (2)

Luminous efficacy =Φ

P(3)

Luminous efficiency =Φ

VI(4)

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400 450 500 550 600 650 7000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Wavelength (nm)

Rel

ativ

ein

tens

ity

IncandescentSunV (λ)

Figure: Incandescent,Sun,V (λ)

400 450 500 550 600 650 7000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Wavelength (nm)R

elat

ive

inte

nsity

LED lampV (λ)

Figure: LED lamp,V (λ)

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400 450 500 550 600 650 7000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Wavelength (nm)

Rel

ativ

ein

tens

ity

HPS lampV (λ)

Figure: HPS 85lm/W,V (λ)

400 450 500 550 600 650 7000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Wavelength (nm)R

elat

ive

inte

nsity

CFL bulbV (λ)

Figure: CFL lamp 62lm/W,V (λ)

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Spectral Power Distribution (SPD) - Observations

I Radiant power emitted at each wavelengthI Visual profile of the color characteristicsI For illuminated surface SPD = SPD source X reflectance of

surface (Spectroscopy)

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Spectroscopy applications

I Medical diagnosisI Chemical analysis -

AdulterationI Fraud detectionI Material properties

Figure: Spectroscopy applications,Image credit:AutonomousLearning Laboratory

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Lighting Design Energy Efficiency

What is energy efficient lighting?

Rule of thumb : 500 Lux at 12 W/m2

Reference: Module 19 Energy efficiency in Buildings,Sustainable Energy Regulation and Policymaking for Africa

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Need for energy efficiency

Table: Benefits of Energy Efficient Lighting

Environment Reduced GHG emissionsGovernment Reduced public expenditure, energy security

Utility Peak load and Capital cost reductionConsumer Energy savings / incentives

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Energy efficiency : Important parameters

I Illuminance levelsI Luminous efficacyI Lumninous efficiencyI Room Index / Room Cavity Ratio - Utilization FactorI Maintenance factor

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Target luminous efficacy

Required illuminance levels on the working plane due to

I Best luminous efficacy of sourceI Lumninous efficiencyI Room surface reflectanceI Mounting height

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Room Index

Height

Width

Length

Working Plane

Luminaire Plane

Figure: Room parameters used for Room Index calculations

Room Index (RI) =Horizontal areas

Vertical areas

=Length × Width

Hm(Length + Width)

(5)

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Energy efficiency

I Min. of 20 lux on the working planeI Background illuminance 33% of Ave. illuminanceI Background illuminance never too excessive

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Luminous intensity distribution

0

30

60

900

0.5

1

(a) LED Troffer (S/Hm = 1.2)

0

30

60

900

0.5

1

(b) LED down-lighter (S/Hm = 0.6)

Figure: Luminous intensity distributions of a troffer and a down-lighterused in interior lighting

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Lighting Design Lumen method of Lighting design

Lumen method of Lighting design

Eideal =Φinstalled

Area(6)

Eactual =(N × Φluminaire)

A× UF × MF (7)

Uniformity ratio =Minimum Illuminance

Average Illuminance(8)

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Performance assessment of lighting systems Lighting Power Density

Lighting Power Density

Lighting Power Density (LPD)

=Total lighting circuit wattage

Work plane area

(9)

Typical LPD values for offices is around 10W/m2 and forschools it is around 13W/m2 as per ECBC 2007.

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Performance assessment of lighting systems Installed Load Efficacy Ratio

Installed Load Efficacy Ratio

Installed Load Efficacy(ILE) =Eav

LPD(10)

Installed Load Efficacy Ratio(ILER)

=ILE

Target Illuminance per W/m2(11)

Annual energy wastage (in kWh)

= (1 - ILER) × Total load (kW)

×annual operating hours (h)

(12)

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Performance assessment of lighting systems Lighting Energy Numerical Indicator

Lighting Energy Numerical Indicator (LENI)

Very Complex !!

WL =∑ PLFC(tDFDFO + tNFO)

1000(13)

WP =∑ [PC(8760 − tD − tN)] + PE tE

1000(14)

W = WL + WP (15)

LENI =WA

(16)

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I DaylightingI Solar passive designsI Energy efficient equipmentI Performance parametersI Lighting control - Occupancy basedI Quantity and Quality - Spacing criteriaI Regular Maintenance

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Future : Illuminate and Communicate

Figure: Li-Fi Image credit : Visible Light Communications

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Activity

Lighting design using three luminaires

Performance assessment using LPD and ILER

Take Away - Understanding Photometric Test Reports

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Thank You!

Questions ?

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