tenerife disaster

Tenerife DisasterTenerife Disaster 1977: 1977: Pan-Am Boeing 747Pan-Am Boeing 747 and and KLM Boeing 747KLM Boeing 747

collide on the runwaycollide on the runway at Tenerife airport. at Tenerife airport. Also known as Also known as TENERIFE DISASTERTENERIFE DISASTER (worst accident (worst accident

in history). in history). 583 peoples killed.583 peoples killed. The cause of accidents areThe cause of accidents are

Loss of situational AwarenessLoss of situational Awareness by KLM by KLM captain. He became confusion.captain. He became confusion.

Poor communications:Poor communications: heavy accents and heavy accents and improper terminology among KLM pilotimproper terminology among KLM pilot, , Pan Pan Am pilotAm pilot and a and a Spanish ATC.Spanish ATC.

Poor Decision MakingPoor Decision Making, KLM still want to , KLM still want to take-off during heavy fog.take-off during heavy fog.

Stress:Stress: KLM’s captain became stress KLM’s captain became stress because waiting too long at the TENERIFE because waiting too long at the TENERIFE airportairport

Saudia Vs Kazakhtan Mid-Saudia Vs Kazakhtan Mid-Air CollisionAir Collision

1996, a Saudi Arabian airliner and a Kazakhstan 1996, a Saudi Arabian airliner and a Kazakhstan plane collided in mid-air near New Delhi, India.plane collided in mid-air near New Delhi, India. This accident is the example of This accident is the example of poor poor

communicationcommunication due to language barriers due to language barriers problem.problem.

The Kazakhstan The Kazakhstan pilot not sufficiently fluent in pilot not sufficiently fluent in English and unable to understand an Indian English and unable to understand an Indian controller giving instructions in English.controller giving instructions in English.

349 peoples onboard both aircraft died.349 peoples onboard both aircraft died.

DC-8, PortlandDC-8, Portland

1978: UAL 173 1978: UAL 173 DC-8DC-8 crashed during crashed during approach near approach near PortlandPortland

This accident is the example of This accident is the example of Loss of Situational AwarenessLoss of Situational Awareness: : Captain too Captain too

fixationfixation on landing gear problem. on landing gear problem. Poor Communications:Poor Communications: His crews (F/O & F/E) His crews (F/O & F/E)

informed about low fuel condition. Captain informed about low fuel condition. Captain ignored them or ignored them or misunderstoodmisunderstood them & them & continue to solve landing gear problem.continue to solve landing gear problem.

The DC-8 ran out of fuel and finally crashed. The DC-8 ran out of fuel and finally crashed. 189 Peoples, 10 killed, 23 seriously injured189 Peoples, 10 killed, 23 seriously injured

Air Florida Flight 90, Air Florida Flight 90, Washington, DC. Washington, DC.

1982 crash of Air Florida Flight 90 (B737) 1982 crash of Air Florida Flight 90 (B737) into into the the Potomac River in Washington, DCPotomac River in Washington, DC. . Aircraft not performing the plane's de-icing Aircraft not performing the plane's de-icing

system. Captain should cancel the takeoff but he system. Captain should cancel the takeoff but he didn’t do that. Aircraft crashed into the river and didn’t do that. Aircraft crashed into the river and 78 people killed.78 people killed.

This accident is example of This accident is example of Lack of Assertiveness:Lack of Assertiveness: Co-pilot lack of sufficiently AssertivenessCo-pilot lack of sufficiently Assertiveness to to

warn the captain about an unsafe takeoff warn the captain about an unsafe takeoff condition.condition.

This also example of This also example of Poor Communications.Poor Communications. Captain did not get the message given by Co-pilot. Captain did not get the message given by Co-pilot.

Problems came both from Sender & ListenerProblems came both from Sender & Listener

Saudia Flight 163Saudia Flight 163, Riyadh to , Riyadh to JeddahJeddah

1980, 1980, Saudia Flight 163Saudia Flight 163, Riyadh to , Riyadh to Jeddah. Jeddah. Aircraft cached by a fire; the Aircraft cached by a fire; the evacuation of the plane is delayed evacuation of the plane is delayed and all 301 on board die.and all 301 on board die. Example of Example of Poor CRM and Poor Decision Poor CRM and Poor Decision

MakingMaking practiced by the flight crews. practiced by the flight crews. Even the crews noticed earlier about the Even the crews noticed earlier about the

fire shortly after take-off they fire shortly after take-off they did not fully did not fully utilized the Available Resources.utilized the Available Resources.

All crews All crews not plan for the good decision not plan for the good decision makingmaking such as emergency landing and such as emergency landing and emergency evacuation.emergency evacuation.

Heavy FogHeavy Fog 2001, Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) 2001, Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS)

collides with Cessna aircraft in heavy fog at collides with Cessna aircraft in heavy fog at Milan, Italy airport.Milan, Italy airport. This accident is the example of This accident is the example of dangers of dangers of

take-off during the heavy fog.take-off during the heavy fog. Because of very Because of very poor visibilitypoor visibility SAS MD-87 hit SAS MD-87 hit

the Cessna, then loss of control and hit 2 the Cessna, then loss of control and hit 2 airport buildings before crashing into a airport buildings before crashing into a baggage handling hangar and bursting into baggage handling hangar and bursting into flames. flames.

All 118 passengers and crews were killed, as All 118 passengers and crews were killed, as well as the four people in the Cessna and four well as the four people in the Cessna and four airport workers.airport workers.

This was the Italy's worst air disasters.This was the Italy's worst air disasters.

Fly over ThunderstormFly over ThunderstormStress & FatigueStress & Fatigue

American Airlines Flight 1420American Airlines Flight 1420 (MD-82) overran the (MD-82) overran the end of the runway, and impacted approach light end of the runway, and impacted approach light structures after landing at Little Rock Airport, structures after landing at Little Rock Airport, Arkansas.Arkansas. ThunderstormsThunderstorms and and heavy rainheavy rain were were

reported in the area at the time of the accident.reported in the area at the time of the accident. Flight crew became overloaded with many Flight crew became overloaded with many

important tasks, that lead them being important tasks, that lead them being stress & stress & fatigue.fatigue.

11 people killed including captain, and 11 people killed including captain, and numerous injuries among the 145 passengers numerous injuries among the 145 passengers and crews.and crews.

Good Teamwork, Good Teamwork, communication & decision communication & decision

makingmaking 1989 Flight 232, A United Air Lines DC-10

crashed at Sioux City, Iowa after an engine explosion. Although the aircraft crashed, the crew

managed to land on a runway saving 187 from 298 peoples.

This accident is the example of Good teamwork practicing by all air crew in

handling the difficult situations. Good communication among pilot, ATC &

Ground crews to bring the aircraft landing and performing emergency evacuations.

Good decision making done by pilot to solve the problems.

ThunderstormsThunderstormsThunderstorms is Thunderstorms is a violent storm of a violent storm of

thunder and lightning.thunder and lightning.

Thunderstorms are usually Thunderstorms are usually accompanied by strong winds, accompanied by strong winds,

heavy rain and sometimes snow & heavy rain and sometimes snow & hail.hail.

The dangers of flying in The dangers of flying in or close to a or close to a

thunderstorm are:thunderstorm are: Lightning –Lightning – can cause an aircraft loss can cause an aircraft loss of radio communications & can damage of radio communications & can damage the aircraft structure.the aircraft structure.

Hail –Hail – can cause the serious damage on can cause the serious damage on aircraft.aircraft.

Strong wind –Strong wind – can cause the aircraft can cause the aircraft crash during take-off or landing.crash during take-off or landing.

Rain -Rain - Reduce the visibility and Reduce the visibility and produce the visual illusion.produce the visual illusion.

Turbulence –Turbulence –can cause an aircraft loss can cause an aircraft loss of controlof control

How to avoid How to avoid thunderstorm?thunderstorm?

Don't fly under a thunderstorm even if Don't fly under a thunderstorm even if you can see through to the other side.you can see through to the other side. Turbulence under the storm could be Turbulence under the storm could be

disastrous.disastrous. Don't land or take off in the face of an Don't land or take off in the face of an

approaching thunderstorm. approaching thunderstorm. A sudden wind shift or low level A sudden wind shift or low level

turbulence could cause loss of control.turbulence could cause loss of control. Avoid by at least 20 miles any Avoid by at least 20 miles any

thunderstorm identified as dangerousthunderstorm identified as dangerous

AirmanshipAirmanship Airmanship: Airmanship: Skill Skill and and knowledgeknowledge of the of the

work of navigating and operating an work of navigating and operating an aircraft. aircraft.

Airmanship criteria are:Airmanship criteria are: Very familiar with the principles of flight,Very familiar with the principles of flight, The ability to operate an airplane with The ability to operate an airplane with

competence and precision both on the competence and precision both on the ground and in the air.ground and in the air.

Good judgment that results in optimal Good judgment that results in optimal operational safety and efficiency.operational safety and efficiency.

Airmanship Airmanship covers operation of the aircraft covers operation of the aircraft and all its systemsand all its systems..

Good AirmanshipGood Airmanship

Maintain a high level of Situational AwarenessMaintain a high level of Situational Awareness Situational Awareness refers to the Situational Awareness refers to the

accurate perception of all accurate perception of all FACTORS FACTORS (human, environment & technical) (human, environment & technical) that that affect the aircraft & the crew at all times.affect the aircraft & the crew at all times.

Key components of SA are Key components of SA are Understanding the changing environmentUnderstanding the changing environment Able to predict how things may change Able to predict how things may change Able to compare the expected with the Able to compare the expected with the

actualactual


Know how to manage risk and how to make Know how to manage risk and how to make good decisions.good decisions. This is where decision making skills take This is where decision making skills take

center stage. Effective decision making center stage. Effective decision making refers to the ability to use logical and refers to the ability to use logical and sound judgment to make decisions based sound judgment to make decisions based on available information on available information

There are several factors that promote There are several factors that promote good decision making. Some key factors good decision making. Some key factors are extra time, alertness, experience and are extra time, alertness, experience and teamwork. teamwork.


Aircrew understand the limit of his Aircrew understand the limit of his capabilitiescapabilities

Aircrew should act according his "personal Aircrew should act according his "personal minimums checklist” in order to ensure the minimums checklist” in order to ensure the safety of flight.safety of flight. Use I’M SAFE checklist before decide either to Use I’M SAFE checklist before decide either to

continue operating the aircraft or just rest.continue operating the aircraft or just rest. In addition, Aircrew should also check In addition, Aircrew should also check

condition of aircraft and all its system & about condition of aircraft and all its system & about the environments (airport conditions & the environments (airport conditions & weather)weather)

tenerife disaster

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