terms related to culture

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Terms Related to Culture from social and anthropological points of view Nur Yıldırım

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culture studies, cultural materialism, culture and personality, material culture, nature and culture explained from routledge encyclopedia of social and cultural anthropology

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Page 1: Terms related to culture

Terms  Related  to  Culture  from  social  and  anthropological  points  of  view  

Nur  Yıldırım  

Page 2: Terms related to culture

Overview  

•  Cultural  Materialism  •  Cultural  Studies  •  Culture  and  Personality  •  Material  Culture  •  Nature  and  Culture  

Page 3: Terms related to culture

Cultural  Materialism  

•  materialist  approach  advocated  by  Marvin  Harris,  Cultural  Materialism  (1979)'material  world  exhibits  determinisJc  influence  over  the  non-­‐material  world.  Thus  culture  is  a  product  of  relaJons  between  things.  

•  'FuncJonalist  approach,  Hindu  taboo,  killing  caPle;  maximizing  economic  uJlity  of  caPle.  (factors  external  to  society,  material  ones)  ecological  anthropology,  similar  in  'factors  that  are  seen  as  determinant:  environmental  condiJons  and  subsistence  techniques:  determine  or  limit  development  of  many  other  aspects  of  culture.  

•  'cogniJve  and  ideological  aspects  of  culture  must  take  second  place  to  technological  ones.  

•  vulgar  materialism,  crude  and  simplisJc  to  take  adequate  account  of  embededness  of  the  material  world  within  ideological  world.  

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Cultural  Studies  

•  BriJsh  University  System,  introduced  in  1963Contemporary  Cultural  Studies  at  Birmingham,  Richard  Hoggart,  Raymond  Williams  

•  'need  to  move  beyond  canonical  definiJons  of  textuality,  in  order  to  locate  the  culture  of  literacy  in  a  wider  social  context’  

•  counter  the  eliJsm  of  'high  culture',  more  inclusive  •  referring  anthropological  definiJon,  'culture  as  a  way  of  life  in  contrast  to  its  more  eliJst  literary  rendering  as  aestheJcs  or  appreciaJon’  

•  poliJcize  the  producJon  of  academic  knowledge  within  university  system,  collaboraJve  work.  

Page 5: Terms related to culture

Cultural  Studies  

•  Class  inequality,  Ideology  •  70s,  cultural  studies  sought  to  document  culture  as  ordinary,  popular  and  ubiquitous  

•  80s,  growing  impact  of  poststructuralist,  later  psychoanalyJc  theory.  racism  and  imperialism  -­‐  maintenance  of  state  power  

•  concerns:  gender,  race,  class  

Page 6: Terms related to culture

Cultural  Studies  

•  InternaJonally:  poliJcal  approach  to  scholarship,  aPenJon  to  the  intersecJons  of  gender,  race  and  class,  criJcal    

•  theoreJcal  perspecJves  from  Marxism  •  Postmodernism  •  posiJon  rather  than  context:  a  space  in  which  criJcal,  theoreJcal  and  interdisciplinary  research  and  teaching  broadly  organized  under  the  rubric  of  the  cultural  analysis  within  developed  industrialized  socieJes  

Page 7: Terms related to culture

Cultural  Studies  

•  comparisons  with  anthropology:  •  cultural  studies  remained  more  concerned  with  the  analysis  of  mass,  public,  dominant  popular  or  mainstream  culture,  rather  than  cross-­‐cultural  comparison.  

•  ant.:  represenJng  'other'  cultures,  different  from  the  anthropologist's  own.  

•  making  visible  cultural  tradiJons  that  are  muted,  marginal,  under-­‐represented  or  devalued  within  the  society  which  the  researcher  is  a  part.  

•  criJcal  perspecJves  on  the  producJon  of  knowledge  itself,  way  of  life  within  parJcular  subject  fields.  

Page 8: Terms related to culture

Cultural  Studies  

•  comparisons  with  anthropology:  •  'cultural  studies  is  above  all  concerned  with  the  creaJon  of  

new  kinds  of  spaces  for  consideraJon  of  quesJons  which  do  not  fit  neatly  within  established  tradiJons  of  intellectual  exchange.’  

•  range  of  culture  models  employed;  differenJaJng  cultural  studies  from  anthropology.  Anthropologic  view:  cross-­‐cultural  comparisons:  wide  range  of  cultural  theory,  sociology  of  culture,  its  concern  with  mass  media,  culture  industries,  cultural  theories  derivaJve  ;  semioJcs,  deconstrucJon  etc.  

•  difference;  ant:  empirical  tradiJon,  ethnographic  observaJon.  goals  of  social  science,  documentaJon  and  representaJon  of  'other'  cultures.  

Page 9: Terms related to culture

Cultural  Studies  

•  Cultural  studies;  objecJvist.  Seen  by  anthropologists  as  reducJonist,  eliJst,  overly  theoreJcal  and  speculaJve  or  journalisJc  methods.  Anthropologic  separaJon  of  cultural  logics  from  their  lived  embodied  social  milieu  is  unacceptable  methodology.  

•  challenges  to  tendency,  consJtute  an  even  dominant  culture  as  monolithic,  totalizing  or  determining.  

•  anthropological  and  cultural  studies  overlap  and  inform  one  another.  highly  theoreJcal  and  criJcal  perspecJves  within  cultural  studies,  empirical  tradiJons  of  cultural  analysis  within  anthropology,  two  fields  will  remain  disJnct.  

Page 10: Terms related to culture

Cultural  Studies  

•  Kuper:  •  cannot  be  reduced  to  the  study  of  popular  culture,  it  is  certainly  the  

case  that  the  study  of  popular  culture  is  central  to  the  project  of  cultural  studies.  

•  understand  meanings  of  culture  we  must  analyze  it  in  relaJon  to  the  social  structure  and  its  historical  conJngency.  Social  structure  and  history  -­‐  culture  is  important  and  shapes  them,  not  studies  as  a  reflecJon  of  them  

•  capitalist  industrial  socieJes  divided  unequally  along  ethnic,  gender,  generaJonal  and  class  lines.  culture  is  where  this  division  established  and  contested.  Struggle  over  meaning,  dominant  group  impose  meaning  over  subordinate  groups:  that  makes  culture  ideological.  

Page 11: Terms related to culture

Cultural  Studies  

•  Kuper:  •  Ideology  (Hall,  1982),  arJculaJon  (express  and  join  together),  

cultural  texts  and  pracJces  comes  into  meaning  with  an  act  in  a  specific  context,  history  or  discourse.  Expression  is  always  connected  and  condiJoned  by  context.  

•  CriJcized:  celebraJon  of  the  popular  culture.    •  Cultural  studies  insists  that  popular  culture  is  liPle  more  than  a  

degraded  culture,  successfully  imposed  from  above,  to  make  profit  and  secure  ideological  control.  The  best  of  cultural  studies  insists  that  to  decide  these  maPers  requires  vigilance  and  aPenJon  to  the  details  of  the  producJon,  distribuJon  and  consumpJon  of  culture.  

•  They  should  be  read  off  from  the  moment  of  producJon  in  (meaning,  pleasure,  ideological  effect  etc.)  contexts.  

Page 12: Terms related to culture

Culture  and  Personality  •  Subdisciplinary  field  of  psychological  anthropology.  American  linguist  and  anthropologist  Edward  Sapir  

•  influence  of  Gestalt;  percepJon  could  be  understood  only  when  the  thing  perceived  was  viewed  not  as  an  assemblage  of  separate  elements,  but  as  an  organized  paPern.  Whole  may  be  more  than  the  sum  of  its  parts.  

•  Meaning  was  a  funcJon  of  organized  paPerns,  Sapir  applied  this  idea  to  his  analyses  of  language  and  culture  and  personality.  

Page 13: Terms related to culture

Culture  and  Personality  •  Cultural  PaPerns:  contemporary  concept  of  culture;  Jdy  tables  of  

contents  aPached  to  parJcular  groups  of  people.  •  culture  can  be  made  to  assume  the  appearance  of  a  closed  system  

of  behavior’  •  vast  reaches  of  culture  are  discoverable  only  as  the  peculiar  

property  of  certain  individuals’  •  Ruth  Benedict:  cultural  whole  determined  the  nature  of  its  parts  

and  the  relaJons  between  them  from  ethnographic  data  concerning  kinship,  religion,  economy  etc,  aimed  to  derive    

•  'more  or  less  consistent  paPern  of  thought  and  acJon  that  informed  and  integrated  all  the  pracJced  of  daily  life  in  four  different  cultures’  

•  Margaret  Mead:  dominant  cultural  'configuraJons',  adolescence,  gender  

Page 14: Terms related to culture

Culture  and  Personality  •  early  work  on  culture  and  personality  rested  on  five  assumpJons:  

•  childhood  experience  determined  adult  personality  •  single  personality  type  characterized  each  society  •  parJcular  shared  basic  or  modal  personality  gave  rise  to  a  parJcular  cultural  insJtuJon  

•  projecJve  test  in  west  could  not  be  used  elsewhere  •  anthropologists  were  objecJve  •  what  if  personality  varies  much  more  within  society  as  it  does  across  socieJes  

Page 15: Terms related to culture

Culture  and  Personality  •  Le  Vine,  80s,  culture  and  personality  research  as  follows:  

interrelaJon  between  the  life  cycle,  psychological  funcJoning  and  malfuncJoning  and  social  and  cultural  insJtuJons.  'cultural  influence  in  individual  experience:  emic  views  of  normal  and  abnormal  behavior’  

•  psychological  anthropology,  Spiro:  person  is  not  merely  condiJoned  by  culture,  rather  culture  is  incorporated  into  the  individual  via  the  psychodynamic  processes  of  idenJficaJon  and  internalizaJon.    

•  child  will  unconsciously  accept  various  elements  of  culture  with  different  meanings,  according  to  biological  condiJons,  

•  consJtuted  by  children,  and  will  be  transformed.  How  they  consJtute  ideas  of  themselves  and  world  -­‐-­‐  answer  of  this  quesJon;  to  understand  conJnuity  and  change  in  culture  over  Jme.  

Page 16: Terms related to culture

Material  Culture  •  Material  culture  had  been  an  integral  part  of  nineteenth-­‐

century  anthropology.  •  museums  and  material  objects  -­‐  customs  and  cultural  

traits.  lack  of  methodology,  social  and  cultural  traits,  material  arJfacts  

•  fieldwork,  study  of  culture  and  society  in  context.  -­‐  behavior  and  social  organizaJon  rather  than  traits.  american  definiJon,  from  traits,  to  ideas  and  bodies  of  knowledge.  

•  two  terms:  material  and  ideaJonal,  neglected  to  include  social,  re-­‐inclusion  of  ideaJonal  and  the  social.  

•  neglecJng  material  culture,  anthropologists  disconnected  it  from  rest  of  human  life;  integral  part  of  value  creaJon  processes  

Page 17: Terms related to culture

Material  Culture  •  60s,  material  culture  to  the  fore  in  the  study  of  symbolism  

•  Levi  Strauss,  material  culture  and  world  of  thought  

•  Marxist  theory  and  environmental  anthropology  -­‐  understanding  long-­‐term  social  processes  

•  archeology:  abstract  data  about  social  structure  and  ideaJonal  systems  

•  regional  systems  of  trade,  exchange,  gender  relaJons  and  value  creaJon  processes  (Munn  1986)  

Page 18: Terms related to culture

Material  Culture  •  Now  it  is  a  Form  of  evidence  •  In  connecJng  material  culture  to  the  person  and  to  social  life  the  

sensual  properJes  of  form  –  surface,  texture,  colour,  smell,  sound  –  and  the  means  of  percepJon  become  central  topics.  Style  in  material  culture  is  recognized  as  being  an  important  marker  of  idenJty  and  status.    Fashion  –  what  people  wear,  expressing  individual  idenJty  

•  DisJncJons  between  objects  ojen  reflect  factors  such  as  class,  religious  affiliaJon,  group  idenJty,  age  status  or  occupaJon  

•  An  important  area  of  the  study  of  material  culture  that  links  the  material  with  the  social  is  researching  how  objects  gain  in  value  and  processes  of  value  transformaJon  in  space  and  Jme.  Such  studies  of  paPerns  of  material  consumpJon  have  proved  a  rich  vein  in  the  study  of  complex  socieJes.  

Page 19: Terms related to culture

Material  Culture  •  Methodologically  the  study  of  material  culture  adds  an  important  

dimension  to  anthropological  research.  The  form  of  the  object  can  be  interrogated  in  an  aPempt  to  uncover  material  composi-on,  manufacturing  processes,  and  func-onal  and  seman-c  a4ributes  which  can  then  be  explored  with  members  of  the  producing  socie-es  to  document  systems  of  knowledge,  trading  pa4erns  or  semiologic  systems.  

•  CollecJons  of  material  culture  objects  from  the  past  in  museum  collecJons  can  provide,  retrospecJvely,  vital  sources  of  informaJon  about  processes  of  social  change,  pa4erns  of  trade  and  colonial  histories.  

•  dialogical  rela-onship  makes  material  culture  a  rich  resource  for  studies  across  the  humani-es  and  social  sciences.  

•  such  an  intellectual  field  of  study  is  inevitably  eclecJc:  relaJvely  unbounded  and  unconstrained,  fluid,  dispersed  and  anarchic  rather  than  constricted.  In  short  undisciplined  rather  than  disciplined.  Materiality  is  the  fulcrum,  the  locus  of  the  nexus  of  interconnec-ons  that  creates  the  links  across  disciplinary  boundaries.  

Page 20: Terms related to culture

Material  Culture  •  Kuper;  •  history  of  things,  human  construcJon  of  the  environment  as  a  cultural  and  

economic  landscape  •  trace  the  origins  of  ideas,  also  used  material  culture  as  a  major  source  of  evidence.    •  study  of  material  culture  was  missing  from  the  fieldwork  revoluJon  BriJsh  

anthropology  In  the  USA  the  situaJon  was  more  complex.  Material  culture  was  an  integral  part  of  culture-­‐area  theory  and  the  ecological  evoluJonary  anthropology  of  White  and  Steward.  The  separaJon  of  material  culture  from  other  social  and  cultural  data  is  now  recognized  to  be  arbitrary,  and  objects  have  been  reintegrated  within  social  theory.  a  previously  neglected  body  of  data  that  provides  insight  into  social  processes,  and  a  bePer  understanding  of  the  artefacts  themselves.  

•  social  historians,  psychologists  and  exponents  of  cultural  studies.  •  the  ideaJonal  systems  that  underlie  the  producJon  and  consumpJon  of  artefacts,  

to  abstract  from  the  surface  correctness  of  their  form  by  connecJng  them  to  history  and  relaJng  them  to  the  diversity  of  social  processes.  Analysis  has  ojen  been  framed  in  terms  of  semioJcs  or  meaning  other  dimensions  of  its  value  which  may  include  such  factors  as  aestheJcs,  style,  symbolism  and  economics.  

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Material  Culture  •  Kuper;  •  The  analysis  of  material  culture  provides  informaJon  on  value  

creaJon,  on  the  expression  of  individual  idenJty  and  on  the  moJvaJons  underlying  consumer  behaviour.  Increasingly  material  culture  is  being  used  as  a  source  of  informaJon  in  the  study  of  complex  socieJes  and  global  paPerns  and  processes  (Miller  1987).  

•   transformaJons  in  the  value  and  meaning  of  objects  as  they  move  from  context  to  context,  either  as  part  of  local  exchange  systems  or  global  trading  processes  (Thomas  1991).  

•  The  study  of  material  culture  encompasses  the  analysis  of  ideological  restructurings  

•  Material  culture  not  only  creates  potenJal  for  but  also  constrains  human  acJon,  and  it  is  subject  to  human  agency;  people  make  meaningful  objects  but  they  can  also  change  the  meaning  of  objects.  

Page 22: Terms related to culture

Nature  and  Culture  •  human  cogniJon  and  acJon  are  mediated  by  learned  and  therefore  

cultural,  rather  than  by  insJncJve  or  inborn,  responses.  Since  this  is  so,  culture  is  a  separate  object  of  study,  cultural  varia-on  is  different  in  kind  from  biological  varia-on,  and  cultural  anthropology  is  an  autonomous  discipline,  separate  from  the  biological  sciences.  

•   It  is  impossible  to  understand  the  concept  ‘culture’  clearly  without  reference  to  its  opposing  concept,  ‘nature’.  

•  A  theory  that  explains  the  different  varieJes  of  people,  their  customs,  and  their  apparently  different  mental  capaciJes  by  reference  to  race  (measured  each  race  against  the  supposedly  most  advanced,  the  Northern  Europeans)  

•  Franz  Boas,  cultural  anthropology,  (The  Mind  of  PrimiJve  Man  in  1911)  showed  that  bodily  form  is  not  linked  to  language  or  to  any  of  the  maPers  we  associate  with  culture:  altudes  and  values,  customs,  modes  of  livelihood  and  forms  of  social  organizaJon.  He  argued  that  there  is  no  reason  to  think  that  other  ‘races’  (or,  more  accurately,  other  ways  of  life)  are  less  moral  or  less  intelligent  than  Northern  Europeans,  and  so  there  is  no  single  standard  for  evaluaJon.  

Page 23: Terms related to culture

Nature  and  Culture  •  Different  paPerns  in  human  life;  they  could  not  have  arisen  from  a  

uniform  process  of  social  or  cultural  evoluJon  but  must  rather  be  the  fruit  of  complex  local  historical  causes.  

•  Levi  Strauss,  argued  that  the  nature/culture  divide  is  to  be  found  among  all  socieJes  in  some  form  as  a  cogniJve  device  for  understanding  the  world.  Indeed  he  went  further,  suggesJng  that  it  is  the  very  making  of  a  dis-nc-on  between  nature  and  culture  that  dis-nguishes  humans  from  animals.  

•  nature  versus  culture  as  an  interpre-ve  device  throughout  anthropology.  (  men  and  women,  such  that  women,  or  perhaps  the  processes  of  childbirth,  are  natural,  whereas  men,  or  the  ritual  and  poliJcal  processes  they  control,  are  cultural)  

•  the  temperature  of  the  conJnuing  conflict  between  the  parJes  of  biological  and  cultural  determinism  remains  high.  This  conflict  has  ranged  in  the  twenJeth  century  across  race,  sexuality,  gender,  aggression,  intelligence,  nutriJon  and  many  more  issues  besides.  

Page 24: Terms related to culture

Nature  and  Culture  •  Synthesis;  CooperaJve  effort,  by  behavioural  biologists,  

psychologists  and  anthropologists,  not  so  much  to  reconcile  the  disciplines  as  to  channel  their  conflicJng  energies  into  a  greater  project.  

•  Beneath  and  around  the  stuff  of  culture  there  stands  a  scaffolding  of  social  abiliJes  and  disJnctly  social  intelligence.  

Page 25: Terms related to culture

•  The  Social  Science  Encyclopedia  •  The  Routledge  Encyclopedia  of  Social  and  Cultural  Anthropology