temperature, heat, and laws of thermodynamics
DESCRIPTION
Temperature, Heat, and Laws of Thermodynamics. Kinetic Energy Tie In. There were 4 main types of kinetic energy that we went over. Translational KE Rotational KE Mechanical KE Vibrational KE. Translational KE is when an object is moving forward. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Temperature, Heat, and Laws of Thermodynamics
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Kinetic Energy Tie In• There were 4 main types of kinetic
energy that we went over. • Translational KE• Rotational KE• Mechanical KE• Vibrational KE
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• Translational KE is when an object is moving forward. • Rotational KE is when an object is
spinning. • Mechanical KE is when the parts of
something are moving together.• Vibrational KE is when an object is
moving in a repetitive back and forth motion, like shaking.
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• Translational and rotational KE happen on a larger scale. • The large object moves from point A to
point B. We covered most of that in the first half of the unit. • Mechanical KE happens on a smaller
scale. • Vibrational KE happens mostly on a
microscopic or molecular level.
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• We’ll mostly be looking at Vibrational KE for the rest of the unit.
• Temperature is the measure of average kinetic energy of matter.
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Temperature• We can say temperature is a
measure of an object’s hotness or coldness.• It is NOT a measure of heat. But it
can be used as an indicator of heat or internal energy.
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• The faster the molecules are vibrating and moving, the hotter the object feels. • This gives it a higher temperature. • The slower the molecules are vibrating
and moving, the colder the object feels. • This gives it a lower temperature. • TL;DR – The faster the molecules are
moving, the higher the temperature.
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• Another factor for temperature is how crowded the molecules are together.
• Think about what happens during a fire or bomb drill here at the school, or in your cramped classrooms.
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• The closer the molecules, the more they’ll bump into each other. • That increased molecular friction
and makes the temperature rise. • The further away the molecules, the less they’ll touch. • That decreases molecular friction,
and makes the temperature lower.
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States of Matter• Gases have the most KE. They move
freely and randomly. • Because they have more space to move,
these molecules move with 100% translational KE. • Liquids are in between solids and gases.• Solids have the least KE. The molecules
are crammed very close together. • Solid molecules move with 100% vibrational KE.
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Measuring Temperature• We measure temperature with 3
different scales• Fahrenheit• Celsius• Kelvin
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Fahrenheit• ºF is the English Standard unit for
measuring temperature. • Began by filling the thermometer
with mercury.• ºF can be positive or negative.• Freezing point of water: 32ºF.• Boiling point of water: 212ºF.
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Celsius• ºC is the metric unit of measuring
temperature. • Based off of thermometers filled with ethanol.• ºC can be positive or negative.• Freezing point of water: 0ºC.• Boiling point of water: 100ºC.
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Kelvin• K (NEVER ºK) is the scientific unit of
measuring temperature. • K uses the same increments as celsius.• K measures the movement/energy of
the molecules.• Absolute zero- no molecular vibration.
This is 0 K. • Nothing has ever hit absolute zero.
Even the blackness of space has 2.3 K.
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Examples of Temperature
Kelvin Celsius Fahrenheit
Surface of temp of Sun 5800 K 5537ºC 9,999ºF
Boiling point temp of H2O 373 K 100ºC 212ºFHuman body temp 310 K 37ºC 98.6ºFMelting point temp of H2O 273 K 0ºC 32ºFZero Fahrenheit 255 K -18ºC 0ºFAbsolute Zero 0 K -273ºC -459ºF
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Conversions!• Celsius and
Fahrenheit• Celsius to Kelvin
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Heat• The transfer of internal energy from
one object to another. • CANNOT be directly measured. • Indicates temperature changes.• Temperature going down? Losing
energy = loss in heat. • Temperature going up? Gaining
energy = rise/gain in heat.
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Internal Energy• Internal Energy = the energy within
the molecules of the matter in the object. • Examples: •Chemical PE that could be released during reaction.•KE of individual molecules moving.
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Heat and Energy Transfer• When objects interact, there are 3
types of heat transfer that can occur. • Conduction• Convection• Radiation
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Conduction• Conduction – transfer of energy/heat
by touch or contact.• This energy passes through matter
because of molecule to molecule vibration.• Most affective through solid.
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Radiation• Transfer of energy from light passing
through air or space.• All light has energy.• We cannot see all forms of light. We
can’t see gamma, x-ray, UV, infrared, microwave, or radiowaves.
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Convection• Transfer of energy that
happens in circular columns.• Occurs in liquids and
gases. • Warm air is less dense
than cold air, and this makes the warm air rise. As it gives off energy, it becomes more dense and sinks. • Think about tornados.
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Insulators• Materials that Slow or prevent
transfer of energy. • Examples!•Plastics and Rubber•Water and Air•Glass•Wood•Styrafoam
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Conductors• Materials that quickly transfer
energy easily. • Examples!•Metals•Salts
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Thermodynamic Equilibrium• If two or more objects are touching
and are the same temperature, the energy transfer between them is equal.
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Laws of Thermodynamics• There are 4 laws of thermodynamics.• The laws explain how energy will
move. They do not explain why the energy moves.
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0th Law of Thermodynamics• If two or more objects are in contact
with each other and are the same temperature, they are at thermodynamic equilibrium.
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1st Law of Thermodynamics• When heat energy is added to
matter, the total heat added to the matter equals the internal energy of the matter minus the work it preformed.
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2nd Law of Thermodynamics• Energy moves down the energy
gradient. So energy will move toward where there is less energy: i.e., heat energy will move toward the cold
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3rd Law of Thermodynamics• Absolute zero is a real number. If
anything is found at it, it will be a crystaline solid and will have NO energy transfer.
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Entropy • A measure of disorder or randomness in molecules. • The more KE something has, the more entropy it has.