teeptecge.#g-vei ce e jburnal, teaching basic collocations

The Association for Teaching English through Movies

NII-Electronic Library Service

The Association forTeaching English through Movies

Teaching Basic

Teeptecge.#g-veI ce 16 e A7:EM Jburnal, XloL16, pp. 33-44,

Collocations for Japanese Learners of English

Through Popular Movies

Naoki FURUHI (Tsuyama National College ofTechnology)

Abstract Leaming cellocations is a eruciaL concern in the development of English

cornrnunications skilis. However, learners often feel that collocations are difficult to memorize.

Hence, providing more user-friendly learning material fbr students is necessary. The possibilityofteaching basic colloeations for Japanese students through movies is investigated using 1,572basic collocations and a database of movie quotes fbr 77 famous movies, Three hundred and

sixty-two collocations have been included in the database. The movies containing the maximurn

numbers of cellocations are Erin Broekevich, Gosford Park, Anne of Green Gables, lackieBrown, and Super Size Mla, These movies have maximum 31 and minimum 26 kinds of basiccollocations, respectively. The collocations appearing in several movies, having been observed in

22 to S4 works, are take care, dlo thing, take look, do favor, and teli truth. This indicates that

using movies does not ensure that there will be a sufficient number of collocations to be

presented. Consequently, merely through using movies, teachers cannot present sufficient volume

of cellocations te be learried, Thus, rnovies rnust be used in combination of other teaching

materials and learning methods such as word lists and textbooks.

1. I"troduction

The purpose of this study is to discover a better method to teach English collocations fbr Japanese

learners through the use of movies. In recent times, English communication skills are becoming

increasingly important for Japanese people, and the need to become proficient in English is spreading. For

example, Rakuten Inc., the largest online mail order shopping company in 'Japan, has decided to make

English their othcial language by 2012 (Matsutani, 201O). Having a good command efEnglish is related

with the ability to read, which in turn is related with an increased knowledge of werds (Kadota, 2003,

p.104; Nassaji, 2006; Nation, 2001, p. 144),

The fo11owing methods fbr word learning have been presented. Rodriguez and Sadoki (2000) and

Sagara and Alba (2006) fbeus en the keywerd method, Lee (2007), Min (2008), and Rett (2007) address the

effects of enhancements, for example, through the use of bold or italic fonts or through adding the

translation of the first language to words. Brouwer (2003) studies the acquisitien of vocabulary through

conversations, while Barcroft (2002) and Barcroft (2003) employ pictures. Furuhi (2009) and Uematsu

(2004) note the effectiveness ofusing movies fbr word learning,

In addition to word learning, gaining expertise in the combination of words, or the cellocatien, has

33



The Associationfor Teaching English through Movies

been considered crucial in improving one's command of English. Bahns and Eldaw (1993) emphasizes the

importanee of collocation from a pedagogical viewpoint, In Japan, Koya (2005) wrote the first doctoral

dissertation en the basic collocations for English learmers in Japan.

The current study aims to specify a method of learning cellecations by using movies. Little research

has been conducted in this area, Because movies can present images and audio, they effectively capture the

vicwer's attention and are one of the most effective teaching optiens. In addition, the seeming authenticity

of colloquial Ianguage in movies promotes the acquisition ofcollocations in English learners.

2. Research Qllestions

The section above has initially pointed out the importance of acquiring basic cellocatiens, Next, the

method for teaching neeessary collocations through motion pictures will be clarified. In order to specify the

method, the fo11owing research questions wM be answered first:

(a) How many basic collecations are used in rnovies?

(b) Which colloeations are employed in each movie?

(c) How many times do basic eollocations appear in various mevies?

After clarifying these research questions, effective teaching methods will be considered.

3. Material and Procedure

In this section, the fbllowing questions will be clarifiedi

(a) What materials were used for analyses?

(b) How were the analyses executed?･

First, I show the collocations and the subtitle database with the reason for choice, Then, I describe

the results of these analyses. In order to condnct this research, the basic collocations that must be learned

need to be determined. Although the variety ofcollocation lists renders it dithcult to select them, the 1,572

interim verb-noun collocations oflered by Koya (2005) is the most appropriate list for the purpose of this

study. Although Koya ultimateLy reduced the list to 61 basic collocations, the smalL data the author thereby

offered makes that nurnber too small for the purposes of the analyses thatIwill conduct in this research.

Thus, 1 will utilize the original list, adopting all 1,572 collocations for my use. At this amount, once the

data has been processed, I can perform the analyses appropriately. In addition, it is important not to ignore

the collocations that are usefu1 specifically for Japanese people. Hori (2009) notes that Koya (2005) is the

34




first docteral dissertation en the collocatiens that are helpfu1 to Japanese people, whi ¢ h serves as an

additional reason why the list is the most appropriate for my use.

The methods Koya (2005) used to compile the list are as fbllows. First, the author limited the list to

only verb-noun collocations, claiming three reasons for this decision. One is that this is the type of

collocation that is most frequently used. The second is that this type is considered indispensable for

producing sentences or phrases. The third reason is that verb-noun combinations are the type that has been

used most often in previous studies. For similar reasons, verb"noun collocations are also appropriate for

use in this study. '

The next step is to select which verb-noun collocations will be used. The JACET List of 8,OOO Basic

Words, .IA CET8000, which was compiled by Japan Association of College English Teachers, or JACET, is

used as a source ofnodes fbr learners. Although this word list contains 8,OOO words consisting of all parts

of speech, Koya (2005) adopts only nouns as nodes. Node is a technical term in the study of cellocations,

In the case of a frequently used phrase such as take place, place is the node and take is the collocate, which

is another technical term in this field. The study designates the neuns in collecations as nodes and the verbs

that are attached to them as collocates. Koya took all the nouns used in JL4(]ET 8000, which are 4,986 in

total. Next, using four major collocation dictionaries including COBUllLD English CbUocations on

CD-ROM (1995), Ostbrd Collocations Dictionar:y for Students of English (2002), the BBI Dictionary of

English Pfont CZ)mbinations (1997), and the lk enlyusha Dictiona,IJ ofEngtish Collocations (1995), Koya

identified collocates according to the fbllowing condition. The study regarded the collocations for the

nouns from the .L4CET8000 word list that were included in verb-noun pairs in all four of the dictionaries '

as needed collocations. Using this procedure, the study extracted 1,572 verb-noun collocations from the

.L4CET8eOO list and four ¢ ollocation dictionaries.

Thus, I identified the collocations that were to be tested to check whether or not they are used in the

moyies. Next, the movies in which the collecations qppear were to be determined. For this, I employ the

Eigo-kensaku datal)ase (Screenplay, 2010) for the fo11owing reason. It can be utilized on the Web. By

typing a word or phrase into the search window, the results appear instantly on your computer screen.

Using a iarge amount of recorded movie dialogue is an ideal way to determine whether the basic

cellocatiens were actually spoken by the actors. However, for an individual researcher, this method cannot

be perfbrrned because gathering the necessary amount of movie quotes that include target nodes, for

example, more than one hundred is almost impossible. So what method should be employed? The answer is

35



The 　Assooiation 　for 　Teaohing 　English 　through 　Movies

to　use 　Eigo−kensaku，　a　database　provided　by　a　Nagoya−based　publishing　company 　that　publishes　several

books　that　contain 　entire　dialogues　of　farnous　movies ．　This　database’s　reliability　and 　accuracy 　exceeds 　that

of 　an 　individual　researcher ．　It　consists 　of 　77　famous　moVies，　which 　might 　not 　be　considered 　a　large　number

fbr　a　database．　However，　cons ｛dering　its　user −friendliness，　this　Web −based　program　has　certainly 　helped

researchers 　a　lot．　In　addition 　to　77　movies 　in　the　database，　approximately 　300，000　to　400，000　words 　are

stored 　in　the　database　in　total，　assuming 　that　there　are 　about 　5

，000　words 　on 　average 　per　movie ．　Kennedy

（1998）indicates　that　 a　 corpus 　 containing 　 l　OO，OOO 　 to　 l　 million 　 words 　 is　 suitable 　 fbr　 various 　 types　 of

research ．　Therefbre，300，000　to　400 ，000　words 　is　a　sufflcient 　amount ．　For　some 　of 　the　words 　that　are　typed

into　the　search 　window 　of 　the　database，　the　names 　of　the　movies 　and 　the　dialogue　that　matches 　the　typed

phlase　come 　up 　immediately．

　　　　How 　to　prooeed　with 　the　analyses 　is　as 　fbllows．　First，　the　 user 　manually 　types　one 　of　the　l，572

collocations ，　such 　as 　take 　care 　or 　do　thing ，　into　the　search 　window 　ofthe 　Web −based　databa§e．　The　relevant

section 　ofthe 　monochrome 　screenshot 　is　shown 　in　Figure　1．

　　（映語式サクの使い方〉

検索キー

ワー

ド：

通常検索：

or 検索；

　　　　　teke　care 　　　　　　．　　　　　　　〔亜

　　　　　（1．）1通常検索　　　　　　　短縮形・変化形について

　　　　　ノ’し　　　　　

1、丿 1　：）　L／上のキー

ワー

ド’を2 む Cor検索）

入力したキー

ワー

ト’の全てを告む文章を検素します。キ

ーワード’間に半角スペ i・

スを入れてくだ8い。

1，のフレーズとして検紫すb場合は、フレ

ーズ’を”…n

（ダゴルクォーテーション）で固ってくだ8い。

入力したキー

ワー−H’のいずれか誣蕾む文章を検索します。キー

ワー

ド’間に半角スベースを入れてください，

映画タイトル：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　日本語弼トJbti 示　　発行凾号順で喪示

　　　図全て選鈬口全てウリア（検素すb 映画タイトルをチェ・y クしてくださLi）　　　 ※ （）内はスクU 一ンプレイ発行番号です。

　　　匣］　About　a　Boy （118）　　　　　　　　　　　　匣］GDsford　Park （11Z）　　　　　　　　　　　　回 Sabrinaぐ75）

　　　圉　Anestesie　旧日）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　図　Guilty　bソSuspicisn　（41）　　　　　　　　　　団　School　of 　Ro：lt〔123）　　　一　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　一　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　一

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Figure　1．Screenshot　ofthe 　Eigo−kensaku　search 　window ，

　　　　Second，　the　user 　pastes　the　results　of 　the　search 　into　the　text−editable 　software ．　Figure　2　shows 　the

screenshot 　that　displays　the　result　of　the　search 　for　take 　care ．　The 　Web −based　system 　displays　the　results 　of

the　search ，　which 　include　the　name 　of 　the　 movie 　that　the　verb −no collocation 　is　used 　in，　the　spoken

sentences 血 the　dialog　that　the　co ］location　appears 　in，　and 　the　aotor 　who 　speaks 　the　words ．　In　addition，　the

results 　indicate　how　often 　the　collocation 　appears 　in　each 　movie 　as　well 　as 　in　all　of 　the　movies 　in　the

database．　Then，　the　user 　can 　cGpy 　and 　paste　the　results 　into　text−editable 　software 　for　all　the　collecations ．

36

N 工工一Eleotronio 　Library 　




Third, a long text file containing the search resuits of 1 ,572 collocations appears on the screen. Then,

a table showing the distribution ofthe collocations used in the 77 moyies is manually created as shown in

[Ibble 1. This table is merely a part ofa larger table. For example,.find way appears in 7 movies and is used

8 times in tQtal, which means one movie uses the collocation twe times. About a Boy centains 17 kinds of

collocations out of the 1,572, and in total uses 25, which indicates that 8 collocations out of the 25 are

repeated in the movie. The number 1 listed under Anne of Green Gables in the db work column indicates

that this verb-neun collecation is used in the movie once. On the basis ofthe entire table, which is part of

the larger Table 1, some analyses are conducted, such as counting the number of basic collocations used,

and then the results are obtained as described in the next section,

+eemsim- (eAge.ttOenifU")

[take cnre]Ontptk:M:55 eMdiq -121 f# G}lieAdii)XD 121 ttop1 fu 15 i#EfiM )kO+:2 >

effFILifNIi v

[ E tsP.S･rF)le-eiM l HAdiES,ft.tCmapt 1

ANNE OF GREENGABIES, THE SEQUEL-g･ fig07) ,3 itl[tv}LSLk W.O.l:fi

ntao Eh]TiffplftEe Tnhene

C2taneE,-f35) 1///, . GILBERT . Teke the hundred dD[lers and

murite a reaj

story

about

the

people vou care ebout right

here

in Avon

C3/em ,15,Sfi t59) II//,,, DIANA / Don't veerry, -e'11 talte geed care of her et the statjon.

(4fmlE'zorsl ) 1//l, MtsS STAGY , The driver can teke cere ef your trunk

BACK TO THE FUTURE -)fv)' h' if'J- --f"-1 ,4 i#1:t･vFL2Uk W.".l:"

Figtire 2. Screenshot of the search results.

Table 1Distribution ofthe collocations

Number

V-N oftypcs

collocations of

mevles

Totalnumbei About

Anastasia ef aBay

MOVLCS

Anne of GreenGabies

Anne qfGreenGables,

theSe uet

Back to the

FutureBtackRain

do work 7 7 1

make wish 4 4

find way 7 8 1

Numbcr of

types ofcollocations

l7 13 27 12'1S

13

Totalnumber of

collocations

25 13 29 17 19 ]4

37



The AssociationforTeachingEnglish through Movies

4. Results and Discussioll

In this section, I will first describe how many basic collocations are used in each movie on the basis

of the entire Excel spreadsheet, which is the source for Table 1. Then, I will show which collocations

appear in what movies.

Approximately 23 percent ofthe basic collocations, amounting to 362 collocations ofthe total 1,572,

appear in the 77 movies. First, the number ofbasic collocations appearing in the movies is shown. [Ibble 2

shows the top 5 rnovies in a descending order according to the variety ofcollocations. Table 3 shows them

in ascending order frem the bottom.

fab]e2

Number ofcollocations appearing in the movies in a descending order

accordinJtovarie fromtheto

The title ofthemovlesThe number of

collocations

The total number of

collocations

Erin Brockovich

GeoprdPark

Anne ofGreen Gables

.lackie Brown

Super Size Mkr

31

28

27

26

26

35

29

29

33

47

Tbble3Number

ofcollocations appearing in the movies inaccordin tovarie frornthebottom

an ascending order

The title of themevlesThe number of

collocations

The total number of

collocations

ne Miimnv]

Dances avith the PPblves

StuartLittle

Zerminator3

lbeAge

4

5

5

6

6

5

5

6

6

10

As shown in [[bble 2, Erin Brockovich contains 31 kinds of the 1,572 collocations and 35 collocations

in total. Some collocations are used repeatedly. Erin Biockovich is followed by Gosy2)rd Park, Anne of

Green Gables, .laekie Brown, and Super Size Mle. Clearly, even if Erin Brockovich, which is ranked at the

top for variety of collocations, is employed to educate about the basic collocations, only 2.0 percent of all

collocations will be presented to learners. On the other hand, as shown in Table 3, T7ie Mi!mnzy contains the

38



The AssociationforTeachingEnglish through Movies

fewest nuMber of collecations, with only 4 out ofthe total 1 ,572. Maximum 3 1 kinds and minimum 4 kinds

of collocations appear in the movies. Tlie average number of cellocations tbr all the movies according to

the variety ofcollocations is 14.3, while the average number in total is 19.4.

Ifwe arrange the table in the order oftotal numbers, Table 4 can be drawn up as fo11ows: Table 5 will

be to fable 3 what Table 4 is to Table 2. fable 5 is a table drawn up in ascending order with the total

numbers starting from the bottom.

[Ibble 4Number of collocations aearinin movies in a descendinorder ofthe total numbers

The title ofthe moviesThe number of

collocations

The total number of

collocations

Smpe" Size Me

Guiity by Suspicion

BultDurham

TVreIVegotiator

Rocky

26

22

17

23

20

47

41

41

40

36

Table 5Number ofcollocations aearinin movies in an ascendinorder ef the total numbers

The title ofthe meviesThe number of

collocatEons

The total numbcr of

collocations

ZVre Mutnnu'

Dances With the PFbives

StuartLittle

712rminator3

C7ialietsAngels

4

5

5

67

5

5

6

67

As [rbble 4 indicates, Super Size Me has the greatest amount of collocations with 47 in total. It also

contains 26 kinds of cellocatiens, This means that each collocation is used approximately twice in the

movie. On the other hand, flte Mumiay has merely 5 collocations out ofthe total 1 ,572.

On the basis of the observations made using fable 2 through Table 5, the number of collocations

ranges from 4 to 31 in variety, and from 5 to 35 in total. These findings indicate that one movie is not

enough to provide leamers with sufficient information on the basic collocations. Several rnovies need to be

employed in order te educate learners on the basic collocations, Assuming that Erin Brockovieh and

39




Gosibrt7 Pat:k are presented to students, 53 kinds of collocations can be learned, while the total number is

64. The variety of collecations is reduced frem 59 (this number is ¢ alculated by adding Erin's 31 and

Go.slZ)nts 28) to 53 (this number is obtained by subtracting the number of duplications from 59, as some

collocations such as teil truth, take look, have ofect, take care, take break, and get ansiver appear in both

movies).

Next, l will reveal the collocations that are used individually in each movie. Table 6 lists the 5

collocations in a descending order according to the variety of collocations in the movies from the top.

Table6

Number ofcollocations a earin in mevies in a descendinJ order efvariety frem the top

CollocationsThe number ofmovies

usin thecollocation

The total nurnber of

the collocations

take care

do thingtaka

lookdo.fovortell

trttth

5432292422 11647484339

As shown in Table 6, take care is the most frequently used collocation among all I,572. This word

combination is seen in 54 movies with a total nurnber of occurrences of 1 16, which means it is spoken on

average approximately twice during a movie, and appears in over 70 percent of the 77 movies. Although

take care js more frequently used than the remaining 4 collocations in Tab]e 6, they appear frequently

enough to be observed in approximately 30 to 40 percent of the 77 movies. On the other hand, there are

also the least-used collocations spoken in only one movie. They aecount for 189 collocations or around half

of the total 362. They include, for example, accept apology give testimo"ol prove innoeenee, shovv

gratitude, get cteaFance, fite suit, build clam, win loitenyy wreak havoc, and bag forgiveness. The

collocations that appear in 2, 3, and 4 movies come to 65, 27, and 21, respectively,

Ifwe want to rearrange the sequence of the number of movies using the collocations in order ef the

total number, the 5 collocations remain as they are. The only differcnce is that db thing moves to third

position with take took rising to second.

On the basis of the observations from Table 6 and its relevant descriptions above, the nurnber of

movies that use the respective colrocatiens ranges from 1 to 54 according to the variety of collocations, and

from 1 to 116 in total. These findings indicate that the frequently used collocations as those shown in Tbb]e

40



The AssociationforTeachingEnglish throughMovies

6 can be taught by using most of the 77 movies. However, the seldom-used collocations can be taught by

using only a few ofthe movies, IC fbr example, we assume that accept apology is the target co]location fbr

teaching, Erin Brockovich is the only choice that can be made.

Then, considering the number of word repetitions that appear in a movie, the word needs to occur

approximately 5 or mere times fbr it to be acquired by learmers (Crothers & Suppes, 1967; Saragi et al,,

1978; Zahar et al., 2001), although the standard studies address word acquisition rather than cellocation

learning, In the present study, a repetition threshold of 5 is adopted based on them. The collocations and

movies that confbrm to this cendition are shown on the basis ofthe number ofrepetitions in Table 7.

Table 7

Collocationsa earin 5timesormoreinamovieinorderofre etition

Collocations The title ofthe moviesThe number ofreetition

answerquestton

dbfovor take care

take care

take shot

deink tea

glvestatus

open dbor

solveproblem

take shot

do fewor tell truth

catch breath

easepatn

eatfood

la'ball

Gtiitty by Suspicion Snatch

Rocky2

Sabrina

Tlie Negotiator

Tlie Sound qfMiisic

T7ielVlegotiator

SPeedT7ieSoundofMabsic

7bp Gun

Rocky Iam Sam Cblons

Field oj-Dreams Super Size Mli BullDurham

55555666667781014IS

There are a total of 16 movies that feature one type ofco]]ocation in the movie 5 times or more.

Among them, 711ie Sound oj' thisic and T7re IVlegotiator have 2 collocations such as cb'ink tea and soive

problems, and take shot and give status, respectively. However, besides these two works, each movie on the

list merely uses one collocation that is repeated 5 times or more.

5. Conclusion

On the basis ofthe above discussion in the previous section, the answers to the research questiens are

surnmarized as fo11owsi

(a) The number of collocations varies for each movie,

(b) Some basic collocations arc observed in most of the rnovies on the Eigo-kensaku database, Others,

41



The AssociationforTeaching English through Movies

however, rarely appear.

(c) The total number ofmovies that use the sarne collocation 5 times or more is l6.

Thcrefore, when a movie containing several collocations is being evaluated, a carefu1 selection of

movies should be made. In addition, when a teacher identifies target collocatiens for students to learn,

selecting the right movie is crucial.

Although a carefu1 selection ofmovies must not be disregarded, teachers should also understand that

students carmot memorize collocations after merely one encounter. They ean only become familiar with

them after encountering them 5 times or more. Teachers must devise some methods of allowing their

students to encounter collocations several times.

As discussed, the amount ofcollocations that a single movie includes is generally limited to a small

number. Therefore, editing movies by deleting the unnecessary parts and screening only the necessary parts

will increase the basic collQcations that learners have the chance to enceunter, and thereby make movies

suitable educational material. Additionally, by shortening the movie's length, the same section can be

viewed repeatedly over a limited period of lessons.

Howeyer, the method described above also means that the pleasure of watching movies is eliminated.

Therefbre, the purpose of learning should be focused on before deciding which method should be employed.

If appreciating the story is one of the goals, movies rnust not be shortened merely te increase the learning

of cellocations. [Ib stress on the number ofencounter, preparing a shortened movie is one way teachers can

choose,

Although this study has attempted to present a usefitl way of utilizing movies fbr learning

collocations, a suencient amount ofbasic collocations cannot be acquired solely through watching metion

pictures. Therefore, movies should be used along with other teaching materials such as word lists and

textbooks.

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The Association forTeaching English through Movies

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Appendices

Appendix 1

AboutaBay

Anastasia

Anne of Green GabtesAnne ofGreen Gables, the SequelBack to the fitture

BiackRain

Bull Durham

CastAwayCharlie

's

AngeLg

City ofAngelsColorsDances

PVith the PVbtves

. Some ofthe 77 movies on

Hlgman ?VZitureI am SZimIbe Ageindecent

Proposalindependence Day

JackieBrownL.A. CowfidentialMbiid in Mtinhattan

MbnneguinMissionlmpossibte

Mbna Lisa Siniteths, Doubijire

Eigo-kensaktt5Peed&Tv

GameStuartLittleStuartLittle2Super Size Me71yrminator371he Firm

71he imtrix77re Mitmnry

7Zie ?Vlagotiator77ie Seven Ylear ftch

77ie Sound ofMitsic

take care

do thingtake

look

dofovor

tell truth

take time

ask questionmahe dtti2irence

getJ'obopen door

answerguestlon

say thing

Appendix

54

32

29

24

22

21

19

18

17

17

15

12

2.

makesense

Pay attention

tell,ytotT

tnake monay

take change

have thought

takeplace

make mistake

make deai

take seat

take break

get shot

Collocations oppearing 6 times or more in th

1212ll111110101010999dojoblock door

make decisiondb work

.find wqy

get message

take hand

play gameclose door

do deatslng

song

ke(\) seeret

e888777777766movlesshut

mouth

leave message

takejobdrive

car

make call

db business

keep traek

take shot

ring belldo homewoF:k

6666666666

44

teeptecge.#g-vei ce e jburnal, teaching basic collocations

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