ten years of service research from a computer science perspective
DESCRIPTION
…It has been more than 10 years since a strong research stream on services started from the field of computer science. The main trigger was without a doubt the introduction of the Web Service Description Language (WSDL), a specification to represent a piece of software functionally which could be remotely invoked. Nonetheless, this was only the “tipping point”. The generalized interest on this new development was followed by interesting topics of research on the application of semantics to enhance the description of services, the composition of services into processes, the analysis of the quality of services, the complexity of processes supporting services, and the development of comprehensive service description languages. This seminar will provide an overview of the main research topics around services and will glimpse at a new research field on the analysis of service networks...TRANSCRIPT
Jorge CardosoCISUC/Dept. Informatics Engineering, University of Coimbra, Portugal
Karlsruhe Service Research Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, [email protected]; [email protected]
Ten years of service research from a computer
science perspective
Departamento de Engenharia InformáticaFCTUC FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS E TECNOLOGIA da
UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA
10-04-2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 2
…It has been more than 10 years since a strong research stream on services started from the field of computer science. The main trigger was without a doubt the introduction of the Web Service Description Language (WSDL), a specification to represent a piece of software functionally which could be remotely invoked. Nonetheless, this was only the “tipping point”. The generalized interest on this new development was followed by interesting topics of research on the application of semantics to enhance the description of services, the composition of services into processes, the analysis of the quality of services, the complexity of processes supporting services, and the development of comprehensive service description languages. This seminar will provide an overview of the main research topics around services and will glimpse at a new research field on the analysis of service networks... Karlsruhe, 15 Jun 2013
Jorge Cardoso
Abstract
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 3
Semantic Web Services
Semantic Web ServicesService DescriptionsQuality of Service Process ComplexityInternet of Services Service Networks
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 4
A simple problem to solve
Client Server
Request message010101110100101
Response message0101001011101001
Internet
Service Oriented Computing II – SS 2013
Almost 15 years to “Solve”
• Web services (WSDL/SOAP)• Java Remote Method Invocation (Java RMI)• Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM)• Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA)• Remote Procedure Calls (RPC)• Socket Programming (SP)
24.04.2013
CORBA (1992) DCOM (1996)SUN RPC (1985)
Berkeley SP (1983)
JAVA RMI (1996) WSDL/SOAP (2000)
10-04-2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 6
The Problem (2000)
Response message0101001011101001
Request message010101110100101
Intraorganizational
The web
10-04-2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 7
The Search & Matching Problem
?
??
10-04-2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 8
Previous Approaches
• Keyword-based
• Information Retrieval Techniques
10-04-2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 9
The Idea (2002)
?
??
Semantic Matching
Ontology with background knowledge
Cardoso, J. and Sheth, A. Semantic e-Workflow Composition. In Journal of Intelligent Information Systems (JIIS), Vol. 21 (3): 191-225, 2003.
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 10
Example of an ontology
10-04-2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 11
Semantic Descriptions• Web Service Technology
– Automated discovery, selection, composition,
– Web-based execution of services
• Semantic Web Technology – Allow machine supported
data interpretation– Ontologies as data model
• Semantic Web Services – as integrated solution for
realizing the vision of the next generation of the Web WSDL
Ontology
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 12
Semantic Matching = Ontology
Temporal-Entity
TimeInterval
Time-Point
Date Time
TimeDomain
Event
Scientific-Event
Calendar-Date
{absolute_time}
{hour, minute, second}
{millisecond}
{year, month, day}
{dayOftheWeek, monthOftheYear}
Temporal-Entity
TimeInterval
Time-Point
Date Time
TimeDomain
Event
Scientific-Event
Calendar-Date
{absolute_time}
{hour, minute, second}
{millisecond}
{year, month, day}
{dayOftheWeek, monthOftheYear}
a)
b)
c)
d)
ST1,2 (output) SO1,2,3,4 (input)
Time ontology Time ontology
1
2
1
2
3 4
A2A2A1A1
Calendar-Date
…
…
Event
…
Similarity ?
Web Service Web Service
Concepts from the same Ontology a) Concepts are the same (O=I)b) Concept I subsumes concept O (O>I)c) Concept O subsumes concept I (O<I), or d) Concept O is not directly related to
concept I (OI).
Car subsumes 2-Wheel drive
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 13
Semantic Matching <> Ontology
IOIOSimilarity
IOIp
OpIO
IO
IOSemS
),,('
,|)(|
|)(|,1
,1
),('
|)(|
|)()(|*
|)()(|
|)()(|),('
Ip
IpOp
IpOp
IpOpIOsimilarity
O subsumes I
(Remember)Car subsumes 2-Wheel drive
I subsumes O
O has no subsumes relation with I
p(X) = properties of X
Based on Tversksy (1977) feature model
Cardoso, J. Discovering Semantic Web services with and without a Common Ontology Commitment. In The 3rd International Workshop on Semantic and Dynamic Web Processes (SDWP 2006),
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 14
Other aspects to match
A2A2A1A1
Calendar-Date
…
…
Event
…
Similarity ?
Web Service Web Service
]1..0[, and
],1..0[).,.().,.(
),(
21
21
21
sdADVsdRSynDSsnADVsnRSynNS
ADVRtySynSimilar
3 ),,(QoSdimD*),,(QoSdimD*),,(QoSdimD
),ty(OpSimilari
yreliabilitADVRcostADVRtimeADVR
ADVR
3 ),,(QoSdimD*),,(QoSdimD*),,(QoSdimD
),ty(OpSimilari
yreliabilitADVRcostADVRtimeADVR
ADVR
),,(dcd*),,(dcd*),,(dcd),,QoSdimD( 3maxavgmin dimADVRdimADVRdimADVRdimADVR
))(.min(
|))(.min())(.min(|1),,(dcdmin dimqosR
dimqosRdimqosADVdimADVR
• Quality of Service
Cardoso, J.; Miller, J. A.; Sheth, A.; Arnold, J. and Kochut, K. Quality of service for workflows and web service processes. In Journal of Web Semantics, Vol. 1 (3): 281-308, 2004.
10-04-2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 15
Another matching problem…
10000 *
10-04-2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 16
The (same) Idea
?
??
Semantic Matching
Ontology with background knowledge
Cardoso, J. and Sheth, A. Semantic e-Workflow Composition. In Journal of Intelligent Information Systems (JIIS), Vol. 21 (3): 191-225, 2003.
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 17
Semantic Process Composition
HotelReservation
HotelReservation
TravelReservation
Get UserInformationGet User
Information
Get ConferenceInformation
Get ConferenceInformation
Conference
Employee ID
DateDuration
City
DateDuration
City
User NameAddress
User NameAddress
ItineraryItinerary
Conference RegistryService
Hotel Reservation Service
?
A BStart End
ADV2ADV2 ADV3
ADV3
0.990.34 0.74
Match FunctionADV1ADV10.14
0.980.68
0.430.31
0.76
ST
f(R, ADV1) f(R, ADV2) f(R, ADV3)
R
Process
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective
18
Semantic Web Services• Cardoso, J. The Semantic Web Vision: Where Are We?. In IEEE Intelligent Systems, Vol.
22 (5): 84-88, 2007.• Cardoso, J. The Semantic Web: A mythical story or a solid reality. In Metadata and
Semantics, pages 253-257, Springer, Heidelberg, 2008.• Cardoso, J.; Miller, J. A. and Emani, S. Tutorial Lectures: Web Services Discovery
Utilizing Semantically Annotated WSDL. In 4th International Summer • Patterson, R.; Miller, J. A.; Cardoso, J. and Davis, M. Bringing Semantic Security to
Semantic Web Services. In The Semantic Web: Real-World
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 19
Semantic Web Services
Semantic Web ServicesService DescriptionsQuality of Service Process ComplexityInternet of Services Service Networks
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 20
Remember our problem…
We were looking for apples Web Services
ServiceEndpointBindingInterfaceOperationTypes
(…a procedure or function…)
Service Description
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What about more complex services?
Fromapples to morecomplex fruits
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 22
In other words
CLOUD SERVICESComplex interfacesDependencies between callsPricing, legal aspects, SLASOAP, REST, etc.
TYPE
ITY
PE II
TYPE
III
INTERNET/WEB-BASED SELF-SERVICE TECHNOLOGY (I/W-SST)
WEB-BASED SERVICESHUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTIONUSER INTERFACECUSTOMER EXPERIENCE
WEB SERVICESSimple invocationsSimple atomic, singular servicesIntra-organizationsMachine-machine interaction
COM
PLEX
ITY
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 23
The Idea (2008)
US DLB us ines s
Operational
Tec hnic al
OperationsF unctionality
R es ources…
P roviderC ons umerB undlingMarketingL egal…
P rotocolsAddress
P orts…
WS DL
Tec hnic al
Made for c omputers (S O A) Made for people (IoS )
AddressP ortArgumentsData type… US DL
B us ines s
Operational
Tec hnic alUS DL
B us ines s
Operational
Tec hnic al
OperationsF unctionality
R es ources…
P roviderC ons umerB undlingMarketingL egal…
P rotocolsAddress
P orts…
WS DL
Tec hnic al
WS DL
Tec hnic al
Made for c omputers (S O A) Made for people (IoS )
AddressP ortArgumentsData type…
Cardoso, J. Service Engineering for Future Business Value Networks. In Tenth International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS 2008), pages 15-20, Barcelona, Spain, ISBN: 978-989-8111-37-1, 2008.
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 24
Services Description (2009-13)
C
CC
C
C
C
C
CC
C
C
C
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
PPP
P
P
P
P
P
P
* advertise and discover services* selection, composition and interoperation of services
Cardoso, J.; Barros, A.; May, N. and Kylau, U. Towards a Unified Service Description Language for the Internet of Services: Requirements and First Developments. In IEEE International Conference on Services Computing, 2010.
Service Oriented Computing II – SS 2013
• Blueprint– line of interaction
• E.g. face-to-face actions between employees and customers
22.05.2013
USDL:INTERACTIONPOINT
NAME:usdl:InteractionPoint DESCRIPTION:rdfs:comment """<p>An InteractionPoint represents an actual step in accessing and performing operations of the service. On a technical level this could translate into calling a Web Service operation.On a professional level, it could mean that consumer and provider meet in person to exchange service parameters or resources involved in the service delivery (e.g. documents that are processed by the provider).An InteractionPoint can be initiated by the consumer or the provider. Since InteractionPoints may take time and have an ordering with respect to other InteractionPoints, this is a subclass of TimeSpanningEntity. One can therefore express temporal relationships between InteractionPoints such as before or after. For richer expressions the time ontology constructs could be used.</p>"""@en .SUBCLASS:rdfs:subClassOf usdl:TimeSpanningEntity;
C
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 26
Resources
http://www.linked-usdl.org/ https://github.com/linked-usdl/
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27
History• a-USDL/2009
– Initial version of USDL [CBM+2010] ready in 2009. – Later renamed to a-USDL (pronounced alpha-USDL). – http://www.genssiz.org/research/service-modeling/alpha-
usdl/
• USDL/2011
– A W3C Incubator group was created USDL was adapted and extended based on industry feedback at the end of 2011.
– http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/usdl/
• Linked-USDL/2012--?
– In order to make the specification gain a wider acceptance, a version called Linked USDL emerged using Semantic Web principles. Its development is still in progress.
– http://linked-usdl.org/Cardoso, J.; Winkler, M. and Voigt, K. A Service Description Language for the Internet of Services. In First International Symposium on Services Science (ISSS'09), Leipzig, Germany, ISBN: 978-3-8325-2169-1, 2009.
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 28
Applications
Cloud Services
API
Consider cost, compatibility, space, speed, etc.
Decision Maker
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective
29
Service Descriptions• Cardoso, J.; Binz, T.; Breitenbucher, Uwe; Kopp, O. and Leymann, F. Cloud Computing
Automation: Integrating USDL and TOSCA. In CAiSE, Springer, LNCS, Vol. , 2013.• Cardoso, J. and Miller, J. A Internet-Based Self-Services: from Analysis and Design to
Deployment. In The 2012 IEEE International Conference on Services Economics (SE 2012), IEEE Computer Society, Hawaii, USA, 2012.
• Cardoso, J.; Barros, A.; May, N. and Kylau, U. Towards a Unified Service Description Language for the Internet of Services: Requirements and First Developments. In IEEE International Conference on Services Computing, IEEE Computer Society Press, Florida, USA, 2010.
• Cardoso, J.; Voigt, K. and Winkler, M. Service Engineering for The Internet of Services. In Enterprise Information Systems, pages 15-27, Springer, ISBN: 978-3-642-00669-2 (Print) 978-3-642-00670-8 (Online), 2009.
• Cardoso, J.; Winkler, M. and Voigt, K. A Service Description Language for the Internet of Services. In First International Symposium on Services Science (ISSS'09), Leipzig, Germany, ISBN: 978-3-8325-2169-1, 2009.
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 30
Semantic Web Services
Semantic Web ServicesService DescriptionsQuality of Service Process ComplexityInternet of Services Service Networks
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 31
The Problem
HotelReservation
HotelReservation
TravelReservation
Get UserInformationGet User
Information
Get ConferenceInformation
Get ConferenceInformation
Conference
Employee ID
DateDuration
City
DateDuration
City
User NameAddress
User NameAddress
ItineraryItinerary
Conference RegistryService
Hotel Reservation Service
?
A BStart End
ADV2ADV2 ADV3
ADV3
0.990.34 0.74
Match FunctionADV1ADV10.14
0.980.68
0.430.31
0.76
ST
f(R, ADV1) f(R, ADV2) f(R, ADV3)
R
Process
How to evaluate the Quality of Service?
Does this slide look familiar !?-- 17 --
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 32
The Problem
t2 t5
t6
t4t3 t8t1
PrepareSample
PrepareClones
CreateReport
Send Report
SequenceProcessing
Sequencing SendBill
and
xor xor
and
t7
StoreReport
xorxor
How to evaluate the Quality of Service?
How much does it costs?How much time does it take?How reliable it is?
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 33
The Idea (2002)
QoSQoSQoSQoS
QoSQoSQoSQoS
QoSQoSQoSQoS
QoSQoS
QoSQoS
t2 t5
t6
t4t3 t8t1
PrepareSample
PrepareClones
CreateReport
Send Report
SequenceProcessing
Sequencing SendBill
and
xor
p1 p3
p4
xor
and
t7
StoreReport
p2 p5
xorxor
TimeCostReliabilityFidelity
Cardoso, J.; Miller, J. A.; Sheth, A.; Arnold, J. and Kochut, K. Quality of service for workflows and web service processes. In Journal of Web Semantics, Vol. 1 (3): 281-308, 2004.
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective
34
Research Questions• Specification
– What dimensions need to be part of the QoS model for processes?
• Computation– What methods and algorithms can be used to compute, analyze,
and predict QoS?
• Monitoring– What kind of QoS monitoring tools need to be developed?
• Control– What mechanisms need to be developed to control processes, in
response to unsatisfactory QoS metrics?
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 35
QoS Estimation a) QoSDim(t) Designer AverageDim(t)
b) QoSDim(t) wi1* Designer AverageDim(t) + wi2* Multi-Workflow AverageDim(t)
c) QoSDim(t, w) wi1* Designer AverageDim(t) + wi2* Multi-Workflow AverageDim(t) + wi3*Workflow AverageDim(t, w)
d) QoSDim(t, w, i) wi1* Designer AverageDim(t) + wi2* Multi-Workflow AverageDim(t) + wi3* Workflow AverageDim(t, w) + wi4* Instance Workflow AverageDim(t,w, i)
QoS dimensions computed at runtime
Designer AverageDim(t) Average specified by the designer in the basic class for dimension Dim
Multi-Workflow AverageDim (t) Average of the dimension Dim for task t
executed in the context of any workflow
Workflow AverageDim(t, w) Average of the dimension Dim for task t
executed in the context of any instance of workflow w
Instance AverageDim(t, w, i) Average of the dimension Dim for task t
executed in the context of instance i of workflow w
Designer, multi-workflow, workflow and instance average
Basic class Distributional class Min value Avg value Max value Dist. Function
Time 0.291 0.674 0.895 Normal(0.674, 0.143) Cost 0 0 0 0.0 Reliability - 100% - 1.0 Fidelity.ai 0.63 0.81 0.92 Trapezoidal(0.7,1,1,4)
Task QoS for an automatic task (SP FASTA task)
Runtime, design time, between workflows, instances, etc.
10-04-2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 36
QoS Reduction Rules• Sequential• Parallel• Conditional• Loop• Fault-tolerant• Network
(a) (b)
tli+ +
pi
po1pl1ti… …
pon
… …
pln
+ +
T(tli) = ip-1
)(T it
C(tli) = ip-1
)(C it
R(tli) = )(Rp-1
)(R*)p-(1
i
i
i
i
t
t
F(tli).ar = f(pi, F(ti))
tbta+
(a) (b)
+tbta t1n
pa1p1b
pnb
p2b
pan
pa2p1n pb
t1
t2
tn T(t1n) = ni.1
pai * T(ti)
C(t1n) = ni.1
pai * C(ti)
R(t1n) = ni.1
pai * R(ti)
F(t1n).ar = f(pa1, F(t1), pa2, F(t2), …, pan, F(tn))
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 37
Stochastic Workflow Reduction (SWR) algorithm
G LkH I J
A B C D
N3
N2
N1
E F N4
Process w
qos(x1,..,xn)
Sub-process w1
Sub- process w2
Sub- process w3
Apply a set of reduction rules to a process until only one atomic* task exists
For each rule applied, the process structure changes
After several iterations only one task will remain
The final task contains the QoS of the process under analysis
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 38
e.g. DNA Sequencing
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 40
Semantic Web Services
Semantic Web ServicesService DescriptionsQuality of Service Process ComplexityInternet of Services Service Networks
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 41
How Complex is a Process?
Payroll
Human Capital Management
Purchasing
Customer Relationship Management
Supply Chain Control
Production and Site Logistics Execution
IT Service and ApplicationManagement
Process Componentat Business Partner
Enterprise Service Interaction (cross Deplyoment Unit)
Expense andReimbursement
Management
Direct Interaction (intra Deployment Unit)
Business Planning
InventoryProcessing
Project Management
RFQ Processing
Requisitioning
Supplier Invoicing
Catalogue Publishing
Catalogue Authoring
Payment
Due Item Management
Customer Invoicing
Financial Accounting
Deployment Unit
Production
Sales OrderProcessing
CustomerQuote
Processing
OpportunityProcessing
Goods andService
Acknowledgement
Service RequestProcessing
Customer InvoiceProcessing at
Supplier
Supplier InvoiceProcessing at
Customer
Payment OrderProcessing atHouse Bank
Purchase OrderProcessing at
CustomerSales OrderProcessing
atSupplier
CustomerInvoice
Processing
AccountingDue Item
Processing
Supplier InvoiceProcessing
RFQProcessing
PaymentProcessing
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Bank statementcreation at bank
Opportunity /Customer Quote
Processing atSupplier
Time andLabour
Management
PersonnelAdministration
ServiceConfirmationProcessing
A
A
Service OrderProcessing
PurchasingContract
Processing
ActivityManagement
A
A
DemandPlanning
OutboundDelivery
Processing
CustomerReturn
Processing
updated on Jan 3rd 2007 (Jens Freund) -- interactions from dependent objects not included yet
Goods andService
Confirmationat Supplier
PaymentProcessing at
Business Partner
PurchaseRequest
Processing
ProjectProcessing
Internal RequestProcessing
Supply andDemandMatching
A
DemandForecast
Processing
CashManagement
ExternalProcurement Trigger
and Response
A
Inbound DeliveryProcessing at
Customer
Site LogisticsProcessing
A
A
A
ProductCataloguePublishing
ProductCatalogueAuthoring
CustomerRequirementProcessing
ProductionTrigger andResponse
In-HouseRequirementProcessing
MaterialInspectionProcessing
ProductCatalogue
Authoring atSupplier
ProductCatalogue
Authoring atCustomer
Expense andReimbursement
Management
A
Purchase OrderProcessing
CompensationManagement
BusinessPartner DataManagement
LockBox Filecreation at
provider
SettlementProcessing
at Clearing House
A
Source ofSupply
Determination
ProductionModel
Management
Product DataManagement
Process components not assigned to adeployment unit belong to foundation
LogisticsExecution
Control
PhysicalInventory
Processing
CustomerComplaint
Processing
InboundDelivery
Processing
Costing
EngineeringChange
Processing
LeadProcessing
A
External BankDirectory
Management
FinancialMarket DataManagement
Service RequestProcessing at
Provider
ServiceContract
Processing A
Processing ofProduct Tax
Declaration atTax Authority
Installed BaseData
Management
OrganisationalManagement
Resource DataManagement
Location DataManagement
Logistics Areaand StorageManagement
InspectionMaster DataManagement
Site LogisticsModel
Management
Price MasterData
Management
Process Component
FinancialAccounting MasterData Management
Service RequestProcessing at
Requester
SoftwareProblemReporting
SAP SupportRequest
Processing
SAP ServiceDelivery
Processing
Service RequestProcessing at
Provider
Service DeliveryProcessing at
SAP
FR EmployerRegulatoryCompliance
DE EmployerRegulatoryCompliance
US EmployerRegulatoryCompliance
CN EmployerRegulatoryCompliance
IT EmployerRegulatoryCompliance
GB EmployerRegulatoryCompliance
Input andOutput
Management
EmployeePayroll
Administration
Payroll Processing
Human CapitalMaster DataManagement
PayrollProcessing at
Provider
A
IT ChangeManagement
Logistic UnitData
Management
Data FlowVerification
IdentityManagement
BusinessDocument Flow
Processing
CampaignManagement
Balance OfForeign Payment
Management
InformationLifecycle
Management
DocumentManagement
RFQProcessingat Customer
Service OrderConfirmation
Processing atCustomer
Groupware
SystemAdministration
BusinessConfiguration
PaymentMaster DataManagement
SystemAdministration
at Provider
ExternalProduction Model
Processing
Further CashManagement
Relevant Component
Price Master DataManagement at
Customer
Due ItemProcessing At
Business Partner
Processing of EuropeanCommunity Sales ListReport at Tax Authority
Processing ofWithholding
TaxDeclaration atTax Authority
Bill Of ExchangeProcessing atHouse Bank
OutboundDelivery
Processingat Supplier
Sales ContractProcessing at
Supplier
Supplier InvoiceVerification
Exception Resolutionat Processor
TaxProcessingat Authority
CustomerProject Invoice
Preparation
A
Third Party ProcessComponent
DataMigrationSystem
DataMigrationSystem
DataMigrationSystem
DataMigrationSystem
Migration Adapter
Migration DataDispatching
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 42
The Idea (2005)
(1) while(x<100){(2) if (a[x] % 2 == 0) {(3) parity = 0; } else {(4) parity = 1;(5) }(6) switch(parity){ case 0:(7) println( “a[“ + i + “] is even”); case 1:(8) println( “a[“ + i + “] is odd”); default:(9) println( “Unexpected error”); }(10) x++; }(11) p = true;
Node Statement
11
1
2
3 4
5
6
87
10
9
MCC=e - n + 2, where e and n are the number of edges and nodes in the graph
Software Complexity Process Complexity
Cardoso, J.; Mendling, J.; Neumann, G. and Reijers, H. A Discourse on Complexity of Process Models. Second International Workshop on Business Process Intelligence, 2006.
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 43
Views on Process Complexity
10-04-2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 44
Control-flow Complexity
}Pof splits-AND{
}Pof splitsOR{
}Pof splitsXOR{
)(
)(
)(
)(
ksplitAND
jsplitOR
isplitXOR
kCFC
jCFC
iCFC
PCFC
2n-1,where n is the fan-out of the split
Fan-out of the split
1
Cardoso, J. Business Process Control-Flow Complexity: Metric, Evaluation, and Validation. In International Journal of Web Services Research, Vol. 5 (2): 49-76, 2008.
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 45
Understandability
Start
A B
D
AND
OR
XORJ
K L Q
M
O
N
P
R S
E F G
H
XOR
XOR
XOR
XOR
XOR
End
XOR
T
C I
U V
OR
W
XOR
XOR
OR
OR
XOR
XOR
XOR
OR
OR
XOR
Start
A
B
D
XOR
AND
XOR
J
K L Q
M
O
N
P
R S
E F G
H
XOR
XOR
XOR
XOR
XOR
End
XOR
T
CI
U V
OR
W
XOR
AND
AND
Which one is more difficult to understand?
10-04-2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 46
The Idea (2006)
“… the average connector degree is the most convincing factor that relates to model understandability, followed by a model’s density”
Mendling, J.; Reijers, H. and Cardoso, J. What Makes Process Models Understandable?. In The 5th International Conference on Business Process Management (BPM 2007), 2007.
The average connector degree refers to the number of input and output arcs of a routing element
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 47
Semantic Web Services
Semantic Web ServicesService DescriptionsQuality of Service Process ComplexityInternet of Services Service Networks
04/10/2023 Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 48
The ProblemService Engineering
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The Idea (2008)
A model is an abstractionA model only focus on certain aspects
A model is created to describe a phenomena
A Service
Mental model
Model
Cardoso, J. The Internet of Services. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Software and Data Technologies , 2009
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The Idea (2008)
TXT, VISIO, PPT description of services
Formal definition of functional/
non-functional requirements
(semantic) Interface, message,
format,data, etc
SAWSDL, WSDL, SOAP, WS-Policy,
XML Schema, XML, WSMO, etc
WP7/WP10
Scope Model{contextual}
Business Model{conceptual}
Logical Model{system}
Technical Model{physical}
Runtime{operational}
TXT, VISIO, PPT description
of the workflow
Formal definition of functional/
non-functional, BPMN
BPMN+
WS-Policy, WS-CDL, WS-CI,
BPEL
WP7/WP10
Service Workflow
TXT, VISIO, PPT description
of data assets
Interrelations between semantic
data assets
Semantic data model
OWL, RDFS,XML Schema,
XML
WP7/WP10
Data
TXT, VISIO, PPT description
of organizational units
Organizational chart
Interaction between people and
service/processes
GUI between people and
services/processes. Security model
WS-policy
WP7/WP10
People
TXT, VISIO, PPT Goals and strategy
Business plan(rules and constraints)
Business rule model
RuleML, SWRL
WP7/WP10
Rules
Requirements Design Implementation
Method =Technique and Process
A sequence of actions
leading to some resultA Method
producesmodels
A specific construct
supporting a method
Underlying concepts (paradigm)E.g. service-oriented development
Preparation Market Market LunchDefinition
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ISE Workbench
Executive
Manager
Process Architect
Business Analyst
Cardoso, J.; Winkler, M.; Voigt, K. and Berthold, H. IoS-Based Services, Platform Services, SLA and Models for the Internet of Services. In Software and Data Technologies, Springer. 2009.
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Semantic Web Services
Semantic Web ServicesService DescriptionsQuality of Service Process ComplexityInternet of Services Service Networks
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The importance of networks
World Wide Web Social NetworksLinked Data
Financial/Political Networks Food chain NetworksRailway Network
…energy grids, water systems, wireless mobile networks...
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Service descriptions
• Customers• Avis Scandinavia
• Supliers• Oracle 11g or IBM DB2 database
support services.
• Competitors • SalesForce.com Sales Cloud, Microsoft
On-Demand Dynamics CRM, and Oracle CRM OnDemand
• Complementors • Sage ERP and Sugar ERP Business
Suite are complementors of SugarCRM
[CPL+12] Cardoso, J.; Pedrinaci, C.; Leidig, T.; Rupino, P. and Leenheer, P. D Open semantic service networks. In The International Symposium on Services Science (ISSS 2012), pages 1-15, Leipzig, Germany, 2012.
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The relationship problem• Given two services
– Does a relationship exists between them?
– What is the support for the relationship?
– What is the type of the relationship [Car13]?
– What is the direction of the relationship?
– What is the strength of the relationship?
[Car13] Cardoso, J. Modeling Service Relationships for Service Networks. In 4th International Conference on Exploring Service Science (IESS 1.3), pages 114-128, Springer, LNBIP, Porto, Portugal, 2013.
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The relationship problem
Aggregation
OSSR
Ten years of service research from a computer science perspective 57
The centrality problem• Given a node and its
neighbors– Popularity, power, collaboration
• (Traditional) degree centrality– A = 6
• How to calculate Service centrality? + aG+aF - bB - bC + cE + dD
Can it be proved?
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A
B
C
D
E
F
G
CustomersSupliersCompetitors Complementors
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• Hypothesis– People near holes in a social
structure are at higher risk of having innovative ideas
• Level– Individual
• Leads to– Power, influence, money,
advancement, access, advantage
[Bur09] Burt, Ronald S, Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition, Harvard University Press. 2009.
Competitive advantage is a matter of access to structural holes in relation to market transactions [Bur09]
Structural hole (Burt)
• What are the implications for services?– Discover new markets– Evaluate the innovative
potential of organizations
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The Idea (2012)
Open Semantic Service Relationship (OSSR)
• Service description• Relationship description• Follows Linked Data principles • Means for publishing and
interlinking distributed services
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Service System & Relationships The first steps …
[CPL+13] Cardoso, J.; Pedrinaci, C. and Leenheer, P. D Open Semantic Service Networks: Modeling and Analysis. In 4th International Conference on Exploring Service Science (IESS 1.3), pages 141-154, Springer, LNBIP, Porto, Portugal, 2013.
Thank You
for Listening