tel: 01980 613072 e-mail: djbrowning@dstl. · pdf filetel: 01980 613072 fax: 01980 613521 ......
TRANSCRIPT
January 7, 2005 Dstl is part of theMinistry of Defence
© Crown copyright 2004. Published with the permission of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO
• Dstl Introduction• Hydrogen storage• Focus on solid state storage• Military applications for hydrogen• Specific military examples• Conclusions
January 7, 2005 Dstl is part of theMinistry of Defence
© Crown copyright 2004. Published with the permission of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO
• Dstl is part of the UK Ministry of Defence• Our role is to:
– do work that is best done in Government– provide the core science and technology
capability that MOD needs– draw on industry, academia, other national
and international partners to ensure MODgets best science and technology
– provide the government to government linksfor international collaboration
– provide impartial advice to the MOD
Glasgow
MalvernCluster
WinfrithBincleaves
Rosyth
Porton Down
Farnborough ClusterBedfordChertsey
Fort HalsteadPortsdown WestAlverstoke
Vision – To be the indispensable source of science andtechnology at the heart of defence
2001
January 7, 2005 Dstl is part of theMinistry of Defence
© Crown copyright 2004. Published with the permission of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO
Specific Weight, % H2
Metal hydride systems ambient temperature
Advanced compressed composite
Liquid Hydrogen
Advanced metal hydridehigh temperature
CarbonNanofibres
& novel sorbents
Reformed Methanol
Reformed Diesel
5
10
20
50
100
200
0.5 1 2 5 10 20
Spec
ific
Volu
me,
kg
H2/m
3
Current Compressed Technology
50
January 7, 2005 Dstl is part of theMinistry of Defence
© Crown copyright 2004. Published with the permission of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO
• AB2 and AB5 alloys– Typically operate at ambient
temperature– Capacities between 1-2 wt.%– Good volumetric storage– Typically low pressures
• High temperature alloys– typically Mg, Li & Na based– better gravimetric capacities– operate at high temperatures– T being lowered by catalysts etc
HERA
January 7, 2005 Dstl is part of theMinistry of Defence
© Crown copyright 2004. Published with the permission of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO
• Carbon nanoabsorbants– Potential to have very high gravimetric capacity– A lightweight refillable hydrogen store would help enable fuel
cells for the military and elsewhere– Much further work required
• Metal organic frameworks (MOFs), Zeolites• Chemical hydride systems
– Higher specific energy but not rechargeable– Hydrolysis e.g. NaBH4, LiH etc
• Used in Hydrogenics HYPORT-C– Thermal decomposition e.g. NH3BH3
• Under development by QinetiQ Hyport C - Hydrogenics
January 7, 2005 Dstl is part of theMinistry of Defence
© Crown copyright 2004. Published with the permission of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO
• Great need for high energy density & specific energy storage• Could be met by fuel cell with high performance H2 store• Most pressing for man-portable applications such as IST
(UK) and Land Warrior (US)• Future combat vehicles have increasingly reliance on electric
systems– Silent watch - power without the engine– Exportable power
• All-electric ship• Submarine, UUV applications
January 7, 2005 Dstl is part of theMinistry of Defence
© Crown copyright 2004. Published with the permission of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO
• Increasing need for portablepower in the battlefield
– MoD IST (Integrated soldiertechnology)
– US DoD Land warrior
• Battery lifetimes can limit missionendurance
• Soldiers need better powersources with better specificenergies (Wh/kg)
• Weight the biggest issue
Pow
er (W
)WW1 WW2 Now0.1
1
10
100
SoonPo
wer
(W)
WW1 WW2 Now0.1
1
10
100
Soon
January 7, 2005 Dstl is part of theMinistry of Defence
© Crown copyright 2004. Published with the permission of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO
• IST requires around 20 W for 52 hr in less than 2 kg– 520 Wh/kg (1040 Wh in 2 kg)
• Land Warrior requires operation for 72 hr– 720 Wh/kg (1440 Wh in 2 kg)
• Current rechargeable batteries can’t meet targets• Fuel cells under consideration but mostly liquid fuelled
– Direct methanol, direct sodium borohydride
• Compact reformers - methanol, gasoline, JP-8• Would need a leap in solid state storage to meet these
goals• Hydrides have been used for demonstrators
January 7, 2005 Dstl is part of theMinistry of Defence
© Crown copyright 2004. Published with the permission of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO
• Vehicles need additional electrical power– silent watch– exportable power, battery charging etc
• Fuel cells not seriously being considered for completepropulsion of military vehicles
• Under consideration for APUs• Ideally on-board JP-8 reforming
– difficult to achieve
• Could solid state storage provide buffer or meet nicheapplications?
January 7, 2005 Dstl is part of theMinistry of Defence
© Crown copyright 2004. Published with the permission of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO
• Submarines require long submerged endurance• Nuclear plants lead to large, expensive vessels• Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) systems can provide
increased endurance to conventional submarines– Fuel cell– Stirling engines– Closed- Cycle Diesel– Mesma
• Also potential for fuel cells on nuclear boats to increaseendurance if reactor goes offline
January 7, 2005 Dstl is part of theMinistry of Defence
© Crown copyright 2004. Published with the permission of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO
• Unmanned Underwatervehicles
• Require increased endurance• Fuel Cells could offer
improvements over batterysystems
• Volume restricted• Weight also important
– less free volume than amanned submarine
• Urashima uses metal hydride
Urashima
commercial Fuel Cell UUV
(JAMSTEC)
January 7, 2005 Dstl is part of theMinistry of Defence
© Crown copyright 2004. Published with the permission of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO
• Move by many Navies towards more-electric and all-electric ships
• Fuel cells could play a part in this• US ONR has two ship service fuel cell programmes
– PEMFC– MCFC
• Aim to operate from logistic fuel• Will a hydrogen buffer be needed?
January 7, 2005 Dstl is part of theMinistry of Defence
© Crown copyright 2004. Published with the permission of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO
2
January 7, 2005 Dstl is part of theMinistry of Defence
© Crown copyright 2004. Published with the permission of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO
• Hydrogenics HYPORT-E system• Investigated as APU by Canadian and US
Army• 1-5 kW, 3 kW av, 15kWh stored energy per
charge• Fuel cell, Electrolyser, Hydrogen store• Hydrogen stored in low pressure metal
hydride, ~1wt% H2 for storage tank• No external fuel connections
– Only connection is to vehicle electrics viaNATO standard
• 4 complete cycles before needs further water• Water is also an issue should be captured Light Armoured Vehicle (LAV)
Hyport E- Hydrogenics
January 7, 2005 Dstl is part of theMinistry of Defence
© Crown copyright 2004. Published with the permission of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO
• The US Army is investigating the viability of Ni-H2 batteries– H2 is stored in a metal hydride canister rather than a pressure vessel
• Similar to the Ni-H2 batteries used in satellite systems• Perceived advantages will be the ability to manually isolate
hydrogen supply and therefore render a battery system safeuntil required
• Army concerned about dangers of engineers working on future42V vehicle systems
January 7, 2005 Dstl is part of theMinistry of Defence
© Crown copyright 2004. Published with the permission of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO
• German shipbuilder HDW has builtthe U-212 submarine
• Uses a fuel cell AIP system• Siemens PEM fuel cell• Oxygen stored as LOX• Hydrogen stored in metal hydride• Fuel cell lower oxygen demand
than other AIP systems– Important for UW applications U212 Cross-section - HDW
January 7, 2005 Dstl is part of theMinistry of Defence
© Crown copyright 2004. Published with the permission of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO
• Submarine contains 18 metal hydride cylinders• Each cylinder stores 1 MWh H2
– weight 4.4T, vol 1200 L– 55kg , 620 m3 H2
– 1.25 wt %, 46 g H2/L– 227 Wh/kg, 833 Wh/L @ 0.7 V/cell
Dimensions of tank: ½ m diameter x 6 m length
January 7, 2005 Dstl is part of theMinistry of Defence
© Crown copyright 2004. Published with the permission of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO
• Unlike many land applications volume is critical insubmarine applications
• Weight is less important, in many cases ballast needs tobe added to maintain neutral buoyancy
– can’t be too heavy or additional flotation volume will be needed
• Enclosed environment so safety is paramount– low pressure storage an advantage
• Heat of fuel cell used to desorb hydrogen– reduces thermal signature
January 7, 2005 Dstl is part of theMinistry of Defence
© Crown copyright 2004. Published with the permission of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO
• Example of a commercial military application of solid-state hydrogen storage
• German submarine U-33 undergoing sea trials• HDW have agreements to sell the AIP submarines to
numerous foreign navies– Italy– South Korea– Greece
• Retrofittable fuel cell/hydride/LOX plug also available
January 7, 2005 Dstl is part of theMinistry of Defence
© Crown copyright 2004. Published with the permission of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO
• Biggest limiting factor of solid state storage to the militaryis the weight
– Need to improve the wt % of hydrogen stored by roomtemperature alloys
– or reduce temperature of operation of high temperature alloys
• Charge and discharge rates an issue,– but not for all applications– e.g many batteries can not be recharged quickly
• Develop alternative storage media– carbons, MOFs
January 7, 2005 Dstl is part of theMinistry of Defence
© Crown copyright 2004. Published with the permission of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory on behalf of the Controller of HMSO
• MoD needs lighter weight, more efficient power sources• A better hydrogen storage system could enable fuel cells
to achieve this• Hydrogen is not the only issue• The whole system including; H2, fuel cell, ancillaries and
air/oxygen must give a significant capability advantageover existing technology (batteries, engines, etc.)