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The WiiExplained p

Tech ThatMakes YouSmarter p77

HolographVideo at

Home p80

HE AUTHORITY ON THE FUTURE OF TECHNOLOGY

ugust 2007ww.technologyreview.com

Second

EarthHow Second Lifeand Google Earthare merging intoone Metaverse

age 38

Saving Hollandrom the Seaage 50

Exploring theMicrobial Worldnside Usage 58

Artifi cialntelligenceCant AchieveConsciousness

n essay byDavid Gelernter

age 62

0 9 2 8 1 0 1 3 0 8 2

0 8

$ 4 . 9 9 U S $ 6 . 9 9 C A N
http://www.technologyreview.com/http://www.technologyreview.com/


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Lets leave the hardware where it is.

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4/92

CONTENTS TECHNOLOGYREVIEW july/august 2007

6 Contributors

8 Letters

1From the Editor

Forward

13The Feel of WaterHpic reercher in Jpn brin

fl idi o vir-och echnoo

14Biolubricant for ArthritisA proein fond in he fl id hrrond crie hod promie

14Bioplastic Goes CommercialMkin bioderdbe pic b

15Finding ImagesA beer w o erch onine

15CO2

to Fuel

Wih he hep of c

15Death of a CellCprin ce p

16All-Day Solar CellsNew phoovoic e beerperformnce hroho he d

16Sensor City Cmbride, MA, wi oon hve 1

wiree enor on eephone poe

1Democratizing Robot DesignAn open-orce movemen bein

18Featured Startup: LS9Deveopin microbe o prodcehdrocrbon from pn rAnd more ...

ContentsVome 11, Nmber 4

Cover: Buildings modeled by REV I21ON visualization;

Second Life avatars styled by Iris Ophelia

Hack

The Nintendo WiiA me conoe wih nderwheminrphic win wih ne conroer.By Daniel Turner

Q&A

4George WhitesidesThe Hrvrd chemir profeor ndnnoech pioneer rn o ener.By Kevin Bullis

Notebooks

6Building an Immersive WebTomorrow vir word depend onre coborion od.

By Colin J. Parris

6 Metagenomics Defi ned Genomic wi hep expin he

microbi word. By Ed DeLong

Green Concrete Nnoenineered meri cod

redce reenhoe- emiion.

By Franz-Josef UlmPhoto Essay

3NASAs Next TelescopeHbbe cceor wi e bchof new echnooie.

By Brittany Sauser

Reviews

Iris Scanning, Now at JFK Reiered-rveer prorm offer

convenien orne, co in privc. By Bryant Urstadt

4Artifi cial Societies, Virtual ViolenceHow modein ocieie in silico cn

hep ndernd hmn ineqi,revoion, nd enocide.By Mark Williams

Brain BoostersOr reporer ener he new word ofneroenhncer. Smr move?By David Ewing Duncan

Demo

8Holographic Video for Your HomeA compc opic ep hprodce 3-D video cod mke

hoorph mch e expenive. By Kate Greene

From the Labs

84Information Technology85Biotechnology86Nanotechnology

22 Years Ago in TR

88Web 0.1 Before he Inerne cme videoex. By Michael Patrick Gibson

Features

38Second EarthThe Word Wide Web wi oon be borbed ino he Word Wide Sim: nimmerive, 3-D vi environmen h combine eemen of oci virword ike Second Life nd new mppin ppicion ike Gooe Erh.Wh hppen when he vir nd re word coide? By Wade Roush

5Saving HollandThe Nehernd de wih cime chne. By David Talbot

58Our Microbial MenagerieThe d of or micrornim offer inih on heh. By Emily Singer

6Essay: Artifi cial Intelligence Is Lost in the WoodsWh he qe for concio mchine i miided. By David Gelernter


5/92

TechnologyReview.com

TECHNOLOGYREVIEW july/august 2007 TECHNOLOGYREVIEW.CO M

technologyreview.com/secondearth

For an entirely dif erent perspective

on this issues cover story about the

coming era o 3-D interaction on the

Internet (Second Earth, p. 38), read

the directors cut version online.

Immersive, computer-generated 3-D

environments

such as Second

Lie and Google

Earth are open-

ing up new ways

to work, socialize, and manage the

real environmentbut theres onlyso much we can do on the printed

page to bring these worlds to lie. So

weve added content online, includ-

ing links that will take you directly to

most o the spots mentioned in the

story (assuming youve downloaded

the necessary sotware to your PC).

technologyreview.com/holland

David Talbots eature on engineering

measures taken by the Netherlands

to prepare or the ef ects oclimatechange describes a new way o

thinking about disaster prevention

(Saving Holland,

p. 50). Online, we

show a computer-

generated depiction

o how Rotterdam would ood i

certain dikes broke and an animation

o how the Netherlands new oating

houses behave during a ood.

technologyreview.com/wii

This months Hack eatures the

Nintendo Wii game console (p. 22),

which is making a

splash because o its

advanced controllers.

Online, we dissect

the Wii. And within a Web-based

player, we let readers test theirmettle

in a virtual bowling alley, courtesy

o Nintendos game designers!

Whats Newon Our Website
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6/92

4 TECHNOLOGYREVIEW july/august 2007

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Contributors

6 CONTRIBUTORS TECHNOLOGYREVIEW july/august 2007

Wade Roush is a

reelance writer

and the ormer

West Coast

bureau chie

orTechnology

Review. As he

researched this

issues cover story about the coming

o the 3-D Internet (Second Earth,

p. 38), he says, he was unprepared to

meet so many people who had read

Neal Stephensons 1992 cyberpunk

classic Snow Crashand were busy

creating their own versions o the

Metaverse depicted in the novel.

The ounders o 3-D virtual worlds

like Second Lie, There, and GoogleEarth have always said that Snow

Crashwas part o their inspiration,

says Roush. But I didnt expect that

so many o their customers would also

be versed in science f ction lore about

lie inside the computeror, even

more remarkably, that they would be

taking the technology into their own

hands and building whole virtual cit-

ies and societies, some mirroring the

real world, some not.

Roush has degrees in the history oscience and technology rom Harvard

University and MIT. His writing has

appeared in Science, TheEncyclopae-

dia Britannica, IEEE Spectrum, and

Technology and Culture.

David Gelernter, a proessor o com-

puter science at Yale University and a

noted f gure in artif cial intelligence,

is a dissenting voice in his f eld. In

this issue, he explains why (Artifi cialIntelligence Is Lost in the Woods, p.

62). This piece

was a big occa-

sion or me, he

says, because it

was a chance to

treat two topics

in AI and phi-

losophy o mind

that are closely related but not usually

discussed together. I argue that con-

trary to what cognitivists have long

argued, the conscious mind is notlike

sotware running on a computer. As

ar as we can see today, that analogy

is simply wrong. On the other hand,

Ive also developed a positive view

a comprehensive but simple view o

how thinking works. People tend to

ask me to deliver the negative blast

or the positive theory, but not both

though o course theyre two acets o

one topic. This piece is a rare occa-

sion to put them together.

Gelernter is a national ellow at the

American Enterprise Institute and a

senior ellow in Jewish thought at the

Shalem Center in Jerusalem. His writ-

ing has appeared in many magazinesand newspapers. He is the author o,

among other books, Mirror Worlds.

David Ewing Duncan, a contribut-

ing editor orTechnology Review,

explored his interest in scientif c

e orts to improve alertness by brie y

undergoing two

treatments: his

rontal lobe was

electrically stimu-

lated, and he tookthe pill Provigil,

which is pre-

scribed or people

su ering rom narcolepsy and other

sleep disorders (Brain Boosters, p.

77). In wanting to test brain boost-

ers on mysel, I had my curiosity win

out over my ears, he says. What i I

became addicted to these mild stimu-

lants o my rontal lobe? What i the

boosters somehow ried my brain andI became a blithering idiot? But what

i they worked, and I became that

much more cognitively attuned? Also,

I was curious about how e ective

these brain boosts areand about how

ar society should pursue them.

Duncan is the author o the

orthcoming Experimental Man: A

Molecular Autobiographyas well as

chie correspondent or public radios

Biotech Nation.

Bryant Urstadt reviewed a new ser-

vice called Clear, which allows airline

travelers to whisk through security

at a ew U.S. airport terminals (Iris

Scanning, Now at JFK, p. 72). The

catch is that Clear and other regis-

tered traveler programs depend on

the use o a terrorist database kept

by the U.S. Trans-

portation Security

Administration.

The balance

between ree-

dom and saety is

one o the most

important prob-

lems the U.S. aces says Urstadt.

Technology is adding new optionsand trade-o s and obviating others.

On a side note, he adds, I was

interested to learn more about Clears

ounder, Steven Brill. He published

his f rst editorial in the New York

Timeswhen he was about 19 and

wrote speeches or the presidential

campaign o John Lindsay while at

Yale Law School. He ounded The

American Lawyer, Court TV, and

Brills Contentand wrote a book on

American bureaucracy ater Septem-ber 11, called After, which led him

to the security business. Urstadt has

written orHarpersand Outside.

Eric Joyner painted The Collator(p.

63) to accompany David Gelernters

essay about artif cial intelligence. The

18-by-24-inch oil-

on-wood paint-

ing depicts a

robot engaged inwhat Gelernter

says a machine

will never experi-

ence: conscious

thought. This painting, says Joyner,

represents one o my typical robots

striking the pose made so popular by

Auguste Rodin in The Thinker.

Robots & Donuts: The Art of Eric

Joynerwill be published by Dark

Horse in October.


9/92

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10/92

Letters

8 LETTERS TECHNOLOGYREVIEW july/august 2007

On Good Design

Your design issue made or enjoyablereading, although in your cover storyon Helios Ocean phone, you ell under

the spell o Helios marketing (Soulo a New Mobile Machine, May/June2007). Helio sacrif ced the def ning ea-

ture o a desirable portable communica-

tion deviceslimnessor the dubiousbenef t o rounded pill corners. There

is good reason why size reduction hasalways been the holy grail o cell-phone

manuacturers: smaller is better. But in-

stead o working toward slimness, Helio

painted Ocean black and put a silver gir-

dle around it to make it lookthin. This

does not make it any easier to carry in

a shirt or pant pocket. The Ocean is theantithesis o good design. Contrast that

with Apples Snow White design lan-

guage, as described in the same issue(Di erent). Apples decision to useperpendicular sides on its machines led

to savings in plastic, packaging mate-rial, and shipping costs.

Whats more, Ocean is openingstores in the most expensive retail loca-

tions in the country and providing spa

treatments or phones. This is a return

to the excesses o the tech bubble. Nowonder Helio has burned throughmuch o its $440 million in undingand lost $192 million last year.

Chris Cole

Redwood City, CA

In reading your design issue, I thought

o a part o a verse about the Venusde Milo rom The Engineers Drink-

ing Song: On seeing that she had no

clothes, an engineer discoursed/Why,the damn things only concrete, andshould be reinorced!

Design is oten very mysterious totechnologists. To some, it means avisual appeal that so ar has resistedadequate explanation. To others, unc-

tionality, simplicity, use o materials, or

cost tug at the heart. For many o us,straight lines and right angles orm the

oundation o design, rom buildingsto chips. The expanded possibilitiesor more-complex shapes oten con-use the engineering soul.

Our appreciation o design rests inthe act that were equipped with senses

that have evolved in nature, not insheetrock boxes, on asphalt roadways,or in ront o luminous screens. We best

appreciate that which we can recognize

with hand or eye, and or which weare prepared by our wiring. The woods

around my home are designed justor me; some lousy Microsot applica-tion obviously is not.

So I hope that you or I might seeVenus as a woman, rather than a struc-

turally inadequate and otherwisemeaningless obstruction in an other-wise acceptable rectilinear box.

Richard Stein

South Norwalk, CT

I enjoyed Jason Pontins most re-cent editors letter (On BeautiulMachines, May/June 2007). He isright: machines should be simple. Adecade ago I bought a 1996 Buick Cen-

tury, and in 2001 I bought a new one.When I put the shiting lever into drive

in the 1996 car, I could clearly see thepointer in sunlight striking it rom any

angle. But my luxurious 2001 Buick

doesnt have a pointer; it has a smalllit-up orange square that moves acrossa screen o letters when you move theshit lever. I ound this change impres-

sive until I put my car into drive onelate aternoon when the sun hung low

in the sky. I couldnt see the orangesquare. I had to block the sunlight with

my let hand to f nd drive. Some im-provement.

Donald Morse

Gray, ME

The Semantic Web

We read with interest John Borlandspiece on the Semantic Web (ASmarter Web, March/April 2007).We agree that this is an exciting timein the Semantic Webs development,yet we want to point out that its greatdegree o structure has drawbacks. As

the article noted, Semantic Web users

must learn complex ontology lan-guages and structure their inormation

and data using them. This di cultyinhibits the growth o the SemanticWeb. It is thus arguable whether theSemantic Web can approach the scaleo the standard Web, where anyonecan easily create and publish content.

Ideally, we should combine thestrengths o the Semantic Web and the

normal Web. Search would be a goodplace to start. Today, global ree-textsearch is the primary means o query-ing the whole Web, but it provides only

coarse-grained access to documents.In contrast, the Semantic Web allowsmuch more precise queries across mul-

tiple inormation sources (say, query-ing or a particular attribute, such asstreet address). However, it is on a

much smaller scale, involving ar ewerdocuments. We could imagine com-bining normal and Semantic Web que-

riesor instance, to search the ree text

o all real-estate Web pages written by

women in Boston during the last week

or the word Jacuzzi. Taking this ur-

ther, the ew structured relationshipscurrently in the Semantic Web couldbe used to ref ne the results o main-stream search engines.

Finally, as so much activity in thelie sciences is ocused on large-scaleinteroperation on the Web (as ound in

drug discovery), we eel that biological

research could serve as a useul guideand driving orce or the development

o Web 3.0.Mark Gerstein and Andrew Smith

Computational Biology and

Bioinformatics Program

Yale University

New Haven, CT

How to contact usE-mail [email protected]

WriteTechnology Review, One Min Sree,

h Foor, Cmbride MA 14

Fax 61-45-843

Pee incde or ddre, eephone nmber,

nd e-mi ddre. Leer m be edied for

boh cri nd enh.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


11/92

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12/92

1 FROMTH EEDITOR TECHNOLOGYREVIEW july/august 2007

From the Editor

A Virtually New WebThe coiion of vir rei nd mppin brin exciemen o cberpce

As I write, my meat is earthbound in Tanzania, at the

Technology, Entertainment, Design (TED) Global

2007 conerence, but my avatar, Xan Hazlittpic-

tured abovereely roams the virtual world o Second Lie.

Like many technologists my age, I f rst encountered

the idea o virtual worlds in William Gibsons 1984 clas-

sic o cyberpunk science f ction, Neuromancer. I was at

boarding school in England, and it was an exeatweek-

end(that is, vacation). The British boys had gone home to

their amilies, and the oreign students were marooned in

the schools houses. But I was neither homesick nor lonely,

because on the previous day the schools bookshop haddelivered a brand-new, hardbound copy o Gibsons novel.

I remember my excitement when I read how Case, a

cowboy or criminal hacker, jacked into the matrix ater a

long, chemically imposed exile rom cyberspace, his dis-

tanceless home: Inner eye opening to the stepped scar-

let pyramid o the Eastern Seaboard Fission Authority

burning beyond the green cubes o Mitsubishi Bank o

America, and high and very ar away he saw the spiral

arms o military systems, orever beyond his reach.

Wow!I thought. Now thatwas poetry!

My interest in what Gibson memorably called the con-

sensual hallucination o cyberspace was in amed by twolater books: Neal Stephensons 1992 cyberpunk novel

Snow Crashand David Gelernters 1991 Mirror Worlds: Or

the Day Software Puts the Universe in a Shoebox How It

Will Happen and What It Will Mean. (Gelernter, a proes-

sor o computer science at Yale University, writes in this

months essay about why he believes humans will never

build a ully conscious artif cial intelligence; see page 62.)

In act, the cyberpunks and Gelernter were imagin-

ing two related phenomena. The f rst is that o the virtual

world, a shared, 3-D environment where people and orga-

nizations communicatean environment that is related toour own world but is f ctive. By contrast, Gelernters term

mirror worlds conveyed the idea o geographically accu-

rate sotware models o real terrestrial places.

My juvenile enthusiasm or virtual and mirror worlds

was shared by the pioneers o the Internet. Almost all early

descriptions o the Net make some appeal to the glam-

our o a social, 3-D cyberspace. And yet until recently, nei-

ther virtual worlds nor mirror worlds existed outside the

heated imagination o science f ction writers and uturists.

For years, attempts to create virtual and mirror worlds

were rustrated. When I was the editor oRed Herring

magazine in the 1990s, we promoted a new standard

called the virtual-reality markup language that was to have

given programmers and website designers the means to

bring a third dimension to the Internet. (VRML: The

LSD o the Internet! the May 1996 cover oRed Herring

exclaimed.) But nothing came o such early technologies.

Today, the virtual world o Linden Labs Second Lie,

which was launched in 2003, has seven million registered

users, 30,000 to 40,000 o whom are online at any one

time. The mirror world Google Earth, which is only two

years old, has been downloaded 250 milliontimes.

Mere numbers, however, do not convey the beauty, rich-ness, and social complexity o todays virtual and mirror

worlds. Nearly everything that human beings can do, they

do in Second Lie. Dozens o companies, including IBM

and Sony Ericsson, are doing business there. And Google

Earth has become much more than a hawks-eye view o

the globe. Call up any spot where humans live, and the

visitor to the mirror world will see a multitude o layers o

interesting or useul inormation. Second Lie and Google

Earth have many o the eatures o Gibsons matrix.

So what changed? First, technology. Most computer

users now have the graphics cards and broadband con-

nections necessary to explore virtual and mirror worlds.Storage and processing have become cheap enough to let

companies readily purchase the servers necessary to ren-

der virtual and mirror worlds in complex detail.

But theres another, more interesting explanation or

the growth o Second Lie and Google Earth: the compa-

nies that created them understood that virtual and mirror

worlds are social environments. The most important unc-

tion o such worlds is communication and personal expres-

sion. Thereore, Linden Lab and Google gave control to

users, preserving or themselves only the godlike task o

maintaining their universes. Second Lie avatars can buildwhatever buildings, clothes, or ora they wish. Anyone

willing to learn the open standards o geocomputing can

tag inormation to locations in Google Earth.

In this issue, contributing editor Wade Roush explores

how virtual and mirror worlds will merge into whats

been called the Metaverse (see Second Earth, p. 38). The

Metaverse, he writes, will look like the real earth, and it

will [unction] as the agora, laboratory, and gateway or

almost every type o inormation-based pursuit. Do you

agree? Write and tell me what you think at jason.pontin@

technologyreview.com.Jason Pontin
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


13/92

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15/92

TECHNOLOGYREVIEW july/august 2007 FORWARD 1

TECHNOLOGY R EVIEWJULY/AUGUST

Most research on virtual-touch technology, or haptics,has ocused on giving people the

sensation that theyre eeling solid

objects. Now researchers in Japan

are developing ways to simulate the

subtle eel o f owing waterinching

us closer to the day when virtual-

reality a cionados can enjoy the

sensations o, say, rowing a boat or

stirring a drink.Representing f owing water

requires churning through complex

ormulas that can slow a computer to

a crawl. Thats a problem or haptics,

which uses tactile interaces to pro-

vide physical resistance that simu-

lates the eel o actions depicted on

a computer screen. The computa-

tion o the orce eld has to be com-

pleted and updated within 1/500 o

a second, says Yoshinori Dobashi,

an associate proessor at Hokkaido

University in Japan. This is almost

impossible. Dobashi and colleagues

got around this problem by doing

some o the math in advance. Work-

ing with prototype games that simu-

late kayaking and shing, Dobashi

and his team created a model that

approximates real-world orces asso-ciated with di erent water velocities

and di erent rod or paddle positions.

Then they precalculated and saved

numerical representations o these

orces. During a game, sensations are

conveyed to the player via interaces

created by Makoto Sato o the Tokyo

Institute o Technology. For example,

motor-driven wires pull on the ends

o a paddle in the players hand to

simulate kayaking. Rachel RossCOU

RTESYO

FKATSU

H

ITOAKAH

AN

E

HAPTICS

The Feel

of Water

A virtual kayaker views a river (above), while

oars convey feel via a haptic interface (notshown). For virtual fi shing, a fi shing rod isattached to a sphere on a desktop interface(left) that offers resistance via motorized wires.


16/92

Forward

14 FORWARD TECHNOLOGYREVIEW july/august 2007

BIOTECH

A Bioplastic

Goes Commercial

The image above shows genetically

engineered bacteria that consume

corn sugar and produce a polyester that

can be used to make biodegradable plas-

tics, including the types used in shopping

bags. (The polyestercalled polyhydroxy-

alkanoate, or PHAis visible inside the

bloated cells.) Ater years o research and

development, the bacteria are almost

ready or use on the commercial scale. In

a joint venture with Metabolix o Cam-

bridge, MA, which makes the microbes,

Archer Daniels Midland is building a

plant adjacent to its corn mill in Clinton,

IA, that will use them to generate 110 mil-

lion pounds o PHA annually. The new

plant will produce more than 300 times asmuch PHA as an existing Metabolix pilot

plant. Well reduce greenhouse-gas emis-

sions by about two-thirds and petroleum

usage by about 80 percent compared to

traditional petroleum-based plastics, says

Metabolix vice president Brian Igoe. And

bags made rom Metabolixs polymer will

degrade even i they drit into wetlands or

the ocean. The compound will cost three

times as much as petroleum-based poly-

mers. Peter Fairley

COURTESYOFMETABOLIX(BIOPLASTIC);COURTESYOFVIRGINIAHOVANESIANANDJAHNTORRES(ARTHRITIS)

MEDICINE

Biobricn forArhriic Join

Reercher Brown Uni-veri hve dicoveredh proein fond in he fl id

rrondin crie c

hock borber, fi ndin h

cod ed o beer remen

for rhrii. The proein, ced

bricin, i fond in novi

fl id, vico bnce inide

oin. To ern more bo i

properie, Greor J, o-

cie profeor of emerencmedicine nd he proec

eder, compred wo mpe

of oin fl id: one norm nd he

oher from peron wih rre

diee in which he bod doe

no mke bricin. The reerch-

er impned fl orecen bed

(upper left) in he fl id. Then

he ed video cmer o rck

he bed. The rck (lower

right) enbed hem o cce

he vicoi nd oher properie

of he wo fl id. The fond h

novi fl id i more effecive

proecin oin when bricin

bind o hrone, o

fond in he fl id. Hrone

inecion re red ed o

re rhrii; he reercher

hope h menin hem wih

bricin wi boo heir proecive

power, hiedin crie from

dme. J em i preprin

herp for nim ein.

Brittany Sauser


17/92

Forward


IRINABARBOLINA,UNIVERSITYOFMANCHESTER(CELL);AARON

SATHRUM,UCSD(CO2);COURTESYOFTHESTATISTICALVISUALCOM

PUTINGLABORATORY,UCSD(IMAGES)

SEARCH

FindingImages

Searching or images

on the Internet can be

hit or miss. Thats because

most image searches rely

on metadata (text asso-

ciated with the images,

such as le names or

dates), and metadata can

be incompletei its there

at all. Sotware that ana-

lyzes the images them-

selves has been notoriouslyunreliable. But it could get

a boost rom a technology

developed at the University

o Caliornia, San Diego.

The technology is based

on existing systems that

learn to describe pictured

objects in terms o eatures

like color, texture, and lines

S E N S I N G

Deh of Ce

Scieni he Univeri of Mnche-er hve recorded ce fi n pe ofeecric civi. A pr of n experimen o

ndernd cer inin mechnim,

he reercher bi n rr of chre-

eniive emicondcor eecrode nd

pced e ce on op

of i (right). The reerch-

er deeced vriion

beween chre redin

from he eecrode, me-

rin he fl ow of ion

h ce need o

ive. Afer doin he ce wih ehno o

mke i eecric civi eier o deec,

phici Andre Geim mered ion fl ow

o reoion of bo 1 ion. Sd, he

ehno kied he ce. The deecbe ion

redin w probb he p, Geim

. Duncan Graham-Rowe

CATALYSTS

CO

o Fe

Researchers at the Uni-

versity of California, San

Diego, have shown that

solar energy, with the

help of catalysts, may

be able to convert car-

bon dioxide into oxygen

and carbon monoxide,

which can then be used

to make synthetic fuels.

Heres how it would

work: sunlight passes

through carbon diox-

ide dissolved in a solu-

tion and is absorbed by

a semiconductor photo-

cathode, which converts

the photons into elec-

trons. The resulting cur-

rent splits the carbon

dioxide, much the way

electricity can split water

into hydrogen and oxy-

gen. But in this case, the

splitting is aided by two

catalysts. One, at the

cathode, helps produce

carbon monoxide. The

anode is made of plati-

num, which catalyzes the

production of oxygen.

The prototype cath-

ode, made from silicon,

needed supplemen-

tal electricity to split

the carbon dioxide. But

the UCSD group is now

experimenting with a

gallium phosphide ver-

sion (left, with circu-

lar metal contacts) that

could run on sunlight

alone. Kevin Bullis

by practicing on pictures

in a database o known

objects. The UCSD system

adds a new twist: it assigns

each image a likelihood

o belonging to categories

such as sky, mountain,

or people. Then it uses

those words to label parts o

the pictures. The technique

is 40 percent more accurate

than typical content-based

image-search methods, says

Nuno Vasconcelos, a UCSD

proessor. Kate Greene


18/92

Forward


JOSHBERS,BBNTECHNOLOGIES/COURTESYOFMATTWELSH,HARVARDUNIVERSITY

(SENSOR);COURTESYOFJUDREADY(SOLAR);FREDRIX(DOGS)

ENERGY

A-DSor Ce

Solar cells crank outthe most power at

noon, when the sun is

at its highest point. But

researchers at the Geor-

gia Tech Research Insti-

tute have come up with

a prototype that works

best in the morning and

afternoon. Their solar

cell, whose surface

consists of hundreds

of thousands of 100-

micrometer-high block-

like towers (above),

operates at high effi -

ciencies through much

of the day by catching

light at many angles,

with peak performance

when the sun is at a 45

angle. At an angle, the

light has an opportunity

to refl ect off the sides

of the towers, says Jud

Ready, senior researchengineer at the insti-

tutes Electro-Optical

Systems Laboratory.

The solar cells are

still not effi cient enough

for commercialization,

but Ready is working

on optimizing the size,

spacing, and chemi-

cal composition of his

towers. He sees the

cells fi nding their fi rst

applications in space-

craft and satellites;

cells that dont require

mechanical means to

stay sun-facing would

be especially useful in

space.David Talbot

WIRELESS

Sensor City

One hundred telephone poles

in Cambridge, MA, will

soon host wireless sensors that

will allow researchers to track

weather more precisely, dis-

cover when and where pollution

peaks, and test new technologies

that could lead to better Wi-Fi.

Anyone will be able to run

experiments using the sensornetwork, says Matt Welsh, a

proessor o computer science

at Harvard University, who is

one o the projects lead inves-

tigators. So ar, there are ve

nodes apiece on the campuses

oHarvard and BBN Technolo-

gies, which is partnering with

Harvard on the project.

The rst batch o weather and

pollution sensors could help doc-

tors advise asthma patients to

stay away rom certain areas at

certain times. Eventually, motionsensors could measure tra c

f ow or even monitor parking

spaces. The network could also

be modi ed to monitor public

transportation, helping people

nd out exactly when the next

bus is coming. Kate Greene

A sensor nodesits on a rooftopat BBN Technolo-gies; plannednode sites areshown below.

SOCIAL NETWORKING

Do T forVir Sniffi n

If ore in Boon hi mmer nd ee fnn device hnin off pooch co-r, don be rpried. A rp ced Snif

Lb, which rew o of MIT Medi Lb,

i ein echnoo deined o hep

dond heir ownerbecome beer

cqined. When do werin Snif

come wihin rne of ech oher, he

cn wp ID code. When he do own-

er e home, he cn e he compn

oci-neworkin ervice o rde infor-

mion bo heir do nd hemeve.

Yor do hve mde connecion, he

hinkin oe; mbe od be wiin o

hre dvice, dinner, or more. Ared, do

owner cn mee onine hroh cnine-

cenric webie. The Inerne ive peope

he freedom o hre informion; he do

become kind of onine vr, Ted

Rheinod, fonder of Doer, oci-

neworkin ie for peope nd heir do.

Snif impor he me ide ino he

re word. Snifwhich nd for oci

neworkin in fro e hmn e

he Inerne o monior he civiie of pe

ef home. Clark Boyd


19/92

Forward


Beneath the white paperboard petals o

this robotic f owerwhich can open

and close in response to changes in light

lies a new robotics platorm that Illah

Nourbakhsh oCarnegie Mellon University

hopes will launch an open-source robotics

movement and democratize robot design

or people intimidated by current tech-

niques and parts. Nourbakhsh and his

colleagues at the CMU Robotics Institute

say the platorm, called Qwerkits inside

the blue pot, aboveis the rst easy-to-

use, low-cost robotics controller to house,

in one place, power regulators, motor con-

trollers, and hardware and sotware or

an Internet connection and simple pro-

gramming. By a xing o -the-shel parts

to Qwerk, people can create their own

robots, such as wheeled remote-sensing

devices, in just a ew hours. The gadget is

being commercialized by Charmed Labs o

Austin, TX. Michael Patrick GibsonJONLISBON(ROBOT);COURTESYOFIBMALMADENRESEARCHCENTER(M

RI)

ROBOTICS

Democratizing Robot Design

IMAGING

MRI 9Nnomeer

To deermine he fncion of

proein, o ofen hve o

deermine i hree-dimenion

rcre. Th pic men

crizin he proein nd

bombrdin i wih x-r, b

cieni wod ike o e m-

neic reonnce imin (MRI)

ined. Now, reercher

IBM Amden Reerch Cener

in Sn Joe, CA, hve demon-

red verion of MRI h cn

ime fere m 9nnomeer. For he fi r ime,

[were] movin n MRI imin

echniqe ino he nnoce,

Dn Rr, mner ofnnoce die he b.

The IBM reercher bi

1-nnomeer-hick iicon cn-

iever (above) h h ccim

fl oride e mpe he free

end. The moved he cniever

ow over conic mneic ip

whie mnipin he ncei of h

fl oride om in he mpe wih

hih-freqenc mneic fi ed. The

cniever vibrion, driven b in

mneic force, re mered b

er nd indice he mpe

ize nd hpe. The em i oo

core o ime proein, which

mere hree o en nnomeer

cro. B he IBM em hope o

hrpen i reoion o e hn

nnomeer o h om cn be

pinpoined wihin proein, ow-

in cieni o reconrc i

rcre. Prachi Patel-Predd


20/92

Forward


SAULBROM

BERGERANDSANDRAHOOVER

The U.S. Department o Energy

has set a goal o replacing 30

percent o gasoline used in the

United States with uels rom renew-

able biological sources by 2030. So

it is hardly surprising that some bio-

tech startup companies are position-

ing themselves to take advantage o an

anticipated booming biouels market.

While much o the ocus is on etha-

nol, LS9 o San Carlos, CA, is usingrelatively new synthetic biology

techniques to engineer bacteria that

can make hydrocarbons or gasoline,

diesel, and jet uel. Hydrocarbon uels

are better suited than ethanol to exist-

ing inrastructure, and their manuac-

ture would require less energy.

LS9 is at a very early stage, but it

has brought together leaders in syn-

thetic biology and industrial biotech-

nology. The company is equipping

microbes with gene pathways thatplay a role in energy storage in other

microbes, plants, and even animals.

Other startups, such as Amyris o

Emeryville, CA, and SunEthanol o

Amherst, MA, are also trying to use

synthetic biology to develop biouel-

producing microrganisms. LS9s

microbes produce and excrete hydro-

carbons that are useul as uels, says

Stephen del Cardayre, vice president

or research and development. Nowthe company is working to customize

the microbes products and boost out-

puts. We certainly have gone beyond

what we think anybody else was even

thinking o doing in terms o pro-

ducing hydrocarbons, says George

Church, a geneticist at Harvard Medi-

cal School and an LS9 coounder.

Noubar Aeyan, CEO o Flag-

ship Ventures, an LS9 under, cau-

tions that no one can tell the extent to

which any biouel will displace ossil

uels. But, he adds, the opportunity

is so large that I dont have to believe

in much more than a ew percent-

age points o market penetration or

it to be worth our investment. The

company is looking or areas where

synthetic biologys potential to pro-

duce speci c types o molecules will

pay o . This could mean making

high-perormance jet uel, Aeyan

says, or creating gasoline that has no

pollution-causing sulur content. LS9

also oresees licensing its technology

to ethanol producers. Del Cardayre

notes that ethanol contains 30 percent

less energy than gasoline, cant be

delivered through existing pipelines,

and must be mixed with gasoline

beore being burned in conventional

engines. LS9s uels would have none

o those disadvantages. Whats more,the uels could be produced more

e ciently. For example, at the end

o ethanol ermentation, the mixture

has to be distilled to separate etha-

nol rom water; LS9s products would

just f oat and be skimmed o . Overall,

LS9 says, its process would consume

65 percent less energy than ethanol

production. The company hopes to

bring hydrocarbon biouels to market

in our or ve years. Neil Savage

Company: LS9, Sn Cro, CAFunding: $5 miionTechnology: Snheic bioo o prodcemicrobe h excree hdrocrbonInvestors: Kho Venre, Meno Prk,CA; Fhip Venre, Cmbride, MAFounders: Geore Chrch, eneici, Hr-vrd Medic Schoo; Chri Somervie, pnbiooi, Snford UniveriActing CEO: Do Cmeron, formerdirecor of bioechnoo reerch Cri,chief cienifi c offi cer Kho Venre

Stephendel Cardayre

STARTUP

Better BiofuelsUin nheic bioo, LS9com-mke hdrocrbon


21/92

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22/92

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Distinguished leaders from top global companies discuss recent and future break-

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23/92

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Second Earth: Second Life, Google Earth,and the Future of the Metaverse

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Tomorrows Chips

Biofuels: Reality Check

P2P: The Future of Networking?

Engineering the Brain

THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER27Opening Keynote

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Keynote Panel: Creating Media

Guillaume Cohen, CEO, Veodia; Di-Ann Eisnor, CEO, Platial; Carlos Garcia, CEO,

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From personal Web pages and blogs to podcasts and video sharing, whats next in

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24/92

Hack

HACK TECHNOLOGYREVIEW july/august 2007

The Nintendo WiiThoh i cn bo he cinem-qi rphic of icompeior, he Wii me conoe diinihe iefwih i conroer cheme. By Daniel Turner

Initially discounted by game-industry watchers as graphically

underpowered compared with the Sony PlayStation 3 and

Microsot Xbox 360, the Nintendo Wii has wiped the sales f oor

with its competitors. In February 2007, 335,000 Wiis were sold in

the U.S., versus 228,000 Xbox 360s and 127,000 PS3s. Behind the

Wiis success is its unique controller: simple and wireless, it

responds to your movements in a natural manner, turning into a

baseball bat, a sword, or a hand, as necessary. It is, in a word, un.

MEMS Sensor 1 (Wii Remote)The ke o he Wii min conroer i i hree-xi

microeecromechnic-em (MEMS) cceerome-

er, which mere movemen in hree dimenion.

Two-dimenion MEMS enor hve been rond

for whie, b ddin he hird xi preened ch-

ene. Yo hve movin pr h o hve o pro-

ec from he environmen, Chriophe Lemire,

mrkein mner Ano Device, which mke

he enor ed in he Wii Remoe. Mo MEMS en-

or come in hermeic pcke mde from cerm-

ic or me. B hi incree he device ize nd

co probem h he ddiion enor dimen-

ion w on oin o rve. Wh we do,

Lemire, i p cp over he enor eemen

he wfer eve. Th cree hermeic cvi nd

enbe he e of chep, m, ihweih ce.

BluetoothThe Wii Remoe e Brod-

com Beooh chip o wiree

end conn rem of poi-

ion, cceerion, nd bon-ed o he Wii conoe. The chip

o conin microproceor

nd RAM/ROM memor for mn-

in he Beooh inerfce nd

converin voe d from he

cceeromeer ino diiized d.

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TECHNOLOGYREVIEW july/august 2007 HACK

MEMS Sensor 2 (Nunchuk)Mn me on he Wii ke dvne of econd conro-

er, ced he Nnchk, which p ino he Wii Remoe. I

fere n no oick nd wo bon, b i o h

i own MEMS cceeromeer, hi one provided b STMicro-

eecronic. Benedeo Vin, n STMicroeecronic phi-

ci, h he compn hree-dimenion cceeromeer

hd re qick deveopmen ime; he compn fi r me

wih Ninendo bo he Wii in Mrch 5, on nine monh

before he prodc hipped. Vin noe h here re wo chip

inide he 5-miimeer-b-5-miimeer-b-1.5-miimeer p-

ic pckehe cceeromeer nd noher chip h rn-

e he in wie of he enor ino voe. A in he Wii

Remoe, he voe redin re hen rned ino moion

d b microproceor, nd he d re rnmied wire-

e from he Wii Remoe vi Beooh o he Wii conoe.

Infrared Sensor BarThe cceeromeer in he conro

e movemen b no poiion re-

ive o he TV creen. So he Wii come

wih enor br, o be pced he

op or boom of he creen. The br

end o n infrred in, which ipicked p b deecor he fron of

he Wii Remoe. The Remoe e di-

nce nd ne informion o rin-

e i ocion, which i end, on

wih cceerion d, o he conoe.

Wi-Fi

Ninendo w he ve of ddin Wi-Fi wire-e connecivi o i popr DS hndhed

min device, which owed er o p

in oher wiree, o i did he me

wih he Wii. If o hve n Inerne connec-

ion, o cn e he Wii o rf he Web or

cce informion hoed on Ninendo

erver, ch weher nd new. Deve-

oper hve id here wi be Wii me h

offer onine p, hoh of hi wriin on

one Pokmon ieh been reeed.Find o more bo how he Wii work nd p bowin me technologyreview.com/wii .

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http://technologyreview.com/wiihttp://technologyreview.com/wiihttp://technologyreview.com/wii


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Q&A

4 Q&A TECHNOLOGYREVIEW july/august 2007

George Whitesides is a chemist

with a knack or translating

lab discoveries into things the

world f nds useul. He has coounded

numerous companies, including the

biotech giant Genzyme. In the late

1980s and 1990s, Whitesides, a

proessor o chemistry at Harvard

University, helped make possible

todays nanotechnology boom by

demonstrating the possibility o

engineering molecules that sel-

assemble into ordered materials. Nowhe is turning his attention to f nding

solutions to todays energy crisis.

Gleaning new insights rom unda-

mental chemistry, he says, will be

crucial to meeting energy needs and

cutting increases in greenhouse-gas

emissions.TRs nanotechnology and

materials science editor, Kevin Bullis,

visited Whitesides in his Harvard

o ce to ask how chemistry can help.

TR:Why is chemistry central to energy?

Whitesides: Wind power is just

wind powering a turbine. With

nuclear, the actual power genera-

tion o course comes rom the dis-

integration o the nucleus, which is

a physics event instead o a chemis-

try event. But essentially, everything

else is chemistry. You take uel and

you burn it, and thats chemistry.

When you run a battery, various ele-

ments change their oxidation state,and thats chemistry. Even in the pro-

cess o making a solar cell, the cru-

cial steps are largely chemistry. From

a ame to a battery to a solar cell,

the crucial elements are chemical.

What are our options for cutting

down on carbon emissions while

meeting our vast energy needs?

I the only issue were supply, we

could burn a lot o coal and build lots

o nuclear plants, and at least in the

United States, or the oreseeable

uture we could have a air amount

o [energy] supply. Because o cli-

mate changes, its not just a question

o producing energy. Its a question

o producing energy in a way that

we can live with in the long term.

I you look at the available pieces,

rom conservation to nuclear, solar,

whatever, and you put them all

together, we cant do it. We have to

do something di erently, and we

have to come up with new ideas.This is not just an engineering

problem o taking things that we

know and applying them better.

How can basic chemistry

research help?

Theres a lot o enthusiasm right

now or photosynthesis as a method

o both f xing carbon and harvest-

ing sunlight in the orm o plant mat-

ter, whether its plant oils that can be

converted into biodiesel or biomass

thats somehow converted into buta-nol or ethanol. Those processes are

a long way rom being as e cient as

they might be. I we could f nd a way

to dramatically improve the e ciency

o photosynthesis, that could be inter-

esting. Can we look at the enzymes

that are involvedthe catalystsand

tinker with them, readjust them so

that they become more e cient?

We understand many o the

pieces o the overall process o goingrom sunlight and carbon diox-

ide and water to carbohydrates, but

theres a lot that we dont under-

stand. To rengineer photosynthe-

sis, we f rst have to understand it.

But relying heavily on biofuels could

have unintended effects, such as rais-

ing food prices. Unless we under-

stand the overall system, the things

we try to do to make things better

can make things worse.

Cellulosic ethanol has some

good eatures. But it has all sorts o

problems. We dont know what the

energy costs are o doing this. You

need some energy to collect the stu ,

and to do the processing and to dis-

till the uids. Theres the question

o whether we really can make large

quantities o it. Its seasonal. You

can only do it in parts o the coun-

try. You have to then think about tak-

ing this relatively low-energy thing,

biomass, and collecting it to a central

processing station. You cant a ord

to ship this stu over large distances,

which means the processing plants

are small and intrinsically ine -

cient or large-scale production. Andshould we think o topsoil in Iowa

as a renewable or a nonrenewable

resource? We think about the prob-

lem o depleting petroleum reser-

voirs, but what about the problem

o depleting Iowa topsoil? We dont

know how this set o energy tech-

nologies all f ts together. How do

we do agricultural energy produc-

tion, and how do we think about

agricultural land overallor exam-

ple, the competition o energywith ood production, and just the

mere act that the soil can wear

out i its not managed correctly?

So what is the solution?

We need long-term investment.

We need new ideas. We need a cadre

o young people to work on it. This is

not a Manhattan Project. Its not

something in which we have a single

engineering objective and i we can

solve that, the mission is accom-plished. Its going to have a large

number o components: Understand-

ing photosynthesis. Understanding

how to most e ciently make solar

cells. Making hydrocarbon-uel

combustion more e cient. Making

energy transmission more e cient.

Understanding how the pieces work

together so that i we do this, we

know were not actually going to

make the situation worse.

George WhitesidesThe chemir of ener

ASIAKEPKA


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TECHNOLOGYREVIEW july/august 2007 Q&A


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Notebooks

6 NOTEBOOKS TECHNOLOGYREVIEW july/august 2007

TH E INTE RNE T

Building anImmersive WebTomorrow vir word dependon re coborion od, re

Colin J. Parris.

Early virtual worlds such as

Second Lie demonstrate that

highly visual, 3-D online environ-

ments hold the potential to trans-

orm the way humans interact not

only with computers but with each

other(see Second Earth, p. 38).

Hyped as they are, these immersive

environments address two unda-mental aspects o being human: our

visual and social natures.

To make these platorms viable

or business and con-

sumer uses other than

Second Lie, the tech-

nology and business

communities must

begin collaborating now,

because signif cant chal-

lenges lie ahead.

First, we need todevelop and implement

open standards that can

connect virtual worlds

and enable users to

pass rom one to the next, just as we

can easily go rom one Web page to

another. The idea o jumping rom,

say, Second Lie to the immersive

game World o Warcrat might seem

ar-etched today, but I remember how

ar o todays easy Internet surf ngseemed back in the early 1990s.

Since then, Web languages like

HTTP and HTML have helped ignite

an explosion o online content and

creativity. Likewise, removing barri-

ers between di erent environments

will let innovations that might other-

wise be limited to one world a ect a

much broader audience.

Second, we need to develop reli-

able methods o managing trust and

identity in order to head o the pri-

vacy and security violations that we

are likely to ace in virtual worlds.

Constantly evolving security threats

plague the Web today and, perhaps

more than any other single actor,

pose barriers to e-business.

Todays typical security inra-

structure is a patchwork o dispa-

rate mechanisms and tools spanning

the network, operating-system, and

application levels. However well

these mechanisms work individually,

their ailure to consistently work well

together creates security vulnerabili-

ties. With virtual worlds, we have

a chance to build security capabili-

ties rom the ground up and addressinteroperability problems beore they

become major weaknesses. O course,

new technologies will inevitably raise

new security questions,

but it will be useul or

companies building vir-

tual worlds to consider

security lessons learned

rom the Web.

Finally, or virtual

worlds to have any

meaningul impact onbusiness and govern-

ment, we must leverage

current business appli-

cations and data reposi-

torieswhether they are Web-built,

Web-enabled, or legacy systemsby

integrating them into virtual worlds.

This is an absolute must or the rapid

dissemination and widespread adop-

tion o virtual-world business tech-

nologies. The integration o existingapplications and recently developed

ones will, again, require coperation

around open standards.

As di erent virtual worlds and

applications become more ully inte-

grated with the current Web, we will

see amazing transormations, both

in the way consumers interact with

companies and in the way employees

inside businesses interact with each

other and with outside communities.

Some o us are eager to push the

boundaries o what might be possible

in virtual worlds and the 3-D Inter-

net. But beore we can do so, we must

partner with other businesses and

societal leaders. When that happens,

pervasive virtual worlds will no lon-

ger seem a distant reality.

Colin J. Parris is vice president of digital con-vergence in the IBM Research Group.

BIOTECHNOLOGY

MetagenomicsDefi nedGenomic wi hep expin hemicrobi word, Ed DeLong.

This spring, the National Research

Council released a report titled

The New Science o Metagenom-

ics: Revealing the Secrets o Our

Microbial Planet. To many, the

term metagenomics might seem

abstractater all, it does sound like

metaphysics. So what is microbial

metagenomics, and what is its rele-

vance to the uture o biology, biologi-

cal engineering, and biotechnology?Conventional genomic research

on microrganisms determines the

DNA sequences o individual microbes

by examining cultivated strains. In

metagenomics, DNA sequence inor-

mation is extracted rom entire micro-

bial communities in situ. Metagenomic

approaches use this bulk data to iner

underlying properties o both indi-

vidual microbes and microbial com-

munities as a whole.Metagenomics advances the

understanding o complex microbial

systems in several ways. Microbe cul-

tivation e orts have ailed to recover

many o the microrganisms that pre-

dominate in a variety o natural and

man-made settings. The majority

o extant microbial species and their

behaviors thereore represent a vast

biological terra incognita. Meta-

genomic approaches, which side-

ILLUSTRATIO

N

SBYJO

H

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ERSEY


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30/92

M

arco Murgia might have launched his career

working or computer giant Hewlett-Pack-

ard, but he realized his true passion when he

entered the entrepreneurial arena o high-tech startups.Since 2002, he has worked with Caymas Systems o San

Jose, CA, which designs identity-based technology that

provides a single platorm or granting secure remote ac-

cess and network access to company inormation and ap-

plications.

As Caymas Systems chie technology of cer and chie

architect, Murgia is charged with ensuring that the com-

panys products meet both technical and business require-

ments. He also represents the companys technology to

large customers and partners. His ability to analyze Cay-

mass products rom the viewpoints o both an architect

and a businessman is something Murgia credits largely tohis masters degree in engineering management.

My degree has given me a dierent perspective on

business and the tools by which to participate more direct-

ly in the running o a company, says Murgia, who earned

his masters rom Stanord University in 1995 while work-

ing or HP in Cupertino, CA.

With a bachelors degree in electrical engineering rom

MIT already under his belt, Murgia decided to pursue a

masters degree ater watching several o his peers at HP go

through Stanords engineering management program and

return to take on bigger leadership roles within HP.

I was getting restless working at a big company and

eeling like a bit o a cog in a larger machine, he admits.

I wanted to be more in uential. I elt that I was very

technical but didnt have the business background to be as

eective as I could be.

Fortunately, HP made it quite easy or Murgia to pur-

sue a graduate degree. The company participates in theStanord Instructional Television Network (SITN), an

interactive distance-learning program that allows execu-

tives to attend class while on site at their workplaces.

Through the SITN program, Murgia took one class per

quarter, which met or an hour two to three times

per week.

HP allowed me ex-time options so I could attend

class during the workday and then work later to make it

up, he says. Homework was done in the evenings. One

class at a time was manageable while working ull time.

However, Murgia soon expedited his academic pur-

Careers

in MotionThe path to successDo you want to take the next step toward professional

growth? In each issue, Career Resources brings you

success stories from executives who continued their

education, essential advice from experts on how to

achieve your career goals, and a directory of programs

designed specifi cally for the working professional.

Access additional helpful articles and tips atwww.technologyreview.com/resources/career/

Career Growth Prole

www.technologyreview.com/resources/career/

CAREER RESOURCES

MARCO MURGIA

Age: 42

Job Title: CTO and chief architect

Employer: Caymas Systems

Program: MS, Engineering

Management, Stanford University
http://www.technologyreview.com/resources/career/http://www.technologyreview.com/resources/career/http://www.technologyreview.com/resources/career/http://www.technologyreview.com/resources/career/


31/92

MIT Professional Education Programs (PEP)

Put MIT to work or you. Spend a semester or more at the MIT Advanced Study Programtaking regular MIT courses. Or spend a ew days taking a Proessional Institute short course

crated or industry application. Explore all the opportunities or yoursel or your employees

at MIT PEP.

http://mitpep.mit.edu/professional

Polytechnic University Executive Masters ProgramsBased in New York City and Westchester, NY, Polytechnic Universitys ast-track

executive masters programs in Management o Technology and Telecommunications &

Inormation Management enable proessionals to move beyond pure technology and become

eective managers o innovation. Participants gain knowledge increasingly valuable to f rms

and not easily outsourced. Join us or a summer ino-session. Get complete details at:

http://www.mot-tim.poly.edu

MIT Sloan Executive Education ProgramMIT Sloan Executive Education provides senior executives and managers with the tools and

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and MITs research distinction.

http://mitsloan.mit.edu/tr

Program Directory

Ask the Expert

CAREERRESOURCES

suits when he qualif ed or and was granted an educa-

tional ellowship through HP. The company-sponsored

program allowed him to take up to 12 months o work

to go back to school ull time. The ellowship paid 100

percent o his tuition and 75 percent o his salary to cover

living expenses.

The ellowship allowed me to ocus on school, he

says. Going to school part time while holding a job is a

series o trade-os. Sometimes one or the other can suer

due to split priorities. While its not f nancially easible or

some, i at all possible, try to do some o your schooling

ull time. The ocus will increase what you get out o it.

Murgia says his graduate-school experience gave him

insight into the world o entrepreneurship, which eventu-

ally led him to leave HP and venture into startups.

Going back to school gave me the beginnings o a

network outside o HP, he says. The contacts you make

at school can have a big impact on your career urther

down the road. To learn more about the benef ts Murg-ia experienced ater f nishing his masters degree, visit


Do you have a career success story? Send a synopsis to

[email protected] .

To list your program or recruitment ad in our Career Resources section, e-mail Maureen Elmaleh at

[email protected] or call, 212-419-2823.

Roberta Chinsky Matuson, principal at Human

Resource Solutions, has over 27 years of experience

in human resources.

From online degrees to weekend classes, uni-

versities are making it easier or executives to

keep their day job and earn a graduate-level

degree simultaneously. Taking the time to analyze

your career goals, educational objectives, and per-

sonal commitments will help you choose a program

that is tailored to your needs. Roberta Chinsky Ma-

tuson, a ormer human-resources careers expert or

Monster.com and a principal at Human Resource

Solutions, suggests asking yoursel f ve questions to

determine which academic avenue is right or you.


Do you have a question for our experts? E-mail us at

[email protected].
http://mitpep.mit.edu/professional/http://www.mot-tim.poly.edu/http://mitsloan.mit.edu/trhttp://www.technologyreview.com/resources/career/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://monster.com/http://www.technologyreview.com/resources/career/mailto:[email protected]://mitsloan.mit.edu/trhttp://mitpep.mit.edu/professional/http://www.technologyreview.com/resources/career/mailto:[email protected]://www.mot-tim.poly.edu/mailto:[email protected]://monster.com/mailto:[email protected]://www.technologyreview.com/resources/career/


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3 PHOTOESSAY TECHNOLOGYREVIEW july/august 2007

Photo Essay

NASAs Next TelescopePhoto Essay

The Jme Webb Spce Teecope i cheded o bedepoed in 13, ivin cieni deeper ook inopce hn he exiin Hbbe Spce Teecope. I kwi be o her infrred ih from obec more hn 13biion er od, in echnooie h ni recen didno exi.By Brittany Sauser

JASONMADARA


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TECHNOLOGYREVIEW july/august 2007 PHOTOESSAY 3

Photo Essay

The new telescopes primarymirror (opposite page) is morethan six meters in diameter, witha surface area seven times thatof Hubbles. The mirrors sizewill allow the telescope to col-

lect more light more quickly thanprevious telescopes and achievebetter resolution. It is extremelylightweight, with very precise opti-cal surfaces, says John Decker,the deputy associate director ofthe project at NASA.

To manage such an enormousmirror, engineers have divided itinto 18 pieces that will be foldedtogether; theyll be unfolded whilethe telescope is traveling to itsfi nal destination. Each segmentis ground and polished to pre-cise optical specifi cations (this

page). Engineers are taking extraprecautions to avoid a repeat ofthe Hubble mishap, in which themirror was incorrectly ground andpolished, causing the telescopeto produce blurry images until aservice mission adjusted it.


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Photo Essay

The eecope mirror i mdeo of berim, one of he ih-e me known. A coe-pview of he meri i hown on

he oppoie pe. Berim hexcepion herm properie hive i be opic performnce wide rne of emperre. Ii o herm condcive, whichhep keep he mirror emper-re conn.

The mirror emen wi behed in pce nd ppored b bckpne (bove) bi b AinTechem. Thi rcre icrci in h i keep he mirrored; n nwned movemencod dior ime.

The mirror emen wi hveeven deree of freedom: ci-eni wi be be o ip, i, ndfoc hem epre wihocompromiin heir bii o c ine opic device. The of-wre h conro he emenw deveoped b NASA nd BAeropce. To vide i perfor-mnce, B enineer hve bi one-ixh-ce opic e bed(rih). The mirror in he e bedre m-ce verion of here hin.

COURTESYOFNASAMARSHALLSPACEFLIGHTCENTER;COURTESYOFBALLAEROSPACE


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34 PHOTOESSAY TECHNOLOGYREVIEW july/august 2007

Photo Essay

MARKALLENJOHNSON/WPN


37/92


Photo Essay

A f-ce mode of he eecope(rih) w on dip in See inJnr. I i more hn 4 meeron nd weih 1, pond.

To hep i record fin infrom frw obec, enineer Rheon Viion Sem nd

Teedne Technooie hve biwo eniive infrred deec-or h reier mid- nd ner-infrred wveenh. The deec-or re reponibe for rnincoeced phoon ino eecron,mch dii cmer doe, oh ime of r nd xiecn be recorded eecronic. Aef, he mid-infrred deecor iexhibied b proec cieni NASA Je Propion Lboror,where i i bein eed.

Frher enhncin he ee-cope bii o deec fin

ih i microher bi benineer NASA GoddrdSpce Fih Cener. I erve ih fi er, owin cienio eec he obec he wih od nd bock nerer, briherih orce. Wih he hep of

hi device, he eecope cneffi cien oberve more hn 1din xie imneo.

Since he eecope wi beoperin exreme cod em-perre (3 o 55 K), i mno enere he h coddrown o he rdiion cienire rin o deec. Enineer Norhrop Grmmn hve deined re n hied (beow) o bockhe he of he Sn nd Erh. Iconi of fi ve er of iicon-coed Kpon o refl ec he Snhe bck ino pce.CO

URTESYOFNORTHROPGRUM

MAN


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Photo Essay

JASONMADARA


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TECHNOLOGYREVIEW july/august 2007 FEATURESTORY 3

Athunderhead towers at knee level, throwing tiny

lightning bolts at my shoes. Im standingrather,my avatar is standingastride a giant map o thecontinental United States, and southern Illinois, at

my eet, is evidently getting a good April shower.The weather is nicer on the East Coast: I can see pil-

lowy cumulus clouds f oating over Boston and New York,a ew virtual meters away. I turn around and look west

toward Nevada. There isnt a raindrop in sight, o course;the regions eight-year drought is expected to go on inde -

nitely, thanks to global warming. But I notice somethingodd, and I walk over to investigate.

The red polka dots over Phoenix and Los Angeles indi-cate a hot day, as I would expect. But the dot over the North

Las Vegas airport is deep-reeze blue. That cant be right.My hou

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