term paper of b.e. 26th oct 10 raj

8/7/2019 Term Paper of b.e. 26th Oct 10 Raj

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SUBJECT :

TOPIC :-

SUBMITTED TO :-

MR.LOKESH JAS RAI

SUBMITTED BY :- MD.WASIM ALAM

ROLL NO :- A-64

SECTION :- R1002

REG. NO :- 11012715

DATE OF SUB :- 5-NOV-

201O

PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN POWER SECTOR IN INDIA Page 1

BUSINESS

PRIVATE SECTORPARTICIPATION IN POWER


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVES

REASONS FOR INVITING PRIVATE SECTOR

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

CHALLENGES AND RISKS

REVIEW OF LITERATURES

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

REFERENCES



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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my deepest gratitude and warmest appreciation to

the following people, who, in any way have contributed and inspired

me to the overall success of the undertaking study:-

TO Prince Sir, for his guidance and support in the duration of the

study.

To My Friends , who have been unselfishly extending their efforts

and understanding. To My Parents who have always been very

understanding and supportive both financially and emotionally.

I would also thank My Institution and my faculty members without

whom this project would have been a distant reality.

And above all, to the Almighty God , who never cease in loving us

and for the continued guidance and protection.



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MD.WASIM ALAM

INTRODUCTION

Major Players and Presence in value chain:-

Public Sector

NTPC National Hydro Electric Power Corporation Nuclear Power Corporation

Domestic Private Sector

Tata Power RPG Group - CESC Reliance Energy

International Private Sector

China Light and Power (CLP) Marubeni Corporation

The electricity sector in India is predominantly controlled by Government of India's public sector undertakings (PSUs) but the private sector is alsocatching up fast. India is world's 6th largest energy consumer, accounting for 3.4% of global energy consumption. Due to India's economic rise, thedemand for energy has grown at an average of 3.6% per annum over the past

30 years. In March 2009, the installed power generation capacity of Indiastood at 147,000 MW while the per capita power consumption stood at 612kWH. The country's annual power production increased from about 190

billion kWH in 1986 to more than 680 billion kWH in 2006.India faces a serious shortfall in power generation. During the tenth plan,only 23,000 MW of capacity was added against the original target of 41,000MW.The Eleventh Plan (2007-12) called for the addition of 78,000 MW of power

from all sources. It is unlikely that this target will be realised, though a latesurge during the past few years has resulted in the rapid addition of



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generating capacity. It is envisioned that the final capacity addition at theend of the Eleventh Plan will be somewhere between 60,000 and 65,000MW. The Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2012-17) is even more ambitious,calling for the addition of over 100,000 MW of power. Planners areconfident of realising this target given that the policy reforms of theElectricity Act would have had time to play out, leading to greater privatesector participation is concerned.The Government of India has an ambitious mission of POWER FOR ALL

BY 2012. This mission would require that the installed generation capacityshould be at least 200,000 MW by 2012 from the present level of 144,564.97MW. Power requirement will double by 2020 to 400,000MW.The Indian Power Sector was opened with much fanfare to private

participation in 1991 to active the increase in generating capacity and toimprove the system efficiency as well.

India has the fifth largest generation capacity in the world with an installedcapacity of 152 GW as on 30 September 2009, which is about 4 percent of global power generation. The top four countries, US, Japan, China and Russiatogether consume about 49 percent of the total power generated globally. Theaverage per capita consumption of electricity in India is estimated to be 704kWh during 2008-09.However, this is fairly low when compared to that of some of the developed

and emerging nations such US (15,000 kWh) and China (1,800 kWh).The worldaverage stands at 2,300 kWh. The Indian government has set ambitious goals inthe 11th plan for power sector owing to which the power sector is relaxed for significant expansion. In order to provide availability of over 1000 units of per capita electricity by year 2012, it has been estimated that need-based capacityaddition of more than 100,000 MW would be required. This has resulted inmassive addition plans being proposed in the sub-sectors of GenerationTransmission and Distribution.



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OBJECTIVES (INITIATIVES) Allowing foreign equity participation up to 100 per cent in the power

sector under the automatic route.

Encouraging the private sector to set up coal, gas or liquid-based

thermal projects, hydel projects and wind or solar projects of any size.

Constitution of Independent State Electricity Regulatory Commissionsin the states.

Deregulation of the ancillary sectors such as coal.

Introduction of the Electricity Act 2003 and the notification of the

National Electricity and Tariff policies.

Provision of income tax holiday for a block of 10 years in the first 15

years of operation and waiver of capital goods' import duties on mega

power projects (above 1,000 MW generation capacity).

Un-bundling of the State Electricity Boards (SEBs) into generation,

transmission, and distribution companies for better transparency and

accountability.



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REASONS FOR INVITING PRIVATESECTOR

In 1990, the situation facing the energy sector in India was roughly as follows.The central government the conventional source for funding power projects-was believed to have reached its limit as far as funding was concerned. The

Indian electricity sector had virtually no surpluses to make available for investment. The World Bank had stated in 1989 that requests from theelectricity sector of developing countries added up to $100 billion per year. Inresponse, only about $20 billion was available from multilateral sources,leaving a gap of about $80 billion. Hence, it was suggested that the only

possible source of funds was the private sector and, in view of the fact that theIndian capital market did not appear to be able to make a significantcontribution, that the foreign private sector should be welcomed.

It was also hoped that there would be a side-benefit regarding the unacceptablylow system efficiency of the state electricity boards. This efficiency would beimproved through the oft-claimed better management and higher technicalPerformance of the private sector.

Further, in the case of private promoters, projects without foreign participation

are being completed as scheduled. For example, the chief promoter of the 235MW Jegurupadu project in Andhra Pradesh, avoided delays by persuadingIndian financial institutions to invest even before any counter-guarantee wasobtained.



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CHALLENGES AND RISKS

AS the Indian power sector is embarking on increasing the generation andtransmission capacities, key challenges lie ahead which also resulted thehistorical underperformance.

The stakeholders in the power scenario are the generators- independent power producers (IPPs) and/or state undertakings, the distributors (at present the State

Electricity Boards), the government (central and state) and the consumers(commercial, industrial, and others), as well as households (with and withoutelectricity). Attention will now be focused on the problems noted by the private

producers and the electricity establishment in the course of constructingnew power plants .

The problems are as follows:-

Renegotiations leading to delays

Financial Problems

Project Execution-Needs to be active

Fuel Availability

Equipment Shortage

Land Acquisition and Environment Clearance

Manpower Shortage

Schedule Dependency on Transmission Lines

Technical losses and Improvement of the T&D system

Privatisation of the T&D system



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RISKS

Construction Risk

Market Risk

Fuel-Supply Risk

Exchange Fluctuation Risk

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Critical evaluation of road infrastructurein India: a cross-country viewType: Research paper

Abstract

Purpose This study aims to examine the current status of road infrastructurein India, working out the gap in the availability of required length and thequality of roads besides the comparison with other economies. It also seeks toanalyse the socio-economic-political environment in India to assess thecountry's attractiveness towards private sector participation in roadinfrastructure development.

Design/methodology/approach The targets for the road sector developmentset by the Government of India and the current road status of China are taken as

benchmarks to enumerate the existing gap in road development in the country.Growth trends of the road sector and their impact on the manufacturing sector have been worked out to assess the development of road infrastructure and itsimpact on the industry in the country.

Findings The study advocates that the present pace of road infrastructuredevelopment is inadequate in India vis--vis other developing economies. The



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quality of roads compared with China is far below expectations and this poor hinterland connectivity is affecting the trade growth in the country.

Originality/value The paper significantly contributes in assessing the state of

road infrastructure in India and highlighting the weaknesses while comparing itwith other developing and developed economies. The key issues identified areof immense help to the policy makers in the country for having detailed insightand correcting the road infrastructure development programmes.

Introducing competition in the power sector in India:adoption of the US model Type: General review

Abstract

Purpose The twin objectives of power sector reforms in India improvingefficiency and attracting private investment are far from being achieved. It iscommonly acknowledged that competition in the sector can help achieve the

objectives of the reforms, but although the Electricity Act of 2003 promised tousher in competition, even after seven years of its enactment there is very littlecompetition in generation and absolutely no competition in retail supply. This

paper seeks to find a road map for the introduction of competition in the power sector in India by discussing and drawing upon the US model of deregulatinggeneration and retail supply whilst simultaneously keeping transmission anddistribution under regulation.

Design/methodology/approach The study is a historical analysis of deregulation in the US power sector and its relevance for India by drawing upon

both primary and secondary resources.

Findings The introduction of competition in the USA has brought substantialgains for the consumer and India can follow this model by mandating alldistribution utilities to procure their future requirement of power through opencompetitive bidding. For retail competition, the system of provider of last resort(POLR) with POLR price being fixed with reference to market price can be theway forward.

Originality/value This paper offers some practical and implementablesuggestions for introducing competition in the power sector in India.



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Knowledge management initiatives inIndian public and private sector organizationsType: Research paper

Abstract

Purpose There is no single way of achieving business success. The concept of

knowledge management (KM) builds on the existing management practices,integrating them into a philosophy for improving performance. This paper aimsto understand the various dimensions of KM and how they differ in public and

private sector organizations in India. It also attempts to identify the dimensionswhere one sector is better than the other and areas needing improvement.

Design/methodology/approach The paper uses a sample comprising 16 private and public sector organizations. A convenient sampling scheme wasused. The extent of KM practices was evaluated with respect to dimensions,namely process, leadership, technology, culture and measurement.

Findings The paper empirically shows that private sector organizations fare better statistically on all dimensions compared to public sector organizations.Although the private sector is ahead of the public sector on the raw mean scoresof various dimensions, it has still a long way to go as the scores are below four on a scale of five. The scores are just satisfactory and there is further scope for improvement.

Research limitations/implications The study uses a sample of four public

sector organizations and the findings may lack generalization. Therefore, itwould be interesting to verify the findings using a larger sample size.

Practical implications The paper can serve as a best practice document for public and private sector organizations interested in adopting KM for improving performance.

Originality/value The paper tries to bring forth concern areas for KM inIndian public and private sector organizations.



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Convergence in ICT use expectationsbetween the public and private sectors:

An imperative or an indicator of efficiency?Type: Research paper

Abstract

Purpose Examination of the challenges of dependence on the private sector of public-sector projects is the central concern of the paper. With ongoing research

suggesting that dependence on the private sector is inevitable, this paper tries toassess whether the dependence is an imperative or a yardstick for gaugingefficiency.

Design/methodology/approach A literature review, consideration of flagship projects as well as trends in implementation of ICTs in government have beencentral to the development of analysis for the paper.

Findings The research found that when the public sector is interested indeveloping applications that require acceptance among citizens, then initialsupport of the private sector is a necessity. Countries that have depended onstrict government control on delivery of internet-based services are finding outthat a degree of independence at the point of delivery tends to be more effective.It is only after a passage of time post rolling out of web-based delivery of services that measurement of service quality can be deemed to be a measure of efficiency.

Research limitations/implications This research was desk-based and relianton international flagship initiatives. There is a wide range of resource

endowments between developed and developing nations. This research showedthat developed nations are more appropriate for study of efficiency through

private-sector involvement, and private-sector engagement in web-basedgovernment initiatives is an imperative in the case of developing nations.

Practical implications Government agencies ought to be able to think moreexpansively when they are developing applications for citizens, as there are avariety of private sector solutions that can be used.

Originality/value The theme itself is new in a context where new ways of running government projects are constantly being revisited.



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Adaptation of Indian public sector tomarket-based economic reforms: Aresource-based perspectiveType: Conceptual paper

Abstract

Purpose Economic policy reforms, characterised by a market-driven, privatised policy regime, are being adopted as a strategy by India to promoteeconomic development. As markets become liberalised, public sector organisations face extreme vulnerability unless they can identify and developthe competencies necessary to thrive in these competitive markets. This paper,drawing on the resource-based view, aims to identify the pre-reform capabilitiesof public sector organisations in India and similar developing country contextsthat would be relevant even in the post-reform context.

Design/methodology/approach An interpretative and theoretical approach isused to put forth the arguments and a framework is proposed to explain the

possibility of deriving competitive advantages from pre-reform capabilities inthe post-reform context.

Findings Several unique capabilities of Indian public sector organisations can be identified using the resource based perspective which can be leveraged in the post-reform context. They have superior resource-picking capacity compared to private firms, especially for government-regulated resources, internationalfinancial assets and modern technologies. Their internal integrative managerial

systems and structures offer them an advantage in meeting the competitivedemands of speed and promptness. Under effective leadership, the loyalty of alarge workforce and their number of years of experience gives them anadvantage of effective coordination and knowledge sharing and flow. Also, their capability in delivering economies of scale and scope due to their size andsupply chain integration gives them a cost advantage over others.

Practical implications This paper takes a practical approach. It accepts theexisting organisational culture, processes and systems of public sector organisations as given and matters of long-term change, and identifies existing



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capabilities in the current organisational context that could help them survive better.

Originality/value Unlike most papers that focus on how policy changes affect

public sector organisations or those that conduct a comparative analysis with the private sector on various parameters, the main focus of this paper is to identifyexisting capabilities that can be leveraged by public sector organisations for effective adaptation in the new scenario.

ICT and information strategies for a knowledgeeconomy: the Indian experienceType: General review

Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the progress India has madein its move towards a knowledge-based economy with details of how the Indian

Government has demonstrated its commitment to the development of fundamental pillars of knowledge sharing infrastructure, knowledge workersand a knowledge innovation system. Libraries are identified as key players in

building an inclusive knowledge economy (KE) for a country.

Design/methodology/approach An empirical study of the initiatives taken byGovernment of India as well as premier institutions and non-governmentalorganisations in the area of information literacy, lifelong learning andknowledge repository development was undertaken. These are reviewed toreport on the contribution each of them has made in the development of KE inIndia.

Findings The practice-based examples of how information andcommunication technology (ICT) projects are influencing contemporary Indiansociety and an account of government policies in regard to ICT implementationand development towards a KE are presented. The impediments in the processof KE in India are identified and recommendations are made.

Originality/value This is an attempt to bring together initiatives and projects

initiated by the Government of India as well as other agencies aimed at



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developing a knowledge-based society which will ultimately lead to a KE inIndia.

The role of technology in the emergenceof the information society in IndiaType: General review

Abstract

Purpose India is the largest democracy in the world with a population of

1,027 million people, of which 35 per cent are still illiterate. The paper describes the role that information and communication technologies are playingfor Indian society to educate them formally or informally which is ultimatelyhelping India to emerge as an information society.

Design/methodology/approach The basic approach has been a literaturereview to find the historical situation and present the prevailing scenario as wellas the change that are taking place with the application of ICT to the advantageof the society in different areas including daily life.

Findings The paper briefly describes the changes that are taking place withthe application of ICT to the advantage of the society in different areasincluding daily life. It briefly describes the various initiatives taken in variousstates and union territories of India to take advantages of ICT.

Originality/value The paper provides the clear picture of India and Indianendeavours to adopt the new technologies to become an information society.

Strengthening human capital for knowledge economy needs: an Indian

perspectiveType: Research paper

Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the initiatives being taken inIndia in recent years to revitalize the national education and skill development



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systems from the perspectives of a knowledge economy. These initiativesinclude strengthening of the higher and technical education system of thecountry and bringing about a paradigm shift in the national skill developmentsystem through the plans of action contained in the on-going Eleventh Five

Year Plan (2007-2012). The new policy frameworks for education and skilldevelopment developed by respective Government Ministries are also to beexamined from the point of view of their efficacy in moving India up the ladder of knowledge economy.

Design/methodology/approach The critical review is based on an assessmentof India's current status on well-known Knowledge Economy Indices, providinga conceptual understanding of the requirements from the country's educationand skill development systems, and the emerging needs for making measurable

progress on issues related to education and skill development. The approach isliterature-survey based.

Findings The paper, while underscoring the emphasis given by theGovernment in bringing about major changes through mission-mode activitiesin both education and skill development systems, highlights possible gaps andmismatches in various initiatives taken up by different agencies, resulting incontinuing issues and challenges in India's path towards moving up the ladder of knowledge economy.

Originality/value The paper gives a fresh look at several initiatives whichhave been continually taken up by the Government in the past, from the prismof a knowledge economy.

Economic reforms and social justice inIndiaType: Research paper

Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to specify some historical and currentissue regarding this subject. Like, what has been the relative importanceattached to the different aspects of policy; what has been the pace and progressof reform process.



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Design/methodology/approach The paper begins with a short discussion of the background of the study and overview of post-independence economic

policy. Hence it is a descriptive study that it finds some data from governmentsite. This paper is thought to provide more reliable information about above

impacts for policy makers and State and Central Government.Findings The paper specifically focuses upon economic reforms and social

justice in India, issues relating to the progress of economic reforms, need of reforms for human face. More generally, the paper suggests that governmentshould make relatively limited use of key performance Indicators for economicreforms and have high-level participation rates benchmarking for social justiceexercises.

Research limitations/implications Some implications are the timing of thevarious policies and, more importantly, their sequencing and the relativeimportance attached to the different aspects of policy, in as much as domestic

priorities relating to the provision of education, health and employment,globalization of the economy.

Practical implications The paper can help to promote administrative,managerial, and financial support for economic reforms and social justice inIndia and emphasis the responsibility to the state and central to enlarge reformsopportunities and encourage economic development.

Originality/value Indian Government decides to accelerate the rate of economic growth and to speed up industrialization, to develop heavy industries,to reduce disparities in income and wealth through economic reforms and social

justice.

Public sector performancemeasurement in developing countries: Aliterature review and research agendaType: Literature review

Abstract

Purpose This paper aims to explore the influence of specific characteristics of the public sector in developing countries (i.e. a low-institutional capacity, a



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limited involvement of stakeholders, and high levels of corruption andinformality), and of reforms of this sector, on public sector performancemeasurement (PSPM).

Design/methodology/approach Based on a review of prior literature, the paper develops understanding of the demand for and supply of performanceinformation in developing countries, and of changes in this area.

Findings The paper argues that public sector organisations in developingcountries are likely to face an unbalanced position, i.e. disequilibrium betweenthe demand for and supply of performance information. More precisely, the

public sector reforms which are partly stimulated by a growing involvementof some stakeholders lead to an increasing demand for performanceinformation but, because of the low-institutional capacity and the high level of corruption, this increasing demand is not always followed by a sufficient supplyof performance information. This leads to an unsatisfied demand position.

Research limitations/implications The paper concludes with an overview of issues related to PSPM in a developing country context that require further investigation.

Practical implications The arguments presented in this paper are summarisedin an overview of factors that influence the demand for and supply of

performance information in the public sector in developing countries. Thisoverview might be helpful to those who are involved in the design of performance measurement systems in these countries.

Originality/value So far, relatively little is known about PSPM in adeveloping country context. This paper is an attempt to fill this gap.

Communication structure of the publicsector in India: an empirical analysisType: Research paper

Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to report empirical research about thechronological development of the organizational structure, functions (functionalgroups) and competencies of the corporate communication(/public relation) CC(/PR) department of the central public sector enterprises (CPSEs) in India.



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This paper also attempts to identify the specific organizational goals thatinfluence CC(/PR) departmental structure and its effectiveness.

Design/methodology/approach In total, 34 selected CPSEs reflecting most of

the salient features of the public sector in India are identified. Key personnel (or designates) in the CC(/PR) departments are contacted to take an online surveythat is built after analyzing previously reported instruments appropriate in thiscontext. Analyses are conducted using SPSS 10.0.

Findings Data analysis shows that in many PSUs, the development of full-fledged CC departments is still at a nascent stage; however, in other PSUsdevelopment of CC is already streamlined with company vision and is mature asa division. Key acceptable PR roles include communication for the desired

perception among target audience and brand sustainability. In established CCdepartments, CC is a strategic management tool, synchronizing all intentionalforms of internal and external communications, thus helping the PSUs to defineits corporate image and improve corporate performance. Through the built-inmeasurement systems, PSUs are encouraged to become global players.

Originality/value The paper empirically measures the efficiency of CC(/PR)departments of 34 operating CPSEs concerned with the development of theengineering industry in India. This paper would be of value to researchers and

practitioners seeking to promote, practice or influence the structuring of CC(/PR) departments .

Electricity Sector in India: Can MarketsWork?

Alok Kumar LBSNAA

July 31, 2010

Abstract The Indian electricity sector is characterized by gross under-investments in thegeneration sector. Despite a very low level of per capita consumption vis--vis acountry like China, the installed generation capacity is unable to meet the

demand with average peak shortages estimated to be in the range of 15-16%.Moreover transmission capacity bottlenecks pose an obstacle for bulk transfer



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of power from surplus to deficient locations. Further, only 56% of thehouseholds have access to electricity. The distribution sector is plagued byserious under-recoveries with transmission & distribution loss levels that areamongst the highest in the world.Reforms in this sector are therefore imperative. Strong arguments have beenmade in favour of setting up competitive markets for trading electrical power inorder to enhance efficiencies in the sector. However, given the fact that thereform objectives of the sector in India are different from that of the countries inthe developed world; the standard template of reform may not work andtherefore there is need to exercise caution before committing to the reform

path.FINDINGS :-This paper analyzes the electricity sector in India in respect of the

potential concerns that could arise in implementing wholesale spot markets for trading electric power; it draws upon the lessons learnt from implementation of similar reforms in over 70 countries in the world. An analysis of the initialstarting conditions and institutional endowments of these countries areundertaken with a view to identifying how they contributed to success or otherwise of the electricity reforms and in the process drawing lessons for theconditions prevalent in the Indian context.

FDI in Indian Retail Industry Syeedun Nisa

April 1, 2007

Abstract

India is one of the largest emerging markets, with a population of over one billion.India is one of the largest economies in the world in terms of purchasing power and has a strong middle class base of 300 million.

Around 70 per cent of the total households in India (188 million) reside in therural areas, where mostly traditional retail outlets, commonly called kiranastores exist. These are unorganized, operated by single person and runs on the

basis of consumer familiarity with the owner. However, recently organizedretailing has become more popular in big cities in India and most of themetropolitan cities and other big cities are flooded by modern organized retailstores. Many semi-urban areas also witnesses entry of such organized retail



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outlets. Till now, entry of foreign retailers was restricted in Indian retail market because of the ban on Foreign Direct Investment in Indian Retail Sector . Butrecently, as government has changed its policy and the cabinet has allowed 51

per cent FDI in single-brand retail, the prospects of foreign players enteringIndia became high.

Public sector performancemeasurement in developing countries: Aliterature review and research agenda

Type: Literature review

Abstract

Purpose This paper aims to explore the influence of specific characteristics of the public sector in developing countries (i.e. a low-institutional capacity, alimited involvement of stakeholders, and high levels of corruption andinformality), and of reforms of this sector, on public sector performancemeasurement (PSPM).

Design/methodology/approach Based on a review of prior literature, the paper develops understanding of the demand for and supply of performanceinformation in developing countries, and of changes in this area.

Findings The paper argues that public sector organisations in developingcountries are likely to face an unbalanced position, i.e. disequilibrium between

the demand for and supply of performance information. More precisely, the public sector reforms which are partly stimulated by a growing involvementof some stakeholders lead to an increasing demand for performanceinformation but, because of the low-institutional capacity and the high level of corruption, this increasing demand is not always followed by a sufficient supplyof performance information. This leads to an unsatisfied demand position.

Research limitations/implications The paper concludes with an overview of issues related to PSPM in a developing country context that require further investigation.



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Practical implications The arguments presented in this paper are summarisedin an overview of factors that influence the demand for and supply of

performance information in the public sector in developing countries. Thisoverview might be helpful to those who are involved in the design of

performance measurement systems in these countries.Originality/value So far, relatively little is known about PSPM in adeveloping country context. This paper is an attempt to fill this gap.

Structuring organizations acrossindustries in IndiaType: Research paper

Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate structural patterns acrossindustries in India. Organizational design is posited as a form of competitiveadvantage, which also helps Indian organizations build excellence.

Design/methodology/approach The study used a questionnaire to investigatethe structural patterns of organization in 32 enterprises in India. The sampleconsisted of 1,532 participants across six industries. The data were analyzedusingSPSS v.15.0.

Findings The findings suggest that the outward picture of structural patternsremains the same across industries but significant difference emerge in the inner core of the structural architecture of Indian organizations. For example, theinner core of the banking industry was found to be different from the other fiveindustries studied.

Practical implications The findings suggest that the links betweenorganizational structure and national culture should be harmonious.Simultaneously, the structure of the organizations should be aligned with both

the task and general environment of the business.



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Originality/value There is a scarcity of research into this domain of knowledge in India and the paper provides additional insights into theorganizational structures of Indian enterprises across the major industrialsectors.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

It is quite opposite to the confident expectations in 1991-92 , the Private Sector has hardly contributed thus far to maintaining the Power demand-supply gap.Only a few private sectors have actually commenced generation , perhaps due tothe problems experienced. However , if all the projects under consideration docome on stream ,the share of Private players will increase substantially.

There should be greater transparency in decision-making , greater PublicParticipation(particularly from civil society) and greater spread of information.

Public Sector undertakings have continued to remain the main players in thefield ,particularly as they have been constructing generating plants on ,and evenahead of schedule.

In some regions of the country ,with the completion of Projects under construction ,there has come to be an excess of electricity availability over thatrequired by customers at tariff payable. This surplus may not have occurred if electricity connections were extended to all homes ,and if rural areas weresupplied throughout the day. However ,with these consumers unlikely to be

paying the tarrifs for electricity,commissioning of new Private Power Plantscould lead to a surplus.



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Implementation of many of the recommendations is already under way,drawing on five key lessons from recent experience :

Continue to Support PSDE (Private sector development in theelectric power sector) :- Experience has shown that the private sector has

brought efficiency gains, performance improvements, and cost reductions whenthe incentives for investors, producers, consumers, and regulators wereadequately addressed. Pursuit of greater engagement of the private sector indistribution, in particular, is important.

Need for Government Support of Broad-Based Reforms :- Reforms are keyto increasing economic efficiency and will be supported by economic and sector work, policy advice,and adjustment operations. Monitoring and evaluation will

be done in parallel to establish the empirical evidence to guide the World Bank Groups evolving agenda. Anambitious PSDE agenda should only be supportedwhen there is clear and strong political commitment, including up-front actionsto strengthen sector governance.

Innovation :- The WBG(World Bank Group) will continue to supportinnovative approaches, especially in addressing the Millennium DevelopmentGoals and objectives that build on them .

Competition as an Incentive Mechanism for Efficiency Gain :-. To establishincentives for the desired efficiency gains, the WBG will continue wherever feasible to support the establishment of an enabling environment for acompetitive generation market.

Governance :- It is important to strengthen governance structures (includingregulation, protection of investor rights, and implementation of internationallyrecognized accounting and auditing principles) before privatization.Privatization can help develop better governance arrangements by formalizing aseparation of powers and arms length regulation.



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REFERENCES

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2. Author(s): Rasmi Ranjan DasSource: Journal of Indian Business Research Volume: 2 Issue: 2 2010

3. Author(s): Deepak Chawla, Himanshu JoshiSource: Journal of Knowledge Management Volume: 14 Issue: 6 2010

4. Author(s): Amit MitraSource: Journal of Management Development Volume: 28 Issue: 6 2009

5. Author(s): Anjula GurtooSource: International Journal of Public Sector Management Volume:22 Issue: 6 2009



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6. Author(s): Maitrayee Ghosh, Ipsheet GhoshSource: Program: electronic library and information systems Volume:43 Issue: 2 2009

7. Author(s): Shashi Prabha SinghSource: Electronic Library, The Volume: 23 Issue: 6 2005

8. Author(s): Surinder BatraSource: Journal of Knowledge Management Volume: 13 Issue: 5 2009

9. Author(s): Kalpana C. SatijaSource: International Journal of Social Economics Volume: 36 Issue:9 2009

10. Author(s): Ni Putu S.H. Mimba, G. Jan van Helden, Sandra TillemaSource: Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change Volume:3 Issue: 3 2007

11. Author(s): Saroj KoulSource: Corporate Communications: An International Journal Volume:14 Issue: 3 2009

Source: Kumar, Alok, Electricity Sector in India: Can Markets Work? (July31, 2010). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1651378

Source :Nisa, Syeedun, FDI in Indian Retail Industry (April 1, 2007). Availableat SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=983711

14. Author(s): Ni Putu S.H. Mimba, G. Jan van Helden, Sandra TillemaSource: Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change Volume:3 Issue: 3 2007

15. Author(s): Sanjay Kumar SinghSource: Management Research News Volume: 32 Issue: 10 2009



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Main sources : http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/results.http://Emerald insight.com

term paper of b.e. 26th oct 10 raj

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