territorial expansion and sectional crisis ap review: 1840’s through the 1870’s

Territorial Expansion Territorial Expansion and Sectional Crisis and Sectional Crisis

AP Review: 1840’s through the 1870’s

Manifest Destiny

What is “manifest destiny”? Texas Annexation California and the Oregon Territory President Polk and the War with Mexico Slavery and the Wilmot Proviso Expansion continues . . .

American Culture in the mid-1800’s

National literature, art and architecture Utopian experiments Reform movements

– Roles of women– Abolitionism– Temperance– Mental health– Education

The ‘50s: A Decade of Crisis

Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act and Uncle Tom’s Cabin Kansas-Nebraska Act and the realignment

of parties– Demise of the Whigs– Emergence of Republican Party

Dred Scott

The ‘50s: A Decade of Crisis

Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858 John Brown and his raid Election of 1860 The secession crisis

Causes of the Civil War

Continuing Sectional Struggles

Henry Clay’s great compromises– 1820 and 1850

The “Peculiar Institution”– Growing voice of the

abolitionists– The Dred Scott decision

War Strategies and Assessments

United States (Union) Military Goals– Blockade southern ports– Control of Mississippi River down to New

Orleans– Take Richmond - Confederate capital


Union Strengths and Advantages– Population– Industrial Capacity– Wealth– Superior

Transportation– Military Forces


Confederate States Military Goals– Defend new nation– Enlist European

Assistance


Confederate Advantages – Emotional edge - fighting for a cause and

defense of their homes– Defending is easier than invading– Better officers and soldiers

Significant Successes - East

Bull Run, July 1861 (Manassas) - Union defeated by “Stonewall” Jackson– McClellan appointed commander of Army of the

Potomac McClellan attacks Richmond, March and April

1862 - fails Second Battle of Bull Run, August 1862 - Union

supplies destroyed Battle of Antietam, September 1862 - Bloodiest

day of the Civil War

Significant Battles - East

Merrimack (Confederate) and the Monitor (Union)– March 1862

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/civilwar/n-at-cst/hr-james/9mar62.htm

Significant Battles - East

Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1863 - Confederates hoped for a victory on Northern soil, but due to supplies and casualties retreat

Sherman’s March to the Sea, 1864 - 1865 - ends in marching to Columbia and burns it to the ground

Significant Battles - West

Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, February 1862 - Union gunboats defeat Confederates

Battle of Shiloh, TN, April 1862 - Union defeat after 2 day battle

Battle of Vicksburg, MS, July 1863 - Grant lays seige to Vicksburg in a surround and starve strategy successfully– a turning point in the war as the Union re-took the

Mississippi

The Gettysburg Address

November 1863 Ceremony to honor fallen

Union soldiers Edward Everett gives a 2

hour speech President invited to give

brief remarks - 2 minutes Milestone in expanding

liberty to all

Slavery comes to an end

Lincoln’s campaign concerns - hesitation Confiscation Acts (1861 and 1862): gave the Union

the power to confiscate enemy “property” and freed those slaves

Emancipation Proclamation (1862): by executive order freed all slaves in the states at war with the Union

Thirteenth Amendment (1865): amending the Constitution was necessary to negate phrases that legitimized slavery and to abolish slavery in all the states

Lee Surrenders at Appomatox

April 1865 Defeated Confederate troops

surrounded by the Union at Appomatox Court House Lee and Grant meet to discuss terms

South takes horses and mules home, would not be punished as traitors if they agreed to follow the laws

North agreed to feed the remaining Confederate troops

Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War

Morrill Tariff Act, 1861- increased import fees

National Banking Act, 1863 - standardized currency backed by government bonds– investors also obliged to buy a percentage of

bonds


Draft Law– 1863– allowed for substitutes– $300 exemption– New York riot in July protesting the new law

Suspension of Civil Liberties– Suspension of writ of habeas corpus


Greenback Policy– printing money to finance war– Income tax levied in 1861

Homestead Act– 1862– free land in west


Women in the War– Clara Barton - nursing, founded Red Cross– Dorothea Dix - Superintendent of Nurses, – Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell - medical school

graduate, U.S. Sanitary Comission


African Americans in the War– 180,000 served in the Union Army– 54th Massachusetts Regiment - Battle of Fort

Wagner, Charleston


Election of 1864 Lincoln v. McClellan

– Union Party - Republicans and War Democrats

– Peace Democrats and Copperheads

Reconstruction

A redefinition of social, economic and political relationships between the North and the South

An effort to repair the damage to the South and to restore the Southern states to the Union

The War Destroyed . . .

2/3 southern shipping 9000 miles of

railroads 1/3 of all livestock 100s of miles of roads

Value of southern property declined by 70%

buildings, factories, bridges, etc. destroyed.

The Human Toll

North– 364,000 (38,000 African Americans

South– 260,000– 1/5 adult white men; 1 of 3 southern men

were killed or wounded

Southern Hardships

Black Southerners– 4 million freed slaves, homeless, jobless and hungry

Plantation Owners– loss of $3mil. worth of slave labor– worthless Confederate currency– $100 mil. Worth of southern plantations and cotton

seized through the Captured and Abandoned Property Act

Poor White Settlers– could not find work due to new competition– began migrating to the western frontiers

Reconstruction

Lincoln’s Death– April 14, 1865

Lincoln v. Johnson

Lincoln– 10% Plan - quick reunion– Radical Republicans

demanded more strict measures in the Wade-Davis Bill

– Lincoln and Congress blocked each other’s plans until Lincoln’s death

Johnson– small farmer’s advocate

with a hatred for plantation owners

– restrictive policy excluding rich southerners from political participation

– undermined his own policy by liberally pardoning southerners, even Confederate politicians

Congressional Reconstruction

While one of the goals of the war was to free slaves, once southern states met the Reconstruction plan requirements, they reverted back to their old ways– Black Codes - limited freedmen’s rights

• curfews, vagrancy laws, labor contracts, land restrictions

Congressional Reconstruction

14th Amendment 1866– first cornerstone of Congressional Reconstruction– gave citizenship and due process of law to all persons

born in the U.S.– 3/5 clause abolished. States may exclude blacks from

voting, but their representation may be decreased if they do so

– Confederate officeholders barred from political office

14th Amendment

Reactions– President Johnson and the Democrats

denounced the amendment and lobbied against– Republicans realized that their leadership

could achieve meaningful change– Some northerners supported harsh sanctions

against the former Confederacy

Reconstruction Act, 1867

High point of Congressional Reconstruction dissolved Southern state governments and placed

them under military rule Enfranchised the freedmen and required new

state constitutions drafted by elections by both blacks and whites

Required state legislatures to ratify the 14th Amendment to fully re-enter the Union

15th Amendment

Last major piece of the Congressional Reconstruction

Prohibited the exclusion of male adults from voting based on race or having been slaves

passed by Congress in 1869 and ratification became a precondition for reentering the Union

Impeaching Andrew Johnson

Reconstruction Act brought increased tension between Congress and the President

Congress passed several laws to bring the President under control

1867 Tenure of Office Act to keep Johnson from firing Sec. Of War Edwin Stanton

Johnson fired Stanton anyway Republican leaders started impeachment

proceedings against Johnson Johnson’s conviction narrowly defeated

The Freedmen

Finding family became the first priority of many black churches, institutions established and

flourished Freedman’s Bureau

– first federally financed social service program– set up over 4000 elementary schools– provided assistance to more than just African-

Americans

Political Involvement

Participated in Reconstruction legislatures as Republicans

Some black members of Congress elected and sent to Washington

often pursued reconciliation policies with white Southerners to no avail

also tried to achieve key black demands, such as land reform and social equality

“Carpetbaggers” and “Scalawags”

Most white southerners blamed Republicans and their alleged corruption

white Northerners who immigrated South were called “carpetbaggers”

white Southern Republicans were called “scalawags”

Although mostly ungrounded, these charges and stereotypes proved extremely persistent

Violent Resistance

Many white southerners resisted with violence

vigilante groups intimidated, attacked and killed freedmen and destroyed their institutions

Ku Klux Klan - outlawed, but little else done to protect their victims

Sharecropping

New labor system emerged in cotton economy

sharecroppers rented land and paid the owner with a share of the crop - 50%

both blacks and whites participated system led many sharecroppers into

perpetual debt

Supreme Court Barriers

US v. Reese, 1876 - allowed the disenfranchisement of blacks, such as making up voting requirements that freedmen could not achieve

Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 - allowed for segregation in almost all aspects of society

The decisions allowed Southerners to construct a “Jim Crow” system of de facto laws

Waning Republican Support

1870s - Radical Republicans lost influence and lost interest

Liberal Republicans broke away to protest the scandals of the Grant administration

1873 economic depression refocused Northern goals

Compromise of 1877

1876 Election showed a narrow victory for the Democratic candidate, Tilden

Republicans contested in three states Compromise reached whereas the

Democrats would accept Hayes as the president if the Republicans ceased resistance to home rule in the South

Reconstruction ends

territorial expansion and sectional crisis ap review: 1840’s through the 1870’s

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