M 73-206IMWa iwf ivlaote eimer NASA sposorsip E 7. - 1 1 4 3In the Interest of early and wide dis-1smlnation of Earth Resources Survey /1, -Program information and without liabilityfor any use made thereof."

INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL

INDICES FROM THE EARTH RESOURCES

TECHNOLOGY SATELLITE,PR 568/MMC 200

(273-11143) INVESTIGATION OFENVIRONMENTAL INDICES FROM THE EARTH N73-3329RESOUBCES TECHNOLOGY SATELLITE InterimReport, Mar. Aug. 1973 (Mitre Corp.) Unclas

CSCL 05B G3/13 01143

E. L. RILEY, S. STRYKER, E. A. WARD

The MITRE Corporation

1820 Dolley Madison Blvd.

McLean, Virginia 22101

Original Pttography m=a t1EROS D Cent i

AU G UST 19 7 3 10th and akota Avenol"

TYPE II INTERIM REPORT FOR PERIODMARCH 1973 - AUGUST 1973

NATIONAL TECHNICALINFORMATION SERVICE

US Depte nt of Commerce

Prepared for

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATIONGODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER

Greenbelt RoadGreenbelt, Maryland 20771 /

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19730024565 2018-11-08T13:02:54+00:00Z

NOTICE

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED FROM THE

BEST COPY FURNISHED US BY THE SPONSORING

AGENCY. ALTHOUGH IT IS RECOGNIZED THAT CER-

TAIN PORTIONS ARE ILLEGIBLE, IT IS BEING RE-

LEASED IN THE INTEREST OF MAKING AVAILABLE

AS MUCH INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE.

TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No.PR 568/MMC 200

4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date

INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL INDICES FROM August 19736. Performing Organization Code

THE EARTH RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY SATELLITE

7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No.

E.L. Riley, S. Stryker, E.A. Ward M73-2069. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No.

The MITRE Corporation1820 Dolley Madison Blvd. 11. Contract or Grant No.

McLean, Virginia 22101 NAS 5-2184213. Type of Report and Period Covered

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Type II InterimNational Aeronautics and Space Administration Report, Mar 73-Aug 73Goddard Space Flight Center

14. Sponsoring Agency CodeGreenbelt, Maryland 20771

15. Supplementary Notes

16. Abstract

Land use, water quality and air quality trends (indices) are beingdeduced from both ERTS-1 MSS imagery and computer compatible tapes.This report covers six months (2nd through 7th) of Phase III - Con-

tinuing Data Analysis. Results from this six month period are as

follows:(a) Method of analysis selected in 'hase I and II has been used

and found to be correct. Striping effects have been exam-ined and found uncorrectable in certain scenes.

(b) Land use for three dates for Site I (Harrisburg, Pa.) andone date for Site II (Wilkes-Barre/Scranton) have been gen-erated

(c) Land use signatures for Site I are found to be acceptablefor Site II for the same overflight date.

(d) Water quality indices for one date have been completed.(e) Mesoscale air quality (turbidity) inferred from MSS data

has been compared to Volz Sunphotometer data for five datesFavorable correlation is shown.

(f) One of the DCP stations is in operation. The second statioIi.. ~ h had intermittent fi r.,s..

17. Key Wrd ta 'by uthor(s)) ermittent 1 ~ttrbution Statement

EnvironmentLand UseWater QualityAir Quality

19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Clossif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price*

Unclassified Unclassified 121+ Intro

21

THE MITRE CORPORATIONWESTGATE RESEARCH PARK

McLEAN, VIRGINIA 22101

(703) 893-3500

20 September 1973

Mr. Michael CiufoloERTS Contracting Officer, Code 245National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationGoddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland 27701

Subject: Second Type II Interim Report, PR 568/MMC 20q,Environmental Indices from ERTS-1, NAS 5-Zl492

Gentlemen:

The MITRE Corporation is pleased to submit the attached secondType II Interim Report. This report covers the third phase of thecontract (Continuing Analysis Phase) performed between March 1, 1973and August 31, 1973.

Questions concerning this report should be directed to the

principal investigator, Mr. Edward A. Ward at (703) 893-3500,extension 2237 or to the undersigned at (703) 893-3500, extension2222.

Sincerely,

Robert P. PikulAssociate Department HeadEnvironmental Systems

RPP: EAW:bap

cc: (1) Mr. Frederick GordonERTS Technical OfficerCode 430, Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland 27701

(2) Dr. William NordbergERTS Project Scientist,Code 650, Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland 27701

(1) NASA Scientific and TechnicalInformation Facility

Attention: Earth ResourcesP.O. Box 33College Park, Maryland 20740

I

National Aeronautics and Space Page 2 20 September 1973Administration

cc: (2) Mr. J. H. BoeckelCode 430, Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland 20771

Ii

CONTENTS

PAGE

PREFACE viii

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 PHASE III - CONTINUING DATA ANALYSIS 112.1 Review of Analysis Methods 132.2 Land Use-Harrisburg Site 182.3 Continuing Data Analysis - Land Use in the Wilkes-Barre/

Scranton Area 482.4 Water Quality Analysis 572.5 Air Quality Analysis 982.6 Microscale Targets - Land, Air and Water 1032.7 DCP Data Analysis 105

3.0 NEW TECHNOLOGY 111

4.0 PROGRAMS IN NEXT REPORTING INTERVAL 113

5.0 CONCLUSIONS 115

6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 117

iii

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure No. Page

1 MITRE ERTS-1 TEST SITES 3

2 ERTS-1 DATA ANALYSIS SCHEDULE - CY 1973 12

3 ERTS-1 DATA ANALYSIS PLAN: LAND USE 15

4 ERTS-1 DATA ANALYSIS PLAN: WATER QUALITY 16

5 ERTS-1 DATA ANALYSIS PLAN: AIR QUALITY 17

6 SITE 1 LAND USE - 11 OCTOBER 72 23

7 11 OCTOBER 72 CLASSIFICATION MAP OF SITE 1 26USING EVERY OTHER PIXEL

8 TRI-COUNTY LAND USE MAP FOR HARRISBURG AREA 33

9 EXCERPT OF RESULTS FROM REGRESSION ANALYSIS 44COMPUTATION

10 INTENSITY MAP FOR SITE 2, 11 OCTOBER 1972 49

11 CLASSIFICATION MAP FOR SITE 2 SHOWING WATER 53AND MINES

12 SITE 2 LAND USE, 11 OCTOBER 1972 56

13 WATER QUALITY AT SUSQUEHANNA RIVER MOUTH 5911 OCTOBER 1972

14 WATER QUALITY AT SAFE HARBOR DAM AREA 6011 OCTOBER 1972

15 WATER QUALITY AT MARIETTA, 11 OCTOBER 1972 61

16 WATER QUALITY AT FISHERS FERRY, 11 OCTOBER 1972 62

17 WATER QUALITY INDICES ALONG SUSQUEHANNA RIVER, 6411 OCTOBER 1972

18 ERTS-1 IMAGE, CHANNEL 4, 11 OCTOBER 1972 66

19 TYPE OF WATER QUALITY ALONG SUSQUEHANNA RIVER, 6711 OCTOBER 1972

iv

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Cont.)

Figure No. Page

20 HARRISBURG WATER QUALITY, 11 OCTOBER 1972 68

21 QUANTICO WATER QUALITY - FOUR LEVELS, 7011 OCTOBER 1972

22 QUANTICO WATER QUALITY - SIX LEVELS, 7211 OCTOBER 1972

23 CLIFTON BEACH CHANNEL 4 INTENSITY MAP WITH 74STRIPING

24 CLIFTON BEACH CHANNEL 6 INTENSITY MAP WITH 75STRIPING

25 QUANTICO CHANNEL 4 INTENSITY MAP, IMPROVED 79TAPES

26 SUSQUEHANNA RIVER MOUTH, GE'S CHANNEL 4 80INTENSITY MAP

27 SUSQUEHANNA RIVER MOUTH, GE'S CHANNEL 5 81INTENSITY MAP

28 SUSQUEHANNA RIVER MOUTH, GE'S CHANNEL 6 82

INTENSITY MAP

29 SUSQUEHANNA RIVER MOUTH, MITRE'S CHANNEL 4 84INTENSITY MAP

30 SUSQUEHANNA RIVER MOUTH, MITRE'S CHANNEL 5 85

INTENSITY MAP

31 SUSQUEHANNA RIVER MOUTH, MITRE'S CHANNEL 6 86INTENSITY MAP

32 QUANTICO, MITRE'S CHANNEL 4, INTENSITY MAP, 87IMPROVED TAPES

33 QUANTICO, MITRE'S CHANNEL 5, INTENSITY MAP, 88IMPROVED TAPES

34 QUANTICO, MITRE'S CHANNEL 6, INTENSITY MAP, 89IMPROVED TAPES

35 QUANTICO, MITRE'S CHANNEL 7, INTENSITY MAP, 90IMPROVED TAPES

v

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Cont.)

Figure No. Page

36 QUANTICO, GE'S CHANNEL 4, INTENSITY MAP, 91

IMPROVED TAPES

37 QUANTICO, GE'S CHANNEL 5, INTENSITY MAP, 92

IMPROVED TAPES

38 QUANTICO, GE'S CHANNEL 6, INTENSITY MAP, 93IMPROVED TAPES

39 QUANTICO, GE'S CHANNEL 7, INTENSITY MAP, 94

IMPROVED TAPES

40 TURBIDITY NETWORK STATIONS 100

41 COMPARISON OF AVERAGE INTENSITY VARIATIONS 101

WITH CALCULATED TURBIDITY VARIATION OVER THEHARRISBURG TEST SITE

42 MICROSCALE AIR QUALITY TARGETS, 11 OCTOBER 1972 106

43 DATA FROM LEWISBURG DCP STATION 108

Table No. Page

1 OVERFLIGHT DATA IN-HAND 4

2 OVERFLIGHT LOGS 5

3 ACCEPTABLE OVERFLIGHT DATA FOR SITE 1 AND

SITE 2 9

4 DATES SELECTED FOR LAND USE ANALYSIS 10

5 SUMMARY OF CLASSIFICATIONS FOR 1 AUG 72, SITE 1 19

6 WATER SIGNATURES 28

7 SITE 1 LAND USE ACREAGE COMPARISON 36

8 ERTS-1 PIXEL COUNTS AND CALCULATED ACREAGE FOR 37

THE FOUR COMPARISON CATEGORIES

vi

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Concl.)

Table No. Page

9 RELATIONSHIP OF ERTS-1 PIXEL COUNT TO PLANIMETERED 38ACREAGE IN TEST SITE 1

10 COMPARISON OF ERTS-1 WITH TRC SURVEY DATA TEST 47SITE 1

11 SITE 1 SIGNATURES APPLIED TO SITE 2 55

12 SUSQUEHANNA RIVER WATER QUALITY TEST AREAS 57

13 WATER SIGNATURES 58

14 POTOMAC RIVER TEST AREAS 71

15 SUMMARY TABLE FROM INTENSITY MAP OF QUANTICO 83

16 CALCULATED TURBIDITY AND GRAYNESS DATA 99

APPENDIX A USGS LETTER REGARDING DCP STATIONS 121

vii

PREFACE

There are two objectives of this investigation. The first is to

develop land use, water quality, and air quality indices which reveal

the trends most useful to the environmental resources manager whether

at the Federal, state or local level. The second objective is to de-

fine the system (software and hardware) which can produce these indices.

This interim report covers six months (2nd through 7th) of the

Continuing Analysis Phase, Phase III. Phase III began on 1 February

1973 and will be completed on 31 December 1973. Results to

date show promise in the generation of useful land, water and air

trends (indices) using digital processing of the MSS computer compat-

ible tapes (CCT's). The need for aircraft under-flight imagery is

still found to be necessary in order to generate signatures with fi-

delity. A significant amount of our effort during this six months pe-

riod was spent on understanding and/or eliminating the every sixth line

- striping error effect. After making changes in our method of handling

CCT's and receiving improved CCT's from GSFC we find that striping

still occurs in certain scenes.

Redirection of this project occurred in late June 1973 by the NASA

Technical Officer and established an order of priority for the remain-

der of MITRE's investigation. The redirection placed a more concen-

trated effort on land use analysis for seasonal coverages of both test

sites, development of water quality indices along the Susquehanna

River at a number of target areas for one coverage date, and continu-

ance of the mesoscale air turbidity correlation analysis on a non-

viii

interference basis with the land and water analysis. The microscale

air pollution analysis of point sources would continue,as they are

detected, during analysis of land use and water quality. Results of

progress during this reporting period for all three areas are summa-

rized here under the appropriate heading, and reported in detail in

the body of the report.

Land Use

At the time of the last Type II report, spectral signature in-

formation for land use classification had been developed for the

1 August 1972 coverage of Test Site 1 (Harrisburg), and signature

development was in progress for the 11 October 1972 coverage. The

following are highlights of the land use investigation results since

that time during this six month reporting period:

* U-2 photography became available for both test sites during

this period. Through use of the Zoom Transfer Scope with the

photography and USGS base maps, the capability for signature

development and verification was considerably enhanced.

* Twelve valid land use classifications based on ERTS signatures

for the 11 October coverage of Test Site 1 were successfully

completed..

* ERTS-1 analysis and quantification of land use acreage was

compared to actual land use acreage compiled by the Tri-County

Regional Planning Commission for 18 municipalities in the

Harrisburg area in 1967. A skill score of 85 percent agree-

ment was achieved with the Tri-County land use data, and the

ix

ERTS - derived land use data. Most experimenters have achieved

this skill score using non-ground truth data and/or less reso-

lution ( > 50 acres).

* The land use signature information developed in Test Site 1

for 11 October was successfully applied in a classification of

Test Site 2 (Wilkes-Barre/Scranton) for the same date. This

is a northward translation of approximately 150 kilometers.

* New signature information was developed to classify the strip

mines which are the prevalent physical feature in Test Site 2.

* Work is currently in progress to classify land use for the

9 January 1973 coverage of both Test Sites and to identify

temporal trends automatically. At least two other dates will

also be analyzed to complete seasonal variation over one cal-

endar year.

Water Quality

As reported in the previous six month's Type II Report, four

levels of water turbidity had been identified in a Potomac River

training area. A striping effect, every sixth line lighter than nor-

mal, however, has inhibited the analysis of the lower Potomac. High-

lights of progress since last Type II Report are as follows:

* Striping was corrected to some extent by GSFC, but some scenes

were found to be uncorrectable. Water Quality Analysis of

two areas were performed- some of the lower Potomac and 200

kilometers of the Susquehanna River for the 11 October date.

x

* Signature information was developed to classify five levels

of water turbidity from the 11 October Susquehanna River

coverage.

* Water quality indices were calculated for 10 target areas

along 200 kilometers of the Susquehanna River. Each target

had been identified as areas of priority interest by the

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and/or EPA personnel.

* Three of the 10 target areas had point source turbid plumes

which were detected in the ERTS-1 imagery.

* One Data Collection Platform (DCP) at Lewisburg has been in

operation since April 1973, and the second at Towanda, which

has had operating problems, is expected to be on line in

October 1973.

* In response to a request by EPA's Region III, MITRE checked

ERTS coverage of a flooded area of west-central Pennsylvania

(-750 km 2 ) to determine if ERTS would be useful for flood

damage assessment. Unfortunately there was excessive cloud

cover on all dates reasonably close to the date of the flood.

Air Quality '

Analysis of air quality for the first six month period was con-

centrated on a correlation of ERTS average grayness, from the 0.5 -

0.6k MSS channel with NOAA/EPA Turbidity Network observations for

dates corresponding to ERTS coverage. With priority placed on land

use and then water quality analysis, air quality analysis was conducted

xi

during the present six month period so as not to interfere with

the effort in the other two areas. Results of progress are highlighted

as follows:

* ERTS average grayness was calculated for two additional cover-

ages. Good correlation trends with Turbidity Network data

which was previously reported is continuing.

* In the course of the water quality analysis of the Susquehanna

River, three distinct microscale air pollution plumes were

detected. The point sources have been identified as two power

plants (Brunner Island and Delmarva) and a lime kiln (Annville).

The air pollution plume signature analysis for the Brunner

Island powerplant is in progress at the close of this reporting

period.

In general, significant progress has been made in all three areas

of investigation during this reporting period. The investigation is

on schedule, and it is expected that all major objectives will be

achieved.

xii

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This Type II Report describes the progress made by The MITRE

Corporation during the second six months of effort on Contract NAS

5-21482, Investigation to Determine Environmental Indices from ERTS-1

Data. The specific objectives of the MITRE investigation include the

following:

" Land use trends (indices) for two test areas in Pennsylvania

over the August 1972 - September 1973 time period - once per

season.

* Air quality/turbidity mesoscale trends (indices) over a large

area of Pennsylvania for the August 1972 - September 1973 time

period (This objective has been de-emphasized according to

instructions received from the NASA Project Office).

* Water quality indices along the Susquehanna River for one over-

flight date, October 11, 1972.

* Specifications for an operational system using an ERTS-type

system, and selected analysis software for water, land and

air environmental indices calculation and display.

* Special report on the possibility of automatic digital sig-

nature determination, i.e., the elimination of signature re-

determinations for each imagery.

* Cost - benefits of producing these environmental indices.

The investigation is comprised of three distinct phases. These

are: (1) Phase I: Data Analysis Preparation; (2) Phase II: Prelim-

inary Data Analysis; and (3) Phase III: Continuing Data Analysis.

This report describes tasks underway during six months of Phase III.

1

The work involved in each of the first two phases was described in our

first Type II Report according to the following outline:

0 Phase I: Data Analysis Preparation

9 MSS Experiment Planning

* DCP Experiment Planning

* MSS Implementation

* DCP Implementation

* Phase II: Preliminary Data Analysis

* First ERTS-1 Data Analysis

* Data Analysis Plan Development

" Data Requirements Revision

Phase I was essentially the resource review, planning, and test-

ing out stage for the investigation. Optimum use of the Data Collection

Package (DCP) was made; software and techniques for processing MSS data

were developed and tested; appropriate environmental parameters in the

areas of land use, water quality, and air quality were selected; and

the two test sites in Pennsylvania were reviewed with Federal and

Commonwealth personnel (see Figure 1 for test site boundaries).

Phase II was the stage wherein preliminary analysis of ERTS

data was performed and the Data Analysis Plan for the remainder of the

investigation was refined and formalized.

During Phase II land use for 1 August 1972 was completed and

11 October 1972 partially completed. Also water quality for 11 October

1972 was partially completed but ran into striping problems in the raw

data. During Phase II air quality for 1 August, 11 October and

2

2

WILKES-BARRE

HARRISBURG

1

PENNSYLVANIA

FIGURE 1MITRE ERTS-1 TEST SITES

16 November 1972 were completed and compared to ground based measure-

ments.

Phase III, the Continuing Analysis Phase, has been in progress

for seven months. Selection of the overflight dates to be analyzed

has been inhibited by lack of data. As of the middle of July 1973

the following information on useful data in hand existed.

TABLE 1i, OVERFLIGHT DATA IN - HAND

Test Site 1 Test Site 2

Overflight Opportunities 86 57

Overflight Acceptable* 16 12

Acceptable Overflights 3 3which show TrainingArea in Test Site

* Less than 20% cloud cover and all four channels good, (G).

Thus it is seen that for only 4.2% of the overflight opportunities do

we obtain usable images. Table 2 shows the overflight opportunities

which have occurred and Table 3 the acceptable overflight of which the

six acceptable dates have been selected. Table 4 below shows the

overflight dates selected for land use analysis.

4

TABLE 2OVERFLIGHT LOGS

I.1. NUMBER CLOUD RBV MSS SITE NO.DAYS TNTH. COVER ORBIT DATE RECVFDSINCE HOUR MIN. OF (%) NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 DATEW COLORS LAUNCH MIN. CC 1 2 RE~MARKS B/W COLORLAUNCH MIN. CC 2 TAPE IMAGES IMAGES

1 007 15 12 4 100 96 G G G G G G G Jul. 30 x1 007 15 13 1 100 96 F F F G G G G Jul. 30 x1 008 15 18 0 100 111 G G G G F G G Jul. 31 x1 008 15 18 3 100 111 P P P G F G G Jul. 31 x x1 008 15 18 5 100 111 G G G G G G G Jul. 31 x1 009 15 24 1 40 124 G G G C G G P Aug. 01 x Special ordered 9/28/72 11/6/72 11/25/72 12/19/721 009 15 24 4 20 124 G G G C G G P Aug. 01 x Special ordered 9/28/72 11/6/72 12/29/72 12/19/721 025 15 12 4 100 347 F G G G Aug. 171 025 15 13 0 100 347 G G G G Aug. 17 x1 026 15 18 0 90 361 G G G G Aug. 18 x1 026 15 18 2 80 361 G G G G Aug. 18 x x1 026 15 18 5 80 361 G G G G Aug. 18 x1 027 15 24 2 60 375 G G G G Aug. 19 x Reviewed at GSFC-No good1 027 15 24 5 60 375 G G G G Aug. 19 x Reviewed at GSFC-No good1 043 15 13 0 70 598 G G P G Sep. 04 x x Reviewed at GSFC-No good1 044 15 18 2 50 612 G G P G Sep. 05 x x1 044 15 18 5 90 612 F F P G Sep. 05 x1 045 15 24 3 10 626 G G P G Sep. 06 x Tape Ordered 10/27/72 10/26/72 5/18/731 061 15 12 5 30 849 G C C G Sep. 22 x1 062 15 18 1 20 863 G G P G Sep. 23 x CC 100% over site 2 10/30/721 062 15 18 4 40 863 G G P G Sep. 23 x x CC 100% over site 11 062 15 19 0 10 863 G G P G Sep. 23 Special Order D.C. scene 2/15/73 1/29/73 5/18/731 063 15 24 2 90 877 G G G G Sep. 24 x1 079 15 13 1 0 1100 G G G G Oct. 10 x 12/6/72 11/14/72 3/3/731 079 15 13 3 10 1100 G G G G Oct. 10 x 12/6/72 11/14/72 3/3/731 080 15 18 3 0 1114 G G G G Oct. 11 x 12/5/72 11/17/72 5/18/731 080 15 18 5 0 1114 G G G G Oct. 11 x x 12/5/72 11/17/72 5/17/731 080 15 19 2 0 1114 G G G G Oct. 11 x 12/5/72 11/17/72 3/3/731 081 15 24 4 100 1128 G G G G Oct. 12 x1 081 15 25 0 80 1128 G G G G Oct. 12 x

9

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TABLE 3ACCEPTABLE OVERFLIGHT DATES FOR SITE 1 & SITE 2

SITE #1

I D. NUMBER CLOUD RBV MSSDAYS TNTH. COVER ORBIT DATE EEIVE

SINCE HOUR MIN. OF (%) NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 DATE REMARKSLAUNCH MIN. CC B/W COLOR

TAPE IMAGES IMAGES1 079 15 13 3 10 1100 G G G G Oct. 10 Covers only mouth of Susquehanna 12/6/72 11/14/72 3/3/731 080 15 18 5 0 1114 G G G G Oct. 11 Ist Harrisburg date 12/5/72 11/17/72 5/18/731 080 15 19 2 0 1114 G G G G Oct. 11 too farsoutnof Harrisburg 12/5/72 11/17/72 3/3/731 116 15 19 2 10 1616 G G G G Nov. 16 High Cirrus throughout image 1/9/721 170 15 19 1 0 2369 G G G G Jan. 09 2nd Harrisburg date 7/15/73 2/15/731 171 15 24 5 10 2383 G G G G Jan. 10 Site 1 inadequately covered 2/13/731 187 15 14 0 0 2606 G G G C Jan. 26 Mouth of Susquehanna only 3/3/731 206 15 19 3 20 2871 G G G G Feb. 14 cloud cover 100% over Harrisburg 3/15/731 243 15 25 3 0 3387 G G G G Mar. 23 too far west of Harrisburg 5/9/73 5/4/731 243 15 26 0 0 3387 G G G G Mar. 23 too far south of Harrisburg 5/9/73 5/4/731 260 15 19 5 10 3624 G G G G Apr. 09 3rd H-burg date-Cirrus confusion 5/24/73 5/25/731 260 15 20 1 10 3624 G G G G Apr. 09 Susquehanna Mouth only 5/21/73 5/25/731 297 15 25 2 0 4140 G G G G May 16 too far west of Harrisburg 6/23/73 6/17/731 297 15 25 4 0 4140 G G G G May 16 too far south west of Harrisburg 6/23/73 6/17/73o 1 313 15 13 4 10 4363 G G G G Jun. 01 too far east of Harrisburg 6/10/731 313 15 14 1 10 4363 G G G G Jun. 01 Susque. Mouth - no Harrisburg 6/13/73 6/10/73

SITE #2

1 079 15 13 1 0 1100 G G G G Oct. 10 too far east of Wilkes-Barre 12/6/72 11/14/72 3/5/731 080 15 18 3 0 1114 G G G G Oct. 11 ist Scranton/W B date 12/5/72 11/17/72 5/18/731 080 15 18 5 0 1114 G G G G Oct. 11 too far south of Scranton/W B 12/5/72 11/17/72 5/18/731 116 15 19 2 10 1616 G G G G Nov. 16 High Cirrus throughout 1/9/721 170 15 18 4 0 2369 G G G G Jan. 09 2ndScranton/W B date 3/19/731 187 15 13 3 0 2606 G G G G Jan. 26 too far So. of Scranton/W B 3/3/731 205 15 13 2 0 2857 G G G G Feb. 13 does not show W 8 or Susque. 3/29/731 206 15 19 1 10 2871 G G G G Feb. 14 CC approx. 80% over test site 3/15/731 206 15 19 3 20 2871 G G G G Feb. 14 CC actually 60-70% 3/15/731 260 15 19 2 10 3624 G G G G Apr. 09 3rd Scranton/ B date 5/24/73 5/25/731 260 15 19 5 10 3624 G G G G Apr. 09 too far south-west of site 5/24/73 5/25/731 313 15 13 4 10 4363 G G G G Jun. 01 too far east of Scranton/W B 6/10/73

ALL TAPES AND IMAGES WITH A QUALITY RATING, ON ALL 4 MSS BANDS, OF AT LEAST 'G', AND WITH A CLOUD COVER OF 20% OR LESS.

TABLE 4

DATES SELECTED FOR LAND USE ANALYSIS

Test Site 1 Test Site 2

Date Image No. Date Image No.

Aug. 1, 1973 1009-15244 Oct. 11, 1972 1080-15183

Oct. 11, 1972 1080-15185 Jan. 9, 1973 1170-15184

Jan. 9, 1973 1170-15191 Apr. 9, 1973 1260-15192

Apr. 9, 1973 1260-15195

MSS data taken for July 7 and/or July 8 overflights are expected

to complete our four analysis dates for Test Site 2. Test Site 1 may

or may not be analyzed for this July 73 opportunity. This is to be

determined, however, after the images and CCT's arrive in the next

reporting period.

Redirection of MITRE's efforts took place at GSFC in late June

1973. At this time the cognizant ERTS Technical Officer directed our

efforts to be placed firstly on land use and land use change, secondly

on water quality, and to apply any remaining time and resources to

reasonable air quality efforts. In Section 2.0 of this report, MITRE

reports on the Phase III activities and results to date. In Section

3.0,MITRE's program for the next reporting period is discussed.

10

2.0 PHASE III - CONTINUING DATA ANALYSIS

During the period of the MITRE investigation reported in the first

Type II Report, Phases I and II-were completed and the tasks of Phase

III, Continuing Data Analysis, began. The Continuing Data Analysis

Phase has proceeded through the next six month period which is covered

by this report. Figure 2 shows the complete work schedule from the

period covered by this report through to the completion of the inves-

tigation.

This schedule has been followed through the last six months

although, as noted in Section 1 above, there has been greater emphasis

placed on the priority ranking of land use, then water quality, and

lastly, air quality analysis. There have been no significant devia-

tions from the Data Analysis Plan discussed in the first Type II

Report submitted in February 1973. The availability of U-2 photography

and use of the Zoom Transfer Scope during this reporting period has

enhanced and expedited signature development and verification techniques.

Continuing data analysis progress for all three areas of investigation

are discussed in detail in the Sections which follow. A general

summary is included here.

1. Land use: Signatures have been developed and refined for

Test Site 1 (Harrisburg) for ERTS-1 coverages of August 1 and October

11, 1972, and most recently for January 9, 1973. Problems in applying

all October 11 signatures to January 9 are currently being analyzed.

Calculated land use acreage data for October 11 was correlated with

land use acreage data provided by the Tri-County Regional Planning Com-

mission, and an overall agreement of 85 percent was determined. Test

11

FEB A MAR APR MAY JUN JULA AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

APPROXIMATE FUTURE USABLEERTS COVERAGE: TEST SITE 1

APPROXIMATE FUTURE USABLEERTS COVERAGE: TEST SITE 2

LAND USE

* 3-LEVEL ANALYSIS OFONE DATA DATE

o AREAL TREND STUDY OFONE DATA DATE

0 3-LEVEL ANALYSIS FORTWO OTHER DATES

0 ERTS DATA TREND STUDY * • l u EFINAL REPORT

0 SIGNATURE ALGORITHMS l M El iAND SYSTEMSPECIFICA-

WATER QUALITY TIONS

0 3-LEVEL ANALYSIS OFONE DATA DATE

0 COMPARISON ANALYSISWITH GROUND TRUTH DATA

0 SIGNATURE DEFINITION

lAIR QUALITY

" MESOSCALE TURBIDITY IIIl IlI iliCORRELATION ANALYSES

" AREAL & TEMPORAL mm l mTREND STUDY

o SIGNATURE ALGORITHM • II

* MICROSCALE TRENDANALYSIS

FIGURE 2

ERTS-1 DATA ANALYSIS SCHEDULE - CY 1973

Site 1 signature information for October 11 was successfully applied

to Test Site 2 (Wilkes-Barre/Scranton) for the same date. A new set

of signature information was developed for strip mines in Test Site 2.

2. Water Quality: Problems with a striping effect in the data

received from NASA caused the abandonment of the Potomac River training

area, and the investigation shifted to Susquehanna River targets. Five

separate categories of water turbidity were determined, and a water

quality index was calculated for 10 test areas. Unfortunately, USGS/

Harrisburg was unable to provide validated water quality data of the

October 11 ERTS coverage date for corroboration. In response to a

request from EPA's Region III, a check was made to determine if good

ERTS data were available for analysis of a flooded area in west-central

Pennsylvania. It was found that there was excessive cloud coverage in

the area of interest for all dates of ERTS coverage near the date of

the flood.

3. Air Quality: Analysis of ERTS intensity and air turbidity

correlation continued at a lower level of effort, with two more corre-

lation dates for a total of five. The correlation of ERTS average

grayness and turbidity reported previously is continuing. In the

course of the water quality analysis, three air pollution point

sources were detected and identified. Signature analysis for the plumes

is underway.

2.1 Review of Analysis Methods

The step-by-step analysis for processing ERTS-1 data remains

essentially unchanged from our first Type II report. The whole system

13

has four main levels for processing:

* Preliminary Reduction: MSS scan line and element limits of

Computer Compatible Tapes (CCT) are set to determine the area

to be examined; cloud cover is identified and blanked out:

definable spectral boundaries are delineated.

* Level 1 Mapping: Ground truth data and MSS digital output

are compared to select the best training areas and classifica-

tion of features within and near these training areas are per-

formed using supervised analysis software.

* Level 2 Mapping: Signatures within and near training areas are

determined independently using the unsupervised analysis software.

* Level 3 Mapping: The final phase is a reiteration and refine-

ment of Levels 1 and 2 so the maximum area will be classified.

Our investigation of parameters land, water and air all follow this

general approach; schematics for each, Figures 3, 4 and 5, show spe-

cific differences.

The ground information that we are now using consists of U-2

underflights. The U-2 photos are compared with digital maps using

the Zoom Transfer Scope (ZTS) at USGS/McLean. The U-2 photos provide

an up-to-date outline of our targets and the ZTS presents a quick

method of aligning the maps with ground information to select accurate

training areas. These two factors have resulted in quicker and more

accurate decisions to be made concerning the correctness of signatures

and the adjustments necessary to refine signatures.

14

USCS, STATE, COUNTY MAPS;ERIS AND AIRCRAFT PHOTO-RAPHY GROUND TRUTH: LA /ND USE STUDIES OF AREASVERIFY SIGNATURE [COUNTY LAND USE MAPS, LOW-

ALTITUDE PHOTOGRAPHY, ETC.PRELIMINARY ACCURACYREDUCTION AND /CCURACYOLEVEL 1 MAPPING: LEVEL 2 MAPPING: LEVEL 3 MAPPING: OMPARE ERTS APPROACH

ERS TRAINING AREAS (TA) T.A. CLUSTER ANALYSIS REITERATION TO LAND USE TESTEDTEST SELECTED, PRELIM- DEFINES ABOUT ATTAIN MAXIMUM INFORMATIONSITE INARY SIGNATURE 75% OF T.A. SIGNATURE INFORMA- ITH "KNOWN" SGNATURE LAND USE

I.NCI INFoRTION ~TO-~N LAND USE INFORTNVR I1I NFORMAI I /

MAT I ON ALG LARITH

"r.~~~~~~~ 0 -o U B N S BU B N " TRENDS

. f T DAY'% LAST N N-- oSIGNATURE INFORMATION: 2 RIS DATA

r SPECIFICATIONERTS 0 AGRICULTURE COMPARE FOR FOR ERTSTEST o FOREST AND WOODLAND TEOR AL SYSTEMSTE 0 T.A. oWATERWAYS IDAY TREND ANALYSIST o EROSI ON AREAS % kT SIGNATURE

URBAN/SUBURBAN TRENDo TRANSPORTATION ANALYSISo EARTH MOVING EVENT

'-oRTS 0WETLANDS/ESTUARIES AEBRONCAL DATA,SITE SOLAR DATA, GROWING

SEASON DATA, ANDOTHER TEMPORAL EVENTDATA

FIGURE 3

ERTS-1 DATA ANALYSIS PLAN: LAND USE

INSITU GROUND TRUTH: VERIFY WATER QUALIY AND

AND ENHANCE SIGNATURES HYDROLOGICAL/ STUDIES,

AND IMAGERY CALUBA

ERIS o Euohcation E O FORMATION

SITE TESORALTIO

SIGNATURE o Chlorophyll R NON-ERTS

o Temperature ANALYZE

SIGNATURE INFORMATION:

SCALIBRATION: r

ERT TA oil 2 IFICMETEOROLOGICALA-

CTEST / SOLAR, GROWINGSITE

' SEASON, TEMPORAL

FIGURE 4

DATA ANALYSIS PLAN: WATER UALITY

DATA ANALYSIS PLAN: WATER QUALITY

MESOSCALE ANALYSIS (- 100 MILES SQUARE)

WEATHER MAPS, COPAM

AND OTHER A.Q. DATA

ACCURACY SIGNATURE AIRERT PRELIMINARY DAY COMPARE ERTS OF APPROACH VARIATION QUALITYTEST REDUCTION AND 1 TURBIDITY STG- TESTED ALGORI INDICESSITE LEVEL 1 MAPPING: NATURES WITHI (GREY SCALE NETWORK INFOR-

B R I G H T N E S S MATION SYSTEM

IR DAY

/ ERS PATTERN) ,/DA 1

TEST \2 1)1SITE -

1 2 , , I ANALYSIS OF

* TURBIDITY

NETWORK DATA

ERIS, DAYTEST

j\ SITE / -

. iMICROSCALE ANALYSIS (-10 MILES SQUARE)

AIR POLLUTION

WEATHER MAPS, COPAM AND OTHER STUDIES OF AREA, A /CCURACY

A.Q. DATA, TURBIDITY NETWORK DATA I EMISSION INVENTORIES, OF APPROACH

AIR CRAFT PHOTOG HY TESTEDERI JPRELIMINARY _. T.A. LEVEL 2 MAPPING: JLEVEL 3 MAPPING- DAY COMPARE ERTSTEST REDUCTION AND I \ 1 / CLUSTER ANALYSIS REITERATION TO INFORMATION DIURNALSITE LEVEL 1 MAPPING TO DEFINE ABOUT -ATTAIN MAXIMUM WITH "KNOWN" TREND O

I

T I 75% OF T.A. SIGNATURE A.Q. INFORMATION A

-yLS ANALYSIS;T.A I DAOCATE POINT

ANALYSIS;

FIGURE 5

ERTS-1 DATA ANALYSIS PLAN: AIR QUALITY

2.2 Land Use-Harrisburg Site

2.2.1 1 August 1972 Land Use Analysis - Site 1

The land use analysis for 1 August 1972 (1009-15244) as reported

by MITRE in the first Type II Report was performed in order to

checkout existing software and to try classification of the Harrisburg

area without the aid of photo-interpreters or imagery other than ERTS.

It was found that a supervised classification could identify

85-90 percent of the area. The remaining areas were then subjected to

cluster analysis, or unsupervised classification. This resulted in

only 3-4 percent remaining unclassified.

Once land areas where classified, there existed problems in

naming categories. Some of the targets such as water and forest were

easily identified. After that most categories were only generally

named. This was in part due to the fact that it is not easy to dis-

tinquish or name categories from their signatures. The USGS maps were

of limited use since they did not go into the detail required. It was

found that ground or aircraft information would have been helpful.

The final digital maps for this effort were based on eleven signatures.

The breakdown of categories is given in Table 5.

The results of this digital test run of ERTS-1 data pointed up

the need for ground information or underflights to be used to interpret

the maps. The USGS 7-1/2 minute quad maps do not provide the detail

needed and in most cases were out-dated for rapid transitions areas.

Because of this, the use of USGS maps alone to support ERTS-data-based

mapping became inadvisable.

18

TABLE 5

SUMMARY OF CLASSIFICATIONS FOR 1 AUGUST 1972, SITE 1

Category Name Count Percent

Forest 1* 6990 9

Rail 1431 2

River 6691 8

Grass 1* 1908 3

Urban 2253 3

Grass 2* 10123 12

Forest 2* 10723 14

Roof 247 0

Suburb 27872 22

Highway 3824 4

Creek 1936 2

Open Land 10098 13

Building 3088 4

Other 2850 4

Forest 1 and Forest 2 classify coniferous and deciduous trees.

Grass 1 and Grass 2 classify fields or overgrown areas.

19

2.2.2 11 October 1972 Land Use Analysis - Site 1

The development of the 11 October 1972 land use maps followed

the method of analysis discussed in our Data Analysis Plan (DAP).

Intensity maps (N-MAP) were produced using 3, 5, and 10 gray scale

levels. Using the map with 10 levels it was found that major geo-

graphical-features (rivers, creeks, islands) and some highways could

be identified. Additional areas were located by projecting U-2 photos

on the map.

Next uniformity maps (U-MAP) Were run. Only large uniform areas

were chosen as target areas. Not all areas could be named since they

were not near any major geographical feature. These areas were named

X through X . A statistical analysis (STATS) was then run on these1 n

target areas and signatures were developed.

In parallel the photo-interpreter had chosen areas from the

U-2 photos that were thought to be good training areas. The unsuper-

vised classification program (D-CLUS) or cluster analysis was run on

these areas. Such areas included runway, quarry and many other small

targets.

Once signatures were developed for all categories, MITRE

began a process of condensing signatures. Classes were condensed

by producing distance of separation tables from the classification

program D-CLASS. The rules to condense signatures became: (a) combine

any signatures whose distance of separation is less than approxi-

mately 1.0, providing they are of the same type (i.e., forest with

forest, but not forest with field) or (b) combine if one or both is

an unknown (X1 through Xn). Signatures were combined in all cases by

20

taking a weighted mean. Some cases occurred where one signature X was

close to signature Y, Y was close to signature Z, but X and Z were not

close enough to be combined. A subset table of distance of separation

was constructed for these signatures and they were combined as closely

as possible.

Confusion seemed to arise especially around the Condoguinet

Creek area between suburban and field, and in Harrisburg with the rail-

road and industry signatures. This could not be resolved at this time

and the areas were assigned confusion symbols for mapping.

As a result of these manipulations 56 distinct land use signatures

remained. It was clear that many still described the same land use

feature. Consequently artificially different categories were merged

and assigned the same symbol for mapping. The final map, Figure 6,

contains 17 distinct categories.

In order to discover the validity of these categories it became

necessary to check the ERTS information with ground information.

Section 2.2.4 goes into further detail in this area.

While this checking was being performed on the 11 October 1972

map, GSFC was redoing this image to correct for striping (See Section

2.4.2). These corrected tapes along with the decision to change our

analysis in search of a quicker means encouraged us to re-do the

October llth land use map.

An intensity map was run for the same scene using every other

line and element, i.e., in increments of 2. 'This was then compared with

U-2 photos by use of the Zoom Transfer Scope (ZTS) at USGS/McLean. Using

21

A

S -.

0 4 AI

o 10 U

,~~kfc! a ~~i s 4. D us

SECEDG-PAG BLANK NOT FILMED

the ZTS we were only able to cover small areas (approximately 20 x 30

pixels) before we had to adjust the image due to the fact that the

computer maps have inherent distortions. Areas were outlined from

the U-2 photo which best represented the categories we hoped to define.

Cluster analyses were then run on these areas to develop signatures.

Signatures that were found for like areas ie., two agriculture plots,

were combined until we had 6 categories (13 subcategories).

Figure 7 is the land use map from the corrected tapes. The

Susquehanna River is easily mapped as is both the Condoguinet Creek

and Swatara Creek (designated by W). The symbol I (industrial)

describes urban areas as well as large building or warehouses. Besides

mapping out the industrial sections of Harrisburg, symbol I also

identifies the New Cumberland General Depot south of Harrisburg State

Airport, the U.S. Naval Reservation Supply Depot, and the Power Plant

on Three Mile Island.

The transportation categories, T, identify runways, railroad

marshalling yards, and streets in newly developed areas. The residen-

tial, R, category describe three types of suburban areas. Finally the

category called denuded takes into account fields, agriculture areas

and bare areas.

Confusion has occurred between our creek signature and the rail-

road signature. Our ground information is such that we can not tell if

there is possibly sediment, low vegetation, or water in the yards which

would give a true response for the creek classification.

25

"' 'I''I" I ' " " I"' 'I" I ' " I'"I"' 'I"i ' ; I'"I"'I"' 'I....... 1 11 TI I I3" 1'" 1'" '"'"1'''" 1"'I"""1'I" " i"'" i" i '

M; UM--

........

T1-1 111 T"

3- -T

i::..... . . .. NOI~::T F 1 TT . ;l

El:Ml.-FIF 1 -IT . fl1. -T 1

11 D D D 'gTllill - 1 - ,

i:T, 14 1 T 1- D T'I M "M T M lD

N -

%6 "aT .1 1 , I I T I II Z l - - 1 -1 -

Fl ..... ..

11 T -11-1,1-1-T F-1'~::::Y:'::T-

.. .... ..............ITT I

TT '::Fl

1N N' -1I 91:=T

11111-1

IT l 11 11

........... .....

i:-T

T _ f

RD ; 'l111Ill ITTI. : ,r .....

Rg T :nim-Z TT1

11 1111 31

.1 F TITTT~iii ii c~~ii, j; ~ ~ :~ ; i; .;;a~rii:;;~: l*;r. b6

, FF flil

iti M

%TI ZRIF N

"" ' ~ ~ ; - : ? ~ i :; -~ ~ ~~ , -; ~ VRI1 14l ITIT ~ ~ ~ i ~~ ~..; l -, .~.~~:;; r~ ; : ;;.

ii~ i""~"~'8~5%SB~ "~ ~i9T 1:D TI T,5

iE iHIrmi~ii~H sHi~l38f~ibiiT

:::i ~li~i3I18Ei~i~bP~S BI71 lfIY ~ gL

""'""""'""""""'""T-T""' "'""; T' ""*" T, I"" ";'""""

TI SIIC TO M t FSIE

2F2

The map developed using every other line and element (2 x 2)

when compared with the original 11 October 1972 map showed no loss in

resolution. We have still been able to pick up such small features

as islands and a bridge crossing the northern part of the Susquehanna

River .

On the whole this method provides a less expensive and quicker

way to produce digital maps of our test areas. For example a 2 x 2

intensity map of an area 250 lines and 450 elements can be processed

for around $15.00 and printed out for around $4.00. If we had used

a 1 x 1 map, the processing cost would be around $30.00 and the con-

nection time for printout would be $16.00. Of course, the amount

saved varies with the computer program used; however there will always

be some saving, and our maps still have sufficient resolution to

identify our target areas.

2.2.3 9 January 1973 Land Use Analysis - Site 1

The next date for our land use analysis was 9 January 1973. An

intensity map (N-MAP) of this area shows no distinct pattern for reflec-

tance, ie., it was hard to pick up such noticable features as the river,

creeks, and island. Once we did determine our exact location we clas-

sified the area using the signatures for 11 October 1972. This proved

to be completely infeasible and so we started developing new signa-

tures for the January image.

The most obvious difference between signatures to date has been

water. For 11 October 1972 we needed just one signature to classify

the river and one for the creeks. For January we still have one for

27

the creek but we now need three to describe the river.

TABLE 6

RIVER WATER SIGNATURES

Ch. 4 Ch. 5 Ch. 6 Ch. 711 October 1972 19.46 10.50 6.88 1.14

19.55 12.96 1.81 1.70

9 January 1973 22.33 17.39 11.33 2.55

21.36 15.93 9.89 1.96

Part of the difference in the January signatures can be explained by

ice in the river; the other might be the water turbidity.

We have had no problem re-classifying industrial areas and the

transportation categories. Our analysis has now centered on developing

signatures for trees, bare area and suburbs which will not be confused

with each other. The analysis however, has not been completed in time

for inclusion in this report. With the help of some additional analysis

efforts; however, the confusion between classes should be corrected and

the area classified shortly.

2.2.4 Correlation of ERTS 11 October 1972 Data with Tri-county

Regional Planning Commission (TRC) Ground Truth Data for

the Harrisburg Test Site

Because one overall objective of the MITRE investigation is to

develop land use trend information useful to local, regional, and state

planners, an important part of the Continuing Analysis Phase has been dedi-

cated to demonstration that ERTS-1 Data will be a potentially valuable

28

complement to land use information obtained from conventional sources

at the local level. Showing a significant correlation between the current

ERTS-1 land use analysis and the existing land use information now

available to the state, regional, and local planners, is the first

essential step in demonstrating the usefulness of ERTS data as an input

to the land use planning process. Showing that the ERTS data can be

made available to provide land use updates more frequently than conven-

tional means, and with less expenditure of resources, will demonstrate

that ERTS is not only a useful tool, but a cost effective one as well.

In reports of the results of other ERTS-1 land use related inves-

tigations reviewed to date, correlation is generally accomplished by

defining aerial photography and maps produced from photography as ground

truth, and checking the results of ERTS imagery interpretation and digital

analysis techniques against this ground truth. In most cases, the

scale employed has been very large (1:250,000), and the land use classi-

fications have therefore necessarily been generalized. Several examples

are the work of John Place, USGS, analyzing land use in the Phoenix

Quadrangle in Arizona , Simpson and Lindgren at Dartmouth College

classifying land use on a state-wide basis in New England2 , and Ernest

Hardy at Cornell University classifying a 6,300 square kilometer area

in New York state3 . While these and similar investigations are of

1Place, John L., "Change in Land Use in the Phoenix Quadrangle, Arizona,Between 1970 and 1972," Symposium of Significant Results Obtained fromERTS-1 (NASA, Washington, D. C., 1973) pp. 899-906.

2Simpson and Lindgren, "Land Use of Northern Megalopolis," ibid. pp. 973-980.

3Hardy, Ernest, "ERTS Evaluation for Land Use Inventory," Report No.NASA-CR-133139 of 13 June 1973 (NASA, Washington, D. C.).

29

unquestionable value, and verification of ERTS analysis against macro-

scale ground truth appears to yield high correlation, the MITRE land

use investigationhas sought a more specific focus for metropolitan

land use analysis. As Alexander indicates in his report of ERTS appli-

cation in the CARETS area , ERTS results will not only be useful in

Federal, state, and large regional land use classification as antic-

ipated, but his analysis also shows level of classification in some

areas which can prove useful to local planning staffs in smaller,

more specific metropolitan areas. MITRE has therefore applied ERTS

land use analysis techniques in two test sites at a scale of approx-

imately 1:24,000 and is now correlating the results with the actual

land use data presently employed by planners in the area of the test

sites. Success in this e-ffort demonstrates that ERTS is not only a

valuable tool for a synoptic appraisal of present land use and trends

over large areas, but is a source of timely complementary information

for land use planning at specific local levels as well.

An approximately 18 mile square area in Test Site 1, centered

on the Harrisburg, Pennsylvania metropolitan area, was selected for

detailed ERTS-derived land use analysis and correlation with the best

available local land use studies. Working at first with the ERTS

coverage of 11 October 1972 (frame 1080-15185), land use category

signature development has proceeded according to the Data

4Alexander, Robert, "Land Use Classification and Change Analysis UsingERTS-1 Imagery in CARETS," op. cit., pp. 923-930.

30

Analysis PlanS. The minimum area interpreted is approximately one

acre, as compared, for example, to about 60 acres for the Cornell

University analysis referenced earlier.

When the first complete classification of the Harrisburg area

based on ERTS data was completed (See preceding Sections), the next

step was to develop the structures for evaluating the results against

the land use data available from local planners. The basic source of

ground truth, as determined early in the investigation in consultation

with Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and local planners, has been the

Tri-County Regional Planning Commission (TRC) directed by Mr. Oliver

Fanning. The Commission has planning responsibility for the counties

of Cumberland, Dauphin, and Perry and is headquartered at Harrisburg.

From continually updated tax maps and spot field surveys, TRC compiles

acreage by land use for all municipalities in the tri-county area

according to the following categories:

* Residential

* Industrial

" Transportation Terminals

* Transportation Facilities

* Retail

o Wholesale and Storage

5Riley, et. al., Data Analysis Plan WP-10209 (McLean, Va.: The MITRECorporation, February 1973).

31

* Services

* Public and Semi-Public

* Vacant

From these data, generalized color-coded land use maps are prepared

for the entire area. Figure 8, reproduced with the permission of Mr.

Fanning, is an example of a currently available area-wide land use

map. It is these two sources--the TRC acreage tabulations by land

use category, and the land use maps--that form the basis of ground truth

for testing the land use classification information analyzed from the

ERTS data.

In order to structure a valid basis for comparison of ERTS and

TRC results, two conditions were essential. First, both ERTS coverage

and ground truth data must cover precisely identical geographic areas;

and secondly, ERTS land use signature categories must be defined as

exactly as possible to coincide with TRC categories. The first task,

then, was to project the boundaries of all municipalities surveyed by

TRC onto the digital thematic map of land use symbols produced by

analysis of ERTS MSS data tapes. Although some difficulties were

encountered with the inherent distortion of computer output maps this

was compensated for and a corrected acetate overlay of municipality

boundary lines was produced from a 1:24,000 state plane coordinate map

of the area provided by TRC. It was found that 18 municipalities of

Dauphin and Cumberland Counties lay completely within the area of the

ERTS-derived land use map, so these were selected as the area for test-

ing ERTS correlation. The 18 municipalities, with TRC land use acreage,

32

DL*IX*MI 165 g

Iror~o66 67C ~ d

69 68

uA.

94 1 i

I e7273

Lo 74 ";75

I 6 i'93"°~~*76

,,iI i-, go 7

92 A% B-

~oiow w r7791i

go?

t ~~ ~" 70

:7 841 11Uii.

TRI - COUNTY LAND USE MAFORHARISBRG RE

PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FILMD

are shown in Table 7. Once the correlation test area was selected,

the boundary overlay and the ERTS-derived land use map were used for

a manual tabulation of ERTS land use symbols for each municipality

and for the total area. Results of the tabulation are shown in Table

8. The final step to achieve geographical identity was to convert the

ERTS symbol counts to acres so that comparisons could be made with the

TRC data. At the 1:24,000 scale employed in the ERTS data analysis,

each symbol (pixel) is equivalent to approximately 1.094 acres,6 with

small additional corrections (calculated by MITRE to be a factor of

about 0.013) necessitated by variance from nominal orbit of the space-

craft and variance of distance between the spacecraft and Test Site 1

attributable to the oblateness of the earth. It was felt that a

simplified method of symbol-to-acre conversion determination was

warranted for this analysis. Accordingly, the boundaries of the 18

municipalities and the total area were planimetered for total acreage,

so that the ratio of planimetered acreage to total ERTS symbol counts

would yield an average factor for converting ERTS symbol counts with

categories and for each municipality. The data for the conversion

calculation are shown in Table 9.

Having achieved a reasonably common geographical basis for com-

paring ERTS and TRC land use data, MITRE then found it necessary to define

ERTS and TRC land use categories as precisely as possible so that valid

Goddard Space Flight Center, ERTS Data Users Handbook, Document No. 71SD 4249. (Each Pixel is 56 meters x 79 meters).

35

TABLE7SITE 1 LAND USE ACREAGE COMPARISON

LAND USE CATEGORY TOTALMUNICIPALITY SOURCE URBAN RESIDENTIAL TRANSPORTATION VACANT DIFFERENCE

1. CAMP HILL ERTS 105 742 12 537 1396TRC 200 1224 9 227 1659

(- 263)

2. EAST PENNSBORO ERTS 241 2034 688 4175 6638TRC 202 2695 274 2714 5884

(+ 754)

3. HARRISBURG ERTS 1694 1439 432 1366 4932TRC 1114 2043 329 1531 5016

(- 84)

4. HIGHSPIRE ERTS 101 220 11 187 519TRC 61 305 4 163 533

(- 14)

5. HUMMELSTOWN ERTS 59 349 3 465 876TRC 118 524 86 439 1165

(289)

6. LEMOYNE ERTS 164 340 14 512 1027TRC 265 521 39 247 1072

(- 45)

7. LOWER ALLEN ERTS 209 2303 69 3477 6088TRC 354 2643 88 3896 6980

(- 898)

8. LOWER SWATARA ERTS 611 2843 267 5030 8752TRC 75 1095, 427 4890 6488

(+ 1246)

9. MIDDLETOWN ERTS 193 511 19 506 1229TRC 133 953 82 359 1538

(- 209)

10. NEW CUMBERLAND ERTS 39 575 1 468 1083TRC 44 1086 13 212 1356

(- 273)

11. PAXTANG ERTS 17 107 - 141 265TRC 24 172 2 74 272

(- 7)

12. PENBROOK ERTS 26 158 - 99 282TRC 55 270 1 57 382

(- 100)

13. ROYALTON ERTS 12 85 2 95 195TRC 3 91 1 141 236

(-41)

14. SHIREMANSTOWN ERTS - 103 1 58 165TRC • 7 197 5 22 230

(-65)

15. STEELTON ERTS 422 237 78 242 979TRC 491 340 30 251 1111

(- 132)

16. SWATARA ERTS 614 2834 154 4441 8044TRC 1127 3413 746 4049 . 9335

(- 1291)

17. WEST FAIRVIEW ERTS 16 58 2 80 153TRC 9 138 1 34 181

(- 28)

18. WORMLEYSBURG ERTS 21 246 18 183 467TRC 30 257 1 66 353

(+ 114)

TOTAL AREA ERTS 4542 15182 1271 22060 43092(DIFFERENCE) TRC 4309 17970 2135 19380 43795

(+ 233) (- 2788) (- 864) (+ 2680) (- 703)

*TRC: TRI-COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION, HARRISBURG, PA.

36

TABLE 8

ERTS - 1 PIXEL COUNTS AND CALCULATED ACREAGE FOR THE

FOUR COMPARISON CATEGORIES, BY MUNICIPALITY

URBAN RESIDENTIAL TRANSPORTATION VACANT TOTALPIXELS ACRES PIXELS ACRES PIXELS ACRES PIXELS ACRES PIXELS ACRES

1. 95 105.2 670 741.7 11 12.2 485 536.-9 1261 1396.12. 218 241.3 1837 2033.6 170 188.2 3771 4174.5 5996 6638.23. 1530 1693.7 1300 1439.1 390 431.7 1234 1366.0 4455 4932.14. 91 100.7 199 220.3 10 11.1 169 187.1 469 519.25. 53 58.7 315 348.7 3 3.3 420 464.9 791 875.76. 148 163.8 307 399.8 13 14.4 462 511.4 930 1029.67. 189 209.2 2080 2302.6 62 68.6 3141 3477.1 5499 6088.08. 552 611.1 2568 2842.8 241 266.8 4544 5030.2 7905 8751.79. 174 192.6 462 511.4 17 18.8 457 505.9 1110 1228.9

10. 35 38.7 519 574.5 1 1.1 423 468.3 978 1082.711. 15 16.6 97 107.4 - - 127 140.6 239 264.612. 23 25.5 143 158.3 - - 89 98.5 255 282.313. 11 12.2 77 85.2 2 2.2 86 95.2 176 194.914. - - 93 103.0 1 1.1 52 57.6 149 165.015. 381 421.7 214 236.9 70 77.5 219 242.4 884 978.716. 555 614.4 2560 2833.9 139 153.9 4012 4441.3 7266 8044.217. 14 15.5 52 57.6 2 2.2 72 79.7 138 152.818. 19 21.0 222 245.8 16 17.7 165 182.7 422 467.2

T 4,103 4,542.0 13,715 15,182.5 1,148 1,270.8 19,928 22,060.3 38,923 43,091.8

TABLE 9

RELATIONSHIP OF ERTS - 1 PIXEL COUNT TO

PLANIMETERED ACREAGE IN TEST SITE 1

MUNICIPALITY PLANIMETER ACREAGE ERTS COUNT

1. CAMP HILL 1355.9 1261

2. EAST PENNSBORO 6290.5 59963. HARRISBURG 5045.4 44554. HIGHSPIRE 521.4 4695. HUMMELSTOWN 908.8 7916. LEMOYNE 1006.9 9307. LOWER ALLEN 6412.1 54998. LOWER SWATARA 8288.2 79059. MIDDLETOWN 1287.4 1110

10. NEW CUMBERLAND 1068.7 97811. PAXTANG 272.6 23912. PENBROOK 287.7 25513. ROYALTON 189.0 17614. SHIREMANSTOWN 159.9 14915. STEELTON 1170.5 88416. SWATARA 8126.2 726617. WEST FAIRVIEW 207.2 13818. WORMLEYSBURG 493.4 422

TOTAL COUNTS,TEST SITE 1 43091.8 38923

ERTS-1 PIXEL TO ACRE CONVERSION FACTOR:

43091.8= 1.107

38923.0

38

classification comparisons could be made. This has proven to be a complex

and difficult task. The main problem was that the TRC data were

apparently classified more on an administrative basis, whereas the

ERTS data is based on the different spectral characteristics within

the test area. For example, tax information and surveys enable TRC

to classify land uses such as retail, wholesale and storage, services,

and public and semi-public facilities. For these uses in the test

site, ERTS data are amenable to the development of signatures which

indicate building complexes at perhaps several density levels, but

ground truth is clearly required to discriminate between public build-

ings and private commercial buildings. On the other hand, since TRC

relies heavily on tax maps for land use data, farmland and all other

land not developed for residence, commerce, industry or transportation

is put into the general category of "vacant." In these areas classi-

fied vacant by TRC, ERTS data analysis had signatures for the

categories of river, creek, forest, field and denuded area. As the

TRC staff has stated, the more specific description and quantification

of vacant land by ERTS will add valuable information for the planning

of future development in the presently vacant areas.

Following discussions with the TRC staff to determine what specific

uses were included in their nine categories, and analysis of the signature

information derived from ERTS data, it was determined that five common

categories would best serve for the comparison of land use acreage. The

five common categories are as follows:

1. Industrial - includes all ERTS signatures for industrial and the

39

total TRC industrial category.

2. Urban - includes the ERTS signatures for urban area and the TRC

categories for retail, wholesale and storage, services, and public

and semi-public.

3. Vacant - includes the total TRC vacant category and the ERTS signa-

tures for forest, field, and denuded area (TRC did not include river

and creek area in their land use acreage).

4. Transportation - includes the ERTS signatures for transportation

(railroads and paved runways) and the TRC categories of transportation

facilities and transportation terminals.

5. Residential - includes the total TRC residential categories and

the ERTS signatures for suburbs.

After several preliminary comparisons were made using these five common

categories, it was found that ERTS signatures in the urban and industrial

categories were frequently confused. Apparently the present state of

analysis is not adequately developed to discriminate consistently between

building complexes which are commercial/institutional and those which are

industrial in use. Consequently, the industrial and urban categories

were merged as urban for correlation purposes, as shown in Table 7.

With a common geographical basis established and reasonably common

category definitions determined, all the TRC and ERTS data were

re-tabulated into the four correlation categories. When this was

completed, an initial scan of the results showed one major discrepancy

and several smaller anomolies. The major problem was that for nearly

40

every municipality and for the test site as a whole, the ERTS total

acreage for all categories was over 30 percent greater than the TRC

-total acreage. A re-calculation by planimeter of the total acreage

in each municipality and in the total test site confirmed that the

ERTS totals were correct, and that TRC totals were low by fully one-

third. Obviously some category or categories of land use in the area

were not being included in the TRC counts. The smaller anomolies

affected the apportionment of acreage among particular municipalities

and could very possibly have been the result of annexations or other

boundary changes not reflected on the map used for projecting the

boundaries of the 18 municipalities. In any event, no explanation

for the discrepancies was apparent in the planning studies and other

data provided by TRC, so a conference was held in Harrisburg to discuss

the problems point by point with the TRC staff.

The conference with the TRC staff was very valuable, both for

clarifying discrepancies and for providing an opportunity to review

ERTS land use analysis progress with individuals who will be the

ultimate users of the information developed. On the first question

regarding a possible 30 percent or more acreage undercounting by TRC,

the answer was forthcoming after a review of the methods used by TRC

in gathering land use data. Because acreage was computed from parcels

listed in tax records and maps, sidewalks, streets, highways and

rights-of-way generally were not counted in any category as part of

total land use by TRC. The planning staff estimated that the streets,

sidewalks, and highways for the area under consideration would amount

41

to about 30 percent of total acreage. Since the ERTS data analysis

had minimum interpretation resolution of about one acre, streets, side-

walks, and highways were incorporated into the broader land use

category signatures in the ERTS results. Apportioniong the street,

sidewalk, and highway acreage among the TRC categories, then, would

allow a valid basis of comparison of the ERTS and TRC data.

Unfortunately, only the 1967 land use data and maps already on hand

were available, and these gave no indication of right-of-way acreage.

(The TRC offices are located on Front Street adjacent to the Susquehanna

River, and the disastrous flooding caused by Hurricane Agnes in June 1972

destroyed all more recent data, which included street and highway surveys

as well as updated land use.) Some individual municipalities could provide

estimates of annual amounts of paving materials used on rights-of-way,

but there was apparently no reliable way of determining how the acreage

was apportioned among the urban, residential, transportation, and vacant

categories. In general, the TRC staff agreed that nearly all of the

right-of-way acreage should be allocated to the urban and residential

categories, since rights-of-way were included in the transportation

category, and probably less than one percent of the vacant category

would be comprised of streets, sidewalks, and highways. The problem,

then, became how most reasonably to allocate the right-of-way acreage

(about 10,000 acres) between the urban and residential categories.

The solution ultimately arrived at, and concurred in by

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and TRC planners, was to apportion the

acreage between the two categories by a coefficient for the urban and for the

42

residential categories which would result in the optimum statistically

significant apportionment for all 18 municipalities and for the total

test area. The specific method used to reconcile the difference was a

7-University of California multiple linear regression analysis package ,

which in summary computed the sequence of 18 regression equations to

arrive at the best fit for all 18. The results of the computation

are shown in Figure 9. These results show that increasing urban

acreage by a factor of 2.09320 and increasing residential acreage by

a factor of 1.79877, while leaving transportation and vacant acreage

unchanged, will result in the best allocation of street, sidewalk,

and highway acreage between the urban and residential categories for

all 18 municipalities.

To ensure that this allocation procedure was not only statistically

significant, but realistic in terms of the actual proportion of right-of-

way acreage in metropolitan areas, a meeting was held with officials of

the Urban Planning Division of the Department of Transportation in

Washington. Their studies and analysis generally confirm that heavily

developed downtown areas of cities (which would conform to the urban

category definition) will have about 50. percent of their surface area

in streets, sidewalks, and highways. MITRE's calculations show that 52

percent of urban acres consisted of right-of-way acreage. The residential

category would be comprised of a lesser percentage of right-of-way acreage,

and the allocation computations show 44 percent for this category. Further

information obtained at a later date from Harrisburg city officials via

7 Dixon, W. J., ed., BMD- - Biomedical Computer Programs (University ofCalifornia Press, 1968), pp. 233-257.

43

VARIABLES IN EQUATION

VARIABLE COEFFICIENT STD. ERROR F TO REMOVE ,

(CONSTANT 0.0 )URBAN 2 2.09320 1.78487 1.3753 (2) .RESIDL 3 1.79877 0.44922 16.0337 (2) .

SUMMARY TABLE

STEP VARIABLE MULTIPLENUMBER ENTERED REMOVED R RSQ

1 RESIDL 3 0.8972 0.80502 URBAN 2 0.9058 0.8205

FIGURE 9

EXERPT OF RESULTS FROM REGRESSION ANALYSIS COMPUTATION

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania planners also corroborated the finding

that street, sidewalk, and highway acreage made up about 50 percent

of the land in the city, which further indicates that the statistically

derived coefficients of 2.09320 and 1.79877 are reasonable in terms

of the actually occurring proportion of right-of-way acreage in metro-

politan areas. In the absence of any actual acreage data for the 18

municipalities in the test area and with virtually no other means

available for measuring how many acres of streets, sidewalks, and

highways should be apportioned to each land use category, MITRE's

method of allocation is considered valid for arriving at a common

acreage basis for correlation testing.

The several other discrepancies discussed at the conference with

the TRC staff were also clarified, and a detailed description of the

corrections required may be found in MITRE Corporation Memorandum

D22-M-1835 of 6 August 1973. In general the corrections fell into

three main categories:

1. Boundary change among the 18 municipalities that were reflected

in TRC acreage tabulations but not on older maps which were

used to project the boundaries onto the ERTS computer maps.

2. Classification by TRC of one large airport and several large

parks as public land, which caused their acreage to be

merged incorrectly with the urban category for comparison

purposes. These acres were subsequently reassigned to the

transportation and vacant categories, respectively.

3. Human error in manual symbol counting and planimetering in

45

several smalier municipalities with very iiregular boundaries.

These errors were minor and are considered to have been

averaged out over the total 18 municipality test area.

All of the above corrections and adjustments were made to the

basic data, including the allocation of the approximately 10,000 right-

of-way acres to the TRC urban and residential categories for each munici-

pality. Table 7 shows the category-by-category, municipality-by-munici-

pality comparison of ERTS and TRC land use acreage. As expected, correlations

are much better for the total test area than for any of the individual 18

municipalities.

Table 10 shows the summary of correlations for the entire test

area including all 18 municipalities. With the exception of the trans-

portation category, the ERTS acreage compares very closely in all areas,

and the overall quantitative skill score, as indicated, is 85.0 percent.

One reasonable explanation of why the transportation category does not

show a higher correlation has since been provided by TRC. The TRC

transportation acreage counts include bus and truck terminal buildings

in addition to railways and airports. Because Harrisburg is a major

highway transshipment point for New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore,

Washington, and points west, there are a large number of truck terminals

in the test area. These terminal buildings, depending on their size

and location, would probably be classified by ERTS as urban, with large

open parking areas classified as vacant. If a method is found for

accurately quantifying the required adjustments, then the ERTS urban

acreage can be reduced, transportation and vacant increased, and the

46

TABLE 10

COMPARISON OF ERTS - 1 WITH TRC* SURVEY DATA

TEST SITE 1

URBAN RESIDENTIAL TRANSPORTATION VACANT TOTAL TEST SITE

TRC DATA (ACRES) . 4309 17970 2136 19380 43,795

ERTS DATA (ACRES) 4542 15182 1271 22060 43,092

ACRES IN DISAGREEMENT + 233 - 2788 - 865 + 2680 6,566

PERCENT AGREEMENT 94.6 84.5 59.5 86.2 85.0

* TRI-COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION (HARRISBURG, PA.)

skill score as a result would be higher. In any event, in light

of the requirement for using 1967 acreage data and a 1965 land use

base map for ground truth, in addition to the requirement to adjust

the ground truth for the inclusion of street, sidewalk, and highway

data, the results clearly are significant enough to show that ERTS

data analysis does provide a new tool for accurate land use inventory

on a local metropolitan scale. It should also be noted that, with

average annual population increase of about one percent8 since 1967,

no major changes are expected in the TRC data used as current

ground truth.

2.3 Continuing Data Analysis - Land Use in the Wilkes-Barre/ScrantonArea

When the initial correlation between ERTS analysis and TRC land

use ground truth had been satisfactorily determined for the Harrisburg

test area, the next step in Phase III was to apply to Test Site 2

the land use analysis techniques which had been developed and refined

in Test Site 1. This part of the Phase III effort has now been under-

way for about one month. The procedure employed thus far in Test

Site 2, which includes the Wilkes-Barre and Scranton area along the

upper Susquehanna River, was first to generate an intensity map of

the 11 October 1972 frame (1080-15183) at the scale of 1:48,000 for

orientation and to familiarize analysts with the general features

of the area (See Figure 10). The next step was to run the D-CLASS

Tri-County Regional Planning Commission,'Population (Harrisburg,1972).

48

min.,

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"49

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49i3lltl~llIIII)IU(*llli( j j; l)r li(

program (described in the Data Analysis Plan) using the optimum

signature information which had been developed in the Harrisburg

test area for 11 October. Initial checks were made with the Zoom

Transfer Scope to determine the correlation of the ERTS digital map

with the available ground truth. In this case the ground truth

consisted of USGS quadrangle maps of the area, January 1973 U-2

photography, and a number of local land use maps and planning docu-

ments dated from 1960 through 1972. The application of the Harrisburg

signatures to Test Site 2 was generally very successful for the river,

urban/industrial, residential, field, and forest categories. However,

two difficulties were encountered. First, although the Wilkes-Barre

Wyoming Valley Airport was correctly identified by the ERTS analysis,

the somewhat larger Wilkes-Barre/Scranton airport at Avoca was con-

fused with several other categories. Secondly, the Harrisburg signa-

ture information for denuded areas did not result in the generation of

the strip mine symbol for all the areas where the U-2 photography

showed strip mines existed. In consideration of the short time re-

maining before the second Type II Report was required, and of the

fact that strip mines were the most prominent features in Test Site 2

except for the Susquehanna, it was decided to concentrate efforts on

development of reliable strip mihe signatures and to leave the air-

port problem for later analysis.

One goal of the strip mine signature analysis has been to develop,

if possible, distinct signatures for active mining areas, inactive

mines, and reclaimed mines. Because inactive and reclaimed mines would

50

be at least partially overgrown, confusion was anticipated with forest

and field categories; but it was nevertheless felt that a distinct

signature for active strip mines should be obtainable. The first

effort, therefore, was directed toward active strip mines.

The major problem in identifying active strip mines appears to be

the difficulty in obtaining current ground truth to locate those mines

which are presently active, since ground truth that is only one or two

years old may show active mining where in fact the area is presently over-

grown. From the files of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Mines in Harrisburg,

MITRE was able to obtain from permit data the location of several

areas where strip mining had been requested. These areas were located

on the quadrangle maps, and a cluster analysis was run on the 11 October

data. As a result of the cluster analysis, several potential signatures

were determined and a classification program was run for a portion of

the test area using the Harrisburg signatures and the new possible

strip mine signatures. The resulting computer map properly located

some of the symbols for the mine signatures, but there was also con-

siderable confusion with forest, field, and denuded areas. A re-

checking of the ground truth with officials in the Wilkes-Barre/

Scranton area revealed one potential source of analysis problems.

The strip mine permit information which was used to pinpoint active

strip mines in fact only shows where mining may be carried on, not

where operations are actually underway. Much like zoning maps which

show what land use is permitted but not necessarily what exists, the

51

permit information was determined to be inadequate in itself to use

as ground truth.

Contact has since been made with officials of planning groups

in the test area, Pennsylvania Power and Light Company representatives,

and coal company representatives to obtain the required up-to-date

ground truth on currently active mining areas, to supplement the large

land use data base already on hand. Since it may be a matter of weeks

before this new information is received, however, it was decided to

proceed with the mine signature analysis via another approach. A

uniformity map was generated for the entire test area to ascertain the

uniformity of the areas believed to be strip mines based on the

quadrangle maps and U-2 photography. Statistical analysis programs

were run on several uniform areas to develop the mine signature with

the smallest standard deviation. The signature information

developed was then applied to another portion of the test area

not previously analyzed, but believed to have a concentration of

strip mines. The result was classification of 69 percent of the small

area as strip mines, which appeared to correspond to the percentage

of strip mines shown on the maps and photography of the same small

area. To map and check the extent and location of strip mining, a

digital map was then generated for the entire test site, using only

the symbol for water, for orientation, and the new possible strip

mine symbol. The results of the mapping are shown in Figure 11. The

new signature information produced very separate and distinct group-

ings of the strip mine category throughout the test site. Very high

52

iN

AA

FIGURE 11CLASSIFICATION MAP FOR SITE 2

SHOWING WATER AND MINES

53

agreement of the order of 80-90 percent was found in comparing the

ERTS strip mine areas with the USGS maps and U-2 photography.

One additional means of checking the results of ERTS analysis

was available. Another ERTS-1 investigator had analyzed a frame of

11 October 1972, adjacent to MITRE's Test Site 2, and had reported

developing four signatures for the culm banks which are found through-

out the area. The culm banks are nearly always co-located with strip

mines and MITRE's strip mine category definition included the banks,

so if the signature information used to identify culm banks were

applied to MITRE's Test Site 2 the same areas should appear as mines

as when the MITRE strip mine signature was used. The test was made,

and the area included by the four signatures coincided very closely

with that classified by MITRE's one strip mine signature, as well as

with the ground truth. Consequently, the new strip mine signature

information was accepted as a valid classification and was added to

the list of signatures developed in the Harrisburg test area. The

full listing of signature information is shown in Table 11.

The final result achieved up to the time of this report was a

computer land use map produced by applying the new strip mine signa-

ture and all the Harrisburg signatures to the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton

test site. The map is shown in Figure 12, with major land used outlined.

Work is presently underway to identify the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Airport,

9Borden, et al. "Identification and Mapping of Coal Refuse Banksand Other Targets in the Antracite Region." Symposium of Sig-nificant Results Obtained from ERTS-1, (Washington, D.C.: NASA 1973)

54

TABLE 11

SITE 1 SIGNATURES APPLIED TO SITE 2

SIGNATURES FOR ALL FOUR CHANNELS MAPCATEGORY CHANNEL 1 CHANNEL 2 CHANNEL 3 CHANNEL 4 SYMBOL

RIVER 19.46 10.50 6.88 1.14 W

CREEK 21.20 13.40 15.60 7,00 W

RUNWAY 32.33 30.33 38.33 19.83 T

RAIL 25.19 18.88 18.21 7.79 T

FOREST 19.80 11.06 28.12 17.69 F

n SUB 1 25.50 19.10 20.45 9.10 R

SUB 2 23.27 16.18 30.18 16.64 R

SUB 3 25.46 19.04 27.73 14.04 R

DENUDED 22.17 14.83 33.33 20.67 D

INDUSTRY 25.74 19.52 21.49. 9.75 I

AGRICULTURE 25.32 20.09 29.50 16.36 D

MINE* 20.93 15.00 14.47 5.73 *

FIELD 23.84 17.13 30.48 17.13 D

*THE MINE SIGNATURE WAS DEVELOPED SPECIFICALLY

FOR THE WILKES-BARRE/SCRANTON AREA

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56

apply the full land use analysis to other coverage dates, and obtain

more current ground truth for correlation of the ERTS results.

2.4 Water Quality Analysis

2.4.1 Susquehanna River Indices

MITRE's water quality parameters' effort was shifted back to the

Susquehanna River after it had been determined that the Potomac River

data was not usable due to striping (See Section 2.4.2). The test areas

that had been chosen along the Susquehanna River are the following:

TABLE 12

SUSQUEHANNA RIVER WATER QUALITY TEST AREAS

Test Areas River Mile

1 River Mouth at Chesapeake Bay 0

2 Conowingo Dam 10.1

3 Above Holtwood Dam 26.6

4 Safe Harbor Dam, Conestoga Creek Mouth 32.6

5 Marietta 45.2

6 Above Swatara Creek Mouth 57.2

7 Harrisburg, Conodoguinet Creek Mouth 67.6

8 Juniata River Mouth 81.5

9 Fishers Ferry 109.0

10 Sunbury 121.5

Signatures were developed for each test area by using cluster

analysis (D-CLUS). These signatures were then input into the classifi-

57

cation program (D-CLAS). A distance of separation table, which

identified categories similar enough to be represented by one mean

signature, was generated. If the distance of separation between two

categories was less than 1.0 quanta, then the signatures for those

categories were combined by taking a weighted mean. This procedure

resulted in five signatures being developed ranging from most turbid

water, category 1, to cleanest water, category 5 (See Table 13). Only

MSS channels 4, 5, and 6 were used since channel 7 had no water qual-

ity variation information of value.

TABLE 13

WATER SIGNATURES

CATEGORY CHANNEL 4 CHANNEL 5 CHANNEL 6

1 20.97 13.18 8.54

2 19.49 11.62 6.65

3 18.57 9.99 4.93

4 17.79 10.00 8.32

5 17.58 9.46 6.23

Each of our test areas was then classified with the above signatures,

thus mapping out water quality along the Susquehanna River. Figures

13, 14, 15, and 16 are test areas 1, 4, 5, and 9 respectively. For all

water quality maps only the River is shown; all land is blanked out.

The River mouth (Figures 13) has generally clean water throughout (cate-

gory 3 with some category 5 showing up). Along the water bank we pick

58

2305123102315123201232 5121 312332 135123423451250123 5512360 13651237 [ 2375123801238 5123 2023 24 1240 241[21

2163 54 1133 I 1222222222 412164 34 2333 35333333322224

2165 55 2332 33j333333224

2166 335 3351 2333333333223

2167 53534 1355 1111 132222532322224

2168 333551 4353 11 11 43323333 12169 5554155 3555 111 111 235233533334 324

2170 3312333334 333 1 1 3333 53333 33322221

7 2133333333341333, 2 23333 33 333 333333333333332172 255333333553355355 2 2333333333 33353333531333334 333332332233

2173 553355553353555535555 222222353333325555323353353323355233233222222174 5535335533335333353555 1'55232333333333333533 33553 33335533333322175 45535333553555335 5 1 2433333353333535333353315335333333 3 M253352

2176 1333333333333333333533 33553335555 3333533 5533333333,33333533

2177 2333533333333333333333 3 33333333333 333333333333333333333333

2178 13353553333353355333 3333 333333535551 1133323333533353333333

2179 3353353355553333333335 .53333353553211123212355353333233232552180 125553553353335533553555353 Y,555 5555355353321121133212335555353323333332181 333333333553333355333555533335 35355535335335333353333333335332535222233332252182 233333333333333333333333333333 11 3353333333 3333333333333333333333333333352222333333332183 15533333333333333333333333333333333333 3333333333333333333353333333333333333333333332123333332184 33333333533533 35333335353335 533 353335333333335335355333322323333533333322185 1133333333533 33355333333535355535353333353333333333333523555335532232 21122233325522352

2186 13533533353 55333333555333355555555555 335553 522333533333553535555222212222332332187 3535335333 3 5 3533535355353333535533 3333333333533335333333 3535 32211112232333332188 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 33 3)3333333332211212333323333

2189 13333333333333333333333333333333333333333333353333333333 533 333333333333333533333333332190 3353333333333333333333333533333333333333333 533315333353 33333533533333353323333332191 33335553355333353 33 33333353333 5 3333335535 3222122222332222

2192 333353 3335533355 33335333333353 5335333335333333533333335333533222122222552222193 1 53333533533353333333333 53 333533335353333333333 333333333333322222222111112233222194 2 3333333333333333333333333 333333 333333333333 333333333333333322222333333222233323

2195 1 3333333 3333333333 333333 3333333333 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333325 22333332196 1 3335335333333333333 333533 35333533333333333533333353333333553333223 2

2197 12 333353 3353353335 33333335333353333333353333535533333335333 22122 2222222222198 112 5333353335333 35333355 53333 533333 3535353332 5535535533333 1222 222223222222199 1111 333533333333333 533333335333333333333333355 3335333333222335 333335333 2212 222222222

2200 1221 3335333333333333333 3333353533 3333333333333333533333333 333333 11222201 1111333333333333 33335 333333333333333333333353333 33333333333333322233333333 1 3332332202 11111 11 3333 33333333 33333333333355 333333533333333 33 33333333333333333 333 23

2203 1111111 11 33535353533533533' 3 3335 33333335333333233333333533552223335 533555 23 222233222204 11111111 112 333553333333335333333335 13 3353 3 33533533 53355333 33235333 5533 5352222222205 111111111111111233353 3 23333333333533333533 1333355 353353333353553333532332335333353232222222222220 2 11121 1111222 33333333333333333333333333 2 33333335 33333333333333333333333333333333333 222222222207 21111 11111 12333333333333333333 333333332 3333333 3333333333333333333333333223333333 2 23 222

2208 2 121 1121 22 3333533533333333333533 3553333353333353333333333533333353333333333 22 32222209 1 111111 333353333333333333 333353333333 133333335323533355333233535 333333 2322 2

2210 122 2111 3333335333333333 3333535 535533353323555333353222333553 333333533 222222222222222211 1221222222 1111 333333323333333353353355 1 3533553333 233333353333333335532255355 2222222222222222212 1322222332 1212 33333333333333333333333 333333333333333333333333333333533333333333 222322222

2213 132222222 111 33 3333333 33 33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 23223232214 35322233 11112 335333 53333553335333 3332323535333333333333333333333333533352233335333333 2323332

2215 2222222 11112 53352233553333333333333 333233333555333333333333333352333335355553353 2222222222216 1522211111 3333333333333 33 53333355333 335553333333333 2222222

2217 221212212 11111 33355j2322333553353333353333355533533335335333333 ~3333335333353335333 2222222218 13223333322222 33333332333333333333333333333333333333333 3333333333 3333333333333333333 332232202 4233 33 212 3333333353333 33 53333333333333333333333333 35 333 333jJ 32220 3232322 1122 3333 3333133 33333333 35335 35 33 333133333333353 333 3 333333333353333553333333 23332221 2222 2 211 3353222323352333523333323553333333333353333333353323333335335333533533333 222

2222 1222222212 111222 333332222333332353333333333333 3535355533353233 3333335335335555333 222222223 11222222222222 1111222 33333

2 2 232333223222533335 5 3553335333353353333333323 3333335553335555533333 2222

22224 33222222322 122 333333333 ..3 333 3333 3 3 33333333333 33333133 35 33333333333333333332 222225 232323332221 1 2 333333333333333332333 333333333333335333333352233333333333333333333333333333333 33

2226 23233232222 2 2222 33333333353533333333 53333353353553335333333322233335333333333333333533335333332227 2222222222212 11121 333355322222323323351 23333333335353333335221112223355533223222353333333533533 32228 4522222222222 1112 3335333223233333333 53335333533353333353533222222335333333232333333333333353333

229 122112222212 11 33333333233333535533 3333353553333335335333533 3332223355333 333 33532353 53333353

2305 i2310I231512320i2325123330 323 4123051 234 323512350125523 1236523701 237512381235 I2390 12395124 0012 51241I2151

FIGURE 13WATER QUALITY AT

SUSQUEHANNA RIVER MOUTH11 OCTOBER 1972

59

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FIGURE 15WATER QUALITY AT MARIETTA

11 OCTOBER 1972

61

ccccn

\o

3-~LU3

.........

up more turbid water. The areas of turbid water showing up in the

middle of the map are probably sandbars.

The Safe Harbor Area (Figure 14) is the most turbid as shown by the

predominant mapping of categories 1 and 2. Marietta (Figure 15) has

clearer water with a stretch of category 3 and 5 in the center. Fishers

Ferry (Figure 16) shows a large amount of category 5 implying a lower

level of turbidity in this Area.. Category 4 has been showing up

along the shoreline in several of the test sites implying surface

water drainoff with some silt loading.

An index of water quality was then computed for each test area

as follows:

R. = Reflectance in (mw/cm2-ster) from Channel (k) of

Water Type (i) in Test Area (j)

ai, = Percent Area of Water Type (i) in Test Area (j)

n

A. = ia. = Percent Area of All Water in Test Area (j)3 i=1

a.aj = = Percent Area of Water Type (i) in All Water

in Test Area (j)

m

pi, j = - Y (Ri,j,k ) . (ai,j) = Average Reflectance of

k=l Test Area (j) for Water

Type (i) in (mw/cm 2-ster)

P. = i, j = Water Quality Index for Test Area (j)J i=l

Figures 17 show the water quality indices for our 11 October study;

note Safe Harbor which has the highest index of turbidity also shows up

63

(11.52)

(11.70)

12 11

(12.22)

1

12 10 CHESAPEAKE11 BAY

RIVER MOUTH

(12.09)CONOWINGO DAM

(12.09)10

(11.84) HOLTWOOD DAM

SAFE HARBOR DAM

(11.54) 10

(11.54)

11 MARIETTA11

11

(mwlcm2

-STER) 11

ABOVE SWATARA CREEK

10

10

HARRISBURGSUNBURYUN Y FISHERS FERRY

SUsoUEHANNA JUNIATA RIVER MOUTHN

FIGURE 17WATER QUALITY INDICES ALONG SUSQUEHANNA RIVER, 11 OCTOBER 1972

most turbid on the Channel 4 image, Figure 18.

Figure 19 shows the percent of each water type present in each

test area. A look at Safe Harbor reveals that there is no clear

water (i.e., type 4 or 5) in this area. Another interesting area is

Sunbury: although there is a larger percentage of type 5 and 4 water

there, the water quality index is higher than that computed for the

Juniata River mouth. This is due to the equal percentages of types 1, 2,

and 3 present (33% total) in the water which contribute to raising the

index. Each of the remaining test areas can be analyzed in the same man-

ner. We believe, however, that the water quality index, rather than per-

cent of water tvDe, gives a total description of the water and can be used

more directly to classify water quality along the Susquehanna River.

With ERTS-1 we have been able to determine a range of turbidity,

but it is only with in-situ water information that these levels can

be quantified into physical units. In order to acquire this water

information, Mr. Reed at USGS/Harrisburg was contacted. The only

water quality station which USGS maintains along the Susquehanna

River from the mouth to Sunbury is at Harrisburg, and they had turbid-

ity readings for 1 October 1972 and 31 October 1972. In order to

reach a reading for 11 October 1972, interpolation of available data

was made by USGS. At Harrisburg the east bank of the river was

estimated to have a sediment level of 12-15 micrograms/liter, and the

west bank of 9-11 micrograms/liter. These readings imply that the

east side of the river is more turbid. This conclusion conflicted

with our results from Harrisburg, Figure 20, which shows the dirtier

65

FIGURE 18ERTS-1 IMAGE, CHANNEL 4

11 OCTOBER 1972

66

80

70

60 TYPE 3

5050 - TYPE 1

40TYPE TYPE 5

z

= 30

S20I TYPE 4

.~- I - , I

0 0 30.40 50 60 70 80 90 100 112010 (RIVER MILE)

FIGURE 19TYPES OF WATER QUALITY ALONG SUSQUEHANNA RIVER, 11 OCTOBER 1972

7451 7501 7551 7601 7651 7701 7751 7801 7851 7901 7951 8001S ( I I I I I I I I

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1382 11 22 22355555255553355I I I I I I I I I I I I

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FIGURE 20HARRISBURG WATER QUALITY

11 OCTOBER 1972

68

water to be along the west bank. At this point Mr. Reed (USGS) was

again contacted. He stressed that they (USGS) did not have data close

enough to 11 October 1972 to give us very substantial help. Therefore,

Mr. Reed stated that we should not overvalue his figures; rather we

should give preference to our own findings.

Thus we conclude that we have been able to classify multi-levels

of relative turbidity (indices) along the Susquehanna River as out-

lined in our Data Analysis Plan, (DAP). Such indices are of value to

river basin personnel interested in the relative dynamics of the stream,

even though physical levels may not be quantifiable.

2.4.2 Potomac River Striping Analysis

MITRE's first training area for the identification of water quality

parameters was centered along the Potomac River. The ERTS-1 imagery

for 11 October 1972 shows a large plume of turbid water from the

Washington area to south of Quantico, Virginia. Also visible are

several gradations of water caused by merging streams. Since both of

these conditions were easily recognized, it was felt that water classi-

fication of this area could be done with minimum time and effort..

The first intensity map (N-MAP, an RMS of all of the reflectance channels)

of the area showed several types of water within the boundaries of the

Potomac, especially around Quantico, and this was chosen as the site

for developing signatures of water quality. A cluster analysis was

run using a sample size of 150 pixels and a critical distance of 4.5.

The resulting map, Figure 21, displays the levels of turbidity from IV,

high turbidity, to I, clearest water.

69

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With the success that was encountered at Quantico, it was decided

to investigate other areas along the Potomac where the plume can be

seen in the imagery. In particular the following were selected:

TABLE 14

POTOMAC RIVER TEST AREAS

TEST AREA RIVER MILEPopes Creek 42.0

Cedar Point 49.0

Maryland Point 56.4

Clifton Beach 61.7

Quantico 67.5

Mason Neck 79.0

Fort Hunt 86.0

Wilson Bridge 90.8

Hains Point 94.7

Using a supervised classification program the signatures from

the Quantico analysis were applied to Clifton Beach and Maryland

Point. At both points, however, only a single water category could

be identified though these new sights were less than 12 miles down

stream. Since this contradicted what could be seen from the images,

it was decided.to change the limiting parameters of the cluster

analysis of Quantico and develop new signatures.

With the critical distance reduced to 1.0 and the sample size

expanded to include 900 pixels, six categories of water were identi-

fied. Figure 22 shows the breakdown with VI representine the most

71

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turbid, decreasing to level I which is again the clearest water.

Despite this refinement of the signatures, the application to Clifton

Beach and Maryland Point still resulted in the classification of just

one water category.

The next attempt to uncover the reasons for our problems was to

vary the MSS channels that would supply input for the programs. It is

generally held that channels 4 and 5 are better for water investigation.

So a cluster analysis for Quantico was run for channel 4 alone and for

channels 4 and 5. The results when applied to Clifton Beach were the

same as above, i.e., only one level where several levels could be seen

in the MSS image.

At this point the image was rechecked at Clifton Beach as was

the original 4-channel intensity map of the Potomac scene. It was

found that the gradations of water seen on the image were evident on

the intensity map at Quantico but not at Clifton Beach. Therefore,

separate MSS channel intensity maps of Clifton Beach were run to see

if the turbidity would show up in the smaller population. Figure 23

and 24 are MSS channels 4 and 6 respectively.

Analysis of these maps showed no horizontal (east-west) turbidity

pattern, but did show a vertical (north-south) six line pattern. A closer

study of the maps pointed to the possibility that the poor results were

due to this every sixth line.striping. A cross-check with the images, this

time looking specifically for striping, proved this to be quite evident in each

channel and throughout each image. Since the striping intensity

changes were of the same order as the turbidity in the east-west

direction, the striping had to be eliminated.

73

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FIGURE 24CLIFTON BEACH CHANNEL 6

INTENSITY MAP WITH STRIPING

In order to overcome the problem, suspect lines were discarded

using the separate channel intensity maps (those indicated by a dot

(e) in Figures 23 and 24). The intensity program was then rerun on

the reduced population. This produced a small improvement in the map

with two categories of water being identified. However, the improve-

ment was overshadowed by the fact that three out of every five lines

of the population had been eliminated. This method, therefore, proved

to be completely impractical because much of the turbidity information

was also being discarded.

At this point a check with NDPF User Services caused the problem

to be referred to Mr. Robert Feinberg. Mr. Feinberg had knowledge of

software that was being developed by GE to correct the striping and he

agreed to have MITRE's tapes reprocessed. It was decided that both

the Potomac scene (1080-15192) and the Harrisburg, Pennsylvania area

(1080-15185) would be redone; the latter being our prime test area for

water quality and land use.

While the reprocessing was being done, it was decided to run

separate MSS channel intensity maps of Quantico. The purpose was to

develop signatures, from the reduced population, which could be compared

to signatures, from the tapes with striping and the corrected tapes.

However, the same problem that arose with Clifton Beach was encountered,

that is, losing too much of the population for the results to be

considered worthwhile. It was decided to wait for the corrected tapes

before we would do any other analysis for water.

76

Waiting proved to be both long and costly. We had noticed the

striping showing up in our digital maps on 21 March 1973. Our de-

cision to stop our water analysis came on 26 March 1973 after con-

sultation with Mr. Feinberg at GSFC. We received the corrected tapes

on 7 May 1973. The first intensity maps that were run, however, a

distinction between water and land was not possible. Mr. Feinberg

was again contacted and on 14 May 1973 MITRE received acknowledgment

that the tapes had been processed incorrectly and that they had to

be redone. Shortly after this, a discussion was held also with Mr.

Saul Portner and Mr. Paul Heffner of GE to discuss the exact nature

of our problem. It was decided that a third set of tapes should be

generated and these were received on 15 June 1973.

Once the new tapes were received, an intensity map of the

Quantico, Virginia area was run. There was difficulty in locating

this test area; therefore, another intensity map covering a larger

area was run. It was found that for all data on the new tapes there

is an 84 line shift from the old tapes. Therefore any comparison of

the Quantico maps run with the uncorrected tapes to those maps from

the new tapes should not be affected by the difference in line number.

77

With our test area properly located, separate channel intensity

maps were run for Quantico (Figure 25). We could still see the striping

in this map (suspect lines indicated by a dot, (e)) and in the other

three channels also. At this point a meeting was arranged with

Mr. Saul Portner and several other GE engineers, who had worked on the

software to correct this problem. Mr. Portner had run intensity maps

covering the Susquehanna River mouth which did not show striping.

(Figures 26, 27, and 28, channel 7 not included). Unfortunately, we

only had digital maps covering the Potomac River and therefore could

not directly compare outputs. In trying to help us solve our problem,

Mr. Portner focused on Table 15 accompanying Figure 25. Mr. Portner

informed us that the data are only good within the limits of + 1

quanta, and that our choice of limits less than + quanta was too

much of a demand on the ERTS data. Mr. Portner suggested that we widen

our limits for the intensity mapping, and then we should have no furtner

problems with striping.

Our first attempt to correct the data involved running intensity

maps for the Susquehanna River Mouth (Figures 29, 30, and 31). Within

the above criteria, these maps showed no striping. We then proceeded to

start again on the Potomac River (Figures 32, 33, 34, and 35 are intensity

maps of channel 4-7 respectively). Once again striping showed up clearly

in all but channel 5 (channel 5 has a bad line, i.e. 1804). Mr. Portner

was again contacted about our findings. He agreed to run a GE program,

similar to our intensity mapping, on this area; these are included as

Figures 36, 37, 38, and 39 (channels 4-7 respectively). These maps also

show striping, but it appears within the constraints of ±1 quanta, and

therefore the data are considered usable by GE.

78

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726 BFA66l'A 8A 87N67 D7 C 7566576 b66565555556 6 b55B5 676 66 797776 777775777 7

/219 8U D 0 677667 9A97665 666.5 6667555555 5 56555557576655556B5665667766 6566666677777

201 N C 966 -67I6A665 6Sb 5557562208 0606667 666 9666896ANA 6 6666 66 6B56 5655 5R65665556555899660066665 b555 5 5 5959656 6606658558

2201 A00 767A.A67B 66AFF6876 6697BB67 766666566566 77075566 6565 667 6666556 6 76 665 56667706777779 77

s901"

LHF09176:6667 b1"'

2203 IHHN F87676 9 96B N 99997675676666B6BB779666BB676?6?/66666466B665

7 8 8I9707

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226

/27 8686664 88888688 79299 1656566AB 6618

6 68

656

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AB9555 5

66655B56 66 55B66165605666665655 6 66

668

22V 7 77 777T7 959 7777C 66 H76776166 7 765556655 666B5676567656, BB666B76676666 6676666 77 7 7

2h 8808O 788 767677669666776776766667 9766555566765676B666646668 665466 6Z679B;7777g8 97677

2265 EELEB 69 6769 BN~gASB 6 676 LB6666666S55665B7 66656 666666 8666666666N5666BB8 66700776771 6

227 H66 878 7B9987676677b6 766666655556656 6557665555667667776 6667776 66

5666B 655677N67/767

"22278 7646 89 98777199/ 77766666655666 56655 66656 6B 7

22165 774 b8706 9977697 9 66666 66 6666 65666666666 A6565556755566668667776556666556656 7B617607771 1 176

2117 66 7787*77 95776 7 (77 7 7 l*77B 666/5

B656656 56 67665576776557 '77777 777

222 8 7 778506777 687 796997 1576777167766766666776666575576666665661 66666776757666b7665 8 677 77 71

7227 5

7 ;7777777979 7776B6777 776B6676

5 6 6675b66 5655766 6b5566566666B5 55 666666 77

2217 9L I !7 969666 9 6 6676 7 766656776565 665 65656555555566B66666666666 5666655 5 15668 67

WA C AIIAA AIM ENST,5,IA

7298 6 8658 898886899e9A986666668867 856677766 66666666556665566595 6666B5666666 66566 6666 55665666668866 856b86

6 9 77 77A 97 A777676767 8776 5565366666566566655866666666676666665B56666566B677577H A958 7 99 66 ,5 6 6 7 7677 'Hit. R ;6gt 7; n tt6t . 6....2228 699/A9/628A6 BB66 5 666A6"666B5-b55666 65066B6 66 6

2268 66086A '677

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2738 88827 68899996A9 5668 177B6668877786B676666 66B97777566667566667666666786666665677660B2B6B

22 8 -66666767 g68;387708,B,6 877 78 9868899N789 87777677776777667666667665565 6665666677B6667

7 666767676666666676666666 156666676 66677

223 777778 6 09 6/7 /66A/6 66766B6s66 666 666 6656 66676 666A676B677 07

28* ,B7 77 7 699 999977 7617677766666 677665665565595-677766666666676666656566765566 666666667677

226.4! *: N/7;71q A 97f 27i66/65766665656b66'66'SB56A596B6B0503

221 77646 66808 9598 A999 69

688

6666666B8B666656655555665566666666666B66866 6

66 666

55 6

56666576686

221 B764 7 97 7 5979989977177 77776 7 6 6 67 6B566 95666667656666666666 5656 65 6667

23*2 6 68898B969968999978B5 666667669 B86655555966565666666666666666 566955 66666666

6 8866 B8779988B887 686!!l7B777;I 7 6866BB696ftl 1677680666666667

66i?6 7

6666/8866

*13 8 5 5755997797195 7767667676666566566665666B5556569686666666666566 65666 666 676622FF 7.. 6) 9985699 96999688998 g668 990 699B 668666667 666B65666B65 65666566B565565 686676.

013 B 666 66 6 RA99998777 777 667777776776 76 6777 LZZ66

66655b5 6566656666667 7766. .66 6. 666711 6667

2258" 6'NM76 6 996 99 79 9997 7 79 74 777676 67766N667

56665666676666 766 666:66.5676767~"7 6

22 2s A 5 96 ;;7/78/6/1667l66 56B67/766555 b56656656656660666666666166665656555b66

FIGURE 27SUSQUEHANNA RIVER MOUTH

GE's CHANNEL 5 INTENSITY MAP

81

2142 ON06 05STOTSOT SUTTSMIS5STNN IOU TS I011QV6T1L6 LOS.V SO SSS U0O.USV"NL"ST U LNS G S*TfUVYTSSS w

ii., £4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .....6M6S6S66LMP68P26690U36SUUIfSR p S O6MI4 uffi ULTOMH.

216 20 11 M 6IONN 16 N6MM66 SOS 23 0 61 2s O21_ 0__16 l.OSi116604018S65

0*00600r68M0S06U1U406 8061114661616145

2160- 1211111011I1212 M2668*066 SSU1 MSPU611106UPS6694166411-41.6403 1 6 6L $60...UR~sU(9Rmp~?il 122100011 11226112 FLNUMSSI IIS al.CLLOL66S,=6TS0SSISCIO U.J.-L 666 LL6510611T6 ON 6 N VV 066 L6U2688SV SS 66S2452 200066200 .0 0M66S666UMM66U0P6H6S61I I8M 6 0 4

2166KKI ~m PSSW P8J RUS666NM61,,616~06M686SS6MUSDn6 6R IM,6621I 5 2 22 7 66M R UM6M6PIMMSKRMMSS

2156 Z11L00 PP6065609021 68M0160J6U56(606496PM 668M464 66(0 "4 146 1 22166 16V041 6N5V886

21%7 22212LEPN-681

NJ6260 L4660642U6U5M660 U SI.KD64426IS I 1 IL*l U2l" K42238666,091 6M666963? 26 J%992 C 66S.M 66666$1C69626M5611606 6655II M-IIR6N0060 R44222 7 IMIP01l666066-

2166 1111013B0 .0102 *4L681.68566T005R 4,6606S0S161C086060106 =01011111 020SMCLC8610168

2162 221211227I6U666919*2 64 MC6C68C6IPR PPISD625PUUMO 061810 lIj 122I21 -1 5.16U2D0,M640

2126 61144 .. 22111602112 INUOP6C66LCOO6M0S 654 I3 .2.1 P 1 2cI I11

216 25 868805 06227NS P 2 122 M I 1 L 2S-NPF 2690*1886 MLM00UP 6M - 11I12362662311222 212169 "S0664I4 .2 22122111111111I1216221221 ]NPPPUSVVPSV000,6 .14 . 20602 22 ' .. TT11166 -

2 1 , 3 1.06 / 0666 .050S It 010 a 0 60I 066OIP - LRO L0 1 D P T 0R& 12 I 5'2?517 60 668M6 6 112TTOSrW 1I1121 lH 11222212112411114 ' ......122 1222222 065 2222222I32I2163 8666166611463M I'll 161211l411121 1I1II1..1x14...2-1011 .1 11P1 111.1 ' 6

2110 "SU993U1615N66 ./000M 110100 00006 .. 0.......... 000600006006 566P01200100 10 20I 02I'l M 86 6 l85MM 0 66 1 1221 11111 01 11111112 111661 126 a011 21221...236323222 .

2175 OWSO6M1SM6MPL6MM6)PP86UlO22 0111I1I.1II 11011106 I I I I 9 0219 ...... 03s~p 66606 60 56 0 MMPI 22 2111 12 P III 11 M11l121111021112221233S46642 22 33e

2105 QG08M2160506M88680M068 0010600006262M2200060Pe0N20D00022222020620002000I10 C0C0O1l22I112ll21

2107 POP._ 6SS0 6666020MK0404 11111112I121111l1?111110l020122l2l 1121130836434422

21.906 66066660 0C RR"-9PPL2mM 01111 111111111111120,1l~ 12a111 6

202I M Mm000 "%6 0 CCR 1 01O1 00ICOO//OO0O0DO/UO)OO00OIII 016OIII6 0113011112

2 RRR8H016891MKM339C56 626 000200U 16005260060622020 060000 020925 0022'I" O 8 656, ... 36663332P 00011101 I001 IT1129210 00T011320 001200 600111221111

165 88 MT0 22 23 333 3 00110 211c0"000000 /0000001110 llO 10000001 601111121U222215 RO8H1S0 U/0033632212212110661111 f4000 1122100 , .11122 . *101113 . -' ..... .2 "

2247 osauZVUU6p6S 66 6330002 1 11111101 01 21 1111111 1112 U69 6U0 133RLPJP 2200 0 Z 006000 003 000,, 2 2a30002 002-003.2. SP*0 6NNP 22212222 3211 112110 101100106000 2 0001 1 01111 1001610 010 019I16Ia. 666618 -N 33 33 2 1P 2 22 1421101111.1 .11111 11 1 1 a01 , 1

22 P UP 6 263 2 H, 3111l 1111' 111 iI 111 I

20 66106165 RS 63 1111 1 1 1 .11 11221 11 * I - I

21 250 96866 322003229155 1 211 132222205011100 111110110100160001131 2r106-V 0006622 fW 3333 PP 32 2223 23232222332 2 2221 C211 21122 23212221221602222212220 8P 2 343110 2222222 322222 32221 2 2132 22 /I 111 22 II II I 1

225 2 2 .18GS 22 I 111 0U0 111111 Oil110000101111002 160041021011H121

?2 23 23 It 11 33

PP11 ~ ~ ~ ~ IG R 28QXUVL' 2 3 il 10, 1I Il ,e.....2212~USUHAN RIVER- MOUTHiialioi/0",'w/,a 'l2213 ~E' CHANNELL 62 INEST MAPITO0.RY

ZZ "." ,a t 11000a2000.0eaa 82 0

TABLE 15

SUMMARY TABLE FROMINTENSITY MAP OF QUANTICO

QUANTA*SYMBOL LIMIT COUNT PERCENT LEVEL

15.0 767 13 19

/ 16.0 705 12 20

19.0 563 10 24

+ 21.0 560 10 27

22.2 1006 17 28

* 23.0 380 6 29

# 24.0 554 9 31

€ 25.5 908 16 33

$ 26.0 206 4 34

% 100.0 207 4 128

*Not printed out by computer - this is Quanta Level for appropriatelimit shown.

83

229212297123021230712312123171 2322232 2712292 12342123471 2352123571236212367123221237712382123 871239212397|2402124 07124121

2149 + +++ + == + ..... .................. . .

2 150 +=++......!!;==+++ + ++++ + = ++ ===+ ++ =+ +++++ ..2151 + + ! ++ ++ ++=+ +=+++++++++ +++++=e=++ +++++ ++I 9099212152 = = .=+++++ ++++ *++=++ ++++++ ++++ + + ++++2155 ++ ++++==+ !! *=+ +++=+. ++++++++++++++++ +++++++++ +++++++ +215 I +* ! +++++ + += *++* ++++++++++++ +++*==++++ ++ ++++ 4+ + J+ ++2155 = + & *d8!i!! +BI i~i* f**il-l"*+++=== +++++++++ +++++====+===++++ ++ ++++++ = + =2156 + + ..2157 + + !++ = ! + +++ ====+ + + ++ +2158 ++ + .+==. ++++++ === ++++++++ ...... +++++ +2159 ++ .+ +* + += ++ '== "'++++==+++++++= ++++++ ++ + +

2161 + + ++=====+*&=+++==++++++=+++= !21.. + + +=++....... .. .......... .................. ...... ..216 + = =++= == =+= + ==

++ +==&..***=+! &=+++ +++ +=++ +

2165 ++ ++ !! + + ++++++2166 + + =++:= +++++!== + + +++ ++++++ ++ :2167 + +==+==....!==]!++++=[!= ++++* +++===+ ++++ = &212 + &++=== + 9 ... .. = .. . .+ + = .. .

2170 ++ += + +

2227 -++-=. ..1 7 .

2178 + + +== +++ ++++++= +

2175 =

2186 .. .. + =!.

2172 1 + 77 I ++++= +2=222

210 . .+

+ = .

.. .+ . .

21.. . .. != [&]s =!i== ++=!2120 11

217 , =* . = =++!! !i& I +

2175 :+11===:[ ... +=+ 1=++++++ +1!!+

2127 +=+. =++++++3++++ ++++! +++ +=+++

227 == .=+ . .! .. + +

220 =+++++ ++ ++++!= +

2218

2229 +++ +==== +

222 +++

222 = +==+ ++

2222 + =

225 +--+++++++2292 +

22192 i

219

2 12 4 + =+ +2285 j! = = ; !=22+

2224 29 + , 21 2 +

2201 .+ + .+ +++ +++

2202 1= .2222 2 9 2 2 7 2 3 5 1 7 2 7 3 7 2 2 [ 2 7 2Gi! + +7 7 2 1 2 2 3 1 4 0 7[ 2 41++ +

2222

225..29........226 +2207

2221 ........ .. =..=.. .........+

2217

2211 +222 1 912 1 + -- -2---1-2-1 2 7

222 I 2 I 8

2224 + K, +

2229 2+2+2292223 12 22111122's2232 +2+=+: + +2292 +2229 2=;; .... . +229 95' -Z- .. + + 2222 1 i !j& ... ... .

2242

22..=..+222

++:+ .22'3 + '22 22212 + + +:+ + :+:+22 9 ''!!'I= !!= ,-+ 2 2. . .

2249 +2

22372232 8+2+22+2239

2245 + 2I+I -2 .+ ..

MITRE's CHANNEL 4 INTENSITY MAP

22921229712302123071231212317123221232723321235 712422347 23521237123223237212 37712382123871 239212397240212407124121

21149 ////I /I--225 //////////////// - -+++= -- + .++ .+++++- ..- -21512 /////////////I - -- =++ += - +++ +++,+ .I.. 2152 /II//////////////////////-.+--+ =++++ +-= + - + ++ *++++++ -+++ + + -///// +&*9595& //

2 1 7- ++ + / / J

2154 .// / // / - -- - - .-/ /. .- .= .

217

218

215 ///-//////// ---- //f -/ - !t+===!--a . --- ++++=4r~ ++++.I !!.h6 *

2227 0 / / -/ -/ -- -- -- -

219 .- .// / / /=. .. ...g

21G2.. . ............r I

2170 //---/////ll-/--/-////-+ //// ,&+= ++- - ++& +r ] --ff---; ----............ /y 7.... .f *2171 -- //// - //-////////--// /// -I/ - ++w.=++ =&.! ----- -------- f- -- ff.gy J f yf ...... +=

. ..... . .. . .. ------------~ '!- ll

2289

229

2193

2197 --- - / /-------------------- - ---

2192

2170 --- -----///- -/// /-/// / / / / - -==0 =++ -- + -

217 --=/ / / -- ---- -+ + /////- ----/ ----

2+ + / / - *- -+-+-==+ -=-+-+ ---+-+-- + //---///-/ .- - -- - - -

218 +=, += & -+ -/// ////// // // -== -- 4 --f p -. ---- --- --- -

212 + + ++9 . .. ++= = = +=/ // .

2271 - == - = + -=I

+!++ - -////////////// ++//////

2175 + +!=& =+ - // / / / /206 + + + =+ / / // /

2 -/- -/-- 2---

22243

22 67 +=!!*- r '[+ --- --- --- --- --- --- / -// -- - / - f - - - - -- / / / / / / //////----- -////*tr*+ //-/-, r2280 ==!83= + r - -r ~i/l/ /////l//-/-l/--////////--//////y//pyg ggy2229: - -------- ---- ---// / ///-/ // /-///////// --- // //f fff ff ffy g y

2228 l /

2229 &1-- +=+ - - -

2222 && = / =++ + - -

2195 +!

2229

22 1 l -7 + =+ /-- -- ---- -- ------- fff fffy g ;

2 1 89 1+ - = - ----

2190 . . .B! . . .

22 != = , == -- -- - - / - -f / /

2215li"'ti' '222 --1!& -- - - - I

2222 Iri -iiiii++ *

222I&B i~rr+!*2213 n ; ;+**;

2193- .I

22224 ......

2228 *!e2239

+::+ + ;

22522232 .. ....

2238

2IR' CHAN5 + NEST A220

2207+2

22311 --- -

225322541=+

2295 -I2 2 1 5 +1 - .......221G -/ =1---- - -

2921225212322 12312322117123212372,2 512.1 271 25212357125121 31i712372271232 1 229:I 25!257221 !42

FIGURE 30SUSQUEH-ANNA RIVER MOUTH

MVITRE's CHANNEL 5 INTENSITY MAP

85

2292 122971230223071 i23122 231712322 232712332 123)71 i2 223471 2552 31 23i57 21 232 23 2572173 77 1 2382 12" 271 321 23J7124 1 Z 71 22219 I I1 I Al l l l l l l

2149 /1111/// 1//// // ! =l 3 = .'..* - & ,

215 ////I ////// /h////// l / //// I ! **.I *. &3 I& 1 "A A.a A --- . ........

2253 I / / - 1 -= AA=0. A A. 132 900 . 0 ";. . ..2157 ////////I/// "5=t=33= ,3**.** ! 40 5&**! 5,9,' < *'***'J ..... !49* *3**2****0==-==39 .-- - /

- ""'3. .514 ,** 9

223&*Il/I/I/I/I*==I 13950'1I& Il/I ==10 0 &*&"&'-&l-&1==n 00n ,jn=3'3. - // 033**&' .**= 30*

215 I ////I //I/M I // +=! =&.& 12I&&.*! I . .AI* =&/ ' ' 3" 1=,3 ' 3I - . . I=/////// !& 9.&! ! .

21504 / ! && * & * * & * !& !! . ! ,! . * // // A*A . ,,,A2131 /////////// /I =&3l*&. ** = '='o = '=!1'=''0=''!!=331 /111/Ill=110...3l3 = ./ n.* .l=239 lI/ll~/Il ~I9002302 I / I '3n &n0&*0 30 *&=59 ' 2!00'+' /.. ... f...99'' 0 l 1 3= = ll ////// 2&***=1=0

22173 &h= ! *. / 3 /// // - !+ & ......233 " *& //l/////li/ 91- " //i &= ! l.!! !11 2=**& 3''90&'*&& 4**! 0 - + 3 '+!!- == /i / ///// +..*.+ -.== *I......

217 ' l///// /lI ! // N..111 1 !... ..! *** **. a = - - = ///A.//./ -0 /,= *.

217 **.** = // / / f f /ff -* *&5! *&*!.3'& '7-'*ff1/f f//// f///// // /f/I//////////

2 ///////////////.....//// /// //

229

2182 ///.0 = 'A'-11/f / // // /// /////// / ///// //

2187 3l ! !i iAbhi ! ! !:S::::

2197 .'*& L9* . Il &* f!!& *& , / li//ii//// il//l ll///I /////// // ///// // /// /// ///// ////// l/// // ///////2192 A01...*0/ / / / ///'AA 23020222! / I/// / / //II/I// I /////I212 &=& =//////// l////////////lll // / /// // / / //// / ///// ./

229

220 *' *Ifif& /I / f //I/// lI/./////// // ///// // /////*l/ ///////

2292 JI * . & 2,&07|= /I l/I/ / II //IlIl I I/Il /I///I /Il// I I// I ll //I// ///// / ///I/l/I/// //// /II// ///////I

2232 * ... *+**.& I/Il/Ill/Ill...........I/// Il/Ill/////// ///////// /I////-/////I/Il//Il//Ill/Ill//Ill//////////////l////Il/I/Ill/

22 0 .. & ' ... Il l /// //I/ //// /// // // /I/// /I / // I / / //l //I / // /

221 .*&& ==!&8...* .

224 :a! */ Il* & &I f l l / l /I//////////////- ////////i///////l////Il//////////////I ////Il /////////l ///////////l ////l ////////

2215 - .. ....

....... ......... /.// 2 2 .

2222 1 ........... A

2225 **..... =5..///lll//l // II/ / I//I/ // I/l l//I/I I// Ill/ ///ll I/l/ll//I// ////l/ll/ /// / I/ / //I/ Ill//Ill

222 9 ..... .0= // / ///////////// //f///f / I/f///// /// /////////// ////

222 ......

2229 . ..... / / / / / // / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

FIGURE 31SUSQUEHANNA RIVER MOUTH

MITRE's CHANNEL 6 INTENSITY MAP

225

225 *.** .*.. /////////////////////'//////////////////////////////2259 ***** &&* lM* ///////I////////////////////////////////////////////

**Z7 &.&**2241l**&&n%** -///////////////////// ///////////////////////////////2242 ///I/////////////bb////////////////////t//////////////2211 *** i*i*,&////////////////////// ////////////// /////////////////2255 ...... && '////////////////////////////////////// /////////////////2245 ..... A &&& //////I///1///II/////1 //////I// //////////I///// //////2241 *&*&*&& //////////////////////'//////////////////////////////

22 52 .. % . & A&/////////////////////// /////////////////////// ////M22535 A"*. .* //////////////////////////////////////////////////////2254 .... *.* ///////////// - // ////// ///////////////////////////////2255 i. . . .r . * / / / / / / / / / / // / / [ / // / / / / / / / / / / / / / // / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

21229 7;32 I...*...&&,.&23 -2 ///////////////////////////1 236,= ////////2//////////////////////////////////////////// /////////

220I&*&.&,&& ////////////////////////// //////////I/////////1///////I////I/

221 .*&*&& &-////// U///////U////////A ////////////////////////////////////////

222 ..**..*&&.///////////////////CH ///N/N /////L //6 /////IN//T//EN/SIT/Y//////M/A///

223:***.&=& /////////////////////////////////////// //////////////8/////

1065110701107511080I1085110901189511100111051111011115111201 1125111301 11351114011145111501155111601

1759 *** .+ * ** ** /------

1761 **1731 ..... *.... /+ *....... .. ... .. ** * *** /-//1-//--

1762 ***********+ /+* **......****** *** * ** * ****** **** **+ ///-------/1713 ************++* *** * ***** ** ** * * ********* ///+///--.../

01704 .*.* +.. ./ * /................ * .. .. .* * . .* ..*.*.. --- /-------//17G5 * ***** ***+*+ * * * *** ////-/++/////

171G **************++** /************** * ** * ** **+/****** ****** -- ///+**//1767 **************: /* **.....*************** * .* -///+ ...17G8 +***+**********///+* ************** * * *** * **********/+**//----///+////*1769 *********** //.f* ********* ******* _ ___** -/ - //_//////

01770 -****************** ******** ** * ******** * /////--/--

1771 /// ******* * *** * ** ***** *//---------- - /*++///-//1772 ///- ******** ***+* **************** * ** *** ***** //------------/////////--1773 I/-I// ******************** * * ***** * ****+ //+////----------///++///--1774 //.////*+** .........*********************** *** ****///////--------------//////--1775 //*/// *+r++*++*********************** * ** * ***+//+/////-///---//------///////--

01776 -//-/************************************ ***** ***** ****--///--------------/- /////--1777 *************************//////////////////-//-----//////1778 ////+**** **************************** * ** * * -//////////-//--/--////-//////+1779 ////******f + ************** * ** * //////*/// ///-////---//+ *+///1780 /**//+//*+/* +/- /- ************** * * * ** **** ***** /++/////-//----- /- /+ ////1781 ++++/////// ++++*************** ** ******* ***/+////+//////////-////* /.+

01782 /+**++++/// ++/++ ******+************ ********************//--///-----------------+ +/*1783 /////+**++/* *++++************ ** //////+//-//////////--//// **1784 -- ///// *,/***************** ******* * *** ********** /////////--//--///-/-.//1785 -- /-//////*** ******************* *******//////////////-/-//--//-/+

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FIGURE 38QUANTICO, GE's CHANNEL 6

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........... IFOED APE

It has been found that both MITRE's and GE's maps for Quantico

still show striping. We, therefore, believe the problem to be in the

data and not inherent in our software or our use of it (i.e., our

choice of limits). Therefore, the data as such are not useful for

water quality analysis, and should be the focus of further study and

correction at GSFC.

2.4.3 Special quick Response Analysis - Water

During this reporting period, a special ERTS analysis request was

received from Mr. Norman Melvin of EPA's Region III Headquarters in

Philadelphia. Mr. Melvin was aware of MITRE's ERTS work on land use and

water quality along the Susquehanna River, and when a special situation

arose in west-central Pennsylvania requiring flood aftermath assessment,

he asked MITRE to see if information was available from ERTS which would

assist in the overall assessment.

Heavy rains (nine inches in 24 hours) had caused severe flooding on

September 11, 1972, affecting the following rivers and creeks in

Armstrong and Indiana counties:

Cush Cush

Rayne Run

Pine Run

Crooked Creek

Little Mahoning Creek

Plum Creek

95

A Federal Disaster Area was declared on September 25 for the

following communities:

Marion Center

Prochester

Cherry Tree

Mather

Clymer

Stafford

Dickensonville

Home

Shillocketa

Plumville

Although the area was not in either of MITRE's test sites, MITRE

agreed to examine ERTS coverage to determine if any coverage about

the time of the flood would provide useful data for analysis of the

area. The following are the results of the checks on all coverages of

the area from September 1972 to January 1973.

1. September 7: Coverage was four days prior to the flood.

Cloud cover acceptable.

2. September 25: Imagery showed excessive cloud cover over the

area. Fourteen days after flood.

3. October 13: Over 50 percent cloud cover over area of interest.

Thirty-two days after flood.

4. October 31: Imagery showed excessive cloud cover over the

area. Fifty days after flood.

96

5. November 18: Imagery showed excessive cloud cover over the

area. Sixty-eight days after flood.

6. December 6: Imagery showed excessive cloud cover over the

area. Eighty-six days after flood.

7. December 24: Imagery showed excessive cloud cover over the

area. One hundred and ten days after flood.

8. January 11: Cloud cover acceptable over test area. One

hundred twenty-nine days after flood.

Unfortunately, none of the coverages of flooded area could be

considered useful for further analysis, primarily because of excessive

cloud cover. The January coverage was acceptable on the basis of cloud

cover,,but was eliminated because of the length of time which transpired

since the. flood. Reports of investigations of flood inundation

assessment indicate that about seven to ten days after flood crest is

near the maximum elapsed time for identifying the high water mark, and

after about 30-45 days indicators of plant stress caused by flooding

have begun to fade.0,1 It was concluded that although ERTS has a

demonstrated capability for providing useful flood damage assessment

information., the capability is dependent upon good cloud-free coverage

within a reasonable time after flood crest. In this particular sit-

uation the required coverage was not available.

10Hallberg, et al. "Application of ERTS-1 Imagery to Flood InundationMapping", Symposium of Significant Results Obtained from ERTS-1 vol. 1,Section A., Washington, D.C.: NASA 1973 pp. 745-753.

IIMorrison, R. and Cooley, M. "Assessment of Flood Damage in Arizonaby Means of ERTS-1 Imagery", ibid, pp. 755-760.

97

2.5 Air Quality Analysis

2.5.1 Further Results of Turbidity Analysis

The primary air quality analysis effort during the period of the

first Type II report focused on determining the existence of correlation

between the average grayness recorded by ERTS-1 over the Harrisburg

test site with a calculation of turbidity based on reports from up to

16 Turbidity Network stations (located on the map of Figure 40 ). With

only three ERTS coverages available at the time of the first report, the

data nevertheless did show very good preliminary correlation. Since

that time two more coverages, September 6, 1972 and January 10, 1973,

have been analyzed and compared with turbidity data. The tabulated

data are shown on Table 16, and Figure 41 is a graphic presentation of

the results. Clearly the trend reported earlier has continued, and

there appears to be a definite correlation between ERTS reported average

grayness levels for Channel 4 and turbidity calculations. It is felt

that further development of the investigation along these lines could

potentially lead to the development of a reliable ERTS based system

for monitoring meso- and macro-scale turbidity across large regions.

2.5.2 Redirection of Air Quality Effort

At a meeting at Goddard Space Flight Center with the ERTS Technical

Officer on June 25, 1973, as discussed in Section 1.0, it was determined

that time and resources would not be sufficient to continue the investi-

gation in land use, water quality, and air quality at the prevailing

level of effort for each area. Consequently, it was agreed that the

bulk of the effort of Phase III would be directed toward land use analysis

98

TABLE 16

CALCULATED TURBIDITY AND GRAYNESS DATA

ERTS - 1 AVERAGE GRAYNESS (CH. 4)

1 August 1972 35.06

6 September 1972 26.97

11 October 1972 23.72

16 November 1972 25.82 (Corrected to 20.1)

10 January 1973 19.15

CALCULATED TURBIDITY FOR HARRISBURG TEST AREA

Uncorrected Pop. Corrected

1 August 1972 0.220 0.152

6 September 1972 0.165 0.142

11 October 1972 0.151 0.118

16 November 1972 0.072 0.038

99

S0 LANTIC ITYNJ

'I Q D * -ATLANTIC CIT, NJ.

TU B D T NET OR S AT ON

TA T TWR ES SALTIMORE, MD

TR E\N BELTSViLEMD

FIGURE 40

TURBIDITY NETWORK STATIONS

AVG. INTENSITY SCALE (ERTS) TURBIDITY VALUE SCALE

40.0 .0.40

(35.1)

30.0 0.30

(27.0)

(0.220) (23.7)

(20.1)(19.2)

20.0 ( . 0.20

(0.165)(0.152) (0.151)

(0.142)

10.0 (0.118) (0.072) 0.10

(0.038)

0 0 0 9 1 IAUG(1) SEP(6) OCT(11) NOV(16) JAN(10)

ERTS AVG. INTENSITY

CALCULATED TURBIDITY (UNCORRECTED) !

CALCULATED TURBIDITY (CORRECTED)

COMPARISON OF ERTS-1 AVERAGE INTENSITY VARIATION WITH CALCULATEDTURBIDITY VARIATION OVER THE HARRISBURG, PA.TEST SITE

FIGURE 41

in the Harrisburg and Wilkes-Barre-Scranton test areas. Water quality

analysis was to receive second priority, with a concentration on

Susquehanna River targets, and the air quality investigation was to

continue only on a non-interfering basis with the land use and water

quality efforts. The primary reason cited for de-emphasis on air was

that of the three areas, it held the least promise of immediate useful

environmental applications resulting from the investigation. There was

also some question from the Technical Officer regarding (1) the validity

of interpolating turbidity from 16 stations for the test site, rather

than having a dedicated DCP (in this case, a Volz Sunphotometer station)

in situ at the Harrisburg test site; and (2) the likelihood of heavy

rains and resultant groundwater accumulations near the dates of ERTS

coverage biasing the average grayness results. On the first point,

MITRE's position was that interpolation from the existing Turbidity

Network is an adequate method for investigating meso- and macro-scale

turbidity trends, especially as compared to similar techniques success-

fully employed by the Weather Service in mesoscale weather analysis,

and that the expense of adding a new station within the test site

would not be justified on the basis of a small increase in the accu-

racy of the turbidity values. As regards the second point, only

coverage dates where no rain had fallen in the test area for the

preceding week were used for the ERTS calculations, thus negating

recent rain effect on ground reflectivity. Additionally, only chan-

nel 4 was used for calculating ERTS average grayness values, and

ground water effect on intensity values would be negligible in that

102

bandwidth. Nevertheless, because of the priority of completing the

land use and water quality investigations, it was agreed that air quality

analysis would continue on a non-interfering basis with the other two areas.

Turbidity Network data has been requested for the dates selected for

the continuing ERTS land use investigation, and ERTS/turbidity correlation

analysis will proceed as time permits. Additionally, any point sources

discovered in the course of the land use and water quality investigations

are being analyzed as targets of opportunity.

2.6 Microscale Targets - Land, Air and Water

The microscale target areas selected for MITRE's ERTS-1 investi-

gation are the following:

Holtwood Dam Lake

Conowingo Dam

Safe Harbor Lake

*Codorus Creek Lake

Brunner Island

Conewago Creek Mouth

Lime Kiln at Annville

*Harrisburg

*Susquehanna River-Sunbury to Maryland

Lancaster

York

*Swatara Creek Mouth

Conestoga Creek Mouth

*Juniata River Mouth

*Three Mile Island

103

A study was undertaken of these areas in order to determine targets

for further investigation.

Images were available for 1 August 1972 (1009-15241), 6 September

1972 (1045-15243), 11 October 1972 (1080-15185), 16 November 1972

(1116-15192), 9 January 1973 (1170-15191), 10 January 1973 (1171-15245),

and 9 April 1973 (1260-15195). However, only the October, November,

January (1170-15191) and April images included all the target areas;

the remaining dates cover those areas designated by asterisks, (*).

The dates that proved least helpful for our analysis were 16

November 1972, 9 January 1973, and 10 January 1973. The November 16th

images were very hazy and most of the target areas are not visible in

the Channels 4 and 5 images. For both January 9th and 10th the

Susquehanna River is dotted with patches of ice, making it hard to

identify turbidity caused by merging streams.

For the other images and dates the most productive was 11

October 1972. All along the river on this date water gradations are

very evident especially in the Channel 4 image. This scene and date

has been chosen for our water quality analysis (Section 2.4.1). Also

on this day apparent point source smoke plumes have been detected.

In accordance with the redirection of the air quality effort which

included analyzing point source targets of opportunity (Section

2.5.2), these plumes were investigated in greater detail to determine

their origin, and, if feasible, to develop signature information.

Three distinct plumes were identified, and their origins were deter-

mined to be the Brunner Island power plant, the Annville lime kiln,

104

and a large diffuse plume tentatively identified as originating at the

Delmarva Power Plant near Delaware City, Delaware, (Figure 42). The

smoke plume over Brunner Island has been chosen for closer analysis.

This is being done on a noninterference basis with our land use and

water quality study. Therefore to this date we have no conclusive

evidence to report, since land use analysis has involved virtually a

full time effort.

The only other target areas of inteiest for-this reporting are

(1) a small plume of turbid water flowing in the Susquehanna from

Swatara Creek in August and (2) a plume from the Conodoguinet Creek

in September.

As time permits other images will be studied for these target

areas.

2.7 DCP Data Analysis

MITRE's efforts to obtain water information involved the imple-

mentation of two Data Collection Packages (DCP) along the Susquehanna

River. Both DCP's were shipped on 20 November 1972 to Dr. Richard

Paulson of the USGS/Harrisburg for implementation and management. At

that time it was decided that the two DCP's would be dedicated to

(1) the water quality station at Renovo and to (2) the water quantity

station at Newport, Pennsylvania on the Juniata River. Philadelphia

Electric Company data at Peach Bottom would be accepted for the dam

basins on the Susquehanna River.

105

PO -# LA

FIGURE 42MICROSCALE AIR QUALITY TARGETS

11 OCTOBER 1972

106

To date a DCP has been installed in April 1973 on the West Branch

of the Susquehanna River at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania and at Towanda,

Pennsylvania on the East Branch of the Susquehanna River. Both are

dedicated to recording water quantity at these points on the River.

USGS and MITRE had reached a joint agreement in the placement and

use of these stations. Subsequent changes made by USGS, see

Appendix A, has degraded the use of these stations to MITRE's efforts

in water quality analysis.

MITRE has been receiving output from 11 April 1973 to the present

from the Lewisburg Station. The data are actually collected three

times within the three minute intervals per pass. Only one of the

three sets is recorded unless there is a significant change (+ 0.01

feet in stage height) in the information. There are approximately

five readings recorded for each day for this station. Since the

information MITRE has received is only water quantity not quality,

this information is averaged further on a daily basis. The output

from this DCP is included as Figure 43. These data have not proved

to be useful (1) because of the DCP location out of our direct water

test area (ie., Susquehanna River Mouth to Sunbury) and (2) the fact

that the DCP is only recording water quantity.

MITRE's second DCP was set up on the Susquehanna River at To-

wanda, Pennsylvania, several months ago. This station has not operated

properly and was returned to the USGS/Harrisburg office for a check-

out and repairs. No data have been obtained from this DCP and it has

been withdrawn from the Site. This DCP is expected to be reinstalled

by 1 October 1973 at Towanda.

107

7.0 -

6.0

5.0 -

' 4.0U---

CD

3.0

2.0

1.0 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440

L-APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST I SEPTEMBER

DAYS AFTER LAUNCH

FIGURE 43DATA FROM LEWISBURG DCP STATION

MITRE's other source for water quality information, i.e., Phila-

delphia Electric Company, has not followed through with the in-situ

support promised initially. On February 6, 1973 data were sent by

Fred N. Megahan, Assistant Chief Chemist, for 10 random dates from

October 31, 1972 through December 24, 1972. MITRE's investigation

of water quality parameters centered on data obtained for the 11

October 1972 overflight date (See Section 2.4.2). Data for January

1973 through March 1973 was promised but has not been received by

MITRE. Contacts with this organization recently indicate that their

data will be forthcoming for the Type III Report.

MITRE's attempt to get useful calibration information using DCP's

along the Susquehanna River has proved futile. USGS, in setting up

these stations as a water quantity sensing system aid, has produced

information valuable for their purposes but of limited usefulness for

our investigation.

109

PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED

3.0 NEW TECHNOLOGY

There is no new technology development to be reported at this

time.

111

kEEDING PAGE BLANK NOT D

4.0 PROGRAMS IN NEXT REPORTING INTERVAL

The final four month effort will complete the Phase III - Con-

tinuing Analysis Phase - and will involve the following specific

tasks:

1. Complete the processing of the following dates and targets

such that land use once a season for four dates is covered.

* Site 1

" April 9, 1973, (1260-15195)

" July 8, 1973, (1350-15190) - if time and resources

permit.

a Site 2

* January 9, 1973, (1170-15184)

" April 9, 1973, (1260-15184)

* July 8, 1973, (1350-15183)

2. Continue to process mesoscale air quality indices derived

from ERTS MSS and compare to Volz Sunphotometer data for as

long as time and resources permit.

3. Compare signature trends for land use and develop algorithms

for yearly variation.

4. Define the.system (software and hardware) which can produce

land water and air quality indices from ERTS MSS CCT's.

5. Develop and present cost-benefit arguments for the use of

indices developed from ERTS data.

6. Produce the Type III Final Report.

113

7. Return processed computer products.

8. Break down and return the DCP equipment.

These above Tasks are to begin in September 1973 and continue through

to the termination date of 31 December 1973, at which time the inves-

tigation objectives are expected to be achieved.

114

5.0 CONCLUSIONS

We have just completed the half way point in the final phase

and any firm conclusions at this point would clearly be premature.

Nevertheless, a brief discussion of potential conclusions may be useful

here.

First, there is nothing that has been revealed in the analysis

to date that would indicate that any of MITRE's stated objectives

cannot be achieved. On the contrary, the early results in all three

environmental areas - and in land use change particularly - have

been most encouraging. The gross level to which air quality has been

analyzed thus far in the investigation has potential for much refine-

ment and enhancement toward the objective of developing at least

mesoscale air turbidity indices. Likewise, difficulties involved in

obtaining repeatable signatures for water turbidity levels on different

river sections has been overcome and water quality indices have been

developed.

No formal work has yet been completed on the second major objec-

tive of the investigation - developing specifications for an

ERTS- type system for environmental monitoring. Nonetheless,

nearly all of the effort and learning taking place in Phases I, II, and

III is directly related to development of that final product, and the last

several months of the investigation will formally concentrate on indices

and specifications development.

As a general statement regarding potential conclusions, it appears

115

at this time that the objectives set for the MITRE investigation will

be achieved.

116

6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

The primary recommendation for improved operation during Phase

III analysis is the following:

e Make both ERTS-1 imagery and MSS CCT for MITRE's test sites on

a given "good" date available simultaneously to the Principal

Investigator.

The recommendation is made in the interests of having more good

ERTS-1 data more expediently available for analysis during the period

of the investigation. Experience has shown that only approximately

4.2% of the coverage of MITRE's test sites results in data products

that are useful for further processing. This means only about four

additional coverages can be expected during one year of observations

(See Section 1.0). If imagery and MSS CCT's are not available at the

same time, then several weeks (months sometimes) are irretrievably

lost. To get maximum use out of available ERTS-1 data, and to process

the data expediently so that other aspects of the investigation can

go forward, MITRE needs to receive imagery and MSS CCT simultaneously

for any given date of coverage.

The second recommendation to be made at this time is the follow-

ing:

* NASA should establish, at the Goddard Spaceflight Center or

some other appropriate location, a central library containing

documentation of the various computer programs and digital

analysis techniques applied to MSS data. The documentation

117

in the library should be made available free of cost (or at

some nominal fee) to all legitimate investigators.

The two main benefits of this recommendation are obvious: (1)

costly and time-consuming duplication of MSS software development

efforts can be avoided; and (2) a large catalog of existing methods

and approaches is available to investigators for planning their

experimentation. A great many valuable analysis programs have been

developed, for example, by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the Environ-

mental Research Institute of Michigan, the Laboratory for the Applica-

tion of Remote Sensing (Purdue), the Pennsylvania State University,

and others. It seems in the common interest of NASA and all investi-

gators to share this wealth of accumulated information on the analysis

of ERTS-1 and similar MSS data.

* De-striping software needs to be employed on all CCT's.

Striping, as discussed in section 2.0, inhibits the worth of the

ERTS MSS data on certain targets such as water quality/turbidity and

probably poisons the signatures of more complex targets such as land

use. The knowledge of the limits of the MSS data ( + quanta) should

be made known for each frame so the experimenter does not overwork

the poorer scenes needlessly.

* NASA should interest the users (State and local government)

to produce uniform digitized land use libraries.

Uniform (at least 4-5 acre resolution) land use digitized

libraries would aid the experimenter who in time could aid the

118

State preparing up-to-date land use inventories on a continuous and

operational basis (Assuming an operational ERTS-like reconnaisance

system exists).

119

United States Department of the Interior

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

July 3, 1973

Mr. Edward A. WardEnvironmental SystemsThe Mitre CorporationWestgate Research ParkMcLean, Virginia 22101

Dear Mr. Ward:

This letter is to acknowledge the receipt and use of two DataCollection Platforms (DCP) from your Susquehanna River basin - ERTSproject, that I have field installed and operated on stream gagesin the Susquehanna River basin.

As you know, the Geological Survey has worked closely with theSusquehanna River Basin Commission in testing the potential use ofthe ERTS Data Collection System for streamflow warning and forecasting.In response to the need for such a warning system, which was demon-strated a year ago during the flood of Hurricane Agnes, we used yourtwo DCP's and two additional DCP's I acquired from the EROS Program,to establish a skeleton data-relay system in the basin.

I am pleased to say that all your DCP's have been installed andcurrently all are functioning, although a problem with the stagerecorder at Towanda has recently surfaced.

Your cooperation in permitting your two DCP's to be used on streamgaging stations, rather than one stream gage and one water-qualitymonitor, is appreciated.

Sincerely yours,

Richard W. PaulsonHydrologist

Appendix A

USGS Letter Regarding DCP Stations121