telling stories with information graphics

130
Telling stories with information graphics Jeff Goertzen / Orange County Register Thursday, October 9, 14

Upload: jeff-goertzen

Post on 13-Dec-2014

96 views

Category:

Design


0 download

DESCRIPTION

A presentation on data visualization by Jeff Goertzen, art director for the Orange County Register

TRANSCRIPT

  • 1. Telling stories with information graphics Jeff Goertzen / Orange County Register Thursday, October 9, 14

2. Thursday, October 9, 14 3. Thursday, October 9, 14 4. Data visualization Thursday, October 9, 14 5. Thursday, October 9, 14 6. Thursday, October 9, 14 7. Thursday, October 9, 14 8. Thursday, October 9, 14 9. Thursday, October 9, 14 10. Thursday, October 9, 14 11. Thursday, October 9, 14 12. Thursday, October 9, 14 13. Thursday, October 9, 14 14. Thursday, October 9, 14 15. Thursday, October 9, 14 16. Thursday, October 9, 14 17. Thursday, October 9, 14 18. Thursday, October 9, 14 19. Thursday, October 9, 14 20. Thursday, October 9, 14 21. Finding the graphic in the story (A needle in a haystack) Thursday, October 9, 14 22. Thursday, October 9, 14 23. Thursday, October 9, 14 24. Thursday, October 9, 14 25. Thursday, October 9, 14 26. Thursday, October 9, 14 27. Thursday, October 9, 14 28. Thursday, October 9, 14 29. Thursday, October 9, 14 30. Thursday, October 9, 14 31. Thursday, October 9, 14 32. Thursday, October 9, 14 33. Thursday, October 9, 14 34. Thursday, October 9, 14 35. Thursday, October 9, 14 36. Thursday, October 9, 14 37. Thursday, October 9, 14 38. Thursday, October 9, 14 39. Project graphics Thursday, October 9, 14 40. California Native Indians Thursday, October 9, 14 41. PROJECT OUTLINE 1. Create a team and assign tasks 2. Research (preliminary) 3. Establish content 4. Content layout (template) 5. Design (style and technique of elements) 6. Execution Friday, April 26, 13 Thursday, October 9, 14 42. Friday, April 26, 13 Thursday, October 9, 14 43. Thursday, October 9, 14 44. Friday, April 26, 13 Thursday, October 9, 14 45. Friday, April 26, 13 Thursday, October 9, 14 46. Thursday, October 9, 14 47. Thursday, October 9, 14 48. Thursday, October 9, 14 49. Thursday, October 9, 14 50. Thursday, October 9, 14 51. Thursday, October 9, 14 52. Thursday, October 9, 14 53. Thursday, October 9, 14 54. Thursday, October 9, 14 55. Thursday, October 9, 14 56. Thursday, October 9, 14 57. Thursday, October 9, 14 58. Thursday, October 9, 14 59. Thursday, October 9, 14 60. Thursday, October 9, 14 61. Thursday, October 9, 14 62. Thursday, October 9, 14 63. ATHABASCANATHABASCAN ATHABASCANATHABASCAN ALGONKIANALGONKIAN HOKANHOKAN HOKANHOKAN YUKIANYUKIAN HOKANHOKAN UTO-AZTEKAN UTO-AZTEKAN YUKIAN YUKIAN HOKAN PENUTIAN HOKAN PENUTIAN UTO-AZTEKANUTO-AZTEKAN HOKANHOKAN Mission San Francisco Solano Mission San Rafael Arcngel Mission San Francisco de Ass Mission San JosMission Santa Clara de Ass Mission San Juan Bautista Mission San Miguel Arcngel Mission San Antonio de Padua Mission Nuestra Seora de la Soledad Mission Santa Cruz Mission San Gabriel Arcngel Mission San Juan Capistrano Mission San Luis Rey de Francia Mission San Diego de Alcal Mission La Pursima Concepcin Mission Santa Barbara Mission San Buenaventura Mission Santa Ins Mission San Carlos Borromo de Carmelo Population decline Native languages Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa Mission San Fernando Rey de Espaa RUSSIANRIVER RUSSIANRIVER KLAMATH RIV E R KLAMATH RIV E R SALMON R IVER SALMON R IVER MILL CREEK TRIN ITY RIVER MADRIVER MADRIVER SMITHRIVER EEL RIVER EEL RIVER TRIN ITY RIVER McCLO U D RIVER SMITHRIVER McCLO U D RIVER AMERICAN RI V ER FEATHER RIVER MILL CREEK MOLELUMNE RI V E R YUBA RIVER FEATHER RIVER YUBA RIVER SOQUEL RIVER AMERICAN RI V ER MOLELUMNE RI V E R STA NI S LAUS RIVER STA NI S LAUS RIVER M ERC ED RIVE R SOQUEL RIVER PAJARO RIVE R PAJARO RIVE R M ERC ED RIVE R SAN JOAQUIN RIVER SAN JOAQUIN RIVER SACRAMENTORIVERSACRAMENTORIVER Lake Miwok Pomo Washo Northern Paiute Maidu Wintun Yuki LassikSinkyone Mattole Bear River Korok Wallaki Kato Atsugewi Yana Yahi Achomawi Modoc Shasta Wintu Wiyot Yurok Whilkut Hupa Tolowa Kitanemuk Alliklik Chumash Salinan Costanoan Coast Miwok Wappo Yokuts Kawalisu Panamint Shoshone Monache Owens Valley Paiute Mono Paiute Esselen Tbatulabal Kamia YumaDiegueo Luiseo Juaneo Cahuilla Cupeo Haichidhoma Mohave Chemehuevi Serrano Fernandeo Interior Miwok Chimariko Nongatl Lake Miwok Pomo Washo Northern Paiute Maidu Wintun Yuki LassikSinkyone Mattole Bear River Karok Wailaki Kato Atsugewi Yana Yahi Achomawi Modoc Shasta Wintu Wiyot Yurok Whilkut Hupa Tolowa NORTHEAST NORTHWEST Kitanemuk Alliklik Chumash Salinan Costanoan Coast Miwok Wappo Yokuts Kawaiisu Panamint Shoshone Monache Owens Valley Paiute Mono Paiute Esselen Tbatulabal GREAT BASIN CENTRAL Kamia YumaDiegueo Luiseo Juaneo Cahuilla Cupeo Halchidhoma Mohave Chemehuevi Serrano Vanyume Fernandeo Gabrielino SOUTHERN COLORADO RIVER GREAT BASIN NORTHWEST NORTHEAST GREAT BASIN CENTRAL SOUTHERN COLORADO RIVER Interior Miwok Chimariko Nongatl Vanyume Gabrielino GREAT BASIN San Francisco Fort Ross Scott Bar Yreka Sawyers Bar Weaverville Downieville Nevada City Placerville San Andreas Angels Camp Sutters Mill Chinese Camp Coulterville Mariposa Monterey Sutters Fort Jackson Grass Valley Auburn Sattley French Gulch Sonora The destruction of California Indians was the most rapid and brutal on the continent. In a span of 100 years, the population declined by 90 percent. Following contact with the Spanish through the mission period, Mexicans through the rancho period and Gold Rush encroachment, entire cultures were nearly wiped out. Before English became the language of choice, nearly 100 different languages were spoken here, representing six distinct language families. Todays tribes are trying to preserve and revitalize their native languages. POPULATION YEAR 1770 1830 1845 1855 1910 1970 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 Californias environment is so varied it has the longest coastline, highest mountain and lowest elevation of any state, and rich, fertile valleys. This variety makes it possible to group California Indians by the type of food they consumed. The kind of food they ate was determined by the environment in which they lived. Factors such as rainfall, temperature, topography and soil played a large part in the native diet. Wild animals and plants were the source of food for all tribes in the state, except the Colorado River tribes and the Kamia in the south, who also farmed. Coastal, tidelands collectors: shellfish, deer Coastal, sea hunters and fishers: tuna, seal, sea lion, sardines Riverine fishermen: salmon, acorn, eels, steelhead, berries Lakeshore fishermen, hunters and gatherers: waterfowl, rabbit Valley and plains gatherers: grass seeds, antelope, deer, elk Foothill hunters and gatherers: pine nuts, deer, acorn, fish Desert, hunters and collectors: pion nuts, mesquite, rabbit Desert, agriculturists: squash, maize, beans, fish PACIFIC OCEAN On Jan. 24, 1848, the first flakes of gold were found in Maidu territory at Sutters Mill. Research by SANDY CORONILLA Illustrations and design by JEFF GOERTZEN and FRED MATAMOROS/THE REGISTER Sources: California Indian Museum and Cultural Center, Culture areas map by A.L. Kroeber, The Natural World of the California Indians by Robert F. Heizer, The Population of the California Indians, 1769-1970 by Sherburne F. Cook, Mission San Juan Capistrano Pressured by the establishment of Fort Ross by Russian fur traders, the Spanish crown established 21 missions in Alta California beginning in the late 18th century. The mission system was the first sustained Indian-white contact, and it proved disastrous for many tribes. Christianity was the tool Spain used to gain political and economic advantage, and religious doctrine was inflicted upon natives. They were forced to provide slave labor to build and maintain the mission grounds. They werent free to leave, but some defended their homeland and families, most notably at San Diego, Santa Ins, San Jose and La Pursima. In the six years following the discovery of gold, more than 300,000 people descended upon California with hopes of striking it rich. In Gold Rush areas, the California Indian population declined rapidly due to violence, disease and starvation. Widespread violence against Indians by individual miners and militia groups, sanctioned by the state, resulted in the death of 100,000 Indians in the first two years of the Gold Rush. Federal troops killed Pomo people. Miners attacked the Yurok. Citizens massacred the Wiyot. Indians were poisoned, their scalps were sold, and their children were kidnapped and indentured. Penutian Hokan Uto-Aztekan Athabascan Yukian Algonkian The Mother Lode: Primary vein of gold found in Sierra Nevada Major mining towns California. The Golden State. Our state motto is Eureka, an ancient Greek word for I have found it, often associated with the discovery of gold. But whatever hopeful prospectors thought they found in the 19th century already belonged to a diverse group of people, the California Indians, whose oral traditions placed them there since time immemorial. No matter what region was visited, anthropologists encountered communities of people who worked together to be great stewards of their land. Before Columbus sailed to America, the region was one of the most densely populated areas of the continent north of Mexico. But while Spanish occupation of their land caused loss of life and culture, it was the Gold Rush that nearly decimated the California Indian population. Then, federal agents negotiated 18 treaties with California tribal leaders that would have provided 7.5 million acres of land for their people, but the U.S. Senate refused to ratify them. Collectively, they now occupy less than 500,000. Despite the challenges native people continue to face, they remain dedicated to the protection of their land, California. Original mission sites Tribes Regions THEI LAN CALIFORNIA INDIANS Thursday, October 9, 14 64. Jump Dance Headdress Historically worn during the Jump Dance by three Northwest tribes, the Yurok, Hupa and Karok. Last year, the Yurok brought this dance back for the first time since the 1800s when the U.S. outlawed the ceremony as a part of a federal effort to forcibly colonize the remaining Indian Territory in the Northwest. Flicker headband The quintessential piece of California Indian ceremonial regalia is a flat band consisting of trimmed red quills of the yellow-hammer. Fan-shaped hawk headdress Mohave Forty hawk feathers are intertwined with red fabric strips. Albino deerskin Yellowhammer flicker band Costanoan Hair pin dance plume Dozens of pileated woodpecker scalps are sewn together onto a band of albino deerskin. Blue jay feathers Ceremonial headdress was worn during dances, according to specific cultural protocols and ceremonial practices that were unique to each tribal community. The materials used to create the headdress have deep spiritual significance. HEADDRESS Geometric tattooing was practiced by most California tribes, especially on the female face. Sometimes it was tied to a girls adolescence ceremony. Depending on what was available in the region, different materials were used to puncture the skin. TATTOOS California Indians wore their hair long and loose most of the time. Occasionally women cut bangs or painted their hair with white clay. Later, as part of the process of cultural assimilation, their hair was cut short. Hair nets Maidu Made of iris fiber, it helped secure feather hairpieces and plumes. As a sign of mourning, widows singed their hair with a burning stick or cut it with a blade of obsidian. When the hair grew back, it was believed the person was ready to remarry. HAIRSTYLES Materials found in the natural environment and obtained through trade were used to create regalia well-suited to the purpose of a given ceremony. In the south, whirling dancers used eagle feathers to create fluid movement in their skirts, and in the north, the sound of shells and thimble tinklers helped draw attention to an important part of tradition, the wealth display. Despite an onslaught of threats to their survival, California Indians have preserved and revitalized their rich traditions, ceremonies and arts. Before Christianity was thrust upon the native people, they enjoyed highly organized religions of their own. Tribal religions are community driven, and each tribe has a specific spiritual system of beliefs and practices. Theres tremendous emphasis on the impor- tance of the natural world, and a foundation built upon sacred sites. Dentalium (Actual size of most valuable) Cross section Woodpecker scalps MOHAVE WOMAN Yuki Research by SANDY CORONILLA Illustrations and design by JEFF GOERTZEN and FRED MATAMOROS/THE REGISTER Yokut Yurok Sinkyone YOSEMITE CHIEF REGALIA Mono Paiute Headdresses of Great Basin chiefs were made of tufts of eagle feather down with protruding eagle feathers. Religious leaders used feathers of the yellow-billed magpie, which was significant to Paiute ceremonial regalia. Twisted-cord down ceremonial skirt with black feathers at the end for vivid contrast. Todays Paiute replace the down with white twined rabbit fur. NORTHWEST REGALIA Tolowa Women wore elaborate regalia reflecting the complexity of cultural traditions and kinship. WHIRLING DANCE SKIRT Luiseo In the south, the annual rite of the Chinigchinich religion involved the use of golden eagles in ceremonial regalia. Eagle feathers were then used to make regalia like this skirt called palut, which was worn during tatahuila, or the whirling dance, performed during mourning rituals. Currency In addition to being used ornamentally, shells were used as currency throughout California. Some tribes used dentalium. When displayed as currency, only the longest were used. The longer the shell, the more it was worth. In some regions, men pierced the nasal septum during rite-of-passage ceremonies. The Achomawi inserted dentalium. Earrings Hupa Earlobes were pierced, and shell ornaments with tassels of woodpecker feathers were inserted. Display of wealth In the north, people displayed their wealth by wearing jewelry. Necklaces were often strings of dentalium. Abalone necklace Costanoan Worn during ceremonies. Sources: California Indian Museum and Cultural Center, Native American Clothing: An Illustrated History by Ted J. Brasser, Encyclopedia of American Indian Costume by Josephine Paterek, Handbook of the Indians of California by A.L. Kroeber, The Natural World of the California Indians by Robert F. Heizer, California Indian Museum and Cultural Center, California Indian Culture and Sovereignty Center, Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology, A.W. Ericson. CALIFORNIA INDIANS TRADITION Bead and shell necklaces Cloth-wrapped braids enhanced with thimble tinklers. Buckskin dance apron encrusted with Glycymeris shells and hung obsidian tinklers. 11 12 13 14 15 $50.00 20.00 10.00 5.00 2.50 Number of shells per 27-inch string 1925 value of 27-inch string WORLD RENEWAL DANCER Milkweed fiber netting Braided bear grass skirt adorned with abalone shell tinklers and pine nuts. Twined basket cap made of hazel shoots and conifer roots. Agave charcoal was rubbed into bleeding punctures made with cactus spine. If a person was not tattooed, it was believed he or she would experience difficulty reaching the afterworld. The jewelry of California Indians consisted of necklaces of olivella, abalone and dentalium shells, beads, stone, bone magnesite, pine nuts, seeds, cones and twisted and braided straw. Thursday, October 9, 14 65. Black acorn nutrition Carbohydrate 42% Fat 14 Fiber 9 Protein 3 Where Chia was used SHELLING AND GRINDING (6.5 hours): After the acorn shells were removed and skins were winnowed, the meat would be pounded on a granite mortar. Pestles made of rock or wood were used to grind the acorns into meal. Basket hoppers were sometimes glued to the mortar base with pitch or asphaltum. This helped keep the our contained. FISHING (Nuphar polysepalum) Called wokas by the Modoc in the northeast, these nutritious seeds took the place of acorns in areas without oak trees. Enormous supplies grew in shallow lakes Klamath Marsh alone contained 15 square miles of solid growth but the bearing season lasted just a few weeks. The acorn diet was complex and incredibly time consuming. It took a signicant amount of energy to make acorns edible. Heres what it took to process 11 pounds of acorns: California Indian women made many kinds of baskets for specic jobs in collecting and processing plant and animal foods. Along with children, they were the primary collectors. Burden basket Northern Paiute The Great Basin tribes made these of split willow over a stick-rod foundation in both coarse and ne weaves. Tightly woven baskets were used to collect, carry and store seeds, nuts and berries. Some tribes lined the inside of these baskets with a coating of soaproot juice so seeds wouldnt fall through. Loosely woven baskets were used to transport larger objects like pine cones and harvested acorns. ACORNS California Indians were the rst to recognize the lands potential to provide abundant natural food resources. They shed along the coastline, and where there werent sh, there were nutrient-rich acorns and mesquite beans. Before colonization, starvation was virtually unknown because people had access to a high-protein diet of sh, acorn, small game and edible plants. The introduction of grain, along with the destruction of native ora and fauna by mission cattle and land displacement led to a radical shift in diet. Today, many tribal communities are reincorporating traditional foods like chia and acorn into their daily diets. Meanwhile, Western knowledge is nally catching up with native knowledge, as these foods are identied as super foods with enormous health benets. Leaching basin Granite mortar Head Stalk Hot clay balls Head (seeds) Pods Leaf lter Tannin Research by SANDY CORONILLA Illustrations and design by JEFF GOERTZEN and FRED MATAMOROS/The Register Acorns are the fruit of the oak tree, produced by female owers, and were a diet staple of California Indians for thousands of years. More than 10 acorn species were harvested, but black oak were the most desirable. The harvesting season occurs in autumn but lasts only a few weeks, making storage crucial. CHIA (Salvia columbariae) The nutlets of chia were widely eaten and used medicinally by more than half the states native people. Chia is high in ber, complex carbohydrates and protein. It offers protection from diabetes by slowing sugar absorption. Due to complex socioeconomic factors, many of todays Indian children are twice as likely as other children to develop diabetes. Winnowing basket Northern Paiute A loosely twined basket tray made of willows was used to hold nuts and large seeds gathered from the ground and to sift or separate foreign debris. Willow was the most widely used material for baskets because of its strength and resiliency. There are more than 32 species of willow in California today. Tumpline Burden baskets were traditionally carried by tumplines placed across the forehead or chest, allowing them to rest easily against the back. Seed beater This was used with the burden basket for harvesting seeds and acorns. Sources: California Indian Museum and Cultural Center; The Natural World of the California Indians by Robert F. Heizer; USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service; Smithsonian Institute, National Museum of the American Indian; U.S. Forest Service, Fire Effects Information Service; California State University, Sacramento, Anthropology Museum; Handbook of the Yokuts Indians by Frank Latta; Temalpakh, Southern Diegueo Customs by Leslie Spier; Edward S. Curtis image; Survival Skills of Native California by Paul Campbell FOOD Soaproot brushes (Chlorogalum pomeridianum) made from coarse bers from the soap plant were used to scrape acorn our back into the mortar during the grinding process. Flour 1 LEACHING (11 hours): Acorns contain tannin, which is very bitter and unpalatable. One technology developed to leach out tannin involved creating a shallow concave mound of earth covered with leaves. The acorn our was placed atop the leaf lter, and the bitter taste was washed away after hot water was poured repeatedly over it. 2 BAKING: The our was then placed in a watertight basket lled with water that was boiled by dropping in hot baked clay balls. They had to be stirred uninterruptedly to prevent a hole from burning through the basket. As the mixture boiled, the our thickened into meal and could be made into bread. Looped stirrers made of native willow and tied together with sinew were used to remove heated stones from cooking baskets lled with acorn meal and to stir the mixture. DOUBLE-POINTED HARPOON Northwest tribes Ranged from 6 to 20 feet long, and often made from r trees. FISHING HOOKS Southern California tribes Types varied and were made of materials like bone, wood, antler and cactus. Shell hook Rotates into hooking position when nibbled. Compound hook Wooden shank Whale bone Dogbane soaked in asphaltum Water is poured over a grass brush so the our would not be washed away. 3 Willow shoots are twined together at the bottom and a third of the way up, then lled with seeds or nuts. Shoots are tied together at the top and sealed with thatch or deer hide. A layer of grass is placed to separate food from ground moisture. Straight willow shoots, an inch in diameter, are stuck into the ground in a circle. Men in coastal regions and along nearby rivers spent a great deal of time shing and developing technology for catching sh, such as harpoons, hooks, spears, nets, traps, weirs and even poison that was plant-based. Ethnologists estimate that 15 million pounds of salmon were caught each year, particularly in the northwest. INVERTED ACORN BASKET Yokuts (Prosopis glandulosa) Mesquite was crucial to the survival of the desert tribes. It was perfect food, because its growth didnt depend on local rainfall. The pods were eaten fresh, dried or pounded into meal and compared nutritionally to barley. It could also be used in other ways: Mesquite wood was used as fuel for res and to make bows and arrows, and its leaves were used as antacid and to relieve irritation. BIRD NEST GRANARY Diegueo These truncated cones, made by men out of strong and resilient willow, were the typical storage structure used in desert areas. They were set out of reach of rodents on platforms, near the home but never inside of it. NORTHERN PAIUTE GATHERER Iris ber cordsDeer leg bone point Oak tree distribution Black White Black, white and blue Black and white Shrub live oak CALIFORNIA INDIANS Salmon shers took special care to avoid contamination of the Klamath River and preserve its natural habitat, encouraging salmon to return each year. Unfortunately, todays chinook salmon runs are less than 8 percent of their historic abundance, coho salmon is less than 1 percent, and chum and pink salmon are extinct. Many factors contribute to the Klamaths decline, but none more than dams that stand between salmon and their home spawning grounds. Thursday, October 9, 14 66. INNOVATION Redwood was the top choice for tomol making because its soft to work with and expands slightly when wet, making the seams between planks grow tighter. Seep locations Fox pelt quiver A symbol of a warriors honor, it holds hunting equipment. Fletching of hawk feathers is created by sectioning off parts of the vane while leaving the shaft on, to be attached to the arrow and wrapped with sinew. CALIFORNIA WEAVING TECHNIQUES The two main types of woven baskets in California were twined and coiled. Coiling consists of sewing a stationary horizontal element (warp) with moving vertical elements (wefts). Twining consists of passing horizontal elements (wefts) around stationary vertical elements (warps). Arrowhead Obsidian (volcanic rock) breaks off inside the animal making it particularly lethal. Coiling Twining Twining Beginning stage Boiling water basket Pomo So tightly was this basket coiled that it could hold water without leaking. Water bottle Chumash Spiny rush (Juncus acutus) is twined while still green into patterns of four rows over single warps, then four rows over two warps. The base, neck and interior are covered with asphaltum to make it watertight. Carrying basket Pomo Twined baskets like this one are generally made for rough use. The Pomo used almost every variety of twining, including lattice and checkerwork. Southern California natives discovered natural oil seeps in their home environment and became experts at determining which oils worked best for what purposes and the methods required to make use of them. While making plank canoes, the Chumash developed the rst oils to be rened in California and perhaps the Western Hemisphere. These vessels were an important and valuable property in Chumash economy, serving as transportation, a means to sh and hunt, and for trade between the Channel Islands and the mainland. Hupa Usually associated with warfare, the California Indian bow and arrow was primarily used to hunt game. Basketry may have reached the pinnacle of achievement in America within California, particularly among the Pomo people, whose artistic and inventive genius included the use of elaborate decorations like brilliantly colored feathers, beads and shells. A wide variety of plant materials, including stems, leaves, stalks and roots, were used for the foundations and wrapping elements of baskets. Research by SANDY CORONILLA Illustrations and design by JEFF GOERTZEN and FRED MATAMOROS/THE REGISTER Sources: California Indian Museum and Cultural Center; Chumash Way of Life by Beth Erickson; Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History; USGS Pacic Coastal and Marine Science Center; California Indians, Artisans of Oil by Susan Hodgson; USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service; California Indian Watercraft by Richard W. Cunningham; Survival Skills of Native California by Paul Douglas Campbell; Museum of Anthropology at University of Missouri; The Pomo Indians of California and Their Neighbors by Vinson Brown; The Archery Library; Credit Where Credit is Due: The History of the Chumash Oceangoing Plank Canoe by Jeanne E. Arnold. CALIFORNIA INDIANS For centuries, historical misrepresentations of Native Americans have been a shameful blot upon history books. The indigenous people of our nation are rarely recognized for possessing the ingenious mindset required for civilization to ourish for thousands of years, as it did in California before colonization. Todays California Indian youth have made enthusiastic efforts to revitalize traditional arts, like basketry and weaponry. Theyve used modern tools and techniques coupled with ancient knowledge passed down from elders to once again cross the waters of the Santa Barbara Channel in a Chumash tomol, or plank canoe. With their own hands, generations have been determined to keep California Indian cultures alive. SEAL: A sealant made of red ocher and animal fat was applied to the entire outside surface. 3SPLIT: Redwood logs were split into planks with whalebone rib wedges and sanded with dried sharkskin to t together. Holes were drilled in each. 1 PLANK: Planks were attached to a heavy oor piece in four to six rows. Seams were stitched together with long milkweed cordage and glued together with yop, a sticky substance. ARROW Dubbed the perfection of grace by the Smithsonian Institute, the arrow is made of syringa and Juneberry. 2 Tribes that had access to asphaltum through seep spots traded it with those that did not. Hard balls of it were wrapped in grass and rabbit skins to prevent sticking. Asphaltum, or woqo, appears at ground level as it leaks out of folds of sedimentary rock. Oil changes chemically when it meets air, and becomes asphaltum. REFINING ASPHALTUM Chumash used three kinds of processed asphaltum to create the celebrated tomol, an oceangoing plank canoe. A blend of asphaltum and pine pitch made a substance called yop, used to hold the planks together. To waterproof milkweed bers used to bind the planks togethers, boiling yop was mixed with even more pine pitch until it turned into a waxy substance. To glue, caulk and seal paint, yop was mixed with red ocher into a third substance. Caulk small watercraft Attach basket hoppers Glue together bers Waterproof baskets Worn as a symbol of mourning Used for medicinal purposes Make sunsticks, other spiritual tools Personal adornment Waterproof sinew for binding Attach feathers to arrows Mend valued objects Make dice for games Make chewing gum Make skirt weights Afixing items Tishle BOW Made of yew and carefully lined with shredded sinew, the tendons of deer. Its broad and thin in the middle, and tapered at the ends, as made by Indians in the northwest. Bowstring double twined sinew. Oil seep Head Foreshaft Shaft Shaftment Nock Decorative elements such as abalone and olivella shell ornamentation. Tomols were constructed by hand with tools such as adzes and drills made with chert. Beaver-fur silencer allowed the hunter to let go of his string without making a loud noise. Nocks are wrapped with buckskin and trimmed with strips of otterskin. Whalebone SealantPlank Yop Tok MANY USES OF ASPHALTUM Hailed as one of the most sophisticated technological innovations in precolonial North America, the Chumash plank canoe, or tomol, was so well engineered that no interior framing other than a single crossbeam was required to support the hull. Tomols were high-capacity watercraft, holding a two-ton cargo or up to 12 people. They were made from redwood drift logs that oated down current from present-day Monterey to Santa Barbara. Trade occurred between the coastal Chumash and natives more than 30 miles away on the Channel Islands, so a vessel with signicant hull strength and the ability to resist taking on water was crucial. From an engineering standpoint, the tomol was the most laboriously built watercraft of the New World, taking months to complete. Thursday, October 9, 14 67. Research by SANDY CORONILLA Illustrations and design by JEFF GOERTZEN and FRED MATAMOROS/THE REGISTER Sources: Big Pine Paiute tribe of the Owens Valley; Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute by Julian H. Steward; Agriculture Among the Paiute of Owens Valley by Lawton, Wilke, DeDecker and Mason; Story of Inyo by W. A. Chalfant; Water Conveyance Systems in California by California Department of Transportation and JRP Historical Consulting Services; USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service; Eastern California Museum CALIFORNIA INDIANS BIG PINE PAIUTE TRIBE OF THE OWENS VALLEY COMMUNITY The Great Basin village was simple and enjoyed a low population density. Groups of villages shared access to hunting and seed areas. VILLAGE AGRICULTURE Marriage When children reached puberty, a boys parents initiated a match by delivering presents to a girls parents over the course of several months. Parents could accept or reject the offer, but the girl was free to object to her parents selection. Once married, the couple usually lived with the girls family. A taboo prevented the husband from speaking with his mother-in-law. Some marriages failed; most succeeded. Birth Pregnant women labored with the assistance of a midwife in a heated hollow in the ground. A large, shallow basket full of steamed water helped relax her joints and stimulate lactation. FAMILY Each fall, the Big Pine Paiute community travels to the mountains to gather sticky green pine cones together, just as they have for centuries. Its one activity that represents the spirit of cooperation California Indians relied on to survive. The Owens Valley Paiute, in particular, thrived in a society that emphasized engagement and social interaction. They worked so well together, in fact, that they created irrigation technology, the most signicant development of indigenous agriculture in North America, and a perfect example of a community managing its own resources. Fishing and seed land Fishing parties were held in the fall. Entire villages and sometimes whole districts shed together. The catch was divided equally among all participants. Tovowahumat Hunting In fall, the people of Big Pine would participate in communal rabbit and antelope drives. Water diversion A main canal several miles long and a latticework of smaller branch ditches brought water to a collective plot. SWEAT HOUSE The Owens Valley sweat house (musa) was the largest building in the village. Young and old men engaged in the activity of sweating for its cleansing and physiological benets. In winter, after hunting or other strenuous work, they would rest for awhile before heading out to a stream. Nahavita (Dichelostemma capitatum) This herbaceous perennial was an important source of complex carbohydrates. Every year, women visited traditional gathering sites for days at a time to gather different kinds of corms (stems) and bulbs. The angular black seeds were used to create a mush that tasted similar to potato soup. Tpsi (Cyperus esculentus) The Owens Valley Paiute people harvested tpsi in the fall. It is part of an extensive root system. The high-protein tubers were dried and ground before being eaten. Names When children were old enough to walk, they were named by their paternal grandparent of the same sex. Cradle boards Infants who were too small to walk were securely held in a cradle board woven of willow bark a signicant benet to their mothers, who spent large amounts of time harvesting. A tumpline was attached to the back of the cradle, allowing a mother to carry her baby as she worked. A piece of rabbit-skin cloth was sewn to the frame, and the child was swaddled and laced to the cradle. A woven hood was decorated with line designs symbolizing the childs sex. Men gathered here in the evening to converse, share traditional stories, sing and play games. Pine nuts (Pinus monophylla) In the fall, large groups of men, women and children took pine-nut excursions to the mountains. Pine cones were removed from trees by men with poles made of mountain mahogany. Nuts would fall or be shaken onto blankets and sacks that had been placed on the ground. WHITE MOUNTAINS INYO MOUNTAINSSIERRA NEVADA MOUNTAINS Reed Flat Community center The sweat house served as the place where communal affairs were discussed by everyone. Owens Valley This fertile valley runs 75 miles southeast toward the Mojave Desert. Its bordered by the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the west and the Inyo Mountains to the east. Plot rotation Plots were alternated every other year, allowing a regular fallow period. Between where Independence and Bishop are today, there were 10 irrigation systems. Excess water from the plots continued downhill toward Owens River. Fire made of willow Cradle board Prior to European contact, the Owens Valley Paiute developed irrigation technology, a rare example of agriculture that originated independently in North America. Each spring in Big Pine, a man was elected by popular vote to the honorary position of head irrigator. Along with his assistant and 25 men, he created dams. After water was diverted into the ditch, it became the sole responsibility of the head irrigator. Later, harvesting the extensive irrigated plots required a tremendous amount of communal labor. Ceremonial The sweat house was used as a place to engage in individual prayer and spiritual communication. Houses The Owens Valley Paiute used several types of houses that varied by season and habitat. The mountain house was used above 6,000 feet altitude and was tent-shaped. Pine nut territory Each family had its own pine nut area from which to gather. During the winter, the people of Big Pine lived and harvested in the White and Inyo Mountains. Pavodo: the irrigating tool Dam construction Each spring a new dam of boulders, brush, sticks and mud was built. The community of Big Pine, then called Tovowahumat, is nestled between two mountain ranges that support junipers and pine trees above 6,000 feet altitude. There were extensive marshes and grasslands watered by streams from the snow-capped Sierra Nevada Mountains. The area experiences little rainfall, so irrigation was key to the peoples survival. Big Pine Circular, subterranean and covered in earth. 2.5 miles Tpsi Pine nuts Salt Irrigated land Nahavita IRRIGATED WILD VALLEY Harvesting A district head man organized and lead harvesters to the mountains. Women brought conical burden baskets and men carried buckskin bags over their shoulders. Thursday, October 9, 14 68. Many history books portray life on a California mission positively. But for the California Indians daily life was deplorable. Families were separated. Men, women and children labored long hours. Indians did all the work, and they werent paid. If they refused to work, or didnt work to the satisfaction of the soldiers, they were tortured, starved or raped. Many Indians defended themselves and their families or ran away. But coastal tribes didnt have anywhere to go since missions were built in the middle of their ancestral lands. There were few options for survival during the mission era. Cultural assimilation was reected in the clothing of the Indians. Grass skirts gave way to white cloths as part of their conversion to Christianity. Women and girls were responsible for preparing wool and producing clothes for more than a thousand people on the mission, including the gray robes of the padres. After sheep were sheared, the wool was washed, dried, straightened and spun into yarn. Newly introduced European diseases had major ramications for the California Indians, beginning with venereal disease that spread to tribes outside of the mission area. Many natives were victims of sexual violence at the hands of soldiers and other Spanish settlers. Contributing factors to the rapid spread of disease included squalid living conditions in the barracks where children lived forcibly separated from their parents. As much as 60 percent of Indians living in missions died from contagious disease, including 20 percent of the population at San Juan Capistrano who died during a measles epidemic in 1806. Excessive labor demands and poor nutrition likely contributed to the inability of the Indians to build immunities. Spanish padres relied on two goods to trade and barter with hides and tallow. Trade was only allowed within the Spanish empire. Candles and oil lamps were of major importance in the 1800s because there wasnt electricity. Income generated from trade supported the operation of the mission. Kiicha Each family in the Juaneo village would construct a home called a kiicha, a dome-shaped structure made of willow and tule. The family could sit or sleep around the re on woven mats. Adobe home At most missions, Indians were conned to mission grounds. In San Juan Capistrano, adobes were constructed to house Indian laborers. Some of these homes still stand on historic Los Rios Street. Juaneo woman: If she was late for church, she risked being conned. Juaneo man: If he spoke Spanish well, he was rewarded with freedom through the position of vaquero, or cowboy. Juaneo vaquero: Many were selected for ranching duties. They could leave mission property for weeks at a time to herd cattle as far north as Anaheim. Research by SANDY CORONILLA Illustrations and design by JEFF GOERTZEN and FRED MATAMOROS/THE REGISTER Sources: California Indian Museum and Cultural Center; Mission San Juan Capistrano; Jacque Nunez; Nathan Banda; mission illustration based on sketch by Rexford Newcomb; California Missions Resource Center; San Juan Capistrano Historical Society; A Time of Resistance: California Indians During the Mission Period, 1769-1848 by Sarah Supahan; plow illustration by A.B. Dodge; vaquero drawing by David Rickman; San Juan Capistrano Mission mural by Jamie Santaniello The history of California did not begin with the establishment of Spanish missions. Native people existed here for thousands of years. When the Spanish nally decided on long-term settlement and declared ofcial claim to Alta California land, they looked for two things a sea route and a large labor force. To establish authority under the European Doctrine of Discovery, California Indians, including the Acjachemen, were characterized as savages living in an untamed wilderness and lacking civilization. The intent was for Indians to become subservient to the Spanish. A thinly veiled mission was established, but it wasnt the romantic image of a rose bush-covered campanario; it was a mission of forced labor and cultural assimilation. Indians were told Spain would eventually bequeath the mission land to them. But that never happened. Heres what did. CALIFORNIA INDIANS Leather production To prepare hides for tanning, they rst had to be cured. Indians scraping the flesh off, soaked them in a salty liquid, then drove stakes into the ground to stretch them out to dry. Tallow and lye production Indians melted animal fat in large metal kettles. This was used to create candles and mixed with lye to make soap. Hundreds of candles were made and used each day at the mission. Making lye Orange County Juaneo (Acjachemen) Gabrielino Mission San Juan Capistrano J Water Ash Straw Lye The land in Orange County was under the control of the Acjachemen nation before Mission San Juan Capistrano was established, a year later than expected because of discord at Mission San Diego de Alcal to the south. The Diegueo had risen up against the padres after their people were whipped repeatedly for attending a traditional dance. Likewise, Juaneo cultural traditions did not disappear while conned to the mission; they just went underground. Great Stone Church. Architects called it the American Acropolis because of its classical Greco-Roman style. Juaneos built it and died in it when it was destroyed by an earthquake. It was never rebuilt. Limestone blocks from Saddleback Valley quarry were hauled six miles by cart and mule by Indians to the mission. They were used to build the Great Stone Church. Storerooms Workshops Courtyard Cemetery Campanario Friars quarters Serra Church San Juan Creek KitchensSoldiers quarters Father Junpero Serra President of Alta California mission chain when San Juan Capistrano was founded. Juaneos painted the church interiors and inserted Tobet, a major cultural symbol and Acjachemen religious gure. The introduction of livestock destroyed native plants that had been cultivated for cultural and nutritional uses. In 1832, Mexico secularized the missions and granted land to wealthy individuals and political favorites. The Indians who had been previously promised the land now had little choice but to work for the new owners because their villages no longer existed. Thursday, October 9, 14 69. Thursday, October 9, 14 70. Thursday, October 9, 14 71. Thursday, October 9, 14 72. Thursday, October 9, 14 73. Thursday, October 9, 14 74. Thursday, October 9, 14 75. Thursday, October 9, 14 76. Thursday, October 9, 14 77. Thursday, October 9, 14 78. Thursday, October 9, 14 79. Thursday, October 9, 14 80. Thursday, October 9, 14 81. Thursday, October 9, 14 82. Thursday, October 9, 14 83. Thursday, October 9, 14 84. Thursday, October 9, 14 85. Thursday, October 9, 14 86. Thursday, October 9, 14 87. Thursday, October 9, 14 88. Thursday, October 9, 14 89. Thursday, October 9, 14 90. Thursday, October 9, 14 91. Thursday, October 9, 14 92. Thursday, October 9, 14 93. Thursday, October 9, 14 94. Thursday, October 9, 14 95. Thursday, October 9, 14 96. Monday, January 1, 2001Thursday, October 9, 14 97. Thursday, October 9, 14 98. Monday, January 1, 2001Thursday, October 9, 14 99. Monday, January 1, 2001Thursday, October 9, 14 100. Monday, January 1, 2001Thursday, October 9, 14 101. Monday, January 1, 2001Thursday, October 9, 14 102. Monday, January 1, 2001Thursday, October 9, 14 103. Monday, January 1, 2001Thursday, October 9, 14 104. Monday, January 1, 2001Thursday, October 9, 14 105. Thursday, October 9, 14 106. Thursday, October 9, 14 107. Three ways to illustrate a story Photograph Graphic Illustration Thursday, October 9, 14 108. Three ways to illustrate a story Photograph Graphic Illustration Thursday, October 9, 14 109. Illustrations need to be: Functional Attractive Photograph Graphic Illustration Thursday, October 9, 14 110. Can you tell what this illustrates? Illustration Thursday, October 9, 14 111. Thursday, October 9, 14 112. Thursday, October 9, 14 113. Thursday, October 9, 14 114. Thursday, October 9, 14 115. Ideas start with sketches Photograph Graphic Illustration Thursday, October 9, 14 116. Thursday, October 9, 14 117. Thursday, October 9, 14 118. Thursday, October 9, 14 119. Thursday, October 9, 14 120. Thursday, October 9, 14 121. Thursday, October 9, 14 122. Thursday, October 9, 14 123. Thursday, October 9, 14 124. Thursday, October 9, 14 125. Thursday, October 9, 14 126. Headlines need to work with the illustration. In this first version I illustrated for USA Today, the headline works perfectly, but the editor wanted to simplify the illustration. Photograph Graphic Thursday, October 9, 14 127. This is the version that ran. Once you take the car out of the illustration, the connection between the headline and illustration loses its impact. Photograph Graphic Illustration Thursday, October 9, 14 128. The headline on this page works much better with the illustration. Photograph Graphic Illustration Thursday, October 9, 14 129. Thursday, October 9, 14 130. Thursday, October 9, 14