TERMINOLOGIES

GROUP 1526TH JANUARY, 2005

Group Members :

AHMAD FAKHRI BIN AB. NASIR WET 020003

MOHD FADZLY BIN MD YASIN WET 020085

NURUL IZA BT MOHD ZAIN WET 020136

TENGKU AZLAN BIN RAJA MAMAT WET 020180

AMIR RAMZANI BIN BORHAN WET 040002

NORHASLINDA ROSLE WET 040085

TENGKU AZLAN BIN RAJA MAMAT

WET 020180

TERM DEFINITIONATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)

-A collection of standardized protocols that adapt user traffic to the cell format.

-The AAL is subdivided into the Convergence Sub layer (CS) and the Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) sub layer.

-There are currently 4 types of AALs: AAL1, AAL2, AAL3/4 and AAL5 to support the various AAL service classes

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

-A transfer mode in which the information is organized into 53 octet PDUs called cells.

-It is asynchronous in the sense that the recurrence of cells containing information from an individual user is not necessarily periodic.

Bandwidth -The amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time.

Banyan/Delta Switching

- A concept of an interconnection of stages of switching elements

B-ISDN – Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network

- A protocol platform, introduced by ITU-T, to support the integrated, high-speed transmission of data, audio and video in a seamless fashion.- ATM emerged as a suitable transport standard. The B-ISDN architecture model has been adopted by ATM, which is referred as the ATM reference model.

Bridge - A device that connects two local-area networks (LANs), or two segments of the same LAN that use the same protocol, such as Ethernet or Token-Ring.

Broadband - A type of data transmission in which a single medium (wire) can carry several channels at once.

Broadcast - Consists of a single data packet that is copied and sent to all nodes on the network

Buffer -A temporary storage area, usually in RAM to act as a holding area, enabling the CPU to manipulate data before transferring it to a device.

Bus -Collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another.

Burst tolerance - A traffic parameter that specifies the maximum number of cells which will be accepted at the Peak Cell Rate (PCR) on an ATM connection.

Cell -The 53-byte basic information unit consists of a 5-byte ATM header and a 48-byte ATM payload, which contains the user data.

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WET 020136

Congestion control -Mechanisms that control traffic flow.

Connection Admission Control

-Set of actions taken by the network during the call set-up phase to determine whether a connection request can be accepted or should be rejected.

Crossbar Switch-A simple matrix-like space division technique that physically interconnects any of the N inputs to any of the N outputs at crosspoints

Database -A collection of information organized in such a way that a computer program can quickly select desired pieces of data.

Explicit Forward Congestion Indication (EFCI)

-A 1-bit field in the PTI that contains information whether congestion at an intermediate node has been experienced.

End System Identifier (ESI)

-The 6-octet field within the ATM NSAP format address, which identifies an end system.

Frame Discard (FD) -A procedure for discarding cells related to one user frame to minimize the impact of congestion.

Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN)

-An indicator bit in the Frame Relay header to notify the destination of traffic that the virtual circuit is passing through a congested switch.

Feedback control -Actions taken by the network and by the end-systems to regulate the traffic submitted on ATM connections according to the state of network elements.

Fiber optic -Cable with glass and plastic medium. -Uses light ( laser ) to transmit data.

Flow control -Congestion control mechanism that results in an ATM system implementing flow control.

Frame Relay -An efficient packet switching technology to provide reliable packet delivery over virtual circuits.

Generic Flow Control (GFC)

-A four-bit field within the ATM cell header which may be used to identify whether or not an ATM system implements congestion control.

Header (Cell header) -The ATM cell header is a 5-byte header that contains the following fields: • Generic Flow Control (GFC) •4 bits Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) •8 bits Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) •16 bits Payload Type (PT) •3 bits Cell Loss Priority (CLP) •1 bit Header Error Check (HEC) •8 bit CRC computed over the previous four octets.

Header Error Check (HEC)

-A one-byte field within the ATM cell header providing for error detection. -If an error is detected, the cell will be discarded before undergoing reassembly.

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WET 020003

Hub - Layer 1 device also called multi-port repeater

IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force

-A body, which was initially responsible for developing specification, required for the interoperable implementation of IP.

Interface -A boundary across which two independent systems meet and act on or communicate with each other.

Local Area Network(LAN)

-A computer network that spans a relatively small area. -Most LANs are confined to a single building or group of buildings.

LAN Emulation (LANE)

-LANE is a single Virtual LAN (VLAN) consisting of traditional LAN segments and an emulated LAN (ELAN) segment across the ATM network.

Leaky Bucket -A flow control algorithm, where cells are monitored to check whether they comply with the established connection parameters.-Non-conforming cells are either tagged or dropped from the network.-The analogy is taken from a bucket with a hole in its bottom that allows the fluid to flow out at a certain rate.

Line Emulation Client (LEC)

-Located in the ATM end system, to maintain address resolution tables and to forward data traffic.

LAN Emulation Server (LES)

-A server functions within LANE providing for LEC registration, MAC to ATM address resolution and security management of a VLAN.

Local Management Interface (LMI)

-An ITU-T defined interface to provide an ATM end system user with network management information.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

-A network that provides regional connectivity within a metropolitan area (such as city). MANs are categorized between LANs and WANs.

Multicast -To transmit a single message to a select group of recipients.

Multistage Switching-Similar concept to the crossbar switch technique with a more tree-like structure to reduce the N squared crosspoints requirement yielding a more economical arrangement

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Network Resource Management (NRM)

-The allocation of network resources in order to separate traffic flows according to different service characteristics to maintain network performance and to optimize resource utilization.

Network Interface Card (NIC)

-The hardware communication interface (circuit board) required for the DTE (workstation, PC) to access the network.

Network Node Interface / Network-to-Network Interface (NNI)

-ITU-T specified standard interface between nodes within the same network. -The ATM forum distinguishes between two standards, one for private networks called P-NNI and one for public networks known as public NNI.

Node -A processing location that can be a computer or some other device, such as a printer.

Packet -A piece of a message transmitted over a packet-switching network.

Packet switching -Protocols in which messages are divided into packets before they are sent.-Each packet is then transmitted individually and can even follow different routes to its destination.-Once all the packets forming a message arrive at the destination, they are recompiled into the original message.

Payload -The 48-byte segment of the ATM cell containing user data.

Peak Cell Rate (PCR) -A traffic parameter that characterized the source and gives the maximum rate at which cells can be transmitted.

Physical layer -The bottom layer of the ATM, it is subdivided into two sublayers:•Transmission Convergence (TC)•Physical Medium (PM). -It provides ATM cell transmission over the physical interfaces that interconnect the ATM devices.

Private Network-Network Interface (PNNI)

-The interswitch interface within a private ATM domain.-The PNNI trunking protocol providing for hierarchical ATM-layer routing and QoS support.

Preventive -Prevent congestion from ever happening in the first place, by reserving resources

Protocol -An agreed-upon format for transmitting data between two devices.

Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)

-A virtual connection established by the network management between an origin and a destination that can be left up permanently.

Permanent Virtual Path (PVP)

-A term to describe a set of grouped together permanent virtual channels (PVCs) that exist between two cross points.

Quality Of Service (QoS)

-A group of service classes defined by the ATM forum in terms of different QoS parameters.

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WET 040085

Reactive -Feedback-based-Attempt to detect congestion, or the onset of congestion, and take action to resolve the problem before things get worse-The hosts and routers respond to congestion AFTER it occurs and then attempt to stop it

Ring topology -Connects one host to the next and the last host to the first

Routing -The process of moving a packet of data from source to destination.

Service Access Point (SAP)

-Reference point between the networking stack and applications within an end system.

Segmentation And Reassembly (SAR)

-Segments the information frames into cells at the source and reassembled these cells back into information frames at the destination.

Segmentation And Reassembly Protocol Data Unit

-The 48 octet PDU that the SAR sublayer exchanged with the ATM layer comprised of the SAR-PDU payload and any control information that the SAR sublayer might add.

Sustainable Cell Rate (SCR)

-A traffic parameter that characterized a bursty source and specified the maximum average rate at which cells can be sent over a given virtual connection (VC).

Server -A computer or device on a network that manages network resources.

Shared Bus Switch

-Approach utilizes a bus or dual bus architecture to switch cell traffic.-Frame based traffic can be converted to ATM cells and vice versa

Shared Memory Switch

- A technique that uses a common memory for the storage of cells and switching fabric.

Source -A place from which data is taken or the node on a network from which data is sent to its destination.

Star topology -Connects all cables to a central point ( Hub or Switch )

Switched Virtual Path Connection (SVPC)

-A virtual path connection that is set up and turn down dynamically through signaling procedures.

Switch -A device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments operates at the data link layer (layer 2) and sometimes the network layer (layer 3) of OSI Model

Token bucket -It accumulates tokens at a certain fixed rate; once there are sufficiently many tokens, the packet currently waiting in the packet buffer enters the network, and removes its tokens from the bucket.

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WET 020085

Token frame -Function as a placeholder and reservation frame

Token passing -Controls network access by passing an electronic token sequentially to each host

Traffic -The load on a communications device or system.

Traffic shaping -A method for smoothing the bursty traffic rate that might arrive on an access virtual circuit.

Unicast -A single packet is sent from the source to a destination on a network.

User-to-Network Interface (UNI)

- The interface between the ATM end user and a private ATM switch.-It also can represent the interface between a private ATM switch and the public carrier ATM network.

Virtual Connection (VC)

-A connection established between end users, where packets are forwarded along the same path and bandwidth is not permanently allocated until it is used.

Virtual Channel Connection (VCC)

-An end to end connection consisting of a concatenation of two or more Virtual Channels between two end points.

Video -Recording, manipulating, and displaying moving images, especially in a format that can be presented on a television.

Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI)

-Identifies a particular VC link for a given VP connection

Virtual Path (VP) Switch

-A bundle of Vitrual Channel (VC) links, and all the VC links in the bundle have the same endpoints, so that a VC link is equivalent to a VP connection

Virtual Path Connection (VPC) Switch

-A group of logical connections between one ATM switch port and another ATM switch port.-Provided for the purpose of user-user, user-network, network-network information transfer.

Virtual Path Identifier (VPI)

-Identifies the virtual path (a bundle of virtual channels that have the same endpoint) to which the cell belongs as it travels through an ATM network.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

-A network that typically spans nationwide distances and usually utilized public telephone networks.