teri bangalore air quality study

February 2010

Air quality assessment, emission inventory and source apportionment study for Bangalore city

Final report

Supported by Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., R&D Centre, Faridabad

Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd.

Reliance Industries Ltd. &

Central Pollution Control Board

Project Report No.2004EE28

w w w . t e r i i n . o r g The Energy and Resources Institute

T E R I Report No. 2004EE28

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Annexure - I

List of tables

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Executive summary

Background

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About Bangalore sources of air pollution ,$

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T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28

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iii Executive summary


Air quality status

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Figure 2 Study domain showing the location of the air quality monitoring locations

Figure 3 Average concentration of SPM, RSPM, PM10, PM2.5 during three seasons

Figure 4 Average concentration of gaseous pollutants during three seasons

1

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1. CSB (Kerbside)2. IGICH (Residential)3. Domlur (Residential)4. Victoria (Kerbside)5. Kammanahalli (Residential)6. Peenya (Industrial)7. Kanamangala (Background)

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1. CSB (Kerbside)2. IGICH (Residential)3. Domlur (Residential)4. Victoria (Kerbside)5. Kammanahalli (Residential)6. Peenya (Industrial)7. Kanamangala (Background)

Vegetation Residential Roads Monitoring station 1. CSB (Kerbside) 2. IGICH (Residential) 3. Domlur (Residential) 4. Victoria (Kerbside) 5. Kammanahalli (Residential) 6. Peenya (Industrial) 7. Kanamangala (Background)

v Executive summary


Emission inventory $%5665&

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vi Executive summary


PM10

Transport42%

Road Dust20%

Domestic 3%

DG Set7%

Industry14%

Hotel0%

Construction14%

NOx

Transport68%

Domestic 1%

DG Set23%

Hotel0%Industry

8%

Figure 5 Percentage share of different sources in total PM10 emission loads

Figure 6 Percentage share of different sources in total NOX emission loads

Receptor modelling and source apportionment '

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vii Executive summary


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Table 2 Indicative sources based on Factor Analysis for the different sites

S. No. Site Site description Indicative sources

1 Silk Board Traffic location Motor vehicle exhaust, secondary particulate matter, construction activities, natural

soil, road dust

2 Victoria road Traffic location Motor vehicle exhaust, natural soil, road dust, biomass burning, secondary particle

formation

3 Peenya Industrial Road dust, residual oil burning, crustal soil dust, industrial sources, metal industries,

motor vehicle exhaust, construction activities

4 Domlur Residential Soil and road dust, secondary particle formation, motor vehicle exhaust, storm water

drain, biomass burning

5 Kammanahalli Residential Road dust, coal combustion, vegetative burning, secondary particle formation,

resuspended soil, motor vehicle exhaust

6 IGICH Hospital

/Residential

Road dust, natural soil, secondary particle formation, construction activities, motor

vehicle exhaust, incinerator combustion

7 Kanamangala/

Background

Background Natural soil, crustal source, road dust, vehicular sources, biomass burning,

secondary particle formation

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viii Executive summary


PM10

Transport 19.0%

DG sets13.0%

Paved road & Soil dust

50.6%

Secondary8.7%

Industrial 4.5%

Domestic4.2%

PM2.5

Transport 49.9%

Paved road & Soil dust

3.5%Domestic

5.8%

DG sets24.7%

Industrial 3.5%

Secondary12.7%

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Figure 7 Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 source contribution in Bangalore city (average of 3 seasons)

Dispersion modelling : existing scenario =!*=8%=!=;&

ix Executive summary


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Figure 8 Contours for 24-hourly average PM10 concentration ( g/m3) for first (winter)

season during 2007

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 240000

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

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x Executive summary


Figure 9 Contours for 24-hourly averaged NOX concentration ( g/m3) for first (winter)

season during 2007

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xi Executive summary


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Table 3 Growth rates of different sectors

S.No Sector Description of growth

1 Domestic Population growth rate of 3.1% as listed in Master

Plan - 2015

2 Transport Vehicle-wise growth rates were calculated using the

last five years data (2002-2007). BS-IV norms are

taken into account from 2010.

3 Industrial 5.85% as depicted in Industrial development plan

4 DG sets Based on population growth rates for domestic sets

and based on energy consumption for commercial

DG sets.

5 Construction Based on population growth rates

6 Road dust Based on increase in VKT ( from transport sector)

7 Eating joints Based on population growth rates

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xii Executive summary


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Dispersion modelling - BAU Scenarios 2012 and 2017 $K

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xiii Executive summary


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xiv Executive summary


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Table 4 Reduction in PM10 emission loads due to various technological interventions in transport sector in Bangalore

S.No Strategy 2007 2012 2017 % reduction

2012

% reduction

2017

Remarks

1 BAU 22.4 26.4 30.4 CAGR 2002-2007, BS-IV from 2010, No bio-

diesel ,Ethanol, or ban

2 BS-V 22.4 26.4 30.1 0% -1% BAU + BS -V has been applied from 2015

3 BS-VI 22.4 26.4 30.0 0% -1% BAU + BS -VI has been applied from 2015

4 ELECTRIC 22.4 25.8 29.1 -2% -4% BAU + Introduction of electric vehicle as per

chart provided by CPCB

5 Hybrid 22.4 26.4 30.4 0% 0% BAU + 1% hybrid cars in 2012 & 2% in 2017

6 CNG 22.4 25.4 26.6 -4% -12% BAU+ commercial vehicles (Bus/Car/3w)-

25% conversion in 2012 and 100% in 2017

7 Ethanol 22.4 26.4 30.4 0% 0% BAU + 10% Ethanol introduced in 2012-2017

8 Bio-diesel 22.4 26.3 30.2 -0.4% -1% BAU + 5% Biodiesel introduced in 2012 and

10% in 2017

9 H2/CNG 22.4 26.4 30.4 0% 0% 10% Vehicles in 2017

10 Diesel

oxidation

catalyst (DOC)

22.4 26.1 29.9 -1.0% -1.7% 50% conversion of BS-II buses in 2012, and

100% in 2017

11 Diesel

particulate

filter (DPF)

22.4 26.2 30.1 -0.6% -1.2% 50% conversion of BS-III buses in 2012, and

100% in 2017

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xv Executive summary


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Figure 15 Percentage reduction achieved in PM10 emissions by implementing various strategies in the transport sector

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xvi Executive summary


0% 0%

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Description

7 Ethanol 146.4 201.1 252.6 -0.1% -0.1% BAU + 10% Ethanol introduced in

2012-2017

8 Bio-diesel 146.4 201.6 253.4 0.1% 0.2% BAU + 5% Biodiesel introduced in

2012 and 10% in 2017

9 H2/CNG 146.4 201.4 240.6 0.0% -4.9% 10% Vehicles in 2017

10 Diesel

oxidization

catalyst

(DOC)

146.4 201.4 252.9 0.0% 0.0% 50% conversion of BS-II buses in

2012, and 100% in 2017

11 Diesel

particulate

filter (DPF)

146.4 201.4 252.9 0.0% 0.0% 50% conversion of BS-III buses in

2012, and 100% in 2017

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Sectors Alternate-I Alternate-II Alternate-III Alternate-IV Description Scenario with certain

strategies to reduce the air pollution loads across various sectors.

Stringent scenario with many more strategies to reduce the air pollution load across various sectors as compared to Alternate- I scenario.

Scenario that contains additional set of measures that are not a part of the common control options as per the chart suggested by CPCB (for example, introduction of fuel efficiency standards, installation of control devices (DOC/DPF) on all diesel vehicles and DG sets).

Scenario with measures that are more oriented towards meeting the air quality standards in future

Transport Introduction of BS-V in 2015 Ban on 10 year old

commercial vehicles in 2012 and 2017

Introduction of Metro in 2011 Enhancement of public

transport system based on diesel (shift of PKT from private vehicles to public transport i.e. 10% in 2012 and 20% in 2017)

Improvement in inspection and maintenance

Introduction of DOC in BS-II buses and DPF in BS-III buses

Introduction of BS-VI in 2015 Ban on 10-yr old commercial vehicles and

15-yr old private vehicles both in 2012 and 2017

Introduction of Metro in 2011 Enhancement of public transport system

based on CNG (shift of PKT from private vehicles to public transport i.e. 10 % in 2012 and 20% in 2017)

Introduction of electric vehicles (12% 2w, 5-10% 3w and taxis, 510% buses in 2012 and 2017, respectively)

Improvement in inspection and maintenance

Conversion of public transport (commercial 3 & 4 w) to CNG (25% in 2012 and 100 % in 2017)

Introduction of BS-VI in 2015 Ban on 15 yr old commercial vehicles in 2012 and 10 yr old

commercial vehicles in 2017 Introduction of Metro in 2011 Enhancement of public transport system based on diesel (shift

of PKT from private vehicles to public transport i.e. 10 % in 2012 and 20% in 2017)

Introduction of electric vehicles (1 2% 2w, 5 - 10% 3w and taxis, 5 10% buses in 2012 and 2017, respectively)

Improvement in inspection and maintenance Application of DOC/DPF after introduction of BS- IV fuel in 2010

to: Old Buses and Trucks (pre BS-IV):reduction in PM10 - DOC : 22.5%, DPF : 70% Old Diesel Cars pre BS-IV (about half of PM reduction is

assumed as compared to that for buses/trucks) : reduction in PM10-DOC: 10%, DPF : 35%

Introduction of fuel efficiency standards (considering reduction of fuel consumption)

Light passenger vehicles : 10% between (2012-15) and 15% between (2015-17), Light duty Passenger cars : 20% between (2012-15) and 30% between (2015-17), Heavy duty vehicles : 20% between (2012-15) and 30% between (2015-17)

Introduction of BS-V in 2015 Ban on 10 yr old commercial vehicles in 2012 and 2017 Introduction of Metro in 2011 Enhancement of public transport system based on CNG

(shift of PKT from private vehicles to public transport i.e. 10 % in 2012 and 20% in 2017)

Introduction of electric vehicles (1 2% 2w, 5 - 10% 3w and taxis, 5 10% buses in 2012 and 2017, respectively)

Improvement in inspection and maintenance Conversion of public transport (commercial 3 & 4 w) to

CNG (25% in 2012 and 100 % in 2017) By-passing of trucks on the proposed peripheral ring

road around Bangalore (which is broadly outside the study domain- assumed only 10% truck traffic within the city)

Industries Ban on any new air polluting industries in city limits

Ban on any new air polluting industries in city limits

Shift from solid fuel to liquid fuel (LSHS) in 2012 & NG in 2017 in existing industries

Ban on any new air polluting industries in city limits Shift from solid fuel to liquid fuel (LSHS) in existing industries in

both 2012 and 2017

Ban on any new air polluting industries in city limits Shift from solid fuel to liquid fuel (LSHS) in 2012 and to

NG in 2017 in existing industries

DG sets Inspection and maintenance Inspection and maintenance DOC and DPF applied to commercial DG sets (>12 kVA) in

2010. Reduction in PM10 :DOC : 22.5%, DPF : 70% (reductions taken same as those in the case of buses)

No power cuts i.e. no usage of DG sets in the city

Road dust re-suspension

Wall to wall paving

Wall to wall paving Wall to wall paving Reduction of road dust re-suspension due to by-passing

of trucks Construction Better construction practices Better construction practices Better construction practices

xix Executive summary


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Figure 17 Estimated emissions loads for PM10 and NOX under the BAU and four alternate scenarios

PM10 emission load

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xxi Executive summary


56:33IL5

xxiiExecutive summary


Figure 19 Percent reduction of predicted 24-hourly highest PM10 concentration ( g/m3) for Alternate I, Alternate II, Alternate III and Alternate IV scenarios for the years 2012 and 2017

Concentration contours for alternate scenarios # :65

xxiiiExecutive summary


Figure 20 Contours for 24-hourly average PM10 concentration ( g/m3) for Alternate I scenario in 2017

Figure 21 Contours for 24-hourly average PM10 concentration ( g/m3) for Alternate - II scenario in 2017

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 240000

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

22000

24000

26000


0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 240000

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

22000

24000

26000


xxivExecutive summary


Figure 22 Contours for 24-hourly average PM10 concentration ( g/m3) for Alternate - III scenario in 2017

Figure 23 Contours for 24-hourly average PM10 concentration ( g/m3) for Alternate - IV scenario in 2017

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 240000

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

22000

24000

26000


0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 240000

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

22000

24000

26000


xxvExecutive summary


Prioritized list of management/control options $

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xxviExecutive summary


0

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15

20

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Transport Road dust DG Sets Industries Construction

% re

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2012 Alt I 2017 Alt I 2012 Alt II 2017 Alt II 2012 Alt-III 2017 Alt-III 2012 Alt-IV 2017 Alt-IV

Figure 24 Percent PM10 emission load reduction in different sectors under Alternate scenarios as compared to the total pollution load under BAU scenario

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xxviiExecutive summary


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Figure 25 Percent PM10 emission load reduction due to various individual interventions as compared to the

total pollution load under BAU scenario in the years 2012 & 2017

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.2

12.2

0.1

1.4

0.9

1.5

0.1

1.4

1.2

0.4

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15.0

0.0

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1.4

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6.3

3.6

4.7

4.7

0.4

0.0

0.2

0.8

4.0

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2.5

1.3

13.0

13.8

0.4

12.8

1.9

8.3

5.5

6.2

5.3

3.6

12.5

0.3

0.2

0.5

1.7

1.5

6.2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

BS-V

BS-VI

Bio-diesel

Ethanol

Metro

BAN (Com. vehicles)

BAN (Pvt. vehicles)

CNG (Com. vehicles)

Electric Vehicles

I&M (Vehicles)

Synchronisation_signals

Enhance PTS (CNG)

Enhance PTS (Diesel)

DOC-DPF (BS-II,III Buses)

DOC-DPF (All diesel vehicles)

Bye Passing Trucks

Fuel Efficiency stds.

No power cuts

I&M (DG sets)

DOC/DPF (DG sets)

WTW (Road dust)

Better Construction

Ban Industries

Fuel Shift-Ind.(CNG)

Fuel Shift-Ind.(LSHS)

% reduction wrt total PM10 BAU load

w rt BAU 2012 w rt BAU 2017

xxviiiExecutive summary


Table 6 Prioritised list of key interventions in terms of reduction in total PM10 emission loads in 2017

S.No Strategy % reduction in total

PM10 emission loads

in 2017

1 By-passing of trucks through the proposed peripheral ring road around

Bangalore

13.8%

2 Installation of DOC and DPF devices in all pre-2010 diesel vehicles 13.0%

3 No power cuts leading to zero usage of DG sets 12.8%

4 Ban on 10 year old commercial vehicles in 2012 and 2017 12.5%

5 Ban on any new industries in city limits(6.2%) and fuel shift towards cleaner

fuel NG (5.3%) in existing industries

11.5 %

6 Installation of DOC and DPF devices in DG sets 8.3%

7 Wall to wall paving for reduction of road dust 6.2%

8 Better construction practices 5.5%

9 Conversion of public transport (commercial 3 & 4 w) to CNG (25% in 2012

and 100 % in 2017)

4.0%

10 Improvement in inspection and maintenance for vehicles 2.5%

11 Inspection and maintenance for DG sets 1.9%

12 Enhancement of public transport system based on CNG (shift of PKT from

private vehicles to public transport i.e. 10% in 2012 and 20% in 2017)

1.7%

13 Enhancement of public transport system based on diesel (shift of PKT from

private vehicles to public transport i.e. 10% in 2012 and 20% in 2017)

1.5%

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# :6

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Action plan S.No Sector Strategy Impact* Responsible Agency / agencies Time frame Remarks 1 Transport Strengthening of Public

transport system - Metro

implementation on schedule

- Enhance share of public mass transport system on diesel

- Conversion/ enhancement of public transport to CNG

High

Govt of India, State Government, BMRCL (Bangalore Metro rail Corporation Ltd.), Transport Department- Bangalore, BMTC (Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation), GAIL

Medium term Leveraging the JNNURM funding mechanism for public transportation improvement Public-private partnership models to be explored The metro network needs to be progressively expanded. Bangalore currently does not have a CNG network. There are plans to set up such a network in future. ULSD would also be available by April 2010 in Bangalore. Retro-fitted 2-stroke three wheelers on LPG in Bangalore have higher PM emissions compared to OE 2-stroke/ 4-stroke LPG/Petrol. Thus retro-fitment of 2-stroke 3-wheelers is not an effective control option.

Ban on old commercial vehicles (10 year) in the city

High Transport department - Bangalore Short-term Fiscal incentives/ subsidies for new vehicle buyers A plan should be devised for gradual phase out with due advance notice. Careful evaluation of socio-economic impact of banning required. In the long run, a ban/ higher tax on private vehicles (> 15 years) could be looked into.

By-passing of trucks through the proposed peripheral ring road around Bangalore

High Traffic Police, Transport department Short-term Has high potential in reducing the pollutant load in the city

Progressive improvement of vehicular emissions norms (BS-V, BS-VI)

Low MoRTH, MoPNG, Ministry of Heavy Industry and Public Enterprises, MoEF, Oil companies, Automobile manufacturers

Medium to Long term

Auto-fuel road map should be developed well in advance to plan the progressive improvement of emissions norms and corresponding fuel quality norms. Though the impact is low, its potential is high in the long term when gradually fleet renewal takes place.

Installation of pollution control devices (DOC/DPF) in all pre-2010 diesel vehicles

High Transport department Medium Technical feasibility and implementation plan of this strategy needs to be carefully evaluated, though it has potential for emission load reduction. Retro-fitment of DOC in BS-II buses and DPF in BS-III buses is technically feasible.

Introduction of fuel efficiency standards

Low BEE, Ministry of Power, Ministry of Heavy Industry and Public Enterprises, MoRTH, Automobile manufacturers

Medium Impact is low since it is applied only to new vehicles registered after 2012. However, its potential is high in the long term when gradually fleet renewal takes place.

Introduction of hybrid vehicles/ electric vehicles

Low - medium

Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Heavy Industry and Public Enterprises, Automobile manufacturers, State

Short-Medium Appropriate fiscal incentives need to provided; Electric vehicles would be especially effective in high pollution zones. Impact determined by the extent of switchover to hybrid/ electric vehicles.

xxxExecutive summary


government, Effective Inspection and

maintenance regime for vehicles

Medium Transport Department, Traffic police Short to Medium

Initial focus could be on commercial vehicles; Capacity development in terms of infrastructure for fully computerized testing/certification and training of personnel. Linkage of all PUC centres for better data capture.

Alternative fuels such as ethanol, bio-diesel

Low MNRE, MoRD, MoPNG, MoA, Oil companies,

ongoing There are operational issues regarding availability and pricing that need to be sorted.

Reduction in private vehicle usage/ ownership

Min. of Finance, State Government NGOs General public

Medium term A pre-requisite for curbing the growth of private vehicles is the provision of an effective mass based transport system. Strategies such as costlier parking, higher excise duties/sales tax on private vehicles, car pooling would be helpful.

Improve traffic flow Medium Traffic police, Bangalore Development Authority (BDA), Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP),

Short Synchronization of signals, one way roads, flyovers, widening of roads, removal of encroachments, staggering of office timings to reduce peak flow and congestion. Application of IT tools for traffic management (Intelligent transport system)

Fuel adulteration n.a Govt. of India, Oil companies, Food and civil supplies department- Bangalore

Short Re-assess subsidy on kerosene, strict vigilance and surveillance actions, better infrastructure in terms of testing laboratories

2 Road dust -Construction of better quality roads -Regular maintenance and cleaning/sweeping of roads

-Reduction in vehicular fleet and trips

n.a Bangalore Development Authority (BDA), Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP), NHAI

Short - Mediumterm

Effective enforcement of road quality norms is required. Landscaping/ greening of areas adjacent to roads

Wall to wall paving for reduction of road dust

High Bangalore Development Authority (BDA), Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP)

Short term Interlocking tiles may be used so that water percolation takes place.

3 Industries Fuel shift towards cleaner fuels

High KSPCB, Directorate of Industries and Commerce, Industry associations, GAIL, Oil companies

Short-Medium term

Shift from solid fuels to liquid fuels (LSHS) and subsequently to gaseous fuels (CNG)

Ban on any new air polluting industry in city limits

High KSPCB, Department of Forest, Ecology and Environment, Department of Industries and Commerce, Karnataka Industrial Area Development Board

Short term Industrial estates/zones may be developed well outside the city

Strengthening of enforcement mechanism for pollution control

n.a KSPCB, Industry associations, Short term This would ensure greater compliance with standards. In addition, cleaner technology options need to be promoted and appropriate incentives to be defined. Voluntary measures such as ISO certifications to be encouraged.

4 Power/ DG sets

No power cuts leading to zero usage of DG sets

High Bangalore Electricity Supply Company, Karnataka Power Corporation Ltd.

Medium term Adequate tie-ups need to be ensured

xxxiExecutive summary


Installation of pollution control devices (DOC/DPF) in DG sets

High KSPCB, DG set manufacturers Medium Technical feasibility and implementation plan of this strategy needs to be carefully evaluated, though it has potential for emission load reduction

Effective Inspection and maintenance regime for large DG sets

Medium KSPCB, Chief Electrical inspectorate Short to Medium

5 Construction Better enforcement of construction guidelines (which should reflect Green Building concepts)

High KSPCB, SEAC (State expert appraisal committee), Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP),

Short term

6 Other sectors

Integrated land-use development of Bangalore taking environmental factors into consideration

n.a. Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority, Bangalore Development Authority, Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP)

Medium term Holistic development of the entire region including peripheral areas.

Open burning/ Waste burning to be discouraged

n.a Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP), KSPCB

Short term Organic matter could be used for compost formation and methane gas generation

Domestic sector biomass burning to be reduced

Low Food and civil supplies department, Oil companies

Medium Rural areas should be encouraged to shift to cleaner fuels

Virtual mobility- using ICT information and communication technology

n.a Department of Information Technology& Biotechnology, Government of Karnataka;

Short-Medium term

Reduced number of trips.

Strengthening of air quality monitoring mechanism in terms of number of stations as well as pollutants monitored. Capacity building of KSPCB staff.

n.a KSPCB Short Good quality data is an important input in assessing the change in air quality and the impact of policy interventions. Continuous monitoring stations to be promoted.

Environmental education and awareness activities

n.a Education department, Schools/Colleges, CBOs, NGOs

Short Also, sensitization programmes for policy makers.

* Impact is determined in terms of percent reduction in total emission load for PM10 for the study period upto 2017 subject to the assumptions listed in chapter 6 (High impact > 5% reduction; medium impact 1-5% reduction; low impact < 1% reduction; n.a = not quantified or not quantifiable). Time frame: Short (upto 2012), Medium (2012-2017)


CHAPTER 1 Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

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Introduction


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Monitored ambient concentrations

Onsite meteorological conditions

Emission inventorisation (present and future)

Air dispersion modelling

Source profiles

Receptor modelling

Source apportionment PM10 and (PM2.5 limited)

Interpretation of model outputs (dispersion/receptor models)

Air quality management plan

Chemical characterization of PM10 samples



6

1.6 Report structure

CHAPTER 2 Air Quality Status

2.1 Introduction

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Peenya Industrial Area (Industrial location namely I) )

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Air Quality Status


15

Table 2.1 Summary descriptions of the seven sampling sites in terms of the predominant activities

S.No Site Site Description Predominant activity levels

1 Domlur Residential - High and medium income category population

- Shops, showrooms and IT companies

- Number of restaurants, bakeries and few big hotels

- Vehicular distribution shows 47% 2-wheelers, 34% cars, 16% auto-rickshaws and

3% heavy vehicles.

2 Kammanahalli Residential - Low and medium income category population

- Shops of medium scale

- Restaurants, bakeries, dhabas and hotels


5% heavy vehicles.

3 Victoria Road Kerbside - Medium and low income category population

- Heavy commercial activity zone, many commercial complexes

- Restaurants, bakeries, and number of big hotels.


5% heavy vehicles.

4 CSB Kerbside - Mixed Population of all income groups

- Shops and IT companies

- Few, restaurants, bakeries and eating joints

- High volume of heavy-duty diesel (HDD) vehicles


14% heavy vehicles.

5 IGICH Hospital

(Residential)

- Mixed Population of all income groups

- Many hospitals and educational institutions

- Shops of small and medium scale


6% heavy vehicles.

6 Peenya Industrial - Only one residential colony with medium and low income group population

- Industries falling in the region include engineering, machine tools, metal smelting,

chemical, and pharmaceuticals

- High volume of heavy-duty diesel (HDD) vehicles


18% heavy vehicles.

7 Kanamangala,

Whitefield

Background - Plantation in 70% area of zone of influence

- 10 % of area covered by about 200 medium income group houses.

- Some bio-fuels usage for cooking

- Movements of tractors and plying of very few public transport buses and HDD

vehicles.



16

Monitoring Parameters & Framework *D'

2

Table 2.2a Sampling and analytical protocol for source apportionment study being conducted at Bangalore

Particulars Parameters

SPM

RSPM

PM10 PM 2.5 NO2 SO2 CO

OC/EC

Ions VOC (Benzene and 1,3 Butadiene, Alkanes)

O3

Aldehyde

NMHC

HC

PAHs (Included in

organic Markers)

Sampling Instrument

High Volume Sampler

Respirable Dust

Sampler (High

Volume Sampler)

Multichannel (3 channel) Speciation Sampler

FRM Partisol (PM2.5) sampler

Impingers attached to RDS

Impingers attached to

RDS

Online CO analyzer/Low

volume sampling

pump connected to Tedler bags

PM10 Sampler

Particulate collected on Quartz filter

PM10 Sampler Particulate

collected on Teflon filter

Low volume sampling

pump connected to Adsorption

Tube

Automatic analyser

Impingers attached to HVS / RDS

Low volume sampling

pump connected to Tedlar bags

Low volume sampling

pump connected to Tedlar bags

PM 10 Sampler

Sampling Principle

Filtration of aerodynamic

sizes

Filtration of aerodynamic

sizes

Filtration of aerodynamic sizes with a size cut by impaction


followed by cyclone

separation

Chemical absorption in suitable

media

Chemical absorption in

suitable media

Suction by Pump As per

instrument specification

Filtration of aerodynamic sizes with a size cut by

impaction


Active pressurised sampling / Adsorption

Suction by Pump

Chemical Absorption

Or Active

pressurised sampling

Suction by Pump

Auto suction by pump

Filtration of aerodynami

c sizes

Flow rate 0.8-1.2 m3/min

0.8-1.2 m3/min

16.7 LPM

16.7 LPM 0.5 LPM/ 1 LPM

0.5 LPM/ 1 LPM

1.3 LPM 16.7 LPM

16.7 LPM 0.2 - 0.5 LPM 0.7 LPM 0.5 LPM 0.2 lpm 0.2 lpm 16.7 LPM

Sampling Period

8 hourly change of

filter, 24 Hourly Reporting

8 hourly change of

filter, 24 Hourly Reporting

24 hourly 24 hourly 8 hourly/4 hourly

change of absorbing media, 24

Hourly Reporting

8 hourly/4 hourly

change of absorbing media, 24

Hourly Reporting

Continuous sampling

24 hourly 24 hourly 8 Hourly sampling and

24 Hourly Reporting

One week continuous

8 Hourly sampling and 24 Hourly

Reporting

Intermittent sampling in

24 hour

Intermittent sampling in

24 hour

Weekly composite of left over Quartz filter after OC/Ec

analysis

Air Quality Status


17

Particulars Parameters

SPM

RSPM

PM10 PM 2.5 NO2 SO2 CO

OC/EC

Ions VOC (Benzene and 1,3 Butadiene, Alkanes)

O3

Aldehyde

NMHC

HC

PAHs (Included in

organic Markers)

Sampling frequency

20 Days continuous in each season,

for three seasons at

One location only


for three seasons

20 Days continuous in

each season, for

three seasons

One week continuous.

4 days Teflon, 3

days quartz

20 Days continuous in each season, for three seasons


for three seasons

One week continuous during 20 days of

monitoring in each season

20 Days continuous

in each season, for

three seasons


for three seasons

Once during 20 days of




Once in 20 days of






03 weekly composite samples

per season

Analytical instrument

Electronic Balance

Electronic Balance

Electronic Balance

Electronic Micro

Balance

Spectrophotometer

Spectrophoto-meter

NDIR based continuous analyser

OC/EC Analyser

Ion Chromatograph

GC-FID Automatic analyser

Spectrophotometer

GC - FID with Methaniser

GC - FID with

Methaniser

GC-MS

Analytical method

Gravimetric Gravimetric Gravimetric Gravimetric Colorimetric

Improved Jacob&Hochheiser method

Colorimetric Modified

west&Gake method

IR absorption according to

Beer & Lamberts law

TOR Method

Ion Chromatograph

y

USEPA method TO-1/ TO-2 / TO-4 /

TO-10 / TO-14

UV-Photometry

Colorimetric (MBTH method)

FID Analysis FID Analysis GC-MS

Minimum Reportable

value

5 g/m3 5 g/m3 5 g/m3 5 g/m3 9 g/m3 4 g/m3 0.05 ppm 0.5 cm2 punch

0.1 ppb 2 ppb

1.0 g/m3

0.05 ppm 0.05 ppm 1 ng/m3

Notes: 1. Benzene & 1,3 Butadiene being done by Charcoal adsorption followed by desorbtion in CS2 and GC-FID Analysis. 2. Methodology for molecular marker has been provided separately

3. To suitably split background monitoring into 3 periods so as to correspond to monitoring at other sites 4. CO and O3 monitoring for about 1 week per season

Table 2.2b Target physical and chemical components (groups) for characterization of particulate matter for source apportionment studies at Bangalore

Components Required filter matrix Analytical methods PM10 / PM2.5 Teflon filter paper. Pre and post exposure

conditioning of filter paper is mandatory Gravimetric

Elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ca, Br, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Ti, Ga, Rb, Y, Zr, Pd, Ag, In, Sn, La Se, Sr, Mo, Cr, Cd, Sb, Ba, Hg, and Pb)

Teflon filter paper Flame AAS and GT-AAS and Hydride generation for As and Hg, ICP-MS

Ions (F-, Cl-, Br-, NO2-, NO3-, SO4-2, K+, NH4+, Na+, Ca++, Mg++) Teflon filter paper Ion chromatography with conductivity detector



18

Components Required filter matrix Analytical methods Carbon Analysis (OC, EC and Total Carbon) Quartz filter. Prebaking of quartz filter

paper at 600 C is essential TOR method

Molecular markers* The left over quartz filter paper after OC/EC analysis. Pool of 20 days sample as the dust concentration in the filters at some locations were very low.

Extraction, followed by GC-MS/ GC-FID analysis with and without derivatization

Alkanes n- Hentriacontane n-Tritriacontane n- Pentatriacontane

Hopanes 22, 29, 30 Trisnorneohopane 17(H), 21(H)-29 Norhopane 17(H), 21(H) Norhopane

Alkanoic acid

Hexadecanamide Octadecanamide

PAHs Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene Benzo[e]pyrene Indeno[1,2,3-cd]fluoranthene Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene Phenylenepyrene Picene Coronene

Others Stigmasterol Levoglucosan

* Few molecular markers such as Indeno[1,2,3-cd]fluoranthene, Picene, Hopanes(above 3), Hexadecanamide could not be analysed. 17(H), 21(H)-Hopane was analysed instead.

Table 2.2c Other pollutants and their methods of analysis

Pollutants Methods SO2 Spectrophotometric measurement, Improved West & Gaeke Method NO2 Spectrophotometric measurement, Jacobs & Hochheiser Method CO GC FID with methaniser / NDIR based continuous analyzer O3 Automatic Analyzer, UV Photometric Method Aldehydes Spectrophotometric measurement Benzene Active sampling in charcoal adsorption, desorption in CS2 and GC-FID

determination 1,3 Butadiene GC - FID Method with suitable sorbent HC Sampling in Tedlar Bag followed by GC - FID NMHC By difference THC Methane by GC FID with methaniser


2.3 QA/QC (Calibration, coding, quality checks, etc.)

Development of standard operating procedures and QA/QC plan )5$

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Table 2.3 Difference (mg) in post and pre-weights of lab blanks for different batches of filters used in the 1st season

S.No Lab blanks

1 0.00027

2 0.00086

3 0.00431

4 0.00078

5 0.00037

6 0.01057

7 0.01013

8 0.00234

9 0.00107

+

21 Air Quality Status


2.4 Monitoring results *

Domlur (Residential) ;:()*()*)*

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(-

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=--9

;79

Kanamangala(Background)

#;7?()*()*)*

(-

,-

=-

-9

=--9



* NO2 reported as NOx

For uniform depiction purpose 8-hourly O3 values are averaged for each day

126

67 69

25

7293

25

71

24

63

19

152

0

40

80

120

160

200

SPM RSPM PM10 (avg.) PM2.5

Conc

entra

tion

( g/

m)

Ist IInd IIIrd

050

100150200250300350400

18.1

2.06

21.1

2.06

24.1

2.06

27.1

2.06

30.1

2.06

2.01

.07

5.1.

078.

1.07

11.4

.07

14.4

.07

17.4

.07

20.4

.07

23.4

.07

26.4

.07

29.4

.07

2.5.

075.

5.07

24.6

.07

27.6

.07

30.6

.07

3.7.

076.

7.07

9.7.

0712

.7.0

7

Conc

entra

tion

( g/

m)

SPM RSPM PM10 PM2.5

9

4626

586

2955

1492

15 2243

15

1551

1

10

100

1000

10000

SO2 NOx O3 (ppb) CO

Conc

entra

tion

( g/

m)

Ist IInd IIIrd

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

12/1

/200

713

/1/2

007

14/1

/200

715

/1/2

007

16/1

/200

717

/1/2

007

18/1

/200

720

/1/2

007

21/1

/200

722

/1/2

007

23/1

/200

724

/1/2

007

25/1

/200

726

/1/2

007

27/1

/200

728

/1/2

007

25/6

/200

726

/6/2

007

27/6

/200

728

/6/2

007

29/6

/200

730

/6/2

007

1/7/

2007

2/7/

2007

CO co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

g/m

)

Figure 2.8 : Air quality monitoring results for Domlur (Residential)

First Second Third

1

10

100

1000

10000

18.1

2.06

21.1

2.06

24.1

2.06

27.1

2.06

30.1

2.06

2.01

.07

5.1.

078.

1.07

11.4

.07

14.4

.07

17.4

.07

20.4

.07

23.4

.07

26.4

.07

29.4

.07

2.5.

075.

5.07

24.6

.07

27.6

.07

30.6

.07

3.7.

076.

7.07

9.7.

0712

.7.0

7

Conc

entra

tion

( g/

m)

SO2 NOx CO O3 (ppb)

First Second Third

First Second Third

15

2

13

30

12

1

11

31

11

2

915

05

101520253035

THC (ppm) Methane (ppm) NMHC (ppm) Aldehydes(ug/m)

Conc

entra

tion

Ist IInd IIIrd

1.6

0.4

0.0

0.4 0.4

1.21.5

0.90.4 0.3

28.3

0.4 0.5

25.7

1.3

0.4

1.7 1.2

28.0

0.40.40.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

Metha

neEth

aneBut

ane

Pentan

e

Hexan

e

Benzen

e (ppb)

1-3 Bu

tadien

e (ppb)

Conc

entra

tion

(ppm

)

Ist IInd IIIrd

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

12/23

/2006

12/24

/2006

12/26

/2006

12/27

/2006

12/28

/2006

12/29

/2006

12/31

/2006

26/4/0

7

27/4/0

7

28/4/0

7

30/4/0

7

1/5/20

07

2/5/20

07

3/5/20

07

8/7/20

07

10/7/2

007

11/7/2

007

12/7/2

007

13/7/0

7

Ozo

ne (p

pb)

First Second Third




010203040506070

1/31

/07

2/3/

072/

4/07

2/4/

072/

5/07

2/6/

072/

6/07

5/11

/07

5/13

/07

5/14

/07

5/15

/07

5/17

/07

8/11

/07

8/13

/07

8/14

/07

8/14

/07

8/15

/07

8/16

/07

8/17

/07

8/18

/07O

zone

Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pb)

12

2

10 10

15

3

1214

17

3

13 14

0

5

10

15

20


Conc

entra

tion

Ist IInd IIIrd

3.41.8 1.2

0.7 0.5

63.1

3.92.71.5

0.6 0.6

59.7

1.90.9

0.9

3.3

0.8 0.5

66.1

3.93.1

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

Metha

neEth

aneBut

ane

Pentan

e

Hexan

e

Benzen

e (ppb)

1-3 Bu

tadien

e (ppb)

Conc

entra

tion

(ppm

)

Ist IInd IIIrd

First Second Third

0

100

200

300

400

50013

.01.

0716

.01.

0719

.01.

0722

.01.

0725

.01.

0728

.01.

0731

.01.

0703

.02.

0706

.02.

07

6.5.

079.

5.07

12.5

.07

15.5

.07

18.5

.07

21.5

.07

24.5

.07

10/8

/200

713

/8/2

007

16/8

/200

719

/8/2

007

22/8

/200

725

/8/2

007

28/8

/200

731

/8/2

007

Conc

entra

tion

( g/

m)

SPM RSPM PM10 PM2.5

First Second Third

1

10

100

1000

10000

13.0

1.07

16.0

1.07

19.0

1.07

22.0

1.07

25.0

1.07

28.0

1.07

31.0

1.07

03.0

2.07

06.0

2.07

6.5.

079.

5.07

12.5

.07

15.5

.07

18.5

.07

21.5

.07

24.5

.07

10/8

/200

713

/8/2

007

16/8

/200

719

/8/2

007

22/8

/200

725

/8/2

007

28/8

/200

731

/8/2

007C

once

ntra

tion

( g/

m)

SO2 NOx CO O3 (ppb)

First Second Third

Figure 2.9: Air quality monitoring results for Kammanahalli (Residential)

294

115133

34

109 92

41

177

61 5329

301

050

100150200250300350


Conc

entra

tion

( g/

m)

Ist IInd IIIrd

5

26 18

1220

1942

3322

11

49 39

10

1689

1

10

100

1000

10000

SO2 NOx O3 (ppb) COCo

ncen

tratio

n (

g/m

)

Ist IInd IIIrd

01000200030004000500060007000

31/0

1/20

07

1/2/

07

3/2/

07

4/2/

07

5/2/

07

7/2/

07

12/8

/07

13/0

8/07

15/0

8/07

17/0

8/07

18/0

8/07

19/0

8/07CO

Con

cent

ratio

n (

g/m

)

First Third


Second season continuous data for CO not available





2.8 1.80.9 0.9

0.7

2.3 2.01.1

0.7

65.7

1.81.0

3.1

76.9

2.81.1

3.4 3.4

80.0

0.7

0.9

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

Metha

neEth

aneBut

anePen

tane

Hexan

e

Benzen

e (ppb)

1-3 Bu

tadien

e (ppb)

Conc

entra

tion

(ppm

)

Ist IInd IIIrd

181

91 986276

96

31

411

10273

38

191

0

100

200

300

400

500


Conc

entra

tion

( g/

m)

Ist IInd IIIrd

14

3

11

35

14

2

12

36

16

3

12

34

0

10

20

30

40


Conc

entra

tion

Ist IInd IIIrd

Figure 2.10: Air quality monitoring results for CSB (Kerbside)

10

94

12

1180

5827

3636

10

47 3714

1234

1

10

100

1000

10000

SO2 NOx O3 (ppb) CO

Conc

entra

tion

( g/

m)

Ist IInd IIIrd

0100200300400500600

15.1

2.06

18.1

2.06

21.1

2.06

24.1

2.06

27.1

2.06

30.1

2.06

02.0

1.07

05.0

1.07

08.0

1.07

13.4

.07

16.4

.07

19.4

.07

22.4

.07

25.4

.07

28.4

.07

1.5.

07

19/7

/200

722

/7/2

007

25/7

/200

728

/7/2

007

31/7

/200

73/

8/20

076/

8/20

079/

8/20

0712

/8/2

007

Conc

entra

tion

( g/

m)

SPM RSPM PM10 PM2.5

First Second Third

1

10

100

1000

10000

15.1

2.06

18.1

2.06

21.1

2.06

24.1

2.06

27.1

2.06

30.1

2.06

02.0

1.07

05.0

1.07

08.0

1.07

13.4

.07

16.4

.07

19.4

.07

22.4

.07

25.4

.07

28.4

.07

1.5.

07

19/7

/200

722

/7/2

007

25/7

/200

728

/7/2

007

31/7

/200

73/

8/20

076/

8/20

079/

8/20

0712

/8/2

007

Conc

entra

tion

( g/

m)

SO2 NOx CO O3 (ppb)

First Second Third

010203040506070

12/2

7/06

12/2

8/06

12/2

8/06

12/2

9/06

12/3

0/06

12/3

1/06

1/1/

071/

2/07

4/26

/07

4/27

/07

4/28

/07

4/29

/07

4/29

/07

4/30

/07

5/1/

075/

2/07

7/31

/07

8/1/

078/

1/07

8/2/

078/

3/07

8/4/

078/

5/07

8/6/

078/

6/07O

zone

Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pb)

First Second Third

01000200030004000500060007000

29/1

2/06

31/1

2/06

1/1/

07

3/1/

07

4/1/

07

6/1/

07

7/1/

07

31/7

/07

2/8/

07

3/8/

07

5/8/

07

6/8/

07

CO C

once

ntra

tion

( g/

m)

First Third





First Second Third


0100200300400500600

2/16

/07

2/19

/07

2/22

/07

2/25

/07

2/28

/07

3/3/

073/

6/07

3/9/

073/

12/0

73/

15/0

73/

18/0

718

.6.0

721

.6.0

724

.6.0

727

.6.0

730

.6.0

73.

7.07

6.7.

079.

7.07

3/9/

076/

9/07

9/9/

0712

/9/0

715

/9/2

007

18/9

/200

721

/9/2

007

Conc

entra

tion

( g/

m)

SPM RSPM PM10 PM2.5

306

191 199

64

115

184

43

369

100 109

27

287

050

100150200250300350400


Conc

entra

tion

( g/

m)

Ist IInd IIIrd

1

10

100

1000

10000

2/16

/07

2/19

/07

2/22

/07

2/25

/07

2/28

/07

3/3/

073/

6/07

3/9/

073/

12/0

73/

15/0

73/

18/0

718

.6.0

721

.6.0

724

.6.0

727

.6.0

730

.6.0

73.

7.07

6.7.

079.

7.07

3/9/

076/

9/07

9/9/

0712

/9/0

715

/9/2

007

18/9

/200

721

/9/2

007

Conc

entra

tion

( g/

m)

SO2 NOx CO O3 (ppb)

7

60

12

3338

10535

1183

12

6637

19

1560

1

10

100

1000

10000

SO2 NOx O3 (ppb) CO

Conc

entra

tion

( g/

m)

Ist IInd IIIrd

020406080

100120

3/12

/07

3/13

/07

3/14

/07

3/15

/07

3/16

/07

3/17

/07

3/18

/07

3/19

/07

7/5/

077/

6/07

7/7/

077/

8/07

7/9/

077/

10/0

77/

11/0

7

9/4/

079/

5/07

9/6/

079/

7/07

9/8/

07

Ozo

ne C

once

ntra

tion

(ppb

)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

5/3/

077/

3/07

8/3/

0710

/3/0

712

/3/0

7

4/7/

075/

7/07

7/7/

078/

7/07

4/9/

075/

9/07

7/9/

079/

9/07C

O Co

ncen

tratio

n (

g/m

)

12

210

1711

39

36

13

2

11

37

0

10

20

30

40

THC (ppm) Methane(ppm)

NMHC (ppm) Aldehydes(ug/m)

Conc

entra

tion

Ist IInd IIIrd

2.11.2 1.2

0.6 0.5

0.01.82.7 1.3

0.6 0.5

15.6

1.3 1.2 1.61.12.5 1.9

12.6

0.50.60.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

Metha

neEth

aneBut

anePen

tane

Hexan

e

Benzen

e (ppb)

1-3 Bu

tadien

e (ppb)

Conc

entra

tion

(ppm

)

Ist IInd IIIrd

Figure 2.11: Air quality monitoring results for Victoria Road (Kerbside)

First Second Third

First Second Third

First Second Third First Second Third





0

50

100

150

200

250

3002.

3.07

8.3.

0711

.3.0

714

.3.0

717

.3.0

720

.3.0

723

.3.0

7

4/16

/07

4/19

/07

4/22

/07

28.5

.07

31.5

.07

3.6.

076.

6.07

9.6.

712

.6.0

715

.6.0

7

10/8

/07

13/8

/200

716

/8/2

007

19/8

/200

722

/8/2

007

25/8

/200

728

/8/2

007

31/0

8/07

Conc

entra

tion

( g/

m)

SPM RSPM PM10 PM2.5

197

81 85

3623 34 15

79

3769

2252

0

50

100

150

200

250


Conc

entra

tion

( g/

m)

Ist IInd IIIrd

1

10

100

1000

10000

2.3.

078.

3.07

11.3

.07

14.3

.07

17.3

.07

20.3

.07

23.3

.07

4/16

/07

4/19

/07

4/22

/07

28.5

.07

31.5

.07

3.6.

076.

6.07

9.6.

712

.6.0

715

.6.0

7

10/8

/07

13/8

/200

716

/8/2

007

19/8

/200

722

/8/2

007

25/8

/200

728

/8/2

007

31/0

8/07

Conc

entra

tion

( g/

m)

SO2 NOx CO O3 (ppb)

6

23 37

3750

1851

483

8

9037

13

2016

1

10

100

1000

10000

SO2 NOx O3 (ppb) CO

Conc

entra

tion

( g/

m)

Ist IInd IIIrd

020406080

100120

4/13

/07

4/15

/07

4/17

/07

4/18

/07

4/19

/07

4/20

/07

4/21

/07

4/22

/07

6/1/

076/

3/07

6/3/

076/

4/07

6/5/

076/

6/07

6/7/

07

8/21

/07

8/22

/07

8/23

/07

8/24

/07

Ozo

ne C

once

ntra

tion

(ppb

)

02000400060008000

100001200014000

15/0

3/07

17/0

3/07

18/0

3/07

20/0

3/07

21/0

3/07

31/0

5/07

1/6/

073/

6/07

4/6/

076/

6/07

7/6/

07

24/0

8/07

26/0

8/07

27/0

8/07C

O Co

ncen

tratio

n (

g/m

)

11

2

10

16

11

1

108

13

1

12

7

0

5

10

15

20


Conc

entra

tion

Ist IInd IIIrd

0.4 0.5

0.9

0.2 0.2

2.0

0.6 0.60.2 0.3

23.1

0.50.8

18.8

0.8

1.2

0.2 0.3

19.6

2.1

0.50.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

Metha

neEth

aneBut

ane

Penta

ne

Hexan

e

Benzen

e (ppb)

1-3 Bu

tadien

e (ppb)

Conc

entra

tion

(ppm

)

Ist IInd IIIrd

Figure 2.12: Air quality monitoring results for IGICH (Hospital/Residential)

First Second Third

First Second Third First Second Third

First Second Third




0

100

200

300

400

500

2/14

/07

2/17

/07

2/20

/07

2/23

/07

2/26

/07

3/1/

073/

4/07

3/7/

07

3/24

/07

3/27

/07

5.5.

078.

5.07

11.5

.07

14.5

.07

17.5

.07

20.5

.07

23.5

.07

18/7

/200

721

/7/2

007

24/7

/200

727

/7/2

007

30/7

/200

72/

8/07

5/8/

07

Conc

entra

tion

( g/

m)

SPM RSPM PM10 PM2.5

262

143171

30

84

171

21

171

58 69

22

245

0

50

100

150

200

250

300


Conc

entra

tion

( g/

m)

Ist IInd IIIrd

1

10

100

1000

10000

2/14

/07

2/17

/07

2/20

/07

2/23

/07

2/26

/07

3/1/

073/

4/07

3/7/

07

3/24

/07

3/27

/07

5.5.

078.

5.07

11.5

.07

14.5

.07

17.5

.07

20.5

.07

23.5

.07

18/7

/200

721

/7/2

007

24/7

/200

727

/7/2

007

30/7

/200

72/

8/07

5/8/

07

Conc

entra

tion

( g/

m)

SO2 NOx CO O3 (ppb)

9

5326

1780

30 39

4411

10

8936

10

3373

1

10

100

1000

10000

SO2 NOx O3 (ppb) CO

Conc

entra

tion

( g/

m)

Ist IInd IIIrd

0

20

40

60

80

3/21

/07

3/22

/07

3/23

/07

3/24

/07

3/25

/07

3/26

/07

3/27

/07

3/28

/07

5/19

/07

5/21

/07

5/22

/07

5/24

/07

7/17

/07

7/18

/07

7/19

/07

7/20

/07

7/21

/07

7/22

/07

7/23

/07

Ozo

ne C

once

ntra

tion

(ppb

)

0300060009000

1200015000

24/0

2/07

26/0

2/20

07

27/0

2/07

1/3/

07

2/3/

07

4/3/

07

5/3/

07

17/0

7/20

07

19/0

7/20

07

20/0

7/07

22/0

7/07

24/0

7/07CO

Con

cent

ratio

n (

g/m

)

12

2

9

22

15

3

12

1919

4

1518

05

10152025


Conc

entra

tion

Ist IInd IIIrd

3.11.6 1.3

0.7 0.5

3.33.51.7

0.9 0.6

61.7

1.8 1.1

66.0

3.21.1

3.7 3.4

66.1

0.70.80.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

Metha

neEth

aneBut

ane

Pentan

e

Hexan

e

Benzen

e (ppb)

1-3 Bu

tadien

e (ppb)

Conc

entra

tion

(ppm

)

Ist IInd IIIrd

Figure 2.13: Air quality monitoring results for Peenya (Industrial)

First Second Third First Third

First Second Third

First Second Third





* N

O2

reported

as N

Ox

110

5147

2732

105

23

83

31

66

27

82

0 40 80

120

160

200

SP

MR

SP

MP

M10

(avg.)P

M2.5

Concentration (g/m)

IstIInd

IIIrd

For uniform depiction purpose 8-hourly O

3 values are averaged for each day

12

2

119

7

0

76

8

0

88

0 5 10 15

THC (ppm)

Methane

(ppm)

NMHC (ppm

)Aldehydes

(ug/m)

Concentration

IstIInd

IIIrd

0.30.2

0.0

0.10.0

3.6

0.50.3

0.10.1

0.1

0.0

0.20.1

0.10.3

0.10.1

3.3

0.40.2

0.0

0.1

1.0

10.0MethaneEthane

Butane

Pentane

HexaneBenzene (ppb)

1-3 Butadiene (ppb)

Concentration (ppm)

IstIInd

IIIrd

Figu

re 2

.14: A

ir q

uality

mo

nitoring

results fo

r K

anam

angala

(Backg

rou

nd)

618

21

925

4554

1723

9

9144

14

1399

1 10

100

1000

10000

SO2

NOx

O3 (ppb)

CO

Concentration (g/m)

IstIInd

IIIrd

1 10

100

1000

10000

12/15/200612/25/2006

1/4/20071/14/20071/24/20072/3/2007

2/13/20072/23/20073/5/2007

3/15/20073/25/2007

16/04/200726/04/200706/05/200716/05/200726/05/20075/06/2007

15/06/200725/06/20075/07/2007

28/6/078/7/2007

18/7/200728/7/20077/8/2007

17/8/200727/8/20076/9/2007

16/9/2007

Concentration (g/m)

SO2

NOx

COO

3 (ppb) First

S

econd

Third

0 50100150200250300

12/15/200612/25/2006

1/4/20071/14/20071/24/20072/3/2007

2/13/20072/23/20073/5/2007

3/15/20073/25/2007

16/04/200726/04/200706/05/200716/05/200726/05/2007

5/06/200715/06/200725/06/2007

5/07/200728/6/07

8/7/200718/7/200728/7/20077/8/2007

17/8/200727/8/20076/9/2007

16/9/200726/9/2007

Concentration (g/m)

SPMRSPM

PM10

PM2.5

First

S

econd

Third

0 20 40 60 80100

1/19/071/20/071/21/071/22/071/23/071/24/071/25/071/26/071/27/07

5/4/075/5/075/6/075/7/075/8/075/9/075/10/07

9/12/079/13/079/15/079/16/079/17/079/18/079/19/079/20/079/21/079/22/079/23/079/24/07

Ozone Concentration (ppb)

First

S

econd

Third

0

3000

6000

9000

12

teri bangalore air quality study

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