A THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL GUIDE TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR

STEFANA BALANTHE ENGLISH TENSES: THEORY, PRACTICE AND KEY

Clear explanations Practice the tenses Fill in the blanks with the suitable tense

Irregular verbs

Key to practice

1. SIMPLE PRESENT

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT+V1(+S/ES FOR HE/SHE/IT)

I study hard every day. She studies German in school.

INTERROGATIVE:DO/DOES(HE/SHE/IT)+SUBJECT+V1

Do you work in this town? Does she enjoy Chemistry?

NEGATIVE: SUBJECT+DO NOT/DOES NOT+V1

DONT/DOESNT

I don't go to club very often.

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: DONT/DOESNT+SUBJECT+V1

DO/DOES+ SUBJECT+NOT+V1

Do you not study Algebra? Don't you smoke cigars?

USE:

1. to express scientific or general truths:

Water boils at 100C.

2. to express an action happening repeatedly or which is permanent (frequency adverbs can be used: every day/month/year, rarely, seldom, never, sometimes, always etc) We always travel by plane on holidays. I am never busy in the afternoons.

3. to narrate stories or events (if the action is in progress, present continuous will be used):

When I enter my house, I see a big man standing in my kitchen. Apparently, that was the plumber called by my mother.

4. to give instructions:

For a pizza, you make dough and you add mozzarella, mushrooms, bacon, olives...

5. when making live commentaries. It is used in general for finished actions.

Ronaldo gets the ball and shoots. It's a goal!

6. to express future for official actions:

The meeting takes place at 5 pm this afternoon.

7. to express a future action in conditional and time clauses

I will call you when/if I finish my project.8.in exclamations beginning with here and there

Here comes the bus. but The bus is coming

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT+AM/ARE/IS+V-ING

I am working hard this month.

INTERROGATIVE:AM/ARE/IS+SUBJECT+V-ING

Are you coming with us?

NEGATIVE: SUBJECT+AM NOT/ARE NOT/IS NOT+V-ING

ARENT/ISNT

They are not working in the morning this week.

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE:ARENT/ISNT+SUBJECT+V-ING

AM/ARE/IS+ SUBJECT+NOT+V-ING

Aren't you studying English grammar this term?

USE:

1.to express an action in progress at the moment of speaking. Such adverbs as now, just, at this moment can be used in order to emphasize the fact that the action is in progress.

I am listening to the speaker now.

2. to express an action which happens in the present, even if it is not necessarily in progress at the moment of speaking:

I am writing a book. (not as we are speaking)

3. to express temporary actions

This month I am working harder.

4. to express near future - personal plans or arrangements (it is obligatory to use the time adverbial: tomorrow, next week/month/...)

Next weekend we are going to a nice mountain resort.

5. to express future actions with verbs of movement such as : to come, to go, to arrive, to leave

Our aunt is arriving tomorrow.6. to express a repeated or permanent action which produces annoyance, irritation: (with always, constantly, continually, and forever.)

He is always coming late to the parties.

7. in subordinate clauses of time or condition when referring to an action in progress: I won't disturb them if they are studying.

8. to show the transition from one state to another with such verbs as to become, to grow, to get.

Children are getting smarter and smarter every day.

STATE VERBS

1. VERBS OF PERCEPTION: to feel, to hear, to notice, to see, to smell, to taste (to express the mere perception and not a voluntary action)

I see you now. but I am looking at you now.

The flower smells nice. but I am smelling the flower. If the verbs do nor refer to perception but have other meanings, they can be used in the continuous aspect: I am seeing the doctor on Friday.

2.VERBS EXPRESSING MENTAL ACTIVITIES:

to agree, to believe, to distrust, to doubt, to find, to foresee, to forget, to guess, to imagine, to know, to mean, to mind, to remember, to recognize, to recollect, to suppose, to think (that), to trust, to understand

e.g. I understand the tenses now.

He thinks that we should go home now.

But

e.g. You are imagining things (you are making up).She is minding her old mother. (looks after her)3.VERBS EXPRESSING WISH: to desire, to intend, to want, to wish

I want that dress right now!

We intend to get married next week.

4. VERBS EXPRESSING ATTITUDES, FEELINGS, EMOTIONAL STATES:

to abhor, to adore, to detest, to dislike, to displease, to like, to love , to hate, to please, to prefer

I love English grammar now.

5. VERBS EXPRESSING POSSESSION: to belong to, to have, to hold, to keep to owe, to own, to possess

He has a lot of money now.6. VERBS EXPRESSING A STATE, A CONDITION: to appear, to be, to consist of, to contain, to differ, to deserve, to equal, to resemble, to seem, to suit

You seem upset today.3. PAST SIMPLE

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT+V2I went to the theatre yesterday.

INTERROGATIVE:DID +SUBJECT+V1Did you visit your grandparents last week?

NEGATIVE: SUBJECT+DID NOT+V1

DIDNTI didnt go to the theatre, I went to the cinema.NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: DIDNT+SUBJECT+V1

DID+ SUBJECT+NOT+V1Did you not understand what I told you?

SPELLING RULES OF THE PAST FORM

1. when the verbs end in e only d is added

She smiled at him and left.

2. when a one-syllable verb ends in a single consonant (with the exception of c, w, or x) preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is doubled and ed is added

They stopped and greeted each other.

3. the verbs ending in c add k after c then ed is added

Everybody panicked when hearing about the test.

4. a verb of more than one syllable ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is doubled if the final syllable is stressed.

They referred to our project.

the final consonant is not doubled when the final consonant is not stressed (visited, listened)

I visited Rome instead of staying at home.

Exceptions: kidnapped, handicapped5. When the short infinitive of a verb ends in y, if the y is preceded by a consonant, it is changed into I and then ed is added

I cried at the end of the Titanic movie.

USE:

1. for an action which happened at a definite time in the past. In this case a past adverbial is used such as when, the other day, then, yesterday, last week, last month, in 1998, ago, etc.

They went camping by the lake last month.

2. for actions which happened one after the other in the past

First she paid the driver, then she got out of the taxi.

3. for past habits or states which are now finished. In such cases we can also use the expression "used to" or modal "would" (only for dynamic verbs)

I played football every weekend when I was young.

I used to play football when I was young....

I would play football when I was young...

4. in conditional clauses (type II) to express a probable action

If I were you, I would call him.

If she had time, she would call you.

Obs. 'to be' has the form were for all persons in literary English.

5. to express Present Simple in Reported Speech introduced by a verb in the past

I like English grammar, she said. She said that she liked English grammar.

6. to express an action with duration but completed at the moment of speaking.

I lived in New York for 10 years. Then I moved to London.

7. after wish, had better, would rather, as if/though, it's time to express present reference

I wish I were at the seaside now.

He behaves as if he were our boss.

It's time you learnt the English tenses.

I'd rather/better you came early at the party. (we use past only when we have different subjects.)

4. PAST CONTINUOUS

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT+WAS/WERE+V-ING

I was doing my homework when you called.

INTERROGATIVE:WAS/WERE+SUBJECT+V-ING

Were you doing some shopping yesterday in the Mall?

NEGATIVE: SUBJECT+WAS NOT/WERE NOT +V-ing

- WASNT / WERENT

I wasn't doing anything so you did not bother me.

USE:

1. To express an action in progress at a certain moment in the past:

This time yesterday I was writing.

2. For two or more simultaneous actions in the past

While mother was cooking, I was helping her.

3. for a temporary action in the past

I was working as a translator at that time.

4. to express a repeated annoying situation or action

They were always asking for money.

5. to express a background actionWhen I was going to school yesterday, I saw a house on fire.

6. To render a Present Continuous in Reported Speech

I am working, she said. She said that she was working.

7. in Reported Speech+time/conditional clauses

She said she wouldn't disturb them if they were studying.

5.PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT+HAVE/HAS+V3

I have been here for two hours.

INTERROGATIVE: HAVE/HAS+SUBJECT+V3

Have you understood the question?

NEGATIVE: SUBJECT+HAVE NOT/HAS NOT+V3

- HAVENT/HASNT

I haven't seen him yet.

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: HAVENT/HASNT+SUBJECT+V3

HAVE/HAS+ SUBJECT+NOT+V3

Have you not heard my question?

USE

1. to express an action in the past with present consequences

I've lost my car keys. (I can't drive home)

2. to express an action or state which started in the past and continues to the present moment.

I've been here for a week.

3. to express a recent action (yet, already, recently, just)

I've just woken up.

4. in time and conditional clauses to replace a Future Perfect

If/When I have done my homework, I will meet with my friends.

5. with an unfinished period of time.

I've missed the bus this morning. (it's before noon)

The most common adverbials for Present Perfect are just, lately, recently, of late, latterly, till now, up to now, so far, up to the present, during the last week, the last few days, these twenty minutes, today, this week, this month, this year, all day, all night, this morning, how long, when concerned with a period of time extending into the present, ever, never, often, seldom, always, several times, already and yet, with since and for. Note that these adverbs are used with the PRESENT PERFECT when the point of reference in THE PRESENT MOMENT6. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT+HAVE/HAS+BEEN+V-ING

I have been working in this school for 12 years.

INTERROGATIVE: HAVE/HAS+SUBJECT+BEEN+V-ING

Have you been studying English?

NEGATIVE: SUBJECT+HAVE NOT/HAS NOT + BEEN+V-ING

HAVENT/HASNT

I havent been working hard lately.

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: HAVENT/HASNT+SUBJECT+ BEEN+V-ING

HAVE/HAS+ SUBJECT+NOT BEEN+V-ING

Have you not been doing your homework since last week?

USE:

1. to express an uninterrupted action which has duration and is in progress at the moment of speaking. (it should be an action and not a state)Ive been drinking a lot of coffee this morning. But Ive drunk three cups of coffee this morning.

2. to express a finished action with dramatic effects in the presentYour room is a mess. What have you been doing?

7. PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT+HAD+V3

I had done my work by the time they left. INTERROGATIVE: HAD+SUBJECT+V3

Had he forgotten his umbrella at home?

NEGATIVE: SUBJECT+HAD NOT +V3

HADNT

I hadnt realized at that time that they were married.

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: HADNT+SUBJECT+V3

HAD+ SUBJECT+NOT+V3

Had you not understood how wrong everything was?

USE:

1. to express an action or a state prior to another moment or action. The most common adverbials are when, before, now that, as soon as, and after.I had completed the questionnaire when the clerk came in the office.

2. to express duration up to a moment in the past (especially with states):I had been there for five hours when he finally showed up.

3. in sentences with the constructions just, hardly/barely/scarcely+ when and no sooner+ thanNo sooner had I got home than he called me.Hardly had I got in the classroom when the teacher came in.

4. with since and for when they show duration up to a past momentIn 2010 I had been a teacher for 10 years.

5. to express Past Tense Simple and Present Perfect Simple in Indirect SpeechI met with him a minute ago she said (She said that she had met with him a minute before.

I have just met with him she said (She said that she had just met with him.

6. in the Conditional Clause Type III to express an impossible conditionI would have got a good grade if I had organised my time better.7. to express a regret (with if only, wish)If only I had worked every day at least a bit...

I wish I had done more to improve my grammar skills before the Cambridge exam

8. after had/would rather(when subjects are different) or as if/as thoughId rather you had helped him with his homework.

He acted as if he had been our master.8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT+HAD+BEEN+V-ING I had been waiting for him for 30 minutes when he finally came.

INTERROGATIVE: HAD+SUBJECT+BEEN+V-ING

Had he been bothering you a lot?

NEGATIVE: SUBJECT+HAD NOT + BEEN+V-ING

HADNT

I had not been reading my school books by the time of the exam

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: HADNT+SUBJECT+ BEEN+V-ING

HAD+ SUBJECT+NOT BEEN+V-ING Had he not been working hard like the rest of the team?

USE:

1. To show that an action had duration up to a certain moment in the past:I had been studying hard for more than 5 hours when my mother arrived at home.

2. in Reported Speech to express a past continuous or a present perfect continuousI was crossing the street when I saw her he explained (He explained that he had been crossing the street when he had seen her.

I have been waiting for hours she complained (She complained that she had been waiting for hours.

FUTURE TENSES AND EXPRESSIONS1. THE SIMPLE FUTURE

FORMS: SUBJECT+SHALL(I,WE)/WILL+V1

USE:

Will

1. is used to express a neutral future event, yet there are grammarians who include this use in the category of modality:He will pass the exams for sure. (rather a prediction)

2. a future action in the main clause of conditional and time sentencesI will help you if/when you need me to.

3. to express on-the-spot decisions:-This suitcase is so heavy!

-I will help you!

2. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUSWILL+BE+V-ING

1. to express a future activity or state in progress at a certain time in the futureThis time tomorrow I will be doing shopping.2. to express an activity or state that will take place over a future periodWe will be working hard all next week.3. to express planned actionsWe will be visiting Rome for Christmas.

3. FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLEWILL+ HAVE +V3

USE:

1. to express a completed action at a future momentThis time tomorrow, I will have finished my project.

2. the duration up to a certain time in the future (especially with states)He will have been in this company for a long year when he retires.

3. possibility or assumptionHe will have finished his homework by now.

4.FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUSWILL+ HAVE +BEEN+V3

It is used to express the duration of an action up to a certain moment in the future and the fact that the action is in progress at the moment of reference:This time next year, I will have been teaching English for 15 years.

5. FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST SIMPLESHOULD/WOULD+V1

It is used to express a future action or state in reported speech:She said she would help me.

Observation: The same happens with the other future tenses, as a matter of fact, will turns into would in Reported Speech introduced by a verb in the past. 7. TO BE TO

1.to express an official plan or an arrangementThe PM is to resign this morning.

2. a demand or obligationYou are to do your homework.

3. a possible actionHe is to become rich one day

8. TO BE ABOUT TOTo express immediate future:You are about to get good news.

9. TO BE GOING TO (NEAR FUTURE)

It is used to express:

1. premeditation of an action:I am going to study hard this year.

2. to make predictions with clear evidence:The sky is clear, it is going to be a wonderful day.

3. planned actionsI am going to have a party tonight.

PRACTICEFill in the blanks with the right tense of the verb between the brackets:

Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct tense and voice:

1. When I.(1.be) a little girl, my brother and I used to visit our grandparents mysterious house which..(2.say) to have been haunted. Just before New Years Eve, the house was cold and gloomy because it(3.snow) heavily all day; we ..(4.sit) around the fire listening to grandmas favourite stories when suddenly there .(5.be) a tremendous crash upstairs. We all thought in horror of the ghost that she ..(6.tell) us about. We ..(7.rush) up the stairs to discover that a tree (8.snap) in the wind smashing the bedroom window. I(9.remember/always) the expression on my grandmas face. I (10.be) so scared in my life! was all she could say.2. I .(1. walk) along the main street one day when I suddenly ..(2. see) something strange: a man I ..(3.see) before, the same height as me who..(4.have) a beard just like mine.(5.cross) the street a few steps from me, coming to my direction. He ..(6.pass) by me and I ..(7. freeze) amazed. He (8.wear) a blue shirt and a dark suit and he ..(9. carry) a suitcase. I .(10. turn) around and followed him.

3. When Hamlet first saw the ghost of his father he doubted, as any reasonable man (1.do). If he ..(2.trust) it from start, he ..(3.kill) Claudius sooner and the complicated story of betrayal, inquiry and strategy of revenge (4. exist). Supposing he ..(5.kill) Polonius, Ophelia .(6.lose) her mind and finally drowned; and Laertes .(7.have) any reason to challenge Hamlet to a duel. Moreover, if Hamlet .(8.fake) madness, Claudius ..(9.lower) his guard and finally given himself away; but then again, who would know about their story ..(10.be) for Shakespeare?

4. Mary had a row with her parents and she decided to leave home. If she .(1.think) twice she would still be with them. Later, she wished she .(2.not say) those harsh words to them, and that they ..(3.be) on good terms again. She experienced very hard times for a month or two, and she often wished she ..(4.be) born. If she ..(5.be) strong, she .(6.have) a break down. Luckily, her friends supported and advised her. If it (7.not be) for them, she.(8.not be) on her own. Her career changed due to them; she may even become successful provided that she (9.work) hard from now on. She even tried to make up with her parents and she often thinks If only these things ..(10.happen)!

5. People all over the world have seen UFOs for centuries. Aliens ..(1.say).(2.be) little green transparent creatures that ..(3. come) here in order to study us.

People ..(4.say) (5.kidnap) and tested and each victim has very strong memories about this experience. They .(6.often/suspect) of lying or at least exaggerating but they cant all be crooks, can they? Doctors and UFO-scientists.(7.know).(8.examine) them carefully even under hypnosis. Some of the events and experiences (9.share) by all of them. Alien ..(10. always/see) as the most intriguing contemporary subject due to our hope of not being alone in the Universe.

KEY:1.

1. was

2. was said

3. had been snowing

4. were sitting

5. was

6. had told/was telling

7. rushed

8. had snapped

9. will always remember

10. have never been

2.

1. was walking

2. saw

3. had never seen

4. had

5. was crossing

6. passed

7. froze

8. was wearing

9. was carrying

10. turned

3.

1. would have done/would do

2. had trusted

3. would have killed

4. wouldnt have existed

5. hadnt killed

6. wouldnt have lost

7. wouldnt have had

8. hadnt faked

9. wouldnt have lowered

10. hadnt it been

4.1. had thought

2. hadnt said

3. were

4. hadnt been born

5. hadnt been

6. would have had

7. had not been

8. wouldnt be

9. works

10. hadnt happened

5.

1. are said

2. to be

3. come/have come

4. are said

5. have been kidnapped

6. are often suspected

7. are known

8. to have examined

9. are shared

10. have always been seen

LISTA VERBELOR NEREGULATE

InfinitivePast TensePast ParticiplePrezent Participle Traducere

to arise

arose

arisen

arising

a se ridica/urca/sui/ivi/rasari/isca

to awakeawoke

awakedawakinga se trezi/destepta/scula

to backbitebackbit

backbittenbackbitinga defaima/ponegri/birfi/calomnia

to be

was/werebeen

being

a fi/a se afla/gasi

to bear

bore

born

bearing

a purta/duce/transporta/cara/rodi

to beat

beat

beaten

beating

a bate/lovi/suna

to becomebecamebecomebecominga deveni/ajunge/a se potrivi

to begetbegot

begottenbegettinga procrea/a da nastere la/ a cauza

to beginbegan

begun

beginninga incepe/debuta/a porni

to bendbent

bent/bendedbendinga (se) indoi/incovoia/inclina/supune

to besetbeset

beset

besettinga aranja/pune/potrivi/bloca/coplesi

to bid

bid/badebid/biddenbiddinga ruga/implora/porunci/ordona/licita

to bind

bound

bound

bindinga (se) lega/uni/consolida/captusi

to bite

bit

bit/bittenbiting

a musca/ciupi/apuca/defaima

to bleedbled

bled

bleedinga stoarce/slei/singera

to blendblent/blendedblent/blendedblendinga (se) amesteca/combina/asorta

to blessblessed/blestblessed/blestblessinga binecuvinta/slavi/glorifica/apara

to blowto blewblown

blowinga bate/sufla/adia/rasuna/erupe

to breakbroke

broken

breakinga (se) rupe/sparge/fringe

to breedbred

bred

breedinga creste/cultiva/hrani/nutri/educa

to bringbroughtbroughtbringinga aduce/mina/impinge/determina

to broadcastbroadcastbroadcastbroadcastinga difuza/raspindi/transmite/semana

to buildbuilt

built

buildinga construi/cladi/zidi

to burn

burnt/burnedburnt

burninga arde/cauteriza

to burstburst

burst

burstinga izbucni/plesni/crapa

to buy

bought

bought

buying

a cumpara/corupe/mitui

to cast

cast

cast

casting

a arunca/azvirli/distribui

to catchcaught

caught

catchinga (se) prinde/apuca/fixa

to chidechid

chid/chiddenchiding

a certa/mustra/dojeni/cicali

to choosechose

chosen

choosinga alege/selecta/prefera/a vrea

to cleavecleft/clovecleft/clovecleavinga (se) crapa/despica/detasa

to clingclung

clung

clinginga se lipi/agata de/a se tine de

to clotheclothed/cladclothed/cladclothinga (se) imbraca/invesminta/acoperi

to comecame

come

coming

a veni/sosi/a se apropia/a exagera

to cost

cost

cost

costing

a costa/face, fixa pretul

to creepcrept

crept

creepinga (se) tiri/furisa, a fi plecat/umil

to crowcrowed/crewcrowed

crowinga cinta cucurigu/a-si manifesta

to cut

cut

cut

cutting

a taia/reteza/sectiona/despica/ciopli

to dare

dared/durstdared

daring

a indrazni/cuteza/a avea curajul

to deal dealt

dealt

dealing

a imparti/repartiza/a face comert cu

to dig

dug

dug

digginga sapa/a dezgropa/scormoni/rascoli

to do

did

done

doing

a face/savirsi/executa/infaptui

to draw drew

drawn

drawinga trage/intinde/remorca/a trasa

to dreamdreameddreameddreaminga visa/a-si inchipui/crede/gindi

to dreamdreamt

dreamt

dreaminga visa/a-si inchipui/crede/gindi

to drinkdrank

drunk

drinkinga bea/sorbi/a suge

to drivedrove

driven

driving

a conduce masina/a circula

to dwelldwelt

dwelt

dwellinga locui/trai/domicilia/salasui

to eat

ate

eaten

eating

a minca/a lua/servi masa/hrani cu

to fall

fell

fallen

falling

a cadea/pica/a se prabusi

to feed

fed

fed

feedinga (se) hrani/a alimenta/nutri

to feel

felt

felt

feeling

a simti/resimti/percepe/a pipai

to fight

fought

fought

fightinga (se) lupta/bate/a disputa

to find

found

found

finding

a gasi/intilni/a vedea/a da de

to flee

fled

fled

fleeing

a fugi/a se refugia din/a parasi

to fly

flew

flown

flying

a zbura/a trece in zbor

to forbearforbore

forborneforbearinga se abtine de la/a se feri de/a evita

to forbidforbadeforbiddenforbiddinga interzice/a nu ingadui/permite

to forecastforecast(ed)forecast(ed)forecastinga prevedea/a calcula dinainte

to foregoforewentforegoneforegoinga anticipa/a preceda

to forknowforeknewforeknownforeknowinga cunoaste/sti dinainte/a prevedea

to foreseeforesawforeseenforeseeinga prevedea

to foretellforetoldforetoldforetellinga prezice/prevesti/prooroci

to forgetforgot

forgottenforgettinga uita/neglija/nesocoti/omite

to forgiveforgaveforgivenforgivinga ierta

to forsakeforsookforsakenforsakinga parasi/abandona/a renunta la

to forswearforsworeforswornforswearinga jura fals/a depune marturie falsa

to freezefroze

frozen

freezinga ingheta/degera/congela

to gainsaygainsaidgainsaidgainsayinga contrazice/contesta/nega/tagadui

to get

got/gottengot/gottengetting

a capata/obtine/procura/face/dobindi

to gird

girt/girdedgirt/girdedgirding

a incinge/inconjura

to give

gave

given

giving

a da/darui/oferi/a face cadou

to go

went

gone

going

a merge/pleca/deplasa/duce/umbla

to gravegraved

graved/gravengravinga grava/sculpta/ciopli/sapa

to grindground

ground

grindinga macina/rasni/pisa/slefui/poliza

to growgrew

grown

growinga creste/spori/dezvolta/maturiza

to hanghung/hangedhung/hangedhanginga (se) spinzura/agata/atirna/fixa

to have

had

had

having

a avea/poseda/a suferi de/a bea

to hear

heard

heard

hearing

a auzi/audia/asculta

to hide

hid

hid/hiddenhiddinga (se) ascunde/piti/dosi/tainui

to hit

hit

hit

hitting

a lovi/nimeri/bate/izbi/atinge

to hold

held

held

holdinga tine/pastra/detine/mentine

to hurt

hurt

hurt

hurting

a rani/leza/dauna/strica/lovi/a durea

to inlayinlaid

inlaid

inlayinga intercala/introduce/insera

to keep

kept

kept

keepinga pastra/respecta/tine seama de

to kneelknelt/kneeledknelt/kneeledkneelinga ingenunchea/a aseza in genunchi

to knit

knit/knittedknit/knittedknittinga croseta/tricota/impleti/deosebi

to knowknew

known

knowinga sti/a cunoaste

to lade

laded

laden/ladedlading

a incarca/imbarca

to lay

laid

laid

laying

a pune/aseza/intinde/depune/expune

to lead

led

led

leading

a duce/conduce/ghida/comanda

to lean

leant/leanedleant/leanedleaning

a se rezema/sprijini/a se aplica

to leap

leapt/leapedleapt/leapedleaping

a sari/salta/face salturi

to learnlearnt/learnedlearnt/learnedlearninga invata/afla/studia/a se instrui

to leaveleft

left

leaving

a lasa/abandona/parasi/pleca din

to lend

lent

lent

lending

a da imprumut/a se preta la

to let

let

let

letting

a lasa/ingadui/permite/a inchiria

to lie

lay

lain

lying

a sta intins/culcat/a zacea/a exista

to light

lighted/litlighted/litlightinga aprinde (foc)/a lumina/ a poposi

to lose

lost

lost

losing

a pierde

to makemade

made

making

a fabrica/face/confectiona/construi

to meanmeant

meant

meaninga insemna/a vrea sa spuna/a crede

to meetmet

met

meetinga (se) intilni/intimpina/impreuna

to mel

melted

melted/moltenmeltinga se topi/dizolva/lichefia/induiosa

to misgivemisgavemisgivenmisgivinga presimti ceva rau/a inspira frica

to mislaymislaid

mislaid

mislayinga pierde/rataci (un obiect)

to misleadmisled

misled

misleadinga conduce/indruma gresit

to mistakemistookmistakenmistakinga intelege gresit

to misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood misunderstanding a intelege/interpreta gresit cuvintele

to mowmowed

mowed/mownmowinga cosi/secera/tunde

to outrideoutrodeoutriddenoutridinga intrece/depasi pe cineva calare

to outrunoutran

outrun

outrunningdepasi pe cineva in fuga

to overcastovercastovercastovercastinga intuneca/surfila/inchide

to overcomeovercameovercomeovercominga invinge/birui/coplesi/dobori/infringe

to overdooverdidoverdoneoverdoinga exagera/intrece masura

to overeatoverate

overeatenovereatinga minca prea mult/a se ghiftui

to overfeedoverfedoverfedoverfeedinga supraalimenta

to overlieoverlayoverlainoverlyinga se intinde peste

to overrunoverranoverrunoverrunninga se revarsa/a depasi limitele

to overseeoversawoverseenoverseeinga supraveghea/controla

to oversetoverset

overset

oversettinga rasturna ordinea/a zadarnici

to oversleepoversleptoversleptoversleepinga dormi prea mult/a se scula tirziu

to overtakeovertookovertakenovertakinga depasi un autovehicul

to overthrowoverthrewoverthrownoverthrowinga rasturna/dobori/infringe/invinge

to partakepartookpartakenpartakinga profita/uza de/a lua parte la ceva

to pay

paid

paid

paying

a plati/achita/a prezenta avantaj

to put

put

put

putting

a aseza/pune/supune

to read

read

read

reading

a citi/interpreta/studia/a se pregati

to rend

rent

rent

rendinga (se) rupe/sfisia/despica/crapa

to repayrepaid

repaid

repayinga rasplati/recompensa

to reset

reset

reset

resettinga restabili/repune/potrivi ceasul

to retellretold

retold

retellinga spune/povesti din nou/repeta

to rid

rid/riddenrid/riddenridding

a se descotorosi/debarasa/elibera de

to ride

rode

ridden

riding

a calari (calul)/domina/stapini

to ring

rang

rung

ringing

a suna/rasuna/anunta/semnala

to rise

rose

risen

rising

a se ridica/inalta/scula/a se agita

to rive

rived

riven/rivedriving

a crapa/spinteca/despica/rupe

to run

ran

run

runninga fugi/alerga/conduce/administra

to saw

sawed

sawn/sawedsawing

a taia cu ferastraul

to say

said

said

saying

a zice/spune/grai/afirma/mentiona

to see

saw

seen

seeing

a vedea/intelege/remarca/observa

to seek

sought

sought

seekinga cauta/cerceta/explora/solicita

to sell

sold

sold

selling

a vinde/desface marfuri/a pacali

to send

sent

sent

sendinga expedia/trimite/transmite/lansa

to set

set

set

setting

a pune/aseza/instala/culege

to sew

sewed

sewn/sewensewing

a coase/lucra cu acul

to shakeshook

shaken

shakinga scutura/zgudui/agita

to shearsheared/shoreshorn/shearedshearinga tunde/despuia/pagubi

to shed

shed

shed

sheddinga varsa (lacrimi)/pierde/lepada

to shineshone

shone

shining

a straluci/luci/izbindi

to shoe

shod

shod

shoeinga incalta/pingeli/potcovi/talpui

to shootshot

shot

shootinga trage (in)/impusca/vina/revarsa

to showshowed shown/showed showinga arata/indica/demonstra/dovedi/ivi

to shrinkshrank shrunk/shrunkenshrinkinga se scurta/micsora/strimba

to shut

shut

shut

shuttinga (se) inchide

to sing

sang

sung

singing

a cinta/suiera

to sink

sank

sunk

sinking

a se scufunda/scadea/amortiza

to sit

sat

sat

sitting

a sedea/sta jos/poza ca model

to slay

slew

slain

slaying

a omori/asasina/ucide/masacra

to sleepslept

slept

sleepinga dormi/a adormi

to slide

slid

slid/slidensliding

a aluneca/a se da pe gheata

to slit

slit

slit

slitting

a crapa/spinteca/despica/rupe

to smellsmelt

smelt

smellinga mirosi/adulmeca

to sow

sowed

sown/sowedsowing

a semana/insaminta

to speakspoke

spoken

speakinga vorbi/grai/rosti

to speedsped/speededsped/speededspeedinga accelera/goni/merge cu viteza

to spell

spelt/spelledspelt/speldspellinga ortografia/a rosti un cuvint

to spendspent

spent

spendinga cheltui/consuma/epuiza

to spill

spilt/spilledspilt/spilledspillinga (se) revarsa/varsa/imprastia

to spin

spun/spanspun

spinninga toarce/fila/rasuci/invirti/roti

to spit

spat/spitspat/spitspittinga scuipa/expectora/poua marunt

to split

split

split

spiting

a (se) scinda/descompune/diviza

to spoilspoilt/spoiledspoilt/spoiledspoilinga strica/deteriora/altera/rasfata/jefui

to spreadspread

spread

spreadinga intinde/desfasura/desface/lungi

to springsprang

sprung

springinga sari/tisni/incolti/rasari/izvori/exploda

to standstood

stood

standinga sta in picioare/a se tine drept

to steal stole

stolen

stealinga fura/sterpeli/amagi/seduce/cuceri

to stick

stuck

stuck

stickinga infige/intepa/introduce/adera

to stingstung

stung

stinginga impunge/intepa/rani/insela/amagi

to stinkstank/stunkstunk

stinkinga mirosi urit/a puti/a duhni

to strikestruck struck/stricken strikinga (se) lovi/izbi/ciocni/bate

to stringstrung

strung

stringinga lega cu sfoara/intinde coarda

to strivestrove

striven

strivinga se stradui/lupta/zbate/a tinde/nazui

to swearswore

sworn

swearinga jura/depune juramintul/injura

to sweepswept

swept

sweepinga matura/sterge praful

to swellswelledswollenswellinga umfla/mari/bomba

swelled

to swimswam

swum

swimminga inota/pluti/trece inot/inunda

to swingswung

swung

swinginga se legana/balansa/roti/invirti/oscila

to take

took

taken

taking

a lua/imprumuta/pune mina

to teachtaught

taught

teachinga invata pe cineva/instrui/preda

to tear

tore

torn

tearing

a rupe/sfisia/distruge/smulge

to tell

told

told

telling

a spune/povesti/exprima/arata/indica

to thinkthoughtthoughtthinkinga (se) gindi/crede/imagina/inchipui

to throwthrew

thrown

throwinga (se) arunca/lansa/azvirli/lepada/fata

to thrustthrust

thrust

thrustinga implinta/viri/indesa

to treadtrod

trodden/trodtreadinga calca/pasi/calca pe

to unbendunbent

unbent

unbendinga (se) intinde/destinde/relaxa

to unbindunboundunboundunbindinga dezlega/desface/desprinde/slobozi

to undergounderwentundergoneundergoinga suferi/indura/suporta/trece prin

to undersellundersoldundersoldundersellinga vinde mai ieftin/vinde sub pretul de

to understandunderstoodunderstoodunderstandinga intelege/pricepe/sesiza

to undertakeundertookundertakenundertakinga intreprinde/lua asupra sa/asuma

to undoundid

undone

undoinga anula/desfiinta/desface/distruge

to upsetupset

upset

upsettinga (se) rasturna/dezorganiza/afecta

to wakewoke/wokedwaked/wokenwaking

a (se) trezi/destepta/priveghea/stirni

to wearwore

worn

wearinga purta/a fi imbracat cu/a se uza

to weavewove

woven/woveweavinga tese/impleti/a se amesteca/baga in

to wed

weddedwedded/wedweddinga (se) casatori/da/lua in casatorie

to weepwept

wept

weepinga plinge/varsa lacrimi

to win

won

won

winninga cistiga/obtine/reusi/a ajunge la

to windwound

wound

windinga serpui/rasuci/infasura/inveli

to withdrawwithdrewwithdrawnwithdrawinga retrage/retracta/lua inapoi/renunta

to withholdwithheldwithheldwithholdinga opri/retine de la/interzice ceva

to withstandwithstoodwithstoodwithstandinga se impotrivi/opune la/a rezista

to writewrote

written

writing

a scrie/a redacta

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Chilrescu, Mihaela, Paidos, Constantin, Proficiency in English, Institutul European, Iai, 1997

Rafiroiu, A., Popa, F., Roset, S. et al (2005) Steps-the IX-th grade-admitere in clasele cu predare bilingva si intensiv engleza, Ed. Rovimed, Bacau

Acklam, R. (2005): Advanced Gold Coursebook, Longman, London

Aklam, R. and Crace, A. (2006): Going for Gold Upper-Intermediate Coursebook, Longman, London

Newbrook, J. et al (2008): New First Certificate Gold Coursebook, Pearson Longman, London

Newbrook, J. and Wilson, J. (2006): New Proficiency Gold Coursebook, Longman, London

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